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Hao Y, Luo H, Wang Z, Lu C, Ye X, Wang H, Miao L. Research progress on the mechanisms of fruit glossiness in cucumber. Gene 2024; 927:148626. [PMID: 38830516 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important horticultural crop in China. Consumer requirements for aesthetically pleasing appearances of horticultural crops are gradually increasing, and cucumbers having a good visual appearance, as well as flavor, are important for breeding and industry development. The gloss of cucumber fruit epidermis is an important component of its appeal, and the wax layer on the fruit surface plays important roles in plant growth and forms a powerful barrier against external biotic and abiotic stresses. The wax of the cucumber epidermis is mainly composed of alkanes, and the luster of cucumber fruit is mainly determined by the alkane and silicon contents of the epidermis. Several genes, transcription factors, and transporters affect the synthesis of ultra-long-chain fatty acids and change the silicon content, further altering the gloss of the epidermis. However, the specific regulatory mechanisms are not clear. Here, progress in research on the luster of cucumber fruit epidermis from physiological, biochemical, and molecular regulatory perspectives are reviewed. Additionally, future research avenues in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Hao
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiyan Luo
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Control of Subtropical Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chuanlong Lu
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaolong Ye
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huasen Wang
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Li Miao
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong Province, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
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Suárez-Baron H, Alzate JF, Ambrose BA, Pelaz S, González F, Pabón-Mora N. Comparative morphoanatomy and transcriptomic analyses reveal key factors controlling floral trichome development in Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6588-6607. [PMID: 37656729 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are specialized epidermal cells in aerial plant parts. Trichome development proceeds in three stages, determination of cell fate, specification, and morphogenesis. Most genes responsible for these processes have been identified in the unicellular branched leaf trichomes from the model Arabidopsis thaliana. Less is known about the molecular basis of multicellular trichome formation across flowering plants, especially those formed in floral organs of early diverging angiosperms. Here, we aim to identify the genetic regulatory network (GRN) underlying multicellular trichome development in the kettle-shaped trap flowers of Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae). We selected two taxa for comparison, A. fimbriata, with trichomes inside the perianth, which play critical roles in pollination, and A. macrophylla, lacking specialized trichomes in the perianth. A detailed morphoanatomical characterization of floral epidermis is presented for the two species. We compared transcriptomic profiling at two different developmental stages in the different perianth portions (limb, tube, and utricle) of the two species. Moreover, we present a comprehensive expression map for positive regulators and repressors of trichome development, as well as cell cycle regulators. Our data point to extensive modifications in gene composition, expression, and putative roles in all functional categories when compared with model species. We also record novel differentially expressed genes (DEGs) linked to epidermis patterning and trichome development. We thus propose the first hypothetical genetic regulatory network (GRN) underlying floral multicellular trichome development in Aristolochia, and pinpoint key factors responsible for the presence and specialization of floral trichomes in phylogenetically distant species of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Suárez-Baron
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Cali, Cali, Colombia
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan F Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica (CNSG), Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Soraya Pelaz
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Favio González
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Bogotá Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogotá, Colombia
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Li J, Wang H, Zhou D, Li C, Ding Q, Yang X, Wang F, Zheng H, Gao J. Genetic and Transcriptome Analysis of Leaf Trichome Development in Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis) and Molecular Marker Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232112721. [PMID: 36361510 PMCID: PMC9659260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. pekinensis) is one of the vegetables with the largest cultivated area in China and has been a great addition to the daily diet of Chinese people. A genetic map has been constructed in our previous study using the F2 population of two inbred lines of Chinese cabbage, namely "G291" (a hairy line) and "ZHB" (a hairless line), based on which a candidate gene related to trichome traits was identified on chromosome A06 with a phenotypic variance of 47%. A molecular marker was found to co-segregate with the trichome traits of the F2 population, which is in the 5'-flanking region of BrGL1, and a corresponding patent has been granted (NO. CN 108545775 B). Transcriptome analysis was carried out on the cotyledon, the first true leaf and the leaf closest to each inflorescence of F2 individuals of "G291 × ZHB" with or without trichomes, respectively. Ten pathways, including 189 DEGs, were identified to be involved in the development of trichomes in Chinese cabbage, which may be specifically related to the development of leaf trichomes. Most of the pathways were related to the biosynthesis of the secondary metabolites, which may help plants to adapt to the ever-changing external environment. DEGs also enriched the "plant-pathogen interaction" pathway, which is consistent with the conclusion that trichomes are related to the disease resistance of plants. Our study provides a basis for future research on the occurrence and development of trichomes in Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjuan Li
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qian Ding
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaogang Yang
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Fengde Wang
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Han Zheng
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Jianwei Gao
- Shandong Branch of National Vegetable Improvement Center, Institute of Vegetables, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250100, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.G.)
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Huebbers JW, Büttgen K, Panstruga R. Efficient Isolation and Purification of High-Quality Arabidopsis thaliana Trichomes. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e541. [PMID: 36066280 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are fine outgrowths on the surface of aerial plant organs which play a role in protecting plants against water loss, UV radiation, and herbivore feeding. Throughout the years, trichomes have become a popular paradigm in biological research. For example, trichomes on rosette leaves of the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana have been used as a model to investigate cell development, cell differentiation, and, more recently, cell wall biogenesis. State of the art -omics studies on specific cell types or tissues often require physical separation, enrichment, and purification. This, of course, also applies to leaf trichomes, and various methods have thus been proposed to separate trichomes and leaf tissue. Though most of these methods are indeed suitable for trichome isolation, they suffer in part from tedious operating procedures, low yield, poor sample purity, and reduced trichome integrity. We have thus revised a previously reported method for trichome isolation, and report here an efficient and scalable procedure for the isolation and gradient centrifugation-based purification of high-quality A. thaliana trichomes. We describe the preparation of plant material and trichome release, which is based on prolonged gentle agitation of plant seedlings in the presence of a cation-chelating agent that weakens trichome-leaf interactions. We also outline the steps for the subsequent recovery and purification of the isolated crude trichome fraction, which is based on the use of discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation. In addition to A. thaliana, we have found that this procedure can be applied to release and enrich glandular and non-glandular trichomes from various species, including Solanum lycopersicum and Nicotiana benthamiana. The resulting purified leaf trichomes can be subjected to different types of bioassays, including histochemistry, biochemical quantification of cell wall monosaccharides, and transcriptomics, as well as proteomic profiling. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of plant material for release and enrichment of A. thaliana trichomes Basic Protocol 2: Purification of A. thaliana trichomes by density gradient centrifugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W Huebbers
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kim Büttgen
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Huebbers JW, Büttgen K, Leissing F, Mantz M, Pauly M, Huesgen PF, Panstruga R. An advanced method for the release, enrichment and purification of high-quality Arabidopsis thaliana rosette leaf trichomes enables profound insights into the trichome proteome. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:12. [PMID: 35086542 PMCID: PMC8796501 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosette leaf trichomes of Arabidopsis thaliana have been broadly used to study cell development, cell differentiation and, more recently, cell wall biogenesis. However, trichome-specific biochemical or -omics analyses require a proper separation of trichomes from residual plant tissue. Thus, different strategies were proposed in the past for trichome isolation, which mostly rely on harsh conditions and suffer from low yield, thereby limiting the spectrum of downstream analyses. RESULTS To take trichome-leaf separation to the next level, we revised a previously proposed method for isolating A. thaliana trichomes by optimizing the mechanical and biochemical specifications for trichome release. We additionally introduced a density gradient centrifugation step to remove residual plant debris. We found that prolonged, yet mild seedling agitation increases the overall trichome yield by more than 60% compared to the original protocol. We noticed that subsequent density gradient centrifugation further visually enhances trichome purity, which may be advantageous for downstream analyses. Gene expression analysis by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction validated a substantial enrichment upon purification of trichomes by density gradient centrifugation. Histochemical and biochemical investigation of trichome cell wall composition indicated that unlike the original protocol gentle agitation during trichome release largely preserves trichome integrity. We used enriched and density gradient-purified trichomes for proteomic analysis in comparison to trichome-depleted leaf samples and present a comprehensive reference data set of trichome-resident and -enriched proteins. Collectively we identified 223 proteins that are highly enriched in trichomes as compared to trichome-depleted leaves. We further demonstrate that the procedure can be applied to retrieve diverse glandular and non-glandular trichome types from other plant species. CONCLUSIONS We provide an advanced method for the isolation of A. thaliana leaf trichomes that outcompetes previous procedures regarding yield and purity. Due to the large amount of high-quality trichomes our method enabled profound insights into the so far largely unexplored A. thaliana trichome proteome. We anticipate that our protocol will be of use for a variety of downstream analyses, which are expected to shed further light on the biology of leaf trichomes in A. thaliana and possibly other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W Huebbers
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kim Büttgen
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franz Leissing
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Melissa Mantz
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Pitter F Huesgen
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, ZEA-3, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD) Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department for Chemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany.
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Muhammad Ahmad H, Wang X, Fiaz S, Mahmood-Ur-Rahman, Azhar Nadeem M, Aslam Khan S, Ahmar S, Azeem F, Shaheen T, Mora-Poblete F. Comprehensive genomics and expression analysis of eceriferum (CER) genes in sunflower ( Helianthus annuus). Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:6884-6896. [PMID: 34866989 PMCID: PMC8626276 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sunflower occupies the fourth position among oilseed crops the around the world. Eceriferum (CER) is an important gene family that plays critical role in very-long-chain fatty acids elongation and biosynthesis of epicuticular waxes under both biotic and abiotic stress conditions. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of sunflower CER genes during drought stress condition. Thus, comparative analysis was undertaken for sunflower CER genes with Arabidopsis genome to determine phylogenetic relationship, chromosomal mapping, gene structures, gene ontology and conserved motifs. Furthermore, we subjected the sunflower cultivars under drought stress and used qRT-PCR analysis to explore the expression pattern of CER genes during drought conditions. We identified thirty-seven unevenly distributed CER genes in the sunflower genome. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that CER genes were grouped into seven clades in Arabidopsis, Helianthus annuus, and Gossypium hirsutum. Expression analysis showed that genes CER10 and CER60 were upregulated in sunflower during drought conditions, indicating that these genes are activated during drought stress. The results obtained will serve to characterize the CER gene family in sunflower and exploit the role of these genes in wax biosynthesis under limited water conditions. Key message Cuticular waxes protect the plants from drought stress, so we observed the expression of wax bio synthesis genes in recently sequences genome of Helianthus annuus. We observed that expression of wax biosynthesis genes CER10 and CER60 was upregulated when the plants were subjected to drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Xiukang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sajid Fiaz
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, 22620, Pakistan
| | - Mahmood-Ur-Rahman
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Azhar Nadeem
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Sivas University of Sciences and Technology, Sivas 58140, Turkey
| | - Sher Aslam Khan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, 22620, Pakistan
| | - Sunny Ahmar
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Talca, Universidad deTalca, Talca 3465548, Chile
| | - Farrukh Azeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Shaheen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Freddy Mora-Poblete
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Campus Talca, Universidad deTalca, Talca 3465548, Chile
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Liu H, Liu S, Huang G, Xu F. Effect of gene mutation of plants on their mechano-sensibility: the mutant of EXO70H4 influences the buckling of Arabidopsis trichomes. Analyst 2021; 146:5169-5176. [PMID: 34291780 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00682g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the development of molecular biology, more and more mutants of plants have been constructed, where gene mutants have been found to influence not only the biological processes but also biophysical behaviors of plant cells. Trichomes are an important appendage, which has been found to act as an active mechanosensory switch transducing mechanical signals into physiology changes, where the mechanical property of trichomes is vital for such functions. Up to now, over 40 different genes have been found with the function of regulating trichome cell morphogenesis; however, the effect of gene mutants on trichome mechanosensory function remains elusive. In this study, we found that EXO70H4, one of the most up-regulated genes in the mature trichome, not only affects the thickness of the trichome cell wall but also the mechanical property (i.e., the Young's modulus) of trichomes. Finite element method simulation results show that the buckling instability and stress concentration (e.g., exerted by insects) cannot occur on the base of the mutant exo70H4 trichome, which might further interrupt the mechanical signal transduction from branches to the base of trichomes. These results indicated that the mutant exo70H4 trichome might lack the ability to act as an active mechanosensory switch against chewing insect herbivores. Our findings provide new information about the effect of gene mutation (like crop mutants) on the mechano-sensibility and capability to resist the agricultural pests or lodging, which could be of great significance to the development of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases co-constructed by Henan province & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450016, China
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Khan RA, Mohammad, Hurrah IM, Muzafar S, Jan S, Abbas N. Transcriptional regulation of trichome development in plants: an overview. PROCEEDINGS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL SCIENCE ACADEMY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s43538-021-00017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Wang X, Shen C, Meng P, Tan G, Lv L. Analysis and review of trichomes in plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:70. [PMID: 33526015 PMCID: PMC7852143 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichomes play a key role in the development of plants and exist in a wide variety of species. RESULTS In this paper, it was reviewed that the structure and morphology characteristics of trichomes, alongside the biological functions and classical regulatory mechanisms of trichome development in plants. The environment factors, hormones, transcription factor, non-coding RNA, etc., play important roles in regulating the initialization, branching, growth, and development of trichomes. In addition, it was further investigated the atypical regulation mechanism in a non-model plant, found that regulating the growth and development of tea (Camellia sinensis) trichome is mainly affected by hormones and the novel regulation factors. CONCLUSIONS This review further displayed the complex and differential regulatory networks in trichome initiation and development, provided a reference for basic and applied research on trichomes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Shen
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinghong Meng
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Province Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofei Tan
- Institute of Horticulture, Guizhou Province Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Litang Lv
- Key laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People's Republic of China.
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Góralska M, Bińkowski J, Lenarczyk N, Bienias A, Grądzielewska A, Czyczyło-Mysza I, Kapłoniak K, Stojałowski S, Myśków B. How Machine Learning Methods Helped Find Putative Rye Wax Genes Among GBS Data. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7501. [PMID: 33053706 PMCID: PMC7593958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard approach to genetic mapping was supplemented by machine learning (ML) to establish the location of the rye gene associated with epicuticular wax formation (glaucous phenotype). Over 180 plants of the biparental F2 population were genotyped with the DArTseq (sequencing-based diversity array technology). A maximum likelihood (MLH) algorithm (JoinMap 5.0) and three ML algorithms: logistic regression (LR), random forest and extreme gradient boosted trees (XGBoost), were used to select markers closely linked to the gene encoding wax layer. The allele conditioning the nonglaucous appearance of plants, derived from the cultivar Karlikovaja Zelenostebelnaja, was mapped at the chromosome 2R, which is the first report on this localization. The DNA sequence of DArT-Silico 3585843, closely linked to wax segregation detected by using ML methods, was indicated as one of the candidates controlling the studied trait. The putative gene encodes the ABCG11 transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Góralska
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West-Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, ul. Słowackiego 17, 71–434 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.); (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Jan Bińkowski
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West-Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, ul. Słowackiego 17, 71–434 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.); (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Natalia Lenarczyk
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West-Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, ul. Słowackiego 17, 71–434 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.); (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Anna Bienias
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West-Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, ul. Słowackiego 17, 71–434 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.); (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Grądzielewska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Akademicka, 20–950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ilona Czyczyło-Mysza
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30–239 Kraków, Poland; (I.C.-M.); (K.K.)
| | - Kamila Kapłoniak
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30–239 Kraków, Poland; (I.C.-M.); (K.K.)
| | - Stefan Stojałowski
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West-Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, ul. Słowackiego 17, 71–434 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.); (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.S.)
| | - Beata Myśków
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, West-Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, ul. Słowackiego 17, 71–434 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.); (J.B.); (N.L.); (A.B.); (S.S.)
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Li J, Ye C, Chang C. Comparative transcriptomics analysis revealing flower trichome development during flower development in two Lonicera japonica Thunb. cultivars using RNA-seq. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:341. [PMID: 32680457 PMCID: PMC7368687 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lonicera japonica Thunb. (L. japonica) has the functions of clearing away heat and detoxifying, broad-spectrum antibacterial and anti-virus, etc. More than 70% of anti-inflammatory and cold Chinese patent medicines contain L. japonica. Trichomes comprise specialized multicellular structures that have the capacity to synthesize and secrete secondary metabolites and protect plants from biotic and abiotic stresses. The extraction of trichome secretions has great commercial value. However, little is known about the trichome formation mechanism in L. japonica. Therefore, the study of trichome development between different varieties provides a basis for selecting suitable planting resources. RESULTS Here, we present a genome-wide comparative transcriptome analysis between two L. japonica cultivars, toward the identification of biological processes and functional gene activities that occur during flowering stage trichome development. In this study, the density and average lengths of flower trichomes were at their highest during three-green periods (S2). Using the Illumina RNA-Seq method, we obtained 134,304 unigenes, 33,733 of which were differentially expressed. In an analysis of 40 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) involved in trichome development, 29 of these were transcription factors. The DEGs analysis of plant hormone signal transduction indicated that plant growth and development may be independent of gibberellin (GA) and cytokinine (CTK) signaling pathways, and plant stress may be independent of jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways. We screened several genes involved in the floral biosynthesis of odors, tastes, colors, and plant hormones, and proposed biosynthetic pathways for sesquiterpenoid, triterpenoid, monoterpenoid, flavonoid, and plant hormones. Furthermore, 82 DEGs were assigned to cell cycles and 2616 were predicted as plant resistance genes (PRGs). CONCLUSIONS This study provides a comprehensive characterization of the expression profiles of flower development during the seven developmental stages of L. japonica, thereby offering valuable insights into the molecular networks that underly flower development in L. japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Li
- Green Medicine Biotechnology Henan Engineering Laboratory, Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Chenglin Ye
- Green Medicine Biotechnology Henan Engineering Laboratory, Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Cuifang Chang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China.
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12
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Cao H, Li J, Ye Y, Lin H, Hao Z, Ye N, Yue C. Integrative Transcriptomic and Metabolic Analyses Provide Insights into the Role of Trichomes in Tea Plant ( Camellia Sinensis). Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020311. [PMID: 32079100 PMCID: PMC7072466 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomes, which develop from epidermal cells, are regarded as one of the key features that are involved in the evaluation of tea quality and tea germplasm resources. The metabolites from trichomes have been well characterized in tea products. However, little is known regarding the metabolites in fresh tea trichomes and the molecular differences in trichomes and tea leaves per se. In this study, we developed a method to collect trichomes from tea plant tender shoots, and their main secondary metabolites, including catechins, caffeine, amino acids, and aroma compounds, were determined. We found that the majority of these compounds were significantly less abundant in trichomes than in tea leaves. RNA-Seq was used to investigate the differences in the molecular regulatory mechanism between trichomes and leaves to gain further insight into the differences in trichomes and tea leaves. In total, 52.96 Gb of clean data were generated, and 6560 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 4471 upregulated and 2089 downregulated genes, were identified in the trichomes vs. leaves comparison. Notably, the structural genes of the major metabolite biosynthesis pathways, transcription factors, and other key DEGs were identified and comparatively analyzed between trichomes and leaves, while trichome-specific genes were also identified. Our results provide new insights into the differences between tea trichomes and leaves at the metabolic and transcriptomic levels, and open up new doors to further recognize and re-evaluate the role of trichomes in tea quality formation and tea plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chuan Yue
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-591-83789281
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13
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Fambrini M, Pugliesi C. The Dynamic Genetic-Hormonal Regulatory Network Controlling the Trichome Development in Leaves. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E253. [PMID: 31357744 PMCID: PMC6724107 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant trichomes are outgrowths developed from an epidermal pavement cells of leaves and other organs. Trichomes (also called 'hairs') play well-recognized roles in defense against insect herbivores, forming a physical barrier that obstructs insect movement and mediating chemical defenses. In addition, trichomes can act as a mechanosensory switch, transducing mechanical stimuli (e.g., insect movement) into physiological signals, helping the plant to respond to insect attacks. Hairs can also modulate plant responses to abiotic stresses, such as water loss, an excess of light and temperature, and reflect light to protect plants against UV radiation. The structure of trichomes is species-specific and this trait is generally related to their function. These outgrowths are easily analyzed and their origin represents an outstanding subject to study epidermal cell fate and patterning in plant organs. In leaves, the developmental control of the trichomatous complement has highlighted a regulatory network based on four fundamental elements: (i) genes that activate and/or modify the normal cell cycle of epidermal pavement cells (i.e., endoreduplication cycles); (ii) transcription factors that create an activator/repressor complex with a central role in determining cell fate, initiation, and differentiation of an epidermal cell in trichomes; (iii) evidence that underlines the interplay of the aforesaid complex with different classes of phytohormones; (iv) epigenetic mechanisms involved in trichome development. Here, we reviewed the role of genes in the development of trichomes, as well as the interaction between genes and hormones. Furthermore, we reported basic studies about the regulation of the cell cycle and the complexity of trichomes. Finally, this review focused on the epigenetic factors involved in the initiation and development of hairs, mainly on leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fambrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Pugliesi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (DAFE), University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80-56124 Pisa, Italy.
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14
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Fornero C, Rickerd T, Kirik V. Papillae formation on Arabidopsis leaf trichomes requires the function of Mediator tail subunits 2, 14, 15a, 16, and 25. PLANTA 2019; 249:1063-1071. [PMID: 30535640 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis Mediator subunits 2, 14, 15a, 16, and 25 are required for papillae development on the trichome cell wall surface. Arabidopsis leaf hairs exhibit raised protrusions, termed papillae, on their cell wall surfaces. Here, we show that the glassy hair mutant, glh2, exhibits trichomes with an approximate 11-fold decrease in papillae density on their surfaces in comparison to wild type. This phenotype was found to be the result of mutations in Arabidopsis Mediator subunit 16. MED16 is localized to the nucleus of trichomes, consistent with Mediator's role in transcription. The expression patterns of the trichome development reporters, ETR2pro::GUS and GL2pro::GUS, as well as GL2 transcript levels were not altered in the glh2 mutant. Screening of available T-DNA insertion lines in other subunits of the Mediator tail module revealed glassy trichome phenotypes in med2, med14, and med15a mutants. The data suggest that the Mediator complex is required for expression of genes involved in trichome papillae development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Fornero
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Trevor Rickerd
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Viktor Kirik
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA.
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15
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Li J, Kim T, Szymanski DB. Multi-scale regulation of cell branching: Modeling morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2018; 451:40-52. [PMID: 30529250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development are driven by extended phases of irreversible cell expansion generating cells that increase in volume from 10- to 100-fold. Some specialized cell types define cortical sites that reinitiate polarized growth and generate branched cell morphology. This structural specialization of individual cells has a major importance for plant adaptation to diverse environments and practical importance in agricultural contexts. The patterns of cell shape are defined by highly integrated cytoskeletal and cell wall systems. Microtubules and actin filaments locally define the material properties of a tough outer cell wall to generate complex shapes. Forward genetics, powerful live cell imaging experiments, and computational modeling have provided insights into understanding of mechanisms of cell shape control. In particular, finite element modeling of the cell wall provides a new way to discover which cell wall heterogeneities generate complex cell shapes, and how cell shape and cell wall stress can feedback on the cytoskeleton to maintain growth patterns. This review focuses on cytoskeleton-dependent cell wall patterning during cell branching, and how combinations of multi-scale imaging experiments and computational modeling are being used to unravel systems-level control of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States; Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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16
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Stranne M, Ren Y, Fimognari L, Birdseye D, Yan J, Bardor M, Mollet JC, Komatsu T, Kikuchi J, Scheller HV, Sakuragi Y. TBL10 is required for O-acetylation of pectic rhamnogalacturonan-I in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:772-785. [PMID: 30118566 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
O-Acetylated pectins are abundant in the primary cell wall of plants and growing evidence suggests they have important roles in plant cell growth and interaction with the environment. Despite their importance, genes required for O-acetylation of pectins are still largely unknown. In this study, we showed that TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE LIKE 10 (AT3G06080) is involved in O-acetylation of pectins in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The activity of the TBL10 promoter was strong in tissues where pectins are highly abundant (e.g. leaves). Two homozygous knock-out mutants of Arabidopsis, tbl10-1 and tbl10-2, were isolated and shown to exhibit reduced levels of wall-bound acetyl esters, equivalent of ~50% of the wild-type level in pectin-enriched fractions derived from leaves. Further fractionation revealed that the degree of acetylation of the pectin rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) was reduced in the tbl10 mutant compared to the wild type, whereas the pectin homogalacturonan (HG) was unaffected. The degrees of acetylation in hemicelluloses (i.e. xyloglucan, xylan and mannan) were indistinguishable between the tbl10 mutants and the wild type. The mutant plants contained normal trichomes in leaves and exhibited a similar level of susceptibility to the phytopathogenic microorganisms Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and Botrytis cinerea; while they displayed enhanced tolerance to drought. These results indicate that TBL10 is required for O-acetylation of RG-I, possibly as an acetyltransferase, and suggest that O-acetylated RG-I plays a role in abiotic stress responses in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stranne
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Yanfang Ren
- Feedstocks Division, Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lorenzo Fimognari
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Devon Birdseye
- Feedstocks Division, Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jingwei Yan
- Feedstocks Division, Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Muriel Bardor
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV, 76000, Rouen, France
| | | | - Takanori Komatsu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jun Kikuchi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Feedstocks Division, Joint Bioenergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yumiko Sakuragi
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, DK-1871, Denmark
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17
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Yue C, Cao HL, Chen D, Lin HZ, Wang Z, Hu J, Yang GY, Guo YQ, Ye NX, Hao XY. Comparative transcriptome study of hairy and hairless tea plant (Camellia sinensis) shoots. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 229:41-52. [PMID: 30032044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Trichome (also referred to as 'háo' in tea) is a key feature in both tea products and tea plant (Camellia sinensis) selection breeding. Although trichomes are used as a model for studying cell differentiation and have been well studied in many plant species, the regulation of trichome formation at the molecular level is poorly understood in tea plants. In the present study, the hairy and hairless tea plant cultivars Fudingdabaicha (FDDB) and Rongchunzao (RCZ), respectively, were used to study this mechanism. We characterised tea plant trichomes as unicellular and unbranched structures. High-throughput Illumina sequencing yielded approximately 277.0 million high-quality clean reads from the FDDB and RCZ cultivars. After de novo assembly, 161,444 unigenes were generated, with an average length of 937 bp. Among these unigenes, 81,425 were annotated using public databases, and 55,201 coding sequences and 4004 transcription factors (TFs) were identified. In total, 21,599 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between RCZ and FDDB, of which 10,785 DEGs were up-regulated and 10,814 DEGs were down-regulated. Genes involved in the DNA replication pathway were significantly enriched. Furthermore, between FDDB and RCZ, DEGs related to TFs, phytohormone signals, and cellulose synthesis were identified, suggesting that certain genes involved in these pathways are crucial for trichome initiation in tea plants. Together, the results of this study provide novel data to improve our understanding of the potential molecular mechanisms of trichome formation and lay a foundation for additional trichome studies in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yue
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Hong-Li Cao
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dan Chen
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hong-Zheng Lin
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Juan Hu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guo-Yi Yang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu-Qiong Guo
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Nai-Xing Ye
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Key Laboratory of Tea Science in Universities of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Xin-Yuan Hao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Center for Tea Improvement, Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, China.
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18
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Shi P, Fu X, Shen Q, Liu M, Pan Q, Tang Y, Jiang W, Lv Z, Yan T, Ma Y, Chen M, Hao X, Liu P, Li L, Sun X, Tang K. The roles of AaMIXTA1 in regulating the initiation of glandular trichomes and cuticle biosynthesis in Artemisia annua. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:261-276. [PMID: 28940606 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The glandular secretory trichomes (GSTs) on Artemisia annua leaves have the capacity to secrete and store artemisinin, a compound which is the most effective treatment for uncomplicated malaria. An effective strategy to improve artemisinin content is therefore to increase the density of GSTs in A. annua. However, the formation mechanism of GSTs remains poorly understood. To explore the mechanisms of GST initiation in A. annua, we screened myeloblastosis (MYB) transcription factor genes from a GST transcriptome database and identified a MIXTA transcription factor, AaMIXTA1, which is expressed predominantly in the basal cells of GST in A. annua. Overexpression and repression of AaMIXTA1 resulted in an increase and decrease, respectively, in the number of GSTs as well as the artemisinin content in transgenic plants. Transcriptome analysis and cuticular lipid profiling showed that AaMIXTA1 is likely to be responsible for activating cuticle biosynthesis. In addition, dual-luciferase reporter assays further demonstrated that AaMIXTA1 could directly activate the expression of genes related to cuticle biosynthesis. Taken together, AaMIXTA1 regulated cuticle biosynthesis and prompted GST initiation without any abnormal impact on the morphological structure of the GSTs and so provides a new way to improve artemisinin content in this important medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xueqing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qifang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yueli Tang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Weimin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zongyou Lv
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Tingxiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yanan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Minghui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaolong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Pin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiaofen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Kexuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fudan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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19
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Fornero C, Suo B, Zahde M, Juveland K, Kirik V. Papillae formation on trichome cell walls requires the function of the mediator complex subunit Med25. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 95:389-398. [PMID: 28889249 PMCID: PMC6082409 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glassy Hair 1 (GLH1) gene that promotes papillae formation on trichome cell walls was identified as a subunit of the transcriptional mediator complex MED25. The MED25 gene is shown to be expressed in trichomes. The expression of the trichome development marker genes GLABRA2 (GL2) and Ethylene Receptor2 (ETR2) is not affected in the glh1 mutant. Presented data suggest that Arabidopsis MED25 mediator component is likely involved in the transcription of genes promoting papillae deposition in trichomes. The plant cell wall plays an important role in communication, defense, organization and support. The importance of each of these functions varies by cell type. Specialized cells, such as Arabidopsis trichomes, exhibit distinct cell wall characteristics including papillae. To better understand the molecular processes important for papillae deposition on the cell wall surface, we identified the GLASSY HAIR 1 (GLH1) gene, which is necessary for papillae formation. We found that a splice-site mutation in the component of the transcriptional mediator complex MED25 gene is responsible for the near papillae-less phenotype of the glh1 mutant. The MED25 gene is expressed in trichomes. Reporters for trichome developmental marker genes GLABRA2 (GL2) and Ethylene Receptor2 (ETR2) were not affected in the glh1 mutant. Collectively, the presented results show that MED25 is necessary for papillae formation on the cell wall surface of leaf trichomes and suggest that the Arabidopsis MED25 mediator component is likely involved in the transcription of a subset of genes that promote papillae deposition in trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy Fornero
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Bangxia Suo
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Mais Zahde
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Katelyn Juveland
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA
| | - Viktor Kirik
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA.
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20
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Kumar V, Saha D, Thakare DR, Jajoo A, Jain PK, Bhat SR, Srinivasan R. A part of the upstream promoter region of SHN2 gene directs trichome specific expression in Arabidopsis thaliana and heterologous plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 264:138-148. [PMID: 28969794 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A promoter trap mutant line of Arabidopsis carrying a promoterless β-glucuronidase (uidA) gene exhibited GUS expression predominantly in all the trichomes. In this mutant, the T-DNA insertion was localized at 147bp upstream of the putative start codon, ATG, of the At5g11190 (SHN2) gene. Transcript profiling of the SHN2 suggested a constitutive expression of the gene in all the tissues. Deletion analysis of the upstream sequences established that a 565bp (-594/-30) region confers trichome-specific gene expression. The trichomes isolated from young, mature and senesced leaf tissues also showed the presence of SHN2 transcript. The occurrence of multiple TSSs on the SHN2 gene sequence, presence of the SHN2 transcript in the homozygous trip mutant, despite an insertional mutation event, and diverse reporter gene expression pattern driven by 5' and 3' promoter deletion fragments, suggest a complex transcriptional regulation of SHN2 gene in Arabidopsis. The promoter sequence -594/-30 showed a conserved functional role in conferring non-glandular trichome-specific expression in other heterologous systems like Brassica juncea and Solanum lycopersicon. Thus, in the present study T-DNA tagging has led to the identification of a trichome-specific regulatory sequence in the upstream region of a constitutively expressed SHN2 gene. The study also suggests a complex regulation of SHN2 gene. Isolated trichome specific region retains its functions in other systems like Brassica and tomato, hence could be effectively exploited in engineering trichome cells in heterologous crop plants to manipulate traits like biopharming and insect herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vajinder Kumar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Dipnarayan Saha
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Dhiraj Ramesh Thakare
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Anjana Jajoo
- School of Life Sciences, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, 452010, India.
| | - Pradeep Kumar Jain
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | | | - Ramamurthy Srinivasan
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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21
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Zhou LH, Liu SB, Wang PF, Lu TJ, Xu F, Genin GM, Pickard BG. The Arabidopsis trichome is an active mechanosensory switch. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:611-621. [PMID: 26920667 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes ('hair cells') on Arabidopsis thaliana stem and leaf surfaces provide a range of benefits arising from their shape and disposition. These include tempting herbivores to sample constitutive toxins before they reach the bulk of the tissue. We asked whether, in addition, small mechanical disturbances such as an insect can make elicit signals that might help the plant respond to herbivory. We imaged, pressed and brushed trichomes in several ways, most notably with confocal microscopy of trichomes transgenically provided with apoplastic pH reporter apo-pHusion and cytosolic Ca2+ reporter cameleon. In parallel, we modelled trichome wall mechanics with finite element analysis. The stimulated trichome focuses force on a pliant zone and the adjoining podium of the stalk. A buckling instability can further focus force on a skirt of cells surrounding the podium, eliciting oscillations of cytosolic Ca2+ and shifts in apoplastic pH. These observations represent active physiological response. Modelling establishes that the effectiveness of force focusing and buckling is due to the peculiar tapering wall structure of the trichome. Hypothetically, these active mechanosensing functions enhance toxin synthesis above constitutive levels, probably via a priming process, thus minimizing the costly accumulation of toxins in the absence of herbivore attack but assuring rapid build-up when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hong Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Gladys Levis Allen Laboratory of Plant Sensory Physiology, Biology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Shao Bao Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Gladys Levis Allen Laboratory of Plant Sensory Physiology, Biology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Peng Fei Wang
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Qian Xuesen Laboratory of Space Technology, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing, 100094, China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering, School of Life Science & Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Guy M Genin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Barbara G Pickard
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Gladys Levis Allen Laboratory of Plant Sensory Physiology, Biology Department, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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22
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Kawakatsu Y, Nakayama H, Kaminoyama K, Igarashi K, Yasugi M, Kudoh H, Nagano AJ, Yano K, Kubo N, Kimura S. A GLABRA1 ortholog on LG A9 controls trichome number in the Japanese leafy vegetables Mizuna and Mibuna (Brassica rapa L. subsp. nipposinica L. H. Bailey): evidence from QTL analysis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2017; 130:539-550. [PMID: 28258381 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-017-0917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Brassica rapa show a wide range of morphological variations. In particular, the leaf morphologies of the Japanese traditional leafy vegetables Mizuna and Mibuna (Brassica rapa L. subsp. nipposinica L. H. Bailey) are distinctly different, even though they are closely related cultivars that are easy to cross. In addition to the differences in the gross morphology of leaves, some cultivars of Mibuna (Kyo-nishiki) have many trichomes on its leaves, whereas Mizuna (Kyo-mizore) does not. To identify the genes responsible for the different number of trichomes, we performed a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of Mizuna and Mibuna. To construct linkage maps for these cultivars, we used RNA-seq data to develop cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers. We also performed a restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) analysis to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Two QTL analyses were performed in different years, and both analyses indicated that the largest effect was found on LG A9. Expression analyses showed that a gene homologous to GLABRA1 (GL1), a transcription factor implicated in trichome development in Arabidopsis thaliana, and the sequences 3'-flanking (downstream) of BrGL1, differed considerably between Mizuna (Kyo-mizore) and Mibuna (Kyo-nishiki). These results indicate that BrGL1 on LG A9 is one of the candidate genes responsible for the difference in trichome number between Mizuna and Mibuna. Detecting genes that are responsible for morphological variations allows us to better understand the breeding history of Mizuna and Mibuna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaichi Kawakatsu
- Department of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan
| | - Hokuto Nakayama
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kaori Kaminoyama
- Department of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan
| | - Kaori Igarashi
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Masaki Yasugi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Higashiyama 5-1, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kudoh
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, 509-3, 2-chome, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, 509-3, 2-chome, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2113, Japan
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
- JST PRESTO, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yano
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-mita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Nakao Kubo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 74 Oji, Kitainayazuma, Seika, Soraku, Kyoto, 619-0244, Japan
| | - Seisuke Kimura
- Department of Bioresource and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan.
- Center for Ecological Evolutionary Developmental Biology, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan.
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23
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Liu H, Zhou LH, Jiao J, Liu S, Zhang Z, Lu TJ, Xu F. Gradient Mechanical Properties Facilitate Arabidopsis Trichome as Mechanosensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:9755-61. [PMID: 27010517 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that Arabidopsis thaliana leaf trichome can act as a mechanosensory switch, transducing mechanical stimuli into physiological signals, mainly through a buckling instability to focus external force (e.g., exerted by insects) on the base of trichome. The material and structural properties of trichomes remain largely unknown in this buckling instability. In this report, we mainly focused on material standpoint to explore the possible mechanism facilitating the buckling instability. We observed that the Young's modulus of trichome cell wall decreased gradually from branch to the base region of trichome. Interestingly, we also found a corresponding decline of calcium concentration on the trichome cell wall. Results of finite element method (FEM) simulation suggested that such a gradient distribution of Young's modulus significantly promotes force focusing and buckling instability on the base of trichome. It is indicated that Arabidopsis trichome has developed into an active mechanosensor benefiting from gradient cell wall mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Li Hong Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei , Baoding 071001, P. R. China
| | - Jiaojiao Jiao
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Structure Strength and Vibration, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Shaobao Liu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Structure Strength and Vibration, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zhanming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Structure Strength and Vibration, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
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24
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Nafisi M, Stranne M, Fimognari L, Atwell S, Martens HJ, Pedas PR, Hansen SF, Nawrath C, Scheller HV, Kliebenstein DJ, Sakuragi Y. Acetylation of cell wall is required for structural integrity of the leaf surface and exerts a global impact on plant stress responses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:550. [PMID: 26257757 PMCID: PMC4510344 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis on leaves protects plants from pathogen invasion and provides a waterproof barrier. It consists of a layer of cells that is surrounded by thick cell walls, which are partially impregnated by highly hydrophobic cuticular components. We show that the Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutants of REDUCED WALL ACETYLATION 2 (rwa2), previously identified as having reduced O-acetylation of both pectins and hemicelluloses, exhibit pleiotrophic phenotype on the leaf surface. The cuticle layer appeared diffused and was significantly thicker and underneath cell wall layer was interspersed with electron-dense deposits. A large number of trichomes were collapsed and surface permeability of the leaves was enhanced in rwa2 as compared to the wild type. A massive reprogramming of the transcriptome was observed in rwa2 as compared to the wild type, including a coordinated up-regulation of genes involved in responses to abiotic stress, particularly detoxification of reactive oxygen species and defense against microbial pathogens (e.g., lipid transfer proteins, peroxidases). In accordance, peroxidase activities were found to be elevated in rwa2 as compared to the wild type. These results indicate that cell wall acetylation is essential for maintaining the structural integrity of leaf epidermis, and that reduction of cell wall acetylation leads to global stress responses in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majse Nafisi
- Copenhagen Plant Science CenterFrederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Maria Stranne
- Copenhagen Plant Science CenterFrederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Lorenzo Fimognari
- Copenhagen Plant Science CenterFrederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Susanna Atwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
| | - Helle J. Martens
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Pai R. Pedas
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Sara F. Hansen
- Copenhagen Plant Science CenterFrederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeley, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J. Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA
- Danish National Research Foundation Center DynaMOFrederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Yumiko Sakuragi
- Copenhagen Plant Science CenterFrederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Denmark
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25
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Kulich I, Vojtíková Z, Glanc M, Ortmannová J, Rasmann S, Žárský V. Cell wall maturation of Arabidopsis trichomes is dependent on exocyst subunit EXO70H4 and involves callose deposition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:120-31. [PMID: 25767057 PMCID: PMC4424025 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf trichomes are single-cell structures with a well-studied development, but little is understood about their function. Developmental studies focused mainly on the early shaping stages, and little attention has been paid to the maturation stage. We focused on the EXO70H4 exocyst subunit, one of the most up-regulated genes in the mature trichome. We uncovered EXO70H4-dependent development of the secondary cell wall layer, highly autofluorescent and callose rich, deposited only in the upper part of the trichome. The boundary is formed between the apical and the basal parts of mature trichome by a callose ring that is also deposited in an EXO70H4-dependent manner. We call this structure the Ortmannian ring (OR). Both the secondary cell wall layer and the OR are absent in the exo70H4 mutants. Ecophysiological aspects of the trichome cell wall thickening include interference with antiherbivore defense and heavy metal accumulation. Ultraviolet B light induces EXO70H4 transcription in a CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1-dependent way, resulting in stimulation of trichome cell wall thickening and the OR biogenesis. EXO70H4-dependent trichome cell wall hardening is a unique phenomenon, which may be conserved among a variety of the land plants. Our analyses support a concept that Arabidopsis trichome is an excellent model to study molecular mechanisms of secondary cell wall deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kulich
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic (I.K., Z.V., M.G., J.O., V.Z.);Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic (J.O., V.Z.); andDepartment of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.)
| | - Zdeňka Vojtíková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic (I.K., Z.V., M.G., J.O., V.Z.);Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic (J.O., V.Z.); andDepartment of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.)
| | - Matouš Glanc
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic (I.K., Z.V., M.G., J.O., V.Z.);Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic (J.O., V.Z.); andDepartment of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.)
| | - Jitka Ortmannová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic (I.K., Z.V., M.G., J.O., V.Z.);Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic (J.O., V.Z.); andDepartment of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.)
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic (I.K., Z.V., M.G., J.O., V.Z.);Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic (J.O., V.Z.); andDepartment of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.)
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, 12844 Prague, Czech Republic (I.K., Z.V., M.G., J.O., V.Z.);Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic (J.O., V.Z.); andDepartment of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland (S.R.)
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