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Leverett A, Kromdijk J. The long and tortuous path towards improving photosynthesis by engineering elevated mesophyll conductance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3411-3427. [PMID: 38804598 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The growing demand for global food production is likely to be a defining issue facing humanity over the next 50 years. To tackle this challenge, there is a desire to bioengineer crops with higher photosynthetic efficiencies, to increase yields. Recently, there has been a growing interest in engineering leaves with higher mesophyll conductance (gm), which would allow CO2 to move more efficiently from the substomatal cavities to the chloroplast stroma. However, if crop yield gains are to be realised through this approach, it is essential that the methodological limitations associated with estimating gm are fully appreciated. In this review, we summarise these limitations, and outline the uncertainties and assumptions that can affect the final estimation of gm. Furthermore, we critically assess the predicted quantitative effect that elevating gm will have on assimilation rates in crop species. We highlight the need for more theoretical modelling to determine whether altering gm is truly a viable route to improve crop performance. Finally, we offer suggestions to guide future research on gm, which will help mitigate the uncertainty inherently associated with estimating this parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Leverett
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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2
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Ubierna N, Holloway-Phillips MM, Wingate L, Ogée J, Busch FA, Farquhar GD. Using Carbon Stable Isotopes to Study C 3 and C 4 Photosynthesis: Models and Calculations. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2790:163-211. [PMID: 38649572 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3790-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Stable carbon isotopes are a powerful tool to study photosynthesis. Initial applications consisted of determining isotope ratios of plant biomass using mass spectrometry. Subsequently, theoretical models relating C isotope values to gas exchange characteristics were introduced and tested against instantaneous online measurements of 13C photosynthetic discrimination. Beginning in the twenty-first century, laser absorption spectroscopes with sufficient precision for determining isotope mixing ratios became commercially available. This has allowed collection of large data sets at lower cost and with unprecedented temporal resolution. More data and accompanying knowledge have permitted refinement of 13C discrimination model equations, but often at the expense of increased model complexity and difficult parametrization. This chapter describes instantaneous online measurements of 13C photosynthetic discrimination, provides recommendations for experimental setup, and presents a thorough compilation of equations available to researchers. We update our previous 2018 version of this chapter by including recently improved descriptions of (photo)respiratory processes and associated fractionations. We discuss the capabilities and limitations of the diverse 13C discrimination model equations and provide guidance for selecting the model complexity needed for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Ubierna
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1391 ISPA, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Meisha-Marika Holloway-Phillips
- Research Unit of Forest Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmendsorf, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Wingate
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1391 ISPA, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Jérôme Ogée
- Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR)1391 ISPA, Villenave D'Ornon, France
| | - Florian A Busch
- School of Biosciences and The Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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3
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Garcia AK, Kędzior M, Taton A, Li M, Young JN, Kaçar B. Effects of RuBisCO and CO 2 concentration on cyanobacterial growth and carbon isotope fractionation. GEOBIOLOGY 2023; 21:390-403. [PMID: 36602111 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbon isotope biosignatures preserved in the Precambrian geologic record are primarily interpreted to reflect ancient cyanobacterial carbon fixation catalyzed by Form I RuBisCO enzymes. The average range of isotopic biosignatures generally follows that produced by extant cyanobacteria. However, this observation is difficult to reconcile with several environmental (e.g., temperature, pH, and CO2 concentrations), molecular, and physiological factors that likely would have differed during the Precambrian and can produce fractionation variability in contemporary organisms that meets or exceeds that observed in the geologic record. To test a specific range of genetic and environmental factors that may impact ancient carbon isotope biosignatures, we engineered a mutant strain of the model cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 that overexpresses RuBisCO across varying atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We hypothesized that changes in RuBisCO expression would impact the net rates of intracellular CO2 fixation versus CO2 supply, and thus whole-cell carbon isotope discrimination. In particular, we investigated the impacts of RuBisCO overexpression under changing CO2 concentrations on both carbon isotope biosignatures and cyanobacterial physiology, including cell growth and oxygen evolution rates. We found that an increased pool of active RuBisCO does not significantly affect the 13 C/12 C isotopic discrimination (εp ) at all tested CO2 concentrations, yielding εp of ≈ 23‰ for both wild-type and mutant strains at elevated CO2 . We therefore suggest that expected variation in cyanobacterial RuBisCO expression patterns should not confound carbon isotope biosignature interpretation. A deeper understanding of environmental, evolutionary, and intracellular factors that impact cyanobacterial physiology and isotope discrimination is crucial for reconciling microbially driven carbon biosignatures with those preserved in the geologic record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Garcia
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mateusz Kędzior
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Arnaud Taton
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Meng Li
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jodi N Young
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Betül Kaçar
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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4
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Wang RZ, Liu AK, Banda DM, Fischer WW, Shih PM. A Bacterial Form I’ Rubisco Has a Smaller Carbon Isotope Fractionation than Its Form I Counterpart. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13040596. [PMID: 37189344 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Form I rubiscos evolved in Cyanobacteria ≥ 2.5 billion years ago and are enzymatically unique due to the presence of small subunits (RbcS) capping both ends of an octameric large subunit (RbcL) rubisco assembly to form a hexadecameric (L8S8) holoenzyme. Although RbcS was previously thought to be integral to Form I rubisco stability, the recent discovery of a closely related sister clade of octameric rubiscos (Form I’; L8) demonstrates that the L8 complex can assemble without small subunits (Banda et al. 2020). Rubisco also displays a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) where the 3PG product is depleted in 13C relative to 12C. In Cyanobacteria, only two Form I KIE measurements exist, making interpretation of bacterial carbon isotope data difficult. To aid comparison, we measured in vitro the KIEs of Form I’ (Candidatus Promineofilum breve) and Form I (Synechococcus elongatus PCC 6301) rubiscos and found the KIE to be smaller in the L8 rubisco (16.25 ± 1.36‰ vs. 22.42 ± 2.37‰, respectively). Therefore, while small subunits may not be necessary for protein stability, they may affect the KIE. Our findings may provide insight into the function of RbcS and allow more refined interpretation of environmental carbon isotope data.
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5
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Kędzior M, Garcia AK, Li M, Taton A, Adam ZR, Young JN, Kaçar B. Resurrected Rubisco suggests uniform carbon isotope signatures over geologic time. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110726. [PMID: 35476992 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest geochemical indicators of microbes-and the enzymes that powered them-extend back ∼3.8 Ga on Earth. Paleobiologists often attempt to understand these indicators by assuming that the behaviors of extant microbes and enzymes are uniform with those of their predecessors. This consistency in behavior seems at odds with our understanding of the inherent variability of living systems. Here, we examine whether a uniformitarian assumption for an enzyme thought to generate carbon isotope indicators of biological activity, RuBisCO, can be corroborated by independently studying the history of changes recorded within RuBisCO's genetic sequences. We resurrected a Precambrian-age RuBisCO by engineering its ancient DNA inside a cyanobacterium genome and measured the engineered organism's fitness and carbon-isotope-discrimination profile. Results indicate that Precambrian uniformitarian assumptions may be warranted but with important caveats. Experimental studies illuminating early innovations are crucial to explore the molecular foundations of life's earliest traces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kędzior
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; NASA Center for Early Life and Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Amanda K Garcia
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; NASA Center for Early Life and Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Meng Li
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Arnaud Taton
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zachary R Adam
- NASA Center for Early Life and Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jodi N Young
- School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Betül Kaçar
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; NASA Center for Early Life and Evolution, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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6
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Garcia AK, Cavanaugh CM, Kacar B. The curious consistency of carbon biosignatures over billions of years of Earth-life coevolution. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:2183-2194. [PMID: 33846565 PMCID: PMC8319343 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The oldest and most wide-ranging signal of biological activity (biosignature) on our planet is the carbon isotope composition of organic materials preserved in rocks. These biosignatures preserve the long-term evolution of the microorganism-hosted metabolic machinery responsible for producing deviations in the isotopic compositions of inorganic and organic carbon. Despite billions of years of ecosystem turnover, evolutionary innovation, organismic complexification, and geological events, the organic carbon that is a residuum of the global marine biosphere in the rock record tells an essentially static story. The ~25‰ mean deviation between inorganic and organic 13C/12C values has remained remarkably unchanged over >3.5 billion years. The bulk of this record is conventionally attributed to early-evolved, RuBisCO-mediated CO2 fixation that, in extant oxygenic phototrophs, produces comparable isotopic effects and dominates modern primary production. However, billions of years of environmental transition, for example, in the progressive oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere, would be expected to have accompanied shifts in the predominant RuBisCO forms as well as enzyme-level adaptive responses in RuBisCO CO2-specificity. These factors would also be expected to result in preserved isotopic signatures deviating from those produced by extant RuBisCO in oxygenic phototrophs. Why does the bulk carbon isotope record not reflect these expected environmental transitions and evolutionary innovations? Here, we discuss this apparent discrepancy and highlight the need for greater quantitative understanding of carbon isotope fractionation behavior in extant metabolic pathways. We propose novel, laboratory-based approaches to reconstructing ancestral states of carbon metabolisms and associated enzymes that can constrain isotopic biosignature production in ancient biological systems. Together, these strategies are crucial for integrating the complementary toolsets of biological and geological sciences and for interpretation of the oldest record of life on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Colleen M Cavanaugh
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Betul Kacar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory and Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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7
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Shimono H, Kondo M, Evans JR. Internal transport of CO 2 from the root-zone to plant shoot is pH dependent. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 165:451-463. [PMID: 29885010 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the fate of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) absorbed by roots or internally produced by respiration using gas exchange and stable isotopic labeling. CO2 efflux from detached leaves supplied with bicarbonate/CO2 solutions was followed over six cycles. CO2 effluxes were detected when bicarbonate solution at high pH was used, corresponding to 71-85% of the expected efflux. No CO2 efflux was detected when CO2 solutions at low pH were used but CO2 efflux was subsequently detected as soon as bicarbonate solutions at high pH were supplied. By sealing the leaf and petiole in a plastic bag to reduce diffusion to the atmosphere, a small CO2 efflux signal (14-30% of the expected efflux) was detected suggesting that CO2 in the xylem stream can readily escape to the atmosphere before reaching the leaf. When the root-zones of intact plants were exposed to CO2 solutions, a significant efflux from leaf surface was observed (13% of the expected efflux). However, no signal was detected when roots were exposed to a high pH bicarbonate solution. Isotopic tracer experiments confirmed that CO2 supplied to the root-zone was transported through the plant and was readily lost to the atmosphere. However, little 13 C moved to the shoot when roots were exposed to bicarbonate solutions at pH 8, suggesting that bicarbonate does not pass into the xylem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Shimono
- Crop Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
| | - Motohiko Kondo
- National Institute of Crop Science, Ibaraki 305-8518, Japan
| | - John R Evans
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
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8
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Ubierna N, Holloway-Phillips MM, Farquhar GD. Using Stable Carbon Isotopes to Study C 3 and C 4 Photosynthesis: Models and Calculations. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1770:155-196. [PMID: 29978402 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7786-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stable carbon isotopes are a powerful tool to study photosynthesis. Initial applications consisted of determining isotope ratios of plant biomass using mass spectrometry. Subsequently, theoretical models relating C-isotope values to gas exchange characteristics were introduced and tested against instantaneous online measurements of 13C photosynthetic discrimination. Beginning in the twenty-first century, tunable diode laser spectroscopes with sufficient precision for determining isotope mixing ratios became commercially available. This has allowed collection of large data sets, at low cost and with unprecedented temporal resolution. With more data and accompanying knowledge, it has become apparent that there is a need for increased complexity in models and calculations. This chapter describes instantaneous online measurements of 13C photosynthetic discrimination, provides recommendations for experimental setup, and presents a thorough compilation of equations needed for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Ubierna
- School of Biological Sciences, Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.
| | | | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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9
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Flexas J, Díaz-Espejo A, Conesa MA, Coopman RE, Douthe C, Gago J, Gallé A, Galmés J, Medrano H, Ribas-Carbo M, Tomàs M, Niinemets Ü. Mesophyll conductance to CO2 and Rubisco as targets for improving intrinsic water use efficiency in C3 plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:965-82. [PMID: 26297108 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Water limitation is a major global constraint for plant productivity that is likely to be exacerbated by climate change. Hence, improving plant water use efficiency (WUE) has become a major goal for the near future. At the leaf level, WUE is the ratio between photosynthesis and transpiration. Maintaining high photosynthesis under water stress, while improving WUE requires either increasing mesophyll conductance (gm ) and/or improving the biochemical capacity for CO2 assimilation-in which Rubisco properties play a key role, especially in C3 plants at current atmospheric CO2 . The goals of the present analysis are: (1) to summarize the evidence that improving gm and/or Rubisco can result in increased WUE; (2) to review the degree of success of early attempts to genetically manipulate gm or Rubisco; (3) to analyse how gm , gsw and the Rubisco's maximum velocity (Vcmax ) co-vary across different plant species in well-watered and drought-stressed conditions; (4) to examine how these variations cause differences in WUE and what is the overall extent of variation in individual determinants of WUE; and finally, (5) to use simulation analysis to provide a theoretical framework for the possible control of WUE by gm and Rubisco catalytic constants vis-à-vis gsw under water limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - A Díaz-Espejo
- Irrigation and Crop Ecophysiology Group, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS, CSIC), Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M A Conesa
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - R E Coopman
- Ecophysiology Laboratory for Forest Conservation, Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, 5110566, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Douthe
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - J Gago
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
- Applied Plant and Soil Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - A Gallé
- Bayer CropScience NV, Innovation Center, Technologiepark 38, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - J Galmés
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - H Medrano
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - M Ribas-Carbo
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - M Tomàs
- Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Ü Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130, Tallinn, Estonia
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10
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Wilson RH, Alonso H, Whitney SM. Evolving Methanococcoides burtonii archaeal Rubisco for improved photosynthesis and plant growth. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22284. [PMID: 26926260 PMCID: PMC4772096 DOI: 10.1038/srep22284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In photosynthesis Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) catalyses the often rate limiting CO2-fixation step in the Calvin cycle. This makes Rubisco both the gatekeeper for carbon entry into the biosphere and a target for functional improvement to enhance photosynthesis and plant growth. Encumbering the catalytic performance of Rubisco is its highly conserved, complex catalytic chemistry. Accordingly, traditional efforts to enhance Rubisco catalysis using protracted "trial and error" protein engineering approaches have met with limited success. Here we demonstrate the versatility of high throughput directed (laboratory) protein evolution for improving the carboxylation properties of a non-photosynthetic Rubisco from the archaea Methanococcoides burtonii. Using chloroplast transformation in the model plant Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) we confirm the improved forms of M. burtonii Rubisco increased photosynthesis and growth relative to tobacco controls producing wild-type M. burtonii Rubisco. Our findings indicate continued directed evolution of archaeal Rubisco offers new potential for enhancing leaf photosynthesis and plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Wilson
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Hernan Alonso
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Spencer M. Whitney
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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11
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Igamberdiev AU. Control of Rubisco function via homeostatic equilibration of CO2 supply. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:106. [PMID: 25767475 PMCID: PMC4341507 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Rubisco is the most abundant protein on Earth that serves as the primary engine of carbon assimilation. It is characterized by a slow rate and low specificity for CO2 leading to photorespiration. We analyze here the challenges of operation of this enzyme as the main carbon fixation engine. The high concentration of Rubisco exceeds that of its substrate CO2 by 2-3 orders of magnitude; however, the total pool of available carbon in chloroplast, i.e., mainly bicarbonate, is comparable to the concentration of Rubisco active sites. This makes the reactant stationary assumption (RSA), which is essential as a condition of satisfying the Michaelis-Menten (MM) kinetics, valid if we assume that the delivery of CO2 from this pool is not limiting. The RSA is supported by active carbonic anhydrases (CA) that quickly equilibrate bicarbonate and CO2 pools and supply CO2 to Rubisco. While the operation of stromal CA is independent of light reactions, the thylakoidal CA associated with PSII and pumping CO2 from the thylakoid lumen is coordinated with the rate of electron transport, water splitting and proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. At high CO2 concentrations, CA becomes less efficient (the equilibrium becomes unfavorable), so a deviation from the MM kinetics is observed, consistent with Rubisco reaching its Vmax at approximately 50% lower level than expected from the classical MM curve. Previously, this deviation was controversially explained by the limitation of RuBP regeneration. At low ambient CO2 and correspondingly limited capacity of the bicarbonate pool, its depletion at Rubisco sites is relieved in that the enzyme utilizes O2 instead of CO2, i.e., by photorespiration. In this process, CO2 is supplied back to Rubisco, and the chloroplastic redox state and energy level are maintained. It is concluded that the optimal performance of photosynthesis is achieved via the provision of continuous CO2 supply to Rubisco by carbonic anhydrases and photorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir U. Igamberdiev
- *Correspondence: Abir U. Igamberdiev, Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
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