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Zhao L, Fan P, Wang Y, Xu N, Zhang M, Chen M, Zhang M, Dou J, Liu D, Niu H, Zhu H, Hu J, Sun S, Yang L, Yang S. ELONGATED HYPOTCOTYL5 and SPINE BASE SIZE1 together mediate light-regulated spine expansion in cucumber. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:552-565. [PMID: 38243383 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Plant trichome development is influenced by diverse developmental and environmental signals, but the molecular mechanisms involved are not well understood in most plant species. Fruit spines (trichomes) are an important trait in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), as they affect both fruit smoothness and commercial quality. Spine Base Size1 (CsSBS1) has been identified as essential for regulating fruit spine size in cucumber. Here, we discovered that CsSBS1 controls a season-dependent phenotype of spine base size in wild-type plants. Decreased light intensity led to reduced expression of CsSBS1 and smaller spine base size in wild-type plants, but not in the mutants with CsSBS1 deletion. Additionally, knockout of CsSBS1 resulted in smaller fruit spine base size and eliminated the light-induced expansion of spines. Overexpression of CsSBS1 increased spine base size and rescued the decrease in spine base size under low light conditions. Further analysis revealed that ELONGATED HYPOTCOTYL5 (HY5), a major transcription factor involved in light signaling pathways, directly binds to the promoter of CsSBS1 and activates its expression. Knockout of CsHY5 led to smaller fruit spine base size and abolished the light-induced expansion of spines. Taken together, our study findings have clarified a CsHY5-CsSBS1 regulatory module that mediates light-regulated spine expansion in cucumber. This finding offers a strategy for cucumber breeders to develop fruit with stable appearance quality under changing light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Center of Cucurbit Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Pengfei Fan
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Center of Cucurbit Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yueling Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Center of Cucurbit Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Nana Xu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Center of Cucurbit Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Minjuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Center of Cucurbit Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mingyue Chen
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Center of Cucurbit Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mengyao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Center of Cucurbit Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junling Dou
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Center of Cucurbit Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Dongming Liu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Center of Cucurbit Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huanhuan Niu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Center of Cucurbit Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huayu Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Center of Cucurbit Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jianbin Hu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Center of Cucurbit Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shouru Sun
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Center of Cucurbit Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Luming Yang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Center of Cucurbit Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Sen Yang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Research Center of Cucurbit Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Yang S, Xue S, Shan L, Fan S, Sun L, Dong Y, Li S, Gao Y, Qi Y, Yang L, An M, Wang F, Pang J, Zhang W, Weng Y, Liu X, Ren H. The CsTM alters multicellular trichome morphology and enhances resistance against aphid by interacting with CsTIP1;1 in cucumber. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00151-6. [PMID: 38609051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The multicellular trichomes of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) serve as the primary defense barrier against external factors, whose impact extends beyond plant growth and development to include commercial characteristics of fruits. The aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) is one of prominent pests in cucumber cultivation. However, the relationship between physical properties of trichomes and the aphid resistance at molecular level remains largely unexplored. Here, a spontaneous mutant trichome morphology (tm) was characterized by increased susceptibility towards aphid. Further observations showed the tm exhibited a higher and narrower trichome base, which was significantly distinguishable from that in wild-type (WT). We conducted map-based cloning and identified the candidate, CsTM, encoding a C-lectin receptor-like kinase. The knockout mutant demonstrated the role of CsTM in trichome morphogenesis. The presence of SNP does not regulate the relative expression of CsTM, but diminishes the CsTM abundance of membrane proteins in tm. Interestingly, CsTM was found to interact with CsTIP1;1, which encodes an aquaporin with extensive reports in plant resistance and growth development. The subsequent aphid resistance experiments revealed that both CsTM and CsTIP1;1 regulated the development of trichomes and conferred resistance against aphid by affecting cytoplasmic H2O2 contents. Transcriptome analysis revealed a significant enrichment of genes associated with pathogenesis, calcium binding and cellulose synthase. Overall, our study elucidates an unidentified mechanism that CsTM-CsTIP1;1 alters multicellular trichome morphology and enhances resistance against aphid, thus providing a wholly new perspective for trichome morphogenesis in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Yang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shudan Xue
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Li Shan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Shanshan Fan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lei Sun
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yuming Dong
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Sen Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yiming Gao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yu Qi
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Lin Yang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Menghang An
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Jin'an Pang
- Tianjin Derit Seeds Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Wenzhu Zhang
- Tianjin Derit Seeds Co. Ltd, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- USDA‑ARS Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Xingwang Liu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Huazhong Ren
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Pei H, Wu Y, Wu W, Lyu L, Li W. A review of the types, functions and regulatory mechanisms of plant spines. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 341:112010. [PMID: 38309475 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Over a long period of evolution, plants have developed self-protection mechanisms, such as leaving seeds, dropping leaves, growing thorns, producing specific substances or emitting special odors to repel insects. Although studies on the taxonomic characteristics, functions and application of spines in spiny plants have been reported in China and abroad, a systematic overview of plant spines is currently lacking. This study therefore identifies the characteristics and types of plant spines based on domestic and international research on plant spines to provide clear criteria or bases for determining the types of plant spines. In addition, the functions, regulatory mechanisms, and factors influencing the formation of spines and the prospects for their development and application are described and summarized. This study will help to improve the understanding of the types, functions and regulatory mechanisms of plant spines and provide new ideas for the genetic improvement of plants from spiny to nonspiny varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Pei
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry and Grassland, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yaqiong Wu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Wenlong Wu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Lianfei Lyu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Qian Hu Hou Cun No. 1, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Weilin Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry and Grassland, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
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Dong Y, Li S, Wu H, Gao Y, Feng Z, Zhao X, Shan L, Zhang Z, Ren H, Liu X. Advances in understanding epigenetic regulation of plant trichome development: a comprehensive review. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad145. [PMID: 37691965 PMCID: PMC10483894 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and development are controlled by a complex gene regulatory network, which is currently a focal point of research. It has been established that epigenetic factors play a crucial role in plant growth. Trichomes, specialized appendages that arise from epidermal cells, are of great significance in plant growth and development. As a model system for studying plant development, trichomes possess both commercial and research value. Epigenetic regulation has only recently been implicated in the development of trichomes in a limited number of studies, and microRNA-mediated post-transcriptional regulation appears to dominate in this context. In light of this, we have conducted a review that explores the interplay between epigenetic regulations and the formation of plant trichomes, building upon existing knowledge of hormones and transcription factors in trichome development. Through this review, we aim to deepen our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying trichome formation and shed light on future avenues of research in the field of epigenetics as it pertains to epidermal hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Dong
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sen Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haoying Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yiming Gao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhongxuan Feng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Shan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhongren Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huazhong Ren
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya Hainan 572000, China
| | - Xingwang Liu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya Hainan 572000, China
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Wang Y, Wang G, Lin D, Luo Q, Xu W, Qu S. QTL mapping and stability analysis of trichome density in zucchini ( Cucurbita pepo L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1232154. [PMID: 37636121 PMCID: PMC10457680 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1232154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes provide an excellent model for studying cell differentiation and proliferation. The aboveground tissues of plants with long dense trichomes (LDTs) can cause skin itching in people working in a zucchini field, in which management, pollination, and fruit harvesting are difficult. In this study, an F2 population was constructed with the LDT inbred line "16" and the sparse micro trichome (SMT) inbred line "63" for QTL analysis of type I and II trichome density. Two QTLs were identified on chromosomes 3 and 15 using the QTL-seq method. Additionally, 191 InDel markers were developed on 20 chromosomes, a genetic map was constructed for QTL mapping, and three QTLs were identified on chromosomes 3, 6, and 15. Two QTLs, CpTD3.1 and CpTD15.1, were identified in both QTL-seq and genetic map-based QTL analyses, and CpTD15.1 was the major-effect QTL. The stability of CpTD3.1 and CpTD15.1 was confirmed using data from F2 plants under different environmental conditions. The major-effect QTL CpTD15.1 was located between markers chr15-4991349 and chr15-5766791, with a physical distance of 775.44 kb, and explained 12.71%-29.37% of the phenotypic variation observed in the three environments. CpTD3.1 was located between markers chr3-218350 and chr3-2891236, in a region with a physical distance of 2,672.89 kb, and explained 5.00%-10.64% of the phenotypic variation observed in the three environments. The functional annotations of the genes within the CpTD15.1 region were predicted, and five genes encoding transcription factors regulating trichome development were selected. Cp4.1LG15g04400 encoded zinc finger protein (ZFP) and harbored nonsynonymous SNPs in the conserved ring finger domain between the two parental lines. There were significant differences in Cp4.1LG15g04400 expression between "16" and "63", and a similar pattern was found between germplasm resources of LDT lines and SMT lines. It was presumed that Cp4.1LG15g04400 might regulate trichome density in zucchini. These results lay a foundation for better understanding the density of multicellular nonglandular trichomes and the regulatory mechanism of trichome density in zucchini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guichao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dongjuan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qinfen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenlong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuping Qu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Liu L, Gu C, Zhang J, Guo J, Zhang X, Zhou Z. Genome-Wide Analysis of Exocyst Complex Subunit Exo70 Gene Family in Cucumber. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10929. [PMID: 37446106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important vegetable worldwide, but its yield is affected by a wide range of pathogens and pests. As the major subunit of the exocyst complex, the roles of Exo70 members have been shown in Arabidopsis and rice, but their function are unknown in cucumber. Here, we identified 18 CsExo70 members in cucumber, which were divided into three groups (Exo70.1-Exo70.3) and nine subgroups (Exo70A-Exo70I) based on the phylogenetic tree. Subsequently, systematical analyses were performed, including collinearity, gene structure, cis-acting elements, conserved motifs, expression patterns, and subcellular localization. Our results showed that CsExo70 genes were generally expressed in all tissues, and CsExo70C1 and CsExo70C2 were highly expressed in the stamen. Moreover, the expression levels of most CsExo70 genes were induced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans (Psl) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum Owen (Foc), especially CsExo70E2 and CsExo70H3. In addition, these CsExo70s displayed similar location patterns with discrete and punctate signals in the cytoplasm. Together, our results indicate that CsExo70 members may be involved in plant development and resistance, and provide a reference for future in-depth studies of Exo70 genes in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chaoheng Gu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingyu Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Zhang Y, Wang D, Li H, Bai H, Sun M, Shi L. Formation mechanism of glandular trichomes involved in the synthesis and storage of terpenoids in lavender. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:307. [PMID: 37291504 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lavender (genus Lavandula, family Lamiaceae) is an aromatic plant widely grown as an ornamental plant. The chemical composition of lavender is characterized by monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and other compounds, which are primarily synthesized and stored in epidermal secretory structures called glandular trichomes (GTs). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are responsible for the aroma characteristics of plant oil that drive consumer preference. Aroma is usually regarded as a characteristic trait for the classification of aromatic plants. Interestingly, VOCs are synthesized and stored in GTs. Lamiaceae species such as purple perilla, peppermint, basil, thyme, and oregano usually possess two types of GTs: peltate glandular trichomes (PGTs) and capitate glandular trichomes (CGTs). But the development process of PGTs in lavender has been reported in only a few studies to date. RESULTS In this study, we identified and quantified the VOCs in four lavender cultivars by headspace-solid phase micro extraction-gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). A total of 66 VOCs were identified in these four cultivars, the most prominent of which were linalyl acetate and linalool, and flowers were the main site of accumulation of these VOCs. Here, we examined the developmental process of PGTs, including the formation of their base, body, and apex. The apex cells contained secretory cavities, which produced VOCs. Based on the reference genome sequence of the lavender cultivar 'Jingxun 2', several R2R3-MYB subfamily genes related to GT formation were identified. These results will guide the engineering of GTs and molecular breeding of lavender for improving the VOC content. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we identified the VOCs in four lavender cultivars. We analyzed the formation of GTs, and compared the number and diameter size of PGTs among four lavender cultivars. Additionally, we identified four candidate genes belonging to the R2R3-MYB family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hongtong Bai
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Meiyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China.
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing, 100093, China.
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Feng Z, Sun L, Dong M, Fan S, Shi K, Qu Y, Zhu L, Shi J, Wang W, Liu Y, Song L, Weng Y, Liu X, Ren H. Novel players in organogenesis and flavonoid biosynthesis in cucumber glandular trichomes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023:kiad236. [PMID: 37099480 PMCID: PMC10400037 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Glandular trichomes (GTs) are outgrowths of plant epidermal cells that secrete and store specialized secondary metabolites that protect plants against biotic and abiotic stresses and have economic importance for human use. While extensive work has been done to understand the molecular mechanisms of trichome organogenesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which forms unicellular, non-glandular trichomes (NGTs), little is known about the mechanisms of GT development or regulation of secondary metabolites in plants with multicellular GTs. Here, we identified and functionally characterized genes associated with GT organogenesis and secondary metabolism in GTs of cucumber (Cucumis sativus). We developed a method for effective separation and isolation of cucumber GTs and NGTs. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed that flavonoid accumulation in cucumber GTs is positively associated with increased expression of related biosynthesis genes. We identified 67 GT development-related genes, the functions of 7 of which were validated by virus-induced gene silencing. We further validated the role of cucumber ECERIFERUM1 (CsCER1) in GT organogenesis by overexpression and RNA interference transgenic approaches. We further show that the transcription factor TINY BRANCHED HAIR (CsTBH) serves as a central regulator of flavonoid biosynthesis in cucumber glandular trichomes. Work from this study provides insight into the development of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in multi-cellular glandular trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxuan Feng
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingming Dong
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Fan
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kexin Shi
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yixin Qu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liyan Zhu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinfeng Shi
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wujun Wang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liyan Song
- Agricultural and Rural Bureau of Qingxian in Hebei Province, Qingxian 062650, China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- USDA-ARS, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Xingwang Liu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, Hainan 572019, China
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry on Education, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huazhong Ren
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, Hainan 572019, China
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry on Education, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Feng Z, Sun L, Dong M, Fan S, Shi K, Qu Y, Zhu L, Shi J, Wang W, Liu Y, Chen X, Weng Y, Liu X, Ren H. Identification and Functional Characterization of CsMYCs in Cucumber Glandular Trichome Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076435. [PMID: 37047408 PMCID: PMC10094329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Glandular trichomes (GTs), specialized structures formed by the differentiation of plant epidermal cells, are known to play important roles in the resistance of plants to external biotic and abiotic stresses. These structures are capable of storing and secreting secondary metabolites, which often have important agricultural and medicinal values. In order to better understand the molecular developmental mechanisms of GTs, studies have been conducted in a variety of crops, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), sweetworm (Artemisia annua), and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). The MYC transcription factor of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family has been found to play an important role in GT development. In this study, a total of 13 cucumber MYC transcription factors were identified in the cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genome. After performing phylogenetic analyses and conserved motifs on the 13 CsMYCs in comparison to previously reported MYC transcription factors that regulate trichome development, seven candidate MYC transcription factors were selected. Through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), CsMYC2 is found to negatively regulate GT formation while CsMYC4, CsMYC5, CsMYC6, CsMYC7, and CsMYC8 are found to positively regulate GT formation. Furthermore, the two master effector genes, CsMYC2 and CsMYC7, are observed to have similar expression patterns indicating that they co-regulate the balance of GT development in an antagonistic way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxuan Feng
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingming Dong
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Fan
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kexin Shi
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yixin Qu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liyan Zhu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinfeng Shi
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wujun Wang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Yantai Institute, China Agricultural University, Yantai 264670, China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- USDA-ARS, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Xingwang Liu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572019, China
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry on Education, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huazhong Ren
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Sanya Institute, China Agricultural University, Sanya 572019, China
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry on Education, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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10
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Luo Z, Zhang Y, Tian C, Wang L, Zhao X, Liu Z, Wang L, Wang L, Zhao J, Wang J, Liu M. Genome-wide screening of the RNase T2 gene family and functional analyses in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.). BMC Genomics 2023; 24:80. [PMID: 36803656 PMCID: PMC9940439 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ribonuclease (RNase T2) plays crucial roles in plant evolution and breeding. However, there have been few studies on the RNase T2 gene family in Ziziphus jujuba Mill., one of important dried fruit tree species. Recently, the released sequences of the reference genome of jujube provide a good chance to perform genome-wide identification and characterization of ZjRNase gene family in the jujube. RESULTS In this study, we identified four members of RNase T2 in jujube distributed on three chromosomes and unassembled chromosomes. They all contained two conserved sites (CASI and CASII). Analysis of the phylogenetic relationships revealed that the RNase T2 genes in jujube could be divided into two groups: ZjRNase1 and ZjRNase2 belonged to class I, while ZjRNase3 and ZjRNase4 belonged to class II. Only ZjRNase1 and ZjRNase2 expression were shown by the jujube fruit transcriptome analysis. So ZjRNase1 and ZjRNase2 were selected functional verification by overexpression transformation of Arabidopsis. The overexpression of these two genes led to an approximately 50% reduction in seed number, which deserve further attention. Moreover, the leaves of the ZjRNase1 overexpression transgenic lines were curled and twisted. Overexpression of ZjRNase2 resulted in shortened and crisp siliques and the production of trichomes, and no seeds were produced. CONCLUSION In summary, these findings will provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of low number of hybrid seeds in jujube and a reference for the future molecular breeding of jujube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Luo
- grid.274504.00000 0001 2291 4530College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China ,grid.274504.00000 0001 2291 4530Research Center of Chinese Jujube, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- grid.274504.00000 0001 2291 4530College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Chunjiao Tian
- grid.274504.00000 0001 2291 4530College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Lihu Wang
- grid.412028.d0000 0004 1757 5708School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038 China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- grid.274504.00000 0001 2291 4530College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China ,grid.274504.00000 0001 2291 4530Research Center of Chinese Jujube, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- grid.274504.00000 0001 2291 4530College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China ,grid.274504.00000 0001 2291 4530Research Center of Chinese Jujube, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Lili Wang
- grid.274504.00000 0001 2291 4530College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China ,grid.274504.00000 0001 2291 4530Research Center of Chinese Jujube, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Lixin Wang
- grid.274504.00000 0001 2291 4530College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China ,grid.274504.00000 0001 2291 4530Research Center of Chinese Jujube, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 China
| | - Jin Zhao
- College of Life Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
| | - Jiurui Wang
- College of Forestry, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
| | - Mengjun Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China. .,Research Center of Chinese Jujube, College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
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11
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Grumet R, Lin YC, Rett-Cadman S, Malik A. Morphological and Genetic Diversity of Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) Fruit Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:23. [PMID: 36616152 PMCID: PMC9824707 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruits, which are eaten at an immature stage of development, can vary extensively in morphological features such as size, shape, waxiness, spines, warts, and flesh thickness. Different types of cucumbers that vary in these morphological traits are preferred throughout the world. Numerous studies in recent years have added greatly to our understanding of cucumber fruit development and have identified a variety of genetic factors leading to extensive diversity. Candidate genes influencing floral organ establishment, cell division and cell cycle regulation, hormone biosynthesis and response, sugar transport, trichome development, and cutin, wax, and pigment biosynthesis have all been identified as factors influencing cucumber fruit morphology. The identified genes demonstrate complex interplay between structural genes, transcription factors, and hormone signaling. Identification of genetic factors controlling these traits will facilitate breeding for desired characteristics to increase productivity, improve shipping, handling, and storage traits, and enhance consumer-desired qualities. The following review examines our current understanding of developmental and genetic factors driving diversity of cucumber fruit morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Grumet
- Graduate Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ying-Chen Lin
- Graduate Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Stephanie Rett-Cadman
- Graduate Program in Plant Breeding, Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Ajaz Malik
- Department of Horticulture-Vegetable Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar 190 025, India
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12
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Cheng M, Meng F, Mo F, Qi H, Wang P, Chen X, Liu J, Ghanizadeh H, Zhang H, Wang A. Slym1 control the color etiolation of leaves by facilitating the decomposition of chlorophyll in tomato. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 324:111457. [PMID: 36089196 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis, as an important biological process of plants, produces organic substances for plant growth and development. Although the molecular mechanisms of photosynthesis had been well investigated, the relationship between chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis remains largely unknown. The leaf-color mutant was an ideal material for studying photosynthesis and chlorophyll synthesis, which had been seldom investigated in tomato. Here, we obtained a yellow leaf tomato mutant ym (The mutant plants from the line of zs4) in field. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photosynthetic parameters results demonstrated that chloroplast's structure was obviously destroyed and photosynthetic capacity gets weak. The mutant was hybridized with the control to construct the F2 segregation population for sequencing. Slym1 gene, controlling yellow mutant trait, was identified using Bulked Segregation Analysis. Slym1 was up-regulated in the mutant and Slym1 was located in the nucleus. The genes associated with photosynthesis and chlorophyll synthesis were down-regulated in Slym1-OE transgenic tomato plants. The results suggested that Slym1 negatively regulate photosynthesis. Photosynthetic pigment synthesis related genes HEMA, HEMB1, CHLG and CAO were up-regulated in Slym1 silencing plants. The redundant Slym1 binding the intermediate proteins MP resulting in hindering the interaction between MP and HY5 due to the Slym1 with a high expression level in ym mutant, lead to lots of the HY5 with unbound state accumulates in cells, that could accelerate the decomposition of chlorophyll. Therefore, the yellow leaf-color mutant ym could be used as an ideal material for further exploring the relationship between leaf color mutant and photosynthesis and the specific mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhen Cheng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China.
| | - Fanyue Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China.
| | - Fulei Mo
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China.
| | - Haonan Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China.
| | - Peiwen Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China.
| | - Xiuling Chen
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China.
| | - Jiayin Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China; College of Arts and Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| | - Hossein Ghanizadeh
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - He Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China.
| | - Aoxue Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Harbin, China.
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13
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Liu Z, Yu X, Qin A, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Sun S, Liu H, Guo C, Wu R, Yang J, Hu M, Bawa G, Sun X. Research strategies for single-cell transcriptome analysis in plant leaves. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:27-37. [PMID: 35904970 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The recent and continuous improvement in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology has led to its emergence as an efficient experimental approach in plant research. However, compared with single-cell research in animals and humans, the application of scRNA-seq in plant research is limited by several challenges, including cell separation, cell type annotation, cellular function analysis, and cell-cell communication networks. In addition, the unavailability of corresponding reliable and stable analysis methods and standards has resulted in the relative decentralization of plant single-cell research. Considering these shortcomings, this review summarizes the research progress in plant leaf using scRNA-seq. In addition, it describes the corresponding feasible analytical methods and associated difficulties and problems encountered in the current research. In the end, we provide a speculative overview of the development of plant single-cell transcriptome research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Xiaole Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Aizhi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Zihao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Yumeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Susu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Chenxi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Jincheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Mengke Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - George Bawa
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng, 475001, China
| | - Xuwu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng, 475001, China
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14
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Han G, Li Y, Yang Z, Wang C, Zhang Y, Wang B. Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Trichome Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:910228. [PMID: 35720574 PMCID: PMC9198495 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.910228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant trichomes, protrusions formed from specialized aboveground epidermal cells, provide protection against various biotic and abiotic stresses. Trichomes can be unicellular, bicellular or multicellular, with multiple branches or no branches at all. Unicellular trichomes are generally not secretory, whereas multicellular trichomes include both secretory and non-secretory hairs. The secretory trichomes release secondary metabolites such as artemisinin, which is valuable as an antimalarial agent. Cotton trichomes, also known as cotton fibers, are an important natural product for the textile industry. In recent years, much progress has been made in unraveling the molecular mechanisms of trichome formation in Arabidopsis thaliana, Gossypium hirsutum, Oryza sativa, Cucumis sativus, Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana tabacum, and Artemisia annua. Here, we review current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying fate determination and initiation, elongation, and maturation of unicellular, bicellular and multicellular trichomes in several representative plants. We emphasize the regulatory roles of plant hormones, transcription factors, the cell cycle and epigenetic modifications in different stages of trichome development. Finally, we identify the obstacles and key points for future research on plant trichome development, and speculated the development relationship between the salt glands of halophytes and the trichomes of non-halophytes, which provides a reference for future studying the development of plant epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Han
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- Dongying Institute, Shandong Normal University, Dongying, China
| | - Yuxia Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zongran Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengfeng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Baoshan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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15
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Dong M, Xue S, Bartholomew ES, Zhai X, Sun L, Xu S, Zhang Y, Yin S, Ma W, Chen S, Feng Z, Geng C, Li X, Liu X, Ren H. Transcriptomic and functional analysis provides molecular insights into multicellular trichome development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:301-314. [PMID: 35171294 PMCID: PMC9070826 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes, the hair-like structures located on aerial parts of most vascular plants, are associated with a wide array of biological processes and affect the economic value of certain species. The processes involved in unicellular trichome formation have been well-studied in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, our understanding of the morphological changes and the underlying molecular processes involved in multicellular trichome development is limited. Here, we studied the dynamic developmental processes involved in glandular and nonglandular multicellular trichome formation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and divided these processes into five sequential stages. To gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of multicellular trichome formation, we performed a time-course transcriptome analysis using RNA-sequencing analysis. A total of 711 multicellular trichome-related genes were screened and a model for multicellular trichome formation was developed. The transcriptome and co-expression datasets were validated by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. In addition, virus-induced gene silencing analysis revealed that CsHOMEOBOX3 (CsHOX3) and CsbHLH1 are involved in nonglandular trichome elongation and glandular trichome formation, respectively, which corresponds with the transcriptome data. This study presents a transcriptome atlas that provides insights into the molecular processes involved in multicellular trichome formation in cucumber and can be an important resource for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Dong
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shudan Xue
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ezra S Bartholomew
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuling Zhai
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaqi Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuai Yin
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenyue Ma
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuying Chen
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhongxuan Feng
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chao Geng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
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16
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Verhage L. Quite the pickle: an auxin influx carrier controls spine formation in cucumber. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:323-324. [PMID: 35472095 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
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17
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Liu X, Yang X, Xie Q, Miao H, Bo K, Dong S, Xin T, Gu X, Sun J, Zhang S. NS encodes an auxin transporter that regulates the 'numerous spines' trait in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:325-336. [PMID: 35181968 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fruit spine is an important agronomic trait in cucumber and the "numerous spines (ns)" cucumber varieties are popular in Europe and West Asia. Although the classical genetic locus of ns was reported more than two decades ago, the NS gene has not been cloned yet. In this study, nine genetic loci for the different densities of fruit spines were identified by a genome-wide association study. Among the nine loci, fsdG2.1 was closely associated with the classical genetic locus ns, which harbors a candidate gene Csa2G264590. Overexpression of Csa2G264590 resulted in lower fruit spine density, and the knockout mutant generated by CRISPR/Cas9 displayed an increased spine density, demonstrating that the Csa2G264590 gene is NS. NS is specifically expressed in the fruit peel and spine. Genetic analysis showed that NS regulates fruit spine development independently of the tuberculate gene, Tu, which regulates spine development on tubercules; the cucumber glabrous mutants csgl1 and csgl3 are epistatic to ns. Furthermore, we found that auxin levels in the fruit peel and spine were significantly lower in the knockout mutant ns-cr. Moreover, RNA-sequencing showed that the plant hormone signal transduction pathway was enriched. Notably, most of the auxin responsive Aux/IAA family genes were downregulated in ns-cr. Haplotype analysis showed that the non-functional haplotype of NS exists exclusively in the Eurasian cucumber backgrounds. Taken together, the cloning of NS gene provides new insights into the regulatory network of fruit spine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xueyong Yang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Han Miao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Kailiang Bo
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shaoyun Dong
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tongxu Xin
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xingfang Gu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiaqiang Sun
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shengping Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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18
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Lv D, Wang G, Zhang Q, Yu Y, Qin PC, Pang JA, Sun JX, Zhang KY, He HL, Cai R, Pan JS. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Hard and Tender Fruit Spines of Cucumber to Identify Genes Involved in the Morphological Development of Fruit Spines. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:797433. [PMID: 35371132 PMCID: PMC8965156 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.797433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The spines of cucumber fruit not only have important commercial value but are also a classical tissue to study cell division and differentiation modes of multicellular trichomes. It has been reported that CsTs (C-type Lectin receptor-like kinase) can influence the development of fruit spines. In this study, we took a pair of cucumber materials defined as hard (Ts, wild type) and tender spines (ts, mutant) and defined the developmental process of fruit spines as consisting of four stages (stage I to stage IV) by continuously observing by microscope and SEM. Comparisons of transcriptome profiles at different development stages of wild-type spines showed that 803 and 722 genes were upregulated in the stalk (stage II and stage III) and base (stage IV) development stages of fruit spines, respectively. The function analysis of DEGs showed that genes related to auxin polar transport and HD-ZIP transcription factor are significantly upregulated during the development of the stalk. bHLH transcription factors and cytoskeleton-related genes were significantly upregulated during the development of the base. In addition, stage III is the key point for the difference between wild-type and mutant spines. We detected 628 DEGs between wild type and mutant at stage III. These DEGs are mainly involved in the calcium signaling of the cytoskeleton and auxin polar transport. Coincidentally, we found that CsVTI11, a factor involved in auxin signal transmission, can interact with CsTs in vivo, but this interaction does not occur between CsVTI11 and Csts, further suggesting that CsTs may regulate the development of fruit spines by influencing cell polarity. These results provide useful tools to study the molecular networks associated with cucumber fruit spine development and elucidate the biological pathways that C-type Lectin receptor-like kinase plays in regulating the development of fruit spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Lv
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Committee of Agriculture and Rural Areas of Jinshan District, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Yu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei-Chao Qin
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-An Pang
- Tianjin Derit Seeds Company Limited, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing-Xian Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke-Yan Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan-Le He
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Run Cai
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Song Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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19
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Berhin A, Nawrath C, Hachez C. Subtle interplay between trichome development and cuticle formation in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2036-2046. [PMID: 34704619 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes and cuticles are key protective epidermal specializations. This review highlights the genetic interplay existing between trichome and cuticle formation in a variety of species. Controlling trichome development, the biosynthesis of trichome-derived specialized metabolites as well as cuticle biosynthesis and deposition can be viewed as different aspects of a common defensive strategy adopted by plants to protect themselves from environmental stresses. Existence of such interplay is based on the mining of published transcriptomic data as well as on phenotypic observations in trichome or cuticle mutants where the morphology of both structures often appear to be concomitantly altered. Given the existence of several trichome developmental pathways depending on the plant species and the types of trichomes, genetic interactions between cuticle formation and trichome development are complex to decipher and not easy to generalize. Based on our review of the literature, a schematic overview of the gene network mediating this transcriptional interplay is presented for two model plant species: Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum. In addition to fundamental new insights on the regulation of these processes, identifying key transcriptional switches controlling both processes could also facilitate more applied investigations aiming at improving much desired agronomical traits in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Berhin
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Molecular Plant Biology, University of Lausanne, Unil-Sorge, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Charles Hachez
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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20
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Yang S, Wang Y, Zhu H, Zhang M, Wang D, Xie K, Fan P, Dou J, Liu D, Liu B, Chen C, Yan Y, Zhao L, Yang L. A novel HD-Zip I/C2H2-ZFP/WD-repeat complex regulates the size of spine base in cucumber. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2643-2658. [PMID: 35037268 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fruit spine is an important trait in cucumber, affecting not only commercial quality, but also fruit smoothness, transportation and storage. Spine size is determined by a multi-cellular base. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of cucumber spine base remains largely unknown. Here, we report map-based cloning and characterization of a spine base size 1 (SBS1) gene, encoding a C2H2 zinc-finger transcription factor. Near-isogenic lines of cucumber were used to map, identify and quantify cucumber spine base size 1 (CsSBS1). Yeast-hybrid, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and RNA-sequencing assays were used to explore the molecular mechanism of CsSBS1 in regulating spine base size development. CsSBS1 was specifically expressed in cucumber ovaries with particularly high expression in fruit spines. Overexpression of CsSBS1 resulted in large fruit spine base, while RNA-interference silencing of CsSBS1 inhibited the expansion of fruit spine base. Sequence analysis of natural cucumber accessions revealed that CsSBS1 was lost in small spine base accessions, resulting from a 4895 bp fragment deletion in CsSBS1 locus. CsSBS1 can form a trimeric complex with two positive regulators CsTTG1 and CsGL1 to regulate spine base development through ethylene signaling. A novel regulator network is proposed that the CsGL1/CsSBS1/CsTTG1 complex plays a significant role in regulating spine base formation and size, which offers a strategy for cucumber breeders to develop smooth fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yueling Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Huayu Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Minjuan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dengke Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Kuixi Xie
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Pengfei Fan
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Junling Dou
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dongming Liu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Plant Genomics, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
| | - Chunhua Chen
- College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Luming Yang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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21
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Liu J, Wang H, Liu M, Liu J, Liu S, Cheng Q, Shen H. Hairiness Gene Regulated Multicellular, Non-Glandular Trichome Formation in Pepper Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:784755. [PMID: 34975970 PMCID: PMC8716684 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.784755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are unicellular or multicellular epidermal structures that play a defensive role against environmental stresses. Although unicellular trichomes have been extensively studied as a mechanistic model, the genes involved in multicellular trichome formation are not well understood. In this study, we first classified the trichome morphology structures in Capsicum species using 280 diverse peppers. We cloned a key gene (Hairiness) on chromosome 10, which mainly controlled the formation of multicellular non-glandular trichomes (types II, III, and V). Hairiness encodes a Cys2-His2 zinc-finger protein, and virus-induced gene silencing of the gene resulted in a hairless phenotype. Differential expression of Hairiness between the hairiness and hairless lines was due to variations in promoter sequences. Transgenic experiments verified the hypothesis that the promoter of Hairiness in the hairless line had extremely low activity causing a hairless phenotype. Hair controlled the formation of type I glandular trichomes in tomatoes, which was due to nucleotide differences. Taken together, our findings suggest that the regulation of multicellular trichome formation might have similar pathways, but the gene could perform slightly different functions in crops.
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22
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Wang Z, Wang L, Han L, Cheng Z, Liu X, Wang S, Liu L, Chen J, Song W, Zhao J, Zhou Z, Zhang X. HECATE2 acts with GLABROUS3 and Tu to boost cytokinin biosynthesis and regulate cucumber fruit wart formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1619-1635. [PMID: 34618075 PMCID: PMC8566225 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Warty fruit in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important quality trait that greatly affects fruit appearance and market value. The cucumber wart consists of fruit trichomes (spines) and underlying tubercules, in which the existence of spines is prerequisite for tubercule formation. Although several regulators have been reported to mediate spine or tubercule formation, the direct link between spine and tubercule development remains unknown. Here, we found that the basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) gene HECATE2 (CsHEC2) was highly expressed in cucumber fruit peels including spines and tubercules. Knockout of CsHEC2 by the CRISPR/Cas9 system resulted in reduced wart density and decreased cytokinin (CTK) accumulation in the fruit peel, whereas overexpression of CsHEC2 led to elevated wart density and CTK level. CsHEC2 is directly bound to the promoter of the CTK hydroxylase-like1 gene (CsCHL1) that catalyzes CTK biosynthesis, and activated CsCHL1 expression. Moreover, CsHEC2 physically interacted with GLABROUS3 (CsGL3, a key spine regulator) and Tuberculate fruit (CsTu, a core tubercule formation factor), and such interactions further enhanced CsHEC2-mediated CsCHL1 expression. These data suggested that CsHEC2 promotes wart formation by acting as an important cofactor for CsGL3 and CsTu to directly stimulate CTK biosynthesis in cucumber. Thus, CsHEC2 can serve as a valuable target for molecular breeding of cucumber varieties with different wart density requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Wang
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liming Wang
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lijie Han
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhihua Cheng
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shaoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liu Liu
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiacai Chen
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Weiyuan Song
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jianyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- State Key Laboratories of Agrobiotechnology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, MOE Joint Laboratory for International Cooperation in Crop Molecular Breeding, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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23
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Gebretsadik K, Qiu X, Dong S, Miao H, Bo K. Molecular research progress and improvement approach of fruit quality traits in cucumber. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2021; 134:3535-3552. [PMID: 34181057 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent molecular studies revealed new opportunities to improve cucumber fruit quality. However, the fruit color and spine traits molecular basis remain vague despite the vast sources of genetic diversity. Cucumber is agriculturally, economically and nutritionally important vegetable crop. China produces three-fourths of the world's total cucumber production. Cucumber fruit quality depends on a number of traits such as the fruit color (peel and flesh color), spine (density, size and color), fruit shape, fruit size, defects, texture, firmness, taste, maturity stage and nutritional composition. Fruit color and spine traits determine critical quality attributes and have been the interest of researchers at the molecular level. Evaluating the molecular mechanisms of fruit quality traits is important to improve production and quality of cucumber varieties. Genes and qualitative trait locus (QTL) that are responsible for cucumber fruit color and fruit spine have been identified. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the molecular research progress of fruit color and spines as key quality traits of cucumber. The markers and genes identified so far could help for marker-assisted selection of the fruit color and spine trait in cucumber breeding and its associated nutritional improvement. Based on the previous studies, peel color and spine density as examples, we proposed a comprehensive approach for cucumber fruit quality traits improvement. Moreover, the markers and genes can be useful to facilitate cloning-mediated genetic breeding in cucumber. However, in the era of climate change, increased human population and high-quality demand of consumers, studies on molecular mechanisms of cucumber fruit quality traits are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiros Gebretsadik
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Science, Aksum University, Shire Campus, Shire, Ethiopia
| | - Xiyan Qiu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoyun Dong
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Miao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kailiang Bo
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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24
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Xin Y, Pan W, Chen X, Liu Y, Zhang M, Chen X, Yang F, Li J, Wu J, Du Y, Zhang X. Transcriptome profiling reveals key genes in regulation of the tepal trichome development in Lilium pumilum D.C. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1889-1906. [PMID: 34259890 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A number of potential genes and pathways involved in tepal trichome development were identified in a natural lily mutant by transcriptome analysis and were confirmed with trichome and trichomeless species. Trichome is a specialized structure found on the surface of the plant with an important function in survival against abiotic and biotic stress. It is also an important economic trait in crop breeding. Extensive research has investigated the foliar trichome in model plants (Arabidopsis and tomato). However, the developmental mechanism of tepal trichome remains elusive. Lilium pumilum is an edible ornamental bulb and a good breeding parent possessing cold and salt-alkali resistance. Here, we found a natural mutant of Lilium pumilum grown on a highland whose tepals are covered by trichomes. Our data indicate that trichomes of the mutant are multicellular and branchless. Notably, stomata are also developed on the tepal of the mutant as well, suggesting there may be a correlation between trichome and stomata regulation. Furthermore, we isolated 27 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing the transcriptome profiling between the natural mutant and the wild type. These 27 genes belong to 4 groups: epidermal cell cycle and division, trichome morphogenesis, stress response, and transcription factors. Quantitative real-time PCR in Lilium pumilum (natural mutant and the wild type) and other lily species (Lilium leichtlinii var. maximowiczii/trichome; Lilium davidii var. willmottiae/, trichomeless) confirmed the validation of RNA-seq data and identified several trichome-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Wenqiang Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
- School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Xuqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Fengping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jingru Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Development and Quality Control of Ornamental Crops, Department of Ornamental Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yunpeng Du
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Xiuhai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North), Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China.
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25
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A SNP Mutation in Homeodomain-DDT (HD-DDT) Transcription Factor Results in Multiple Trichomes ( mt) in Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101478. [PMID: 34680876 PMCID: PMC8536133 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichome is a natural physical barrier protecting plants against environmental stresses, natural infestations, ultraviolet rays and pathogenicity. Trichome also helps plants in maintaining appropriate water content by reducing transpiration rate. The molecular mechanism regulating unicellular trichome development in Arabidopsis has been extensively elucidated, but the molecular mechanism regulating multicellular trichome development remains unclear. In this study, we identified a multiple trichomes (mt) mutant from a cucumber EMS (Ethylmethylsulfone) mutagenesis population. Genetic analysis indicated that an incomplete dominant gene controls the mt trait. Using a combination of map-based cloning and BSA-seq (Bulked Segregant Analysis -Sequencing), we identified the candidate gene, CsaV3_6G050410, responsible for the mt mutation. Sequence alignment revealed one base substitution in gene CsaV3_6G050410, resulting in an amino acid substitution. The deduced amino acid sequence of CsaV3_6G050410 encodes a HD-DDT (homeodomain-DDT) transcriptional regulatory protein containing a conserved homeobox domain and a DDT domain. Gene expression analysis revealed that the expression level of CsaV3_6G050410 in the mt mutant was similar to that in the WT (wild type). Transcriptome analysis indicated that the mt gene may regulate the development of the epidermis by influencing plant hormone signaling pathways or participating in several transcription factor pathways. The results of this study are fundamental for a better understanding of the function of the HD-DDT transcription factor in the trichome development of cucumber.
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Li J, Tang B, Li Y, Li C, Guo M, Chen H, Han S, Li J, Lou Q, Sun W, Wang P, Guo H, Ye W, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Yu S, Zhang L, Li Z. Rice SPL10 positively regulates trichome development through expression of HL6 and auxin-related genes. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1521-1537. [PMID: 34038040 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes function in plant defenses against biotic and abiotic stresses; examination of glabrous lines, which lack trichomes, has revealed key aspects of trichome development and function. Tests of allelism in 51 glabrous rice (Oryza sativa) accessions collected worldwide identified OsSPL10 and OsWOX3B as regulators of trichome development in rice. Here, we report that OsSPL10 acts as a transcriptional regulator controlling trichome development. Haplotype and transient expression analyses revealed that variation in the approximately 700-bp OsSPL10 promoter region is the primary cause of the glabrous phenotype in the indica cultivar WD-17993. Disruption of OsSPL10 by genome editing decreased leaf trichome density and length in the NIL-HL6 background. Plants with genotype OsSPL10WD-17993 /HL6 generated by crossing WD-17993 with NIL-HL6 also had fewer trichomes in the glumes. HAIRY LEAF6 (HL6) encodes another transcription factor that regulates trichome initiation and elongation, and OsSPL10 directly binds to the HL6 promoter to regulate its expression. Moreover, the transcript levels of auxin-related genes, such as OsYUCCA5 and OsPIN-FORMED1b, were altered in OsSPL10 overexpression and RNAi transgenic lines. Feeding tests using locusts (Locusta migratoria) demonstrated that non-glandular trichomes affect feeding by this herbivore. Our findings provide a molecular framework for trichome development and an ecological perspective on trichome functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Bo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chenguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Minjie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haiyang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shichen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qijin Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wenqiang Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haifeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhanying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sibin Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Long Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zichao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Liu H, Liu S, Huang G, Xu F. Effect of gene mutation of plants on their mechano-sensibility: the mutant of EXO70H4 influences the buckling of Arabidopsis trichomes. Analyst 2021; 146:5169-5176. [PMID: 34291780 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00682g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With the development of molecular biology, more and more mutants of plants have been constructed, where gene mutants have been found to influence not only the biological processes but also biophysical behaviors of plant cells. Trichomes are an important appendage, which has been found to act as an active mechanosensory switch transducing mechanical signals into physiology changes, where the mechanical property of trichomes is vital for such functions. Up to now, over 40 different genes have been found with the function of regulating trichome cell morphogenesis; however, the effect of gene mutants on trichome mechanosensory function remains elusive. In this study, we found that EXO70H4, one of the most up-regulated genes in the mature trichome, not only affects the thickness of the trichome cell wall but also the mechanical property (i.e., the Young's modulus) of trichomes. Finite element method simulation results show that the buckling instability and stress concentration (e.g., exerted by insects) cannot occur on the base of the mutant exo70H4 trichome, which might further interrupt the mechanical signal transduction from branches to the base of trichomes. These results indicated that the mutant exo70H4 trichome might lack the ability to act as an active mechanosensory switch against chewing insect herbivores. Our findings provide new information about the effect of gene mutation (like crop mutants) on the mechano-sensibility and capability to resist the agricultural pests or lodging, which could be of great significance to the development of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Diseases co-constructed by Henan province & Education Ministry of P.R. China, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450016, China
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28
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Feng Z, Bartholomew ES, Liu Z, Cui Y, Dong Y, Li S, Wu H, Ren H, Liu X. Glandular trichomes: new focus on horticultural crops. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:158. [PMID: 34193839 PMCID: PMC8245418 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant glandular trichomes (GTs) are epidermal outgrowths with the capacity to biosynthesize and secrete specialized metabolites, that are of great scientific and practical significance. Our understanding of the developmental process of GTs is limited, and no single plant species serves as a unique model. Here, we review the genetic mechanisms of GT initiation and development and provide a summary of the biosynthetic pathways of GT-specialized metabolites in nonmodel plant species, especially horticultural crops. We discuss the morphology and classification of GT types. Moreover, we highlight technological advancements in methods employed for investigating GTs. Understanding the molecular basis of GT development and specialized metabolites not only offers useful avenues for research in plant breeding that will lead to the improved production of desirable metabolites, but also provides insights for plant epidermal development research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxuan Feng
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ezra S Bartholomew
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- Library of China Agricultural University, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Cui
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuming Dong
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Sen Li
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Haoying Wu
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Huazhong Ren
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xingwang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, P. R. China.
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Gao S, Li N, Niran J, Wang F, Yin Y, Yu C, Jiao C, Yang C, Yao M. Transcriptome profiling of Capsicum annuum using Illumina- and PacBio SMRT-based RNA-Seq for in-depth understanding of genes involved in trichome formation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10164. [PMID: 33986344 PMCID: PMC8119447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89619-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomes, specialized epidermal cells located in aerial parts of plants, play indispensable roles in resisting abiotic and biotic stresses. However, the regulatory genes essential for multicellular trichrome development in Capsicum annuum L. (pepper) remain unclear. In this study, the transcript profiles of peppers GZZY-23 (hairy) and PI246331 (hairless) were investigated to gain insights into the genes responsible for the formation of multicellular trichomes. A total of 40,079 genes, including 4743 novel genes and 13,568 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), were obtained. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the most noticeable pathways were transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding, and plant hormone signal transduction, which might be critical for multicellular trichome formation in hairy plants. We screened 11 DEGs related to trichome development; 151 DEGs involved in plant hormone signal transduction; 312 DEGs belonging to the MYB, bHLH, HD-Zip, and zinc finger transcription factor families; and 1629 DEGs predicted as plant resistance genes (PRGs). Most of these DEGs were highly expressed in GZZY-23 or trichomes. Several homologs of trichome regulators, such as SlCycB2, SlCycB3, and H, were considerably upregulated in GZZY-23, especially in the trichomes. The transcriptomic data generated in this study provide a basis for future characterization of trichome formation in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ning Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | | | - Fei Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yanxu Yin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chuying Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chunhai Jiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Changxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Minghua Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Enhancement and Genetic Improvement, Cash Crops Research Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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30
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Suárez-Baron H, Alzate JF, González F, Pelaz S, Ambrose BA, Pabón-Mora N. Gene expression underlying floral epidermal specialization in Aristolochia fimbriata (Aristolochiaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 127:749-764. [PMID: 33630993 PMCID: PMC8103811 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The epidermis constitutes the outermost tissue of the plant body. Although it plays major structural, physiological and ecological roles in embryophytes, the molecular mechanisms controlling epidermal cell fate, differentiation and trichome development have been scarcely studied across angiosperms, and remain almost unexplored in floral organs. METHODS In this study, we assess the spatio-temporal expression patterns of GL2, GL3, TTG1, TRY, MYB5, MYB6, HDG2, MYB106-like, WIN1 and RAV1-like homologues in the magnoliid Aristolochia fimbriata (Aristolochiaceae) by using comparative RNA-sequencing and in situ hybridization assays. KEY RESULTS Genes involved in Aristolochia fimbriata trichome development vary depending on the organ where they are formed. Stem, leaf and pedicel trichomes recruit most of the transcription factors (TFs) described above. Conversely, floral trichomes only use a small subset of genes including AfimGL2, AfimRAV1-like, AfimWIN1, AfimMYB106-like and AfimHDG2. The remaining TFs, AfimTTG1, AfimGL3, AfimTRY, AfimMYB5 and AfimMYB6, are restricted to the abaxial (outer) and the adaxial (inner) pavement epidermal cells. CONCLUSIONS We re-evaluate the core genetic network shaping trichome fate in flowers of an early-divergent angiosperm lineage and show a morphologically diverse output with a simpler genetic mechanism in place when compared to the models Arabidopsis thaliana and Cucumis sativus. In turn, our results strongly suggest that the canonical trichome gene expression appears to be more conserved in vegetative than in floral tissues across angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan F Alzate
- Centro Nacional de Secuenciación Genómica (CNSG), Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Favio González
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Soraya Pelaz
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics, CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Wang DJ, Lu M, Ludlow RA, Zeng JW, Ma WT, An HM. Comparative ultrastructure of trichomes on various organs of Rosa roxburghii. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:2095-2103. [PMID: 33934435 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chestnut rose, R. roxburghii Tratt. (Rosaceae) (RR) is an important crop in China due to its nutritional and medicinal values. RR frequently produces trichomes on the surfaces of a diverse range of organs, however a genetic component exists to the control of trichome development, with some cultivars having significantly fewer trichomes to others. Certain varieties have fruits that are thickly covered with macroscopic trichomes, which is an undesirable trait for fruit processing and consumption. However, smooth-fruit cultivars exist, such as R. roxburghii Tratt. f. esetosa Ku (RRE). Despite their economic importance, the anatomical features of trichomes have not been explored in detail for these two chestnut rose germplasms. Here, we investigate the ultrastructure of trichomes distributed on the stem, sepal, and fruit of RR and RRE using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The internal structure of stem prickle trichomes in RR and RRE was oval in shape and did not contain nucleoli or other organelles. The cell walls of stem prickles in RR are thick and the intercellular spaces occupied with liquid, whereas the cells wall of stem prickles in RRE are thin and have air-filled intercellular spaces. The cells of sepal acicular trichomes in RR and glandular trichomes (GTs) of sepals in RRE had similar vacuole sizes, cytoplasm content, intercellular spaces, and arrangement of plastids within cells. However, there were osmiophilic granules present in the GTs of RRE. The flagelliform trichomes in the sepals of the two germplasms are composed of oval or rod-shaped cells. Although the flagelliform trichomes in the sepals of the two germplasms had a similar internal structure, and both contained starch grains and plastids with visible thylakoid membranes, the flagelliform trichomes in the sepals of RR had a thinner cell wall and a higher proportion of cytoplasm which was more evenly distributed across the cell. There were granules that stained heavily with osmium tetroxide which occurred infrequently in the flagelliform trichomes of sepals in RRE but were not observed in RR. On the acicular trichomes of fruit in RR, the flagelliform trichomes and the GTs of fruit in RRE shared similar cell morphology, arrangement and vacuole size as well as intercellular space. Both the fruit flagelliform trichomes and GTs in RRE contain granules which stain heavily with osmium tetroxide, and the GTs contain plastids and starch grains. These differences in trichome cell ultrastructure may be related to developmental processes or biological functions of the trichomes. These results also suggest that the two chestnut rose germplasms are good candidates for further study of trichome ontogeny in the genus and subsequent breeding of the smooth organ trait in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Jing Wang
- Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Engineering Research Center for fruit Crops, Guiyang, China.,GuiYang Agricultural Test Center, Guiyang, China
| | - Min Lu
- Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Engineering Research Center for fruit Crops, Guiyang, China
| | - Richard A Ludlow
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jing-Wen Zeng
- Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Engineering Research Center for fruit Crops, Guiyang, China
| | - Wen-Tao Ma
- Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Engineering Research Center for fruit Crops, Guiyang, China
| | - Hua-Ming An
- Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China.,Guizhou Engineering Research Center for fruit Crops, Guiyang, China
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32
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Zhang Y, Shen J, Bartholomew ES, Dong M, Chen S, Yin S, Zhai X, Feng Z, Ren H, Liu X. TINY BRANCHED HAIR functions in multicellular trichome development through an ethylene pathway in Cucumis sativus L. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:753-765. [PMID: 33577109 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The fruit trichomes of Cucurbitaceae are widely desired in many Asian countries and have been a key determinant of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivar selection for commercial production and breeding. However, our understanding of the initiation and development of cucumber trichomes is still limited. Here, we found that the cucumber TINY BRANCHED HAIR (TBH) gene is preferentially expressed in multicellular trichomes. Overexpression of CsTBH in tbh mutants restored the trichome phenotype and increased the percentage of female flowers, whereas silencing of CsTBH in wild-type plants resulted in stunted trichomes with a lower rate of female flowers. Furthermore, we provide evidence that CsTBH can directly bind to the promoters of cucumber 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate Synthase (CsACS) genes and regulate their expression, which affects multicellular trichome development, ethylene accumulation, and sex expression. Two cucumber acs mutants with different trichome morphology and sex morphs compared with their near-isogenic line further support our findings. Collectively, our study provides new information on the molecular mechanism of CsTBH in regulating multicellular trichome development and sex expression through an ethylene pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry on Education, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Junjun Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry on Education, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Ezra S Bartholomew
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry on Education, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Dong
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry on Education, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Shuying Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry on Education, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Yin
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry on Education, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xuling Zhai
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry on Education, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Zhongxuan Feng
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry on Education, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
| | - Huazhong Ren
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry on Education, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, China
| | - Xingwang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry on Education, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P. R. China
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Zhang L, Lv D, Pan J, Zhang K, Wen H, Chen Y, Du H, He H, Cai R, Pan J, Wang G. A SNP of HD-ZIP I transcription factor leads to distortion of trichome morphology in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:182. [PMID: 33863289 PMCID: PMC8052656 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichomes are excellent model systems for the analysis of cell differentiation and play essential roles in plant protection. From cucumber inbred line 'WD1', we identified an EMS-induced trichome abnormally developing mutant, nps, which exhibited smaller, denser and no pyramid-shaped head trichomes. RESULTS Using F2 and BC1 populations constructed from a cross between nps and '9930', the genetic analysis showed that the nps trait is controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. We identified CsNps by map-based cloning with 576 individuals of the F2 population generated from the cross of nps and inbred line '9930'. The CsNps was located at a 13.4-kb genomic region on chromosome 3, which region contains three predicted genes. Sequence analysis showed that only one single nucleotide mutation (C → T) between 9930 and nps was found in the second exon of Csa3G748220, a plant-specific class I HD-Zip gene. The result of allelism test also indicated that nps is a novel allelic mutant of Mict (Micro-trichome). Thus, nps was renamed mict-L130F. By comparing the transcriptome of mict-L130F vs WD1 and 06-2 (mict) vs 06-1 (wildtype, near-isogenic line of 06-2), several potential target genes that may be related to trichome development were identified. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that Mict-L130F is involved in the morphogenesis of trichomes. Map-based cloning of the Mict-L130F gene could promote the study of trichome development in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyu Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Duo Lv
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jian Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Keyan Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Haifan Wen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hui Du
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huanle He
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Run Cai
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Junsong Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Xie L, Yan T, Li L, Chen M, Ma Y, Hao X, Fu X, Shen Q, Huang Y, Qin W, Liu H, Chen T, Hassani D, Kayani SL, Rose JKC, Tang K. The WRKY transcription factor AaGSW2 promotes glandular trichome initiation in Artemisia annua. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1691-1701. [PMID: 33165526 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Glandular secreting trichomes (GSTs) synthesize and secrete large quantities of secondary metabolites, some of which have well-established commercial value. An example is the anti-malarial compound artemisinin, which is synthesized in the GSTs of Artemisia annua. Accordingly, there is considerable interest in understanding the processes that regulate GST density as a strategy to increase artemisinin production. In this study, we identified a GST-specific WRKY transcription factor from A. annua, AaGSW2, which is positively regulated by the direct binding of the homeodomain proteins AaHD1 and AaHD8 to the L1-box of the AaGSW2 promoter. Overexpression of AaGSW2 in A. annua significantly increased GST density, while AaGSW2 knockdown lines showed impaired GST initiation. Ectopic expression of AaGSW2 homologs from two mint cultivars, Mentha spicata and Mentha haplocalyx, in A. annua also induced GST formation. These results reveal a molecular mechanism involving homeodomain and WRKY proteins that controls glandular trichome initiation, at least part of which is shared by A. annua and mint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Xie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fuan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingxiang Yan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fuan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fuan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghui Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fuan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Ma
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fuan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Hao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fuan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqing Fu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fuan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fuan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiwen Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fuan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fuan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fuan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiantian Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fuan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danial Hassani
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fuan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sadaf-Llyas Kayani
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fuan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kexuan Tang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, Plant Biotechnology Research Center, Fuan-SJTU-Nottingham Plant Biotechnology R&D Center, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Pan J, Zhang L, Chen G, Wen H, Chen Y, Du H, Zhao J, He H, Lian H, Chen H, Shi J, Cai R, Wang G, Pan J. Study of micro-trichome (mict) reveals novel connections between transcriptional regulation of multicellular trichome development and specific metabolism in cucumber. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:21. [PMID: 33518711 PMCID: PMC7848009 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes that cover the epidermis of aerial plant organs play multiple roles in plant protection. Compared with a unicellular trichome in model plants, the development mechanism of the multicellular trichome is largely unclear. Notably, variations in trichome development are often accompanied by defects in the biosynthesis of cuticle and secondary metabolites; however, major questions about the interactions between developmental differences in trichomes and defects in metabolic pathways remain unanswered. Here, we characterized the glabrous mutant mict/csgl1/cstbh via combined metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses to extend our limited knowledge regarding multicellular trichome development and metabolism in cucumber. Mict was found to be explicitly expressed within trichome cells. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that genes involved in flavonoid and cuticle metabolism are significantly downregulated in mict mutants. Further metabolomic analysis confirmed that flavonoids, lipids, and cuticle compositions are dramatically altered in mict mutants. Additional studies revealed that Mict regulates flavonoid, lipid, and cuticle biosynthesis by likely directly binding to downstream functional genes, such as CsTT4, CsFLS1, CsCER26, and CsMYB36. These findings suggest that specific metabolic pathways (e.g., flavonoids and cuticle components) are co-regulated by Mict and provide insights into transcriptional regulation mechanisms of multicellular trichome development and its specific metabolism in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Leyu Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Guanqun Chen
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Haifan Wen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hui Du
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huanle He
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Hongli Lian
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Huiming Chen
- Hunan Vegetable Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Run Cai
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Junsong Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Zhang J, Feng S, Yuan J, Wang C, Lu T, Wang H, Yu C. The Formation of Fruit Quality in Cucumis sativus L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:729448. [PMID: 34630474 PMCID: PMC8495254 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.729448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber is one of the most widely grown vegetables in China and an indispensable fresh fruit in the diet. With the development of society, the demand of people for cucumber quality is higher and higher. Therefore, cultivating high-quality cucumber varieties is one of the main goals of cucumber breeding. With the rapid development of biotechnology such as molecular marker, cucumber quality control network is becoming clear. In this review, we describe the formation mechanism of cucumber fruit quality from three aspects: (1) the commercial quality of cucumber fruit, (2) nutritional quality formation, and (3) flavor quality of cucumber fruit. In addition, the determinants of cucumber fruit quality were summarized from two aspects of genetic regulation and cultivation methods in order to provide ideas for cucumber researchers and cultivators to improve fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juping Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengjun Feng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Laboratory of Plant Molecular and Developmental Biology, College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Lu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huasen Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huasen Wang,
| | - Chao Yu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Chao Yu,
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Zhao L, Zhu H, Zhang K, Wang Y, Wu L, Chen C, Liu X, Yang S, Ren H, Yang L. The MIXTA-LIKE transcription factor CsMYB6 regulates fruit spine and tubercule formation in cucumber. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 300:110636. [PMID: 33180714 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber fruit wart composed of tubercule and spine (trichome on fruit) is not only an important fruit quality trait in cucumber production, but also a well-studied model for plant cell-fate determination. The development of spine is closely related to the initiation and formation of tubercule. The spine differentiation regulator CsGL1 has been proved to be epistatic to the tubercule initiation factor CsTu, which is the only connection to be identified between spine and tubercule formations. Our previous studies found that the MIXTA-LIKE transcription factor CsMYB6 can suppress fruit spine initiation, which is independent of CsGL1. How the formation of spine and tubercule is regulated at the molecular level by CsMYB6 remains poorly understood. In this study, we characterized cucumber 35S:CsMYB6 transgenic plants, which displayed an obvious reduction in the number and size of fruit spines and tubecules. Molecular analyses showed that CsMYB6 directly interacted with the key spine formation factor CsTTG1 in regulating the formation of fruit spine, and CsTu in regulating the initiation of fruit tubercule, respectively. Based on these evidences, a novel regulatory network is proposed by which CsMYB6/CsTTG1 and CsMYB6/CsTu complexes play an important role in regulating epidermal development, including spine formation and tubercule initiation in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Huayu Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Kaige Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yueling Wang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Chongqing College Garden and Flower Engineering Research Center, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Special Plant Seedlings, Institute of Special Plants, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, 402168, China
| | - Chunhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xingwang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sen Yang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Huazhong Ren
- Engineering Research Center of Breeding and Propagation of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Luming Yang
- College of Horticulture, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Hao N, Han D, Huang K, Du Y, Yang J, Zhang J, Wen C, Wu T. Genome-based breeding approaches in major vegetable crops. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:1739-1752. [PMID: 31728564 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03477-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable crops are major nutrient sources for humanity and have been well-cultivated since thousands of years of domestication. With the rapid development of next-generation sequencing and high-throughput genotyping technologies, the reference genome of more than 20 vegetables have been well-assembled and published. Resequencing approaches on large-scale germplasm resources have clarified the domestication and improvement of vegetable crops by human selection; its application on genetic mapping and quantitative trait locus analysis has led to the discovery of key genes and molecular markers linked to important traits in vegetables. Moreover, genome-based breeding has been utilized in many vegetable crops, including Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Cruciferae, and other families, thereby promoting molecular breeding at a single-nucleotide level. Thus, genome-wide SNP markers have been widely used, and high-throughput genotyping techniques have become one of the most essential methods in vegetable breeding. With the popularization of gene editing technology research on vegetable crops, breeding efficiency can be rapidly increased, especially by combining the genomic and variomic information of vegetable crops. This review outlines the present genome-based breeding approaches used for major vegetable crops to provide insights into next-generation molecular breeding for the increasing global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Hao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Deguo Han
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ke Huang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Yalin Du
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasms Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, 100097, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasms Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Changlong Wen
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC), Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing, 100097, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasms Improvement, Beijing, 100097, China.
| | - Tao Wu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Guo P, Chang H, Li Q, Wang L, Ren Z, Ren H, Chen C. Transcriptome profiling reveals genes involved in spine development during CsTTG1-regulated pathway in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110354. [PMID: 31928680 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), a type of fleshy fruit, is covered with spines (multicellular trichomes), which have a crucial impact on the economic value of the crop. Previous studies have found that CsTTG1 plays important roles in the initiation and further differentiation of cucumber spines, but how spine formation is regulated at the molecular level by CsTTG1 remains poorly understood. In this study, we characterized a cucumber 35S:CsTTG1 transgenic T2 line, OE-2, which bears relatively large and long spines compared with the small and short spines of the wild type (WT). Phenotypic measurements and histological analyses revealed that this phenotypic change was attributed to significant increases in cell number and size. Comparison of ovary epidermis transcriptomes between OE-2 and WT by DGE (Digital Gene Expression) analysis identified 1241 differentially expressed genes, among which 712 genes were dramatically upregulated and 529 downregulated in the ovary epidermis of OE-2. XTH23 and Cyclin family genes were significantly activated in OE-2, and transcription factors (TFs) were found to participate in spine size regulation in OE-2. Further analyses confirmed that GA was implicated in the regulation of fruit spine development in cucumber. Thus, our study provides a foundation for dissecting the molecular regulatory networks of fruit spine control in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Hualin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Qiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Lina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Zhonghai Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China
| | - Huazhong Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| | - Chunhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong, 271018, PR China.
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Žárský V, Sekereš J, Kubátová Z, Pečenková T, Cvrčková F. Three subfamilies of exocyst EXO70 family subunits in land plants: early divergence and ongoing functional specialization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:49-62. [PMID: 31647563 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Localized delivery of plasma membrane and cell wall components is an essential process in all plant cells. The vesicle-tethering complex, the exocyst, an ancient eukaryotic hetero-octameric protein cellular module, assists in targeted delivery of exocytosis vesicles to specific plasma membrane domains. Analyses of Arabidopsis and later other land plant genomes led to the surprising prediction of multiple putative EXO70 exocyst subunit paralogues. All land plant EXO70 exocyst subunits (including those of Bryophytes) form three distinct subfamilies-EXO70.1, EXO70.2, and EXO70.3. Interestingly, while the basal well-conserved EXO70.1 subfamily consists of multiexon genes, the remaining two subfamilies contain mostly single exon genes. Published analyses as well as public transcriptomic and proteomic data clearly indicate that most cell types in plants express and also use several different EXO70 isoforms. Here we sum up recent advances in the characterization of the members of the family of plant EXO70 exocyst subunits and present evidence that members of the EXO70.2 subfamily are often recruited to non-canonical functions in plant membrane trafficking pathways. Engagement of the most evolutionarily dynamic EXO70.2 subfamily of EXO70s in biotic interactions and defence correlates well with massive proliferation and conservation of new protein variants in this subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Sekereš
- Institute of Experimental Botany, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Kubátová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tamara Pečenková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany, v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fatima Cvrčková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná, Prague, Czech Republic
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Wang N, Zhang Y, Huang S, Liu Z, Li C, Feng H. Defect in Brnym1, a magnesium-dechelatase protein, causes a stay-green phenotype in an EMS-mutagenized Chinese cabbage ( Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis) line. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:8. [PMID: 31934339 PMCID: PMC6944686 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0223-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Leaf color is an important target trait in Chinese cabbage breeding programs. Leaf yellowing may reduce crop commercial and nutritional values. Some plants with the "stay-green" trait maintain leaf greenness during senescence and even after death. Stay-green Chinese cabbage may be a focal point of future breeding projects because it could improve crop quality and yield and prolong shelf life. A new stay-green mutant, non-yellowing mutant 1 (nym1), was identified in Chinese cabbage derived from an ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS)-mutagenized population. The mutant had stay-green characteristics and a higher chlorophyll content than the wild-type during leaf senescence. The stay-green trait in the mutant Chinese cabbage was controlled by the recessive gene Brnym1. MutMap and KASP analyses showed that Brnym1 (BraA03g050600.3C) encodes an mg-dechelatase (SGR protein), which might be the causal gene of the mutation in Chinese cabbage. A nonsynonymous single nucleotide base substitution (G to A) in the third exon of Brnym1 caused an amino acid substitution from L to F in the highly conserved domain of the magnesium-dechelatase. Ectopic overexpression showed that the BrNYM1 gene of wild-type Chinese cabbage complemented the SGR-defective stay-green mutant nye1-1 of Arabidopsis. The magnesium-dechelatase activity in the nym1 mutant was significantly downregulated compared to that in the wild type. Brnym1 was relatively upregulated in the mutant during late senescence, and BrNYM1 was localized to the chloroplasts. These results indicate that Brnym1 (BraA03g050600.3C) is the causal gene of the stay-green mutation and could be of particular significance in the genetic improvement of Chinese cabbage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shengnan Huang
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chengyu Li
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Department of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Callahan MT, Micallef SA. Waxing and cultivar affect Salmonella enterica persistence on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruit. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 310:108359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wang Z, Yang Z, Li F. Updates on molecular mechanisms in the development of branched trichome in Arabidopsis and nonbranched in cotton. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1706-1722. [PMID: 31111642 PMCID: PMC6686129 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are specialized epidermal cells and a vital plant organ that protect plants from various harms and provide valuable resources for plant development and use. Some key genes related to trichomes have been identified in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana through glabrous mutants and gene cloning, and the hub MYB-bHLH-WD40, consisting of several factors including GLABRA1 (GL1), GL3, TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1), and ENHANCER OF GLABRA3 (EGL3), has been established. Subsequently, some upstream transcription factors, phytohormones and epigenetic modification factors have also been studied in depth. In cotton, a very important fibre and oil crop globally, in addition to the key MYB-like factors, more important regulators and potential molecular mechanisms (e.g. epigenetic modifiers, distinct metabolic pathways) are being exploited during different fibre developmental stages. This occurs due to increased cotton research, resulting in the discovery of more complex regulation mechanisms from the allotetraploid genome of cotton. In addition, some conservative as well as specific mediators are involved in trichome development in other species. This study summarizes molecular mechanisms in trichome development and provides a detailed comparison of the similarities and differences between Arabidopsis and cotton, analyses the possible reasons for the discrepancy in identification of regulators, and raises future questions and foci for understanding trichome development in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Zuoren Yang
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
| | - Fuguang Li
- Zhengzhou Research BaseState Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyInstitute of Cotton ResearchChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesAnyangChina
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44
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Shao C, Bao Z, Liu G, Bao M. Single-repeat R3 MYB transcription factors from Platanus acerifolia negatively regulate trichome formation in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2019; 249:861-877. [PMID: 30448862 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Four R3 MYB genes were cloned and identified from Platanus acerifolia and analysed according to endogenous gene expression profiles, protein-protein interaction patterns, phenotypic effects and related gene expression profiles in transgenic Arabidopsis, suggesting that London plane R3 MYB genes inhibit trichome formation in Arabidopsis. The CPC-like MYB transcription factors including CAPRICE (CPC), TRIPTYCHON (TRY), ENHANCER OF TRY AND CPC 1, 2 and 3 (ETC1, ETC2 and ETC3), TRICHOMELESS1 (TCL1) and TRICHOMELESS2(TCL2) play important roles in controlling trichome patterning in Arabidopsis. In this study, four sequences homologous with the Arabidopsis CPC family were identified from London plane and named PaTRY, PaCPC-like1, PaCPC-like2 and PaCPC-like3. Over-expression of PaTRY, PaCPC-like1, PaCPC-like2 and PaCPC-like3 in Arabidopsis resulted in glabrous phenotypes. In addition, expression of endogenous GL2, GL1, MYB23, TTG2 and a set of R3 MYB-encoding genes was markedly reduced. Furthermore, the protein products of PaTRY, PaCPC-like1, PaCPC-like2 and PaCPC-like3 were shown to interact with PaGL3 in yeast two-hybrid assays. Together, these results likely suggest that the mechanisms of trichome regulation in London plane have similarities with those in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Changsheng Shao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiru Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Manzhu Bao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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45
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Xue S, Dong M, Liu X, Xu S, Pang J, Zhang W, Weng Y, Ren H. Classification of fruit trichomes in cucumber and effects of plant hormones on type II fruit trichome development. PLANTA 2019; 249:407-416. [PMID: 30225671 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber fruit trichomes could be classified into eight types; all of them are multicellular with complex and different developmental processes as compared with unicellular trichomes in other plants. The fruit trichomes or fruit spines of cucumber, Cucumis sativus L., are highly specialized structures originating from epidermal cells with diverse morphology, which grow perpendicular to the fruit surface. To understand the underlying molecular mechanisms of fruit trichome development, in this study, we conducted morphological characterization and classification of cucumber fruit trichomes and their developmental processes. We examined the fruit trichomes among 200 cucumber varieties, which could be classified into eight morphologically distinct types (I-VIII). Investigation of the organogenesis of the eight types of trichomes revealed two main developmental patterns. The development of glandular trichomes had multiple stages including initiation and expansion of the trichome precursor cell protuberating out of the epidermal surface, followed by periclinal bipartition to two cells (top and bottom) which later formed the head region and the stalk, respectively, through subsequent cell divisions. The non-glandular trichome development started with the expansion of the precursor cell perpendicularly to the epidermal plane followed by cell periclinal division to form a stalk comprising of some rectangle cells and a pointed apex cell. The base cell then started anticlinal bipartition to two cells, which then underwent many cell divisions to form a multicellular spherical structure. In addition, phytohormones as environmental cues were closely related to trichome development. We found that GA and BAP were capable of increasing trichome number per fruit with distinct effects under different concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudan Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingming Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingwang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinan Pang
- Tianjin Derit Seeds Co. Ltd, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Yiqun Weng
- USDA-ARS Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA.
| | - Huazhong Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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46
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Che G, Zhang X. Molecular basis of cucumber fruit domestication. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 47:38-46. [PMID: 30253288 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an economically important vegetable crop that is cultivated worldwide. Compared to the wild ancestor bearing small, bitter and seedy fruit, domesticated cucumbers exhibit significant variation in fruit appearance, size and flavor. Understanding the molecular basis of domestication related traits can provide insights into fruit evolution and make crop breeding more efficient. Here we review recent advances in relating to the genetic basis of fruit morphological traits (femaleness, fruit spine, wart, size, color and carpel development) and organoleptic features (bitterness) during cucumber domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Che
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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47
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Zhang L, Pan J, Wang G, Du H, He H, Pan J, Cai R. Cucumber CsTRY Negatively Regulates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Trichome Formation When Expressed in Tobacco. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1232. [PMID: 31649700 PMCID: PMC6794952 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of trichomes (spines) on cucumber fruits is an important agronomic trait. It has been reported that two MYB family members, CsMYB6 (Csa3G824850) and CsTRY (Csa5G139610) act as negative regulators of trichome or fruit spine initiation. To further study the functions of these two genes, we overexpressed them in tobacco, and found that the flowers and seed coats of transformants overexpressing CsTRY displayed an unexpected defect in pigmentation that was not observed in plants overexpressing CsMYB6. Moreover, the expression of key genes in the flavonoid synthesis pathway was repressed in CsTRY overexpressing plants, which resulted in the decrease of several important flavonoid secondary metabolites. In addition, CsTRY could interact with the AN1 homologous gene CsAN1 (Csa7G044190) in cucumber, which further confirmed that CsTRY not only regulates the development of fruit spines, but also functions in the synthesis of flavonoids, acting as the repressor of anthocyanin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyu Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Du
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huanle He
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junsong Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Junsong Pan, ; Run Cai,
| | - Run Cai
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Junsong Pan, ; Run Cai,
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48
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Bo K, Miao H, Wang M, Xie X, Song Z, Xie Q, Shi L, Wang W, Wei S, Zhang S, Gu X. Novel loci fsd6.1 and Csgl3 regulate ultra-high fruit spine density in cucumber. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:27-40. [PMID: 30242492 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-018-3191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis of multiple populations in multiple environments revealed that the fsd6.2 locus, which includes the candidate gene Csgl3, controls high fruit spine density in natural cucumbers. GWAS identified a novel locus fsd6.1, which regulates ultra-high fruit spine density in combination with Csgl3, and evolved during cucumber domestication. Fruit spine density, a domestication trait, largely influences the commercial value of cucumbers. However, the molecular basis of fruit spine density in cucumber remains unclear. In this study, four populations were derived from five materials, which included three with low fruit spine density, one with high fruit spine density, and one with ultra-high fruit spine density. Fruit spine densities were measured in 15 environments over a span of 6 years. The distributions were bimodal suggesting that fruit spine density is controlled by a major-effect QTL. QTL analysis determined that the same major-effect QTL, fsd6.2, is present in four populations. Fine mapping indicated that Csgl3 is the candidate gene at the fsd6.2 locus. Phylogenetic and geographical distribution analyses revealed that Csgl3 originated from China, which has the highest genetic diversity for fruit spine density. One novel minor-effect QTL, fsd6.1, was detected in the HR and HP populations derived from the cross between 65G and 02245. In addition, GWAS identified a novel locus that colocates with fsd6.1. Inspection of a candidate region of about 18 kb in size using pairwise LD correlations, combined with genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of fsd6.1 in natural populations, indicated that Csa6G421750 is the candidate gene responsible for ultra-high fruit spine density in cucumber. This study provides new insights into the origin of fruit spine density and the evolution of high/ultra-high fruit spine density during cucumber domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailiang Bo
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Miao
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zichao Song
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Xie
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lixue Shi
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Wei
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengping Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xingfang Gu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Yang S, Wen C, Liu B, Cai Y, Xue S, Bartholomew ES, Dong M, Jian C, Xu S, Wang T, Qi W, Pang J, Ma D, Liu X, Ren H. A CsTu-TS1 regulatory module promotes fruit tubercule formation in cucumber. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:289-301. [PMID: 29905035 PMCID: PMC6330641 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The fruit epidermal features such as the size of tubercules are important fruit quality traits for cucumber production. But the mechanisms underlying tubercule formation remain elusive. Here, tubercule size locus CsTS1 was identified by map-based cloning and was found to encode an oleosin protein. Allelic variation was identified in the promoter region of CsTS1, resulting in low expression of CsTS1 in all 22 different small-warty or nonwarty cucumber lines. High CsTS1 expression levels were closely correlated with increased fruit tubercule size among 44 different cucumber lines. Transgenic complementation and RNAi-mediated gene silencing of CsTS1 in transgenic cucumber plants demonstrated that CsTS1 positively regulates the development of tubercules. CsTS1 is highly expressed in the peel at fruit tubercule forming and enlargement stage. Auxin content and expression of three auxin signalling pathway genes were altered in the 35S:CsTS1 and CsTS1-RNAi fruit tubercules, a result that was supported by comparing the cell size of the control and transgenic fruit tubercules. CsTu, a C2 H2 zinc finger domain transcription factor that regulates tubercule initiation, binds directly to the CsTS1 promoter and promotes its expression. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism in which the CsTu-TS1 complex promotes fruit tubercule formation in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable CropsCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Changlong Wen
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center (BVRC)Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry SciencesNational Engineering Research Center for VegetablesBeijingChina
| | - Bin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable CropsCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yanling Cai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable CropsCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shudan Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable CropsCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ezra S. Bartholomew
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable CropsCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Mingming Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable CropsCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chen Jian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable CropsCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shuo Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable CropsCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ting Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable CropsCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wenzhu Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable CropsCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | | | - Dehua Ma
- Tianjin Derit Seeds Co. LtdTianjinChina
| | - Xingwang Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable CropsCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Huazhong Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable CropsCollege of HorticultureChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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Identification and Characterization of the EXO70 Gene Family in Polyploid Wheat and Related Species. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010060. [PMID: 30586859 PMCID: PMC6337732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The EXO70 gene family is involved in different biological processes in plants, ranging from plant polar growth to plant immunity. To date, analysis of the EXO70 gene family has been limited in Triticeae species, e.g., hexaploidy Triticum aestivum and its ancestral/related species. By in silico analysis of multiple Triticeae sequence databases, a total of 200 EXO70 members were identified. By homologue cloning approaches, 15 full-length cDNA of EXO70s were cloned from diploid Haynaldia villosa. Phylogenetic relationship analysis of 215 EXO70 members classified them into three groups (EXO70.1, EXO70.2, and EXO70.3) and nine subgroups (EXO70A to EXO70I). The distribution of most EXO70 genes among different species/sub-genomes were collinear, implying their orthologous relationship. The EXO70A subgroup has the most introns (at least five introns), while the remaining seven subgroups have only one intron on average. The expression profiling of EXO70 genes from wheat revealed that 40 wheat EXO70 genes were expressed in at least one tissue (leaf, stem, or root), of which 25 wheat EXO70 genes were in response to at least one biotic stress (stripe rust or powdery mildew) or abiotic stress (drought or heat). Subcellular localization analysis showed that ten EXO70-V proteins had distinct plasma membrane localization, EXO70I1-V showed a distinctive spotted pattern on the membrane. The 15 EXO70-V genes were differentially expressed in three tissue. Apart from EXO70D2-V, the remaining EXO70-V genes were in response to at least one stress (flg22, chitin, powdery mildew, drought, NaCl, heat, or cold) or phytohormones (salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, ethephon, or abscisic acid) and hydrogen peroxide treatments. This research provides a genome-wide glimpse of the Triticeae EXO70 gene family and those up- or downregulated genes require further validation of their biological roles in response to biotic/abiotic stresses.
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