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Ma F, Huang X, Zhou J, Zhang N, Deng M, Zheng Y, Zhao M, Chen W, Zhou W, Zhai L, Zhong L, Pang K, Liu X, Zhong X, Ren Y, Liu Y, Sun Q, Sun J. The 'Candidatus phytoplasma ziziphi' effectors SJP1 and SJP2 destabilise the bifunctional regulator ZjTCP7 to modulate floral transition and shoot branching. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2895-2910. [PMID: 38623040 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Phytoplasmic SAP11 effectors alter host plant architecture and flowering time. However, the exact mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Two SAP11-like effectors, SJP1 and SJP2, from 'Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi' induce shoot branching proliferation. Here, the transcription factor ZjTCP7 was identified as a central target of these two effectors to regulate floral transition and shoot branching. Ectopic expression of ZjTCP7 resulted in enhanced bolting and earlier flowering than did the control. Interaction and expression assays demonstrated that ZjTCP7 interacted with the ZjFT-ZjFD module, thereby enhancing the ability of these genes to directly bind to the ZjAP1 promoter. The effectors SJP1 and SJP2 unravelled the florigen activation complex by specifically destabilising ZjTCP7 and ZjFD to delay floral initiation. Moreover, the shoot branching of the ZjTCP7-SRDX transgenic Arabidopsis lines were comparable to those of the SJP1/2 lines, suggesting the involvement of ZjTCP7 in the regulation of shoot branching. ZjTCP7 interacted with the branching repressor ZjBRC1 to enhance suppression of the auxin efflux carrier ZjPIN3 expression. ZjTCP7 also directly bound to and upregulated the auxin biosynthesis gene ZjYUCCA2, thereby promoting auxin accumulation. Our findings confirm that ZjTCP7 serves as a bifunctional regulator destabilised by the effectors SJP1 and SJP2 to modulate plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Ma
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Junyong Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Horticulture Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Mingsheng Deng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yunyan Zheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Meiqi Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenmin Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Liping Zhai
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Kaixue Pang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinyue Zhong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yifan Ren
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qibao Sun
- Horticulture Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Ma F, Zheng Y, Zhang N, Deng M, Zhao M, Fu G, Zhou J, Guo C, Li Y, Huang J, Sun Q, Sun J. The 'Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi' effectors SJP1/2 negatively control leaf size by stabilizing the transcription factor ZjTCP2 in jujube. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3054-3069. [PMID: 38320293 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas manipulate host plant development to benefit insect vector colonization and their own invasion. However, the virulence factors and mechanisms underlying small-leaf formation caused by jujube witches' broom (JWB) phytoplasmas remain largely unknown. Here, effectors SJP1 and SJP2 from JWB phytoplasmas were identified to induce small-leaf formation in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba). In vivo interaction and expression assays showed that SJP1 and SJP2 interacted with and stabilized the transcription factor ZjTCP2. Overexpression of SJP1 and SJP2 in jujube induced ZjTCP2 accumulation. In addition, the abundance of miRNA319f_1 was significantly reduced in leaves of SJP1 and SJP2 transgenic jujube plants and showed the opposite pattern to the expression of its target, ZjTCP2, which was consistent with the pattern in diseased leaves. Overexpression of ZjTCP2 in Arabidopsis promoted ectopic leaves arising from the adaxial side of cotyledons and reduced leaf size. Constitutive expression of the miRNA319f_1 precursor in the 35S::ZjTCP2 background reduced the abundance of ZjTCP2 mRNA and reversed the cotyledon and leaf defects in Arabidopsis. Therefore, these observations suggest that effectors SJP1 and SJP2 induced small-leaf formation, at least partly, by interacting with and activating ZjTCP2 expression both at the transcriptional and the protein level, providing new insights into small-leaf formation caused by phytoplasmas in woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Ma
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunyan Zheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingsheng Deng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiqi Zhao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gongyu Fu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Junyong Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- Horticulture Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 South Nongke Road, Hefei City 230031, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglong Guo
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yamei Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinqiu Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qibao Sun
- Horticulture Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 40 South Nongke Road, Hefei City 230031, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, College of Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 West Changjiang Road, Hefei City 230036, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
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Wang R, Bai B, Li D, Wang J, Huang W, Wu Y, Zhao L. Phytoplasma: A plant pathogen that cannot be ignored in agricultural production-Research progress and outlook. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13437. [PMID: 38393681 PMCID: PMC10887288 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are phloem-restricted plant-pathogenic bacteria transmitted by insects. They cause diseases in a wide range of host plants, resulting in significant economic and ecological losses worldwide. Research on phytoplasmas has a long history, with significant progress being made in the past 30 years. Notably, with the rapid development of phytoplasma research, scientists have identified the primary agents involved in phytoplasma transmission, established classification and detection systems for phytoplasmas, and 243 genomes have been sequenced and assembled completely or to draft quality. Multiple possible phytoplasma effectors have been investigated, elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which phytoplasmas manipulate their hosts. This review summarizes recent advances in phytoplasma research, including identification techniques, host range studies, whole- or draft-genome sequencing, effector pathogenesis and disease control methods. Additionally, future research directions in the field of phytoplasma research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruotong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Bixin Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Danyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Jingke Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Weijie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency ProductionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
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Zamolo F, Wüst M. 3-Alkyl-2-Methoxypyrazines: Overview of Their Occurrence, Biosynthesis and Distribution in Edible Plants. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300362. [PMID: 37435783 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Pyrazines are ubiquitous in nature - biosynthesized by microorganisms, insects, and plants. Due to their great structural diversity, they own manifold biological functions. Alkyl- and alkoxypyrazines for instance play a key role as semiochemicals, but also as important aroma compounds in foods. Especially 3-alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines (MPs) have been of great research interest. MPs are associated with green and earthy attributes. They are responsible for the distinctive aroma properties of numerous vegetables. Moreover, they have a strong influence on the aroma of wines, in which they are primarily grape-derived. Over the years various methods have been developed and implemented to analyse the distribution of MPs in plants. In addition, the biosynthetic pathway of MPs has always been of particular interest. Different pathways and precursors have been proposed and controversially discussed in the literature. While the identification of genes encoding O-methyltransferases gave important insights into the last step of MP-biosynthesis, earlier biosynthetic steps and precursors remained unknown. It was not until 2022 that in vivo feeding experiments with stable isotope labeled compounds revealed l-leucine and l-serine as important precursors for IBMP. This discovery gave evidence for a metabolic interface between the MP-biosynthesis and photorespiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zamolo
- University of Bonn, Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences Chair of Food Chemistry, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Wüst
- University of Bonn, Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences Chair of Food Chemistry, Friedrich-Hirzebruch-Allee 7, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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Bai B, Zhang G, Pei B, Song Q, Hao X, Zhao L, Wu Y. The function of the phytoplasma effector SWP12 depends on the properties of two key amino acids. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103052. [PMID: 36813236 PMCID: PMC10040895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are insect-borne bacterial pathogens capable of secreting effectors into host cells and interfering with host plant defense response processes. Previous studies have found that the Candidatus Phytoplasma tritici effector SWP12 binds to and destabilizes the wheat transcription factor TaWRKY74, increasing wheat susceptibility to phytoplasmas. Here, we used a Nicotiana benthamiana transient expression system to identify two key functional sites of SWP12 and screened a series of truncated mutants and amino acid substitution mutants to determine whether they inhibit Bax-induced cell death. Using a subcellular localization assay and online structure analysis websites, we found that structure rather than intracellular localization probably affects the function of SWP12. D33A and P85H are two inactive substitution mutants, neither of which interacts with TaWRKY74, and P85H does not inhibit Bax-induced cell death, suppress flg22-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) bursts, degrade TaWRKY74, or promote phytoplasma accumulation. D33A can weakly suppress Bax-induced cell death and flg22-triggered ROS bursts and degrade a portion of TaWRKY74 and weakly promote phytoplasma accumulation. S53L, CPP, and EPWB are three SWP12 homolog proteins from other phytoplasmas. Sequence analysis revealed that D33 was conserved in these proteins, and they exhibited the same polarity at P85. Transient expression in N. benthamiana showed that these proteins could inhibit Bax-induced cell death and suppress ROS bursts. Our findings clarified that P85 and D33 of SWP12 play critical and minor roles, respectively, in suppressing the plant defense response and that they play a preliminary role in determining the functions of homologous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guoding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Baoyan Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingting Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xing'an Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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Chiu YC, Liao PQ, Mejia HM, Lee YC, Chen YK, Yang JY. Detection, Identification and Molecular Characterization of the 16SrII-V Subgroup Phytoplasma Strain Associated with Pisum sativum and Parthenium hysterophorus L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:891. [PMID: 36840237 PMCID: PMC9962045 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two unrelated plant species, green pea and parthenium weed, harboring typical phytoplasma symptoms, were discovered in Yunlin, Taiwan. Green pea (Pisum sativum.) and parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) are both herbaceous annual plants belonging to the Fabaceae and Asteraceae families, respectively. Displayed symptoms were witches' broom, phyllody and virescence, which are typical indications of phytoplasma infection. Pleomorphic phytoplasma-like bodies were observed under the transmission electron microscope in the sieve elements of symptomatic green pea and parthenium weed. The iPhyClassifier-based virtual RFLP study demonstrated that the phytoplasma associated with the diseased plants belongs to the 16SrII-V subgroup. The disease symptoms of both plants can be explained by the identification of PHYL1 and SAP11 effectors, identical to those of peanut witches' broom phytoplasma. The phytoplasma strains identified in this study present a very close phylogenetic relationship with other 16SrII-V subgroup phytoplasma strains discovered in Taiwan. These results not only convey the local status of the 16SrII-V subgroup phytoplasma strains but also encourage attention to be given to preventing the spread of this threat before it becomes pervasive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Chiu
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Qing Liao
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Helen Mae Mejia
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chien Lee
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Kun Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yi Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Bai B, Zhang G, Li Y, Wang Y, Sujata S, Zhang X, Wang L, Zhao L, Wu Y. The 'Candidatus Phytoplasma tritici' effector SWP12 degrades the transcription factor TaWRKY74 to suppress wheat resistance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:1473-1488. [PMID: 36380696 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Phytoplasma tritici' ('Ca. P. tritici') is an insect-borne obligate pathogen that infects wheat (Triticum aestivum) causing wheat blue dwarf disease, and leads to yield losses. SWP12 is a potential effector secreted by 'Ca. P. tritici' that manipulates host processes to create an environment conducive to phytoplasma colonization, but the detailed mechanism of action remains to be investigated. In this study, the expression of SWP12 weakened the basal immunity of Nicotiana benthamiana and promoted leaf colonization by Phytophthora parasitica, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and tobacco mild green mosaic virus. Moreover, the expression of SWP12 in wheat plants promoted phytoplasma colonization. Triticum aestivum WRKY74 and N. benthamiana WRKY17 were identified as host targets of SWP12. The expression of TaWRKY74 triggered reactive oxygen species bursts, upregulated defense-related genes, and decreased TaCRR6 transcription, leading to reductions in NADH dehydrogenase complex (NDH) activity. Expression of TaWRKY74 in wheat increased plant resistance to 'Ca. P. tritici', and silencing of TaWRKY74 enhanced plant susceptibility, which indicates that TaWRKY74 is a positive regulator of wheat resistance to 'Ca. P. tritici'. We showed that SWP12 weakens plant resistance and promotes 'Ca. P. tritici' colonization by destabilizing TaWRKY74.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guoding Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shrestha Sujata
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Licheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
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Reyes Caldas PA, Zhu J, Breakspear A, Thapa SP, Toruño TY, Perilla-Henao LM, Casteel C, Faulkner CR, Coaker G. Effectors from a Bacterial Vector-Borne Pathogen Exhibit Diverse Subcellular Localization, Expression Profiles, and Manipulation of Plant Defense. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:1067-1080. [PMID: 35952362 PMCID: PMC9844206 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-05-22-0114-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is predicted to increase the prevalence of vector-borne disease due to expansion of insect populations. 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' is a phloem-limited pathogen associated with multiple economically important diseases in solanaceous crops. Little is known about the strategies and pathogenicity factors 'Ca. L. solanacearum' uses to colonize its vector and host. We determined the 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effector repertoire by predicting proteins secreted by the general secretory pathway across four different 'Ca. L. solanacearum' haplotypes, investigated effector localization in planta, and profiled effector expression in the vector and host. The localization of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effectors in Nicotiana spp. revealed diverse eukaryotic subcellular targets. The majority of tested effectors were unable to suppress plant immune responses, indicating they possess unique activities. Expression profiling in tomato and the psyllid Bactericera cockerelli indicated 'Ca. L. solanacearum' differentially interacts with its host and vector and can switch effector expression in response to these environments. This study reveals 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effectors possess complex expression patterns, target diverse host organelles and the majority are unable to suppress host immune responses. A mechanistic understanding of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' effector function will reveal novel targets and provide insight into phloem biology. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jie Zhu
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | | | - Shree P. Thapa
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
| | - Tania Y. Toruño
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
- Rijk Zwaan Breeding B.V, Burgemeester Crezéelaan 40, De Lier, 2678 KX, The Netherlands
| | | | - Clare Casteel
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant-Microbe Biology and Plant Pathology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | | | - Gitta Coaker
- Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis, CA, U.S.A
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9
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Boonrod K, Strohmayer A, Schwarz T, Braun M, Tropf T, Krczal G. Beyond Destabilizing Activity of SAP11-like Effector of Candidatus Phytoplasma mali Strain PM19. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071406. [PMID: 35889125 PMCID: PMC9317525 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
It was shown that the SAP11 effector of different Candidatus Phytoplasma can destabilize some TEOSINE BRANCHES/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORs (TCPs), resulting in plant phenotypes such as witches’ broom and crinkled leaves. Some SAP11 exclusively localize in the nucleus, while the others localize in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The SAP11-like effector of Candidatus Phytoplasma mali strain PM19 (SAP11PM19) localizes in both compartments of plant cells. We show here that SAP11PM19 can destabilize TCPs in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. However, expression of SAP11PM19 exclusively in the nucleus resulted in the disappearance of leaf phenotypes while still showing the witches’ broom phenotype. Moreover, we show that SAP11PM19 can not only destabilize TCPs but also relocalizes these proteins in the nucleus. Interestingly, three different transgenic Nicotiana species expressing SAP11PM19 show all the same witches’ broom phenotype but different leaf phenotypes. A possible mechanism of SAP11-TCP interaction is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajohn Boonrod
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6321-671-1333; Fax: +49-6321-671-1313
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10
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Wang XY, Zhang RY, Li J, Li YH, Shan HL, Li WF, Huang YK. The Diversity, Distribution and Status of Phytoplasma Diseases in China. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.943080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are important prokaryotic pathogenic bacteria without cell walls, which were formerly known as mycoplasma-like organisms, and belong to the Mollicutes class, Candidatus Phytoplasma genus. They are widely distributed in plants and insects, and can cause serious diseases in important food crops, vegetables, fruit trees, ornamental plants and trees, resulting in huge economic losses. To date, more than 100 phytoplasma diseases have been reported in China, which are distributed throughout the country. Jujube witches'-broom, paulownia witches'-broom, wheat blue dwarf, banana bunchy top, sugarcane white leaf, rice orange leaf and mulberry dwarf represent the phytoplasma diseases causing the most serious damage in China. New phytoplasma diseases and their strains are being reported continuously, indicating that phytoplasmas are more diverse than previously thought. Phytoplasmas are mainly transmitted by insect vectors, such as leafhopper and planthopper, and can also be spread by grafting or Cuscuta australis (known as dodder). Mixed infections of phytoplasmas and viruses, bacteria, and spiroplasmas have also become a serious problem in several crops and are responsible for more synergistic losses. With the continuous development and improvement of technology, molecular biological detection has become the main technique for phytoplasma detection and identification. Currently, research on phytoplasma diseases in China mainly focuses on pathogen identification and classification, and insect vector and host diversity; however, there is less focus on pathogenicity, comparative genomics, and effect factors. More research attention has been paid to wheat blue dwarf phytoplasma, paulownia witches'-broom phytoplasma, jujube witches'-broom phytoplasma, and sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma. Other phytoplasma diseases have been reported; however, there have been no in-depth studies. In this paper, the history and present situation of phytoplasma research, and the status, distribution, and diversity of phytoplasma diseases are summarized, and some possible research directions of phytoplasma in the future in China are proposed.
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11
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The Complete Genome of the “Flavescence Dorée” Phytoplasma Reveals Characteristics of Low Genome Plasticity. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11070953. [PMID: 36101334 PMCID: PMC9312162 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Members of the genus ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ are obligate intracellular bacteria restricted to phloem sieve elements and are able to colonize several tissues and the hemolymph in their insect vectors. The current unfeasibility of axenic culture and the low complexity of genomic sequences are obstacles in assembling complete chromosomes. Here, a method combining pathogen DNA enrichment from infected insects and dual deep-sequencing technologies was used to obtain the complete genome of a phytoplasma causing Grapevine Flavescence dorée. The de novo assembly generated a circular chromosome of 654,223 bp containing 506 protein-coding genes. Quality assessment of the draft showed a high degree of completeness. Comparative analysis with other phytoplasmas revealed the absence of potential mobile units and a reduced amount of putative phage-derived segments, suggesting a low genome plasticity. Phylogenetic analyses identified Candidatus Phytoplasma ziziphi as the closest fully sequenced relative. The “Flavescence dorée” phytoplasma strain CH genome also encoded for several putative effector proteins potentially playing a role in pathogen virulence. The availability of this genome provides the basis for the study of the pathogenicity mechanisms and evolution of the Flavescence dorée phytoplasma.
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12
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Tan CM, Lin YC, Li JR, Chien YY, Wang CJ, Chou L, Wang CW, Chiu YC, Kuo CH, Yang JY. Accelerating Complete Phytoplasma Genome Assembly by Immunoprecipitation-Based Enrichment and MinION-Based DNA Sequencing for Comparative Analyses. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:766221. [PMID: 34858377 PMCID: PMC8632452 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.766221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are uncultivated plant-pathogenic bacteria with agricultural importance. Those belonging to the 16SrII group, represented by 'Candidatus P. aurantifolia', have a wide range of plant hosts and cause significant yield losses in valuable crops, such as pear, sweet potato, peanut, and soybean. In this study, a method that combines immunoprecipitation-based enrichment and MinION long-read DNA sequencing was developed to solve the challenge of phytoplasma genome studies. This approach produced long reads with high mapping rates and high genomic coverage that can be combined with Illumina reads to produce complete genome assemblies with high accuracy. We applied this method to strain NCHU2014 and determined its complete genome sequence, which consists of one circular chromosome with 635,584 bp and one plasmid with 4,224 bp. Although 'Ca. P. aurantifolia' NCHU2014 has a small chromosome with only 471 protein-coding genes, it contains 33 transporter genes and 27 putative effector genes, which may contribute to obtaining nutrients from hosts and manipulating host developments for their survival and multiplication. Two effectors, the homologs of SAP11 and SAP54/PHYL1 identified in 'Ca. P. aurantifolia' NCHU2014, have the biochemical activities in destabilizing host transcription factors, which can explain the disease symptoms observed in infected plants. Taken together, this study provides the first complete genome available for the 16SrII phytoplasmas and contributes to the understanding of phytoplasma pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Meng Tan
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Rong Li
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yu Chien
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jui Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lin Chou
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wei Wang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Chiu
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yi Yang
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Ph.D. Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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13
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Huang W, MacLean AM, Sugio A, Maqbool A, Busscher M, Cho ST, Kamoun S, Kuo CH, Immink RGH, Hogenhout SA. Parasitic modulation of host development by ubiquitin-independent protein degradation. Cell 2021; 184:5201-5214.e12. [PMID: 34536345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Certain obligate parasites induce complex and substantial phenotypic changes in their hosts in ways that favor their transmission to other trophic levels. However, the mechanisms underlying these changes remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate how SAP05 protein effectors from insect-vectored plant pathogenic phytoplasmas take control of several plant developmental processes. These effectors simultaneously prolong the host lifespan and induce witches' broom-like proliferations of leaf and sterile shoots, organs colonized by phytoplasmas and vectors. SAP05 acts by mediating the concurrent degradation of SPL and GATA developmental regulators via a process that relies on hijacking the plant ubiquitin receptor RPN10 independent of substrate ubiquitination. RPN10 is highly conserved among eukaryotes, but SAP05 does not bind insect vector RPN10. A two-amino-acid substitution within plant RPN10 generates a functional variant that is resistant to SAP05 activities. Therefore, one effector protein enables obligate parasitic phytoplasmas to induce a plethora of developmental phenotypes in their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Huang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Allyson M MacLean
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Akiko Sugio
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Marco Busscher
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands; Plant Developmental Systems, Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Shu-Ting Cho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Richard G H Immink
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands; Plant Developmental Systems, Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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14
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Huang W, MacLean AM, Sugio A, Maqbool A, Busscher M, Cho ST, Kamoun S, Kuo CH, Immink RGH, Hogenhout SA. Parasitic modulation of host development by ubiquitin-independent protein degradation. Cell 2021; 184:5201-5214.e12. [PMID: 34536345 PMCID: PMC8525514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Certain obligate parasites induce complex and substantial phenotypic changes in their hosts in ways that favor their transmission to other trophic levels. However, the mechanisms underlying these changes remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate how SAP05 protein effectors from insect-vectored plant pathogenic phytoplasmas take control of several plant developmental processes. These effectors simultaneously prolong the host lifespan and induce witches' broom-like proliferations of leaf and sterile shoots, organs colonized by phytoplasmas and vectors. SAP05 acts by mediating the concurrent degradation of SPL and GATA developmental regulators via a process that relies on hijacking the plant ubiquitin receptor RPN10 independent of substrate ubiquitination. RPN10 is highly conserved among eukaryotes, but SAP05 does not bind insect vector RPN10. A two-amino-acid substitution within plant RPN10 generates a functional variant that is resistant to SAP05 activities. Therefore, one effector protein enables obligate parasitic phytoplasmas to induce a plethora of developmental phenotypes in their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Huang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Allyson M MacLean
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Akiko Sugio
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Abbas Maqbool
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Marco Busscher
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands; Plant Developmental Systems, Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Shu-Ting Cho
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Richard G H Immink
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands; Plant Developmental Systems, Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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15
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Al-Subhi AM, Al-Sadi AM, Al-Yahyai RA, Chen Y, Mathers T, Orlovskis Z, Moro G, Mugford S, Al-Hashmi KS, Hogenhout SA. Witches' Broom Disease of Lime Contributes to Phytoplasma Epidemics and Attracts Insect Vectors. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2637-2648. [PMID: 33349007 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-20-2112-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An insect-transmitted phytoplasma causing Witches' Broom Disease of Lime (WBDL) is responsible for the drastic decline in lime production in several countries. However, it is unclear how WBDL phytoplasma (WBDLp) induces witches' broom symptoms and if these symptoms contribute to the spread of phytoplasma. Here we show that the gene encoding SAP11 of WBDLp (SAP11WBDL) is present in all WBDLp isolates collected from diseased trees. SAP11WBDL interacts with acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) TCP transcription factors, specifically members of the TB1/CYC class that have a role in suppressing axillary branching in plants. Sampling of WBDLp-infected lime trees revealed that WBDLp titers and SAP11WBDL expression levels were higher in symptomatic leaves compared with asymptomatic sections of the same trees. Moreover, the witches' brooms were found to attract the vector leafhopper. Defense genes that have a role in plant defense responses to bacteria and insects are more downregulated in witches' brooms compared with asymptomatic sections of trees. These findings suggest that witches' broom-affected parts of the trees contribute to WBDL epidemics by supporting higher phytoplasma titers and attracting insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Al-Subhi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - A M Al-Sadi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - R A Al-Yahyai
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - Y Chen
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - T Mathers
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Z Orlovskis
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - G Moro
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - S Mugford
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - K S Al-Hashmi
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khod 123, Oman
| | - S A Hogenhout
- John Innes Centre, Department of Crop Genetics, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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16
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The Effect of the Anticipated Nuclear Localization Sequence of ' Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' SAP11-like Protein on Localization of the Protein and Destabilization of TCP Transcription Factor. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081756. [PMID: 34442835 PMCID: PMC8401217 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SAP11 is an effector protein that has been identified in various phytoplasma species. It localizes in the plant nucleus and can bind and destabilize TEOSINE BRANCHES/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factors. Although SAP11 of different phytoplasma species share similar activities, their protein sequences differ greatly. Here, we demonstrate that the SAP11-like protein of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ (‘Ca. P. mali’) strain PM19 localizes into the plant nucleus without requiring the anticipated nuclear localization sequence (NLS). We show that the protein induces crinkled leaves and siliques, and witches’ broom symptoms, in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) plants and binds to six members of class I and all members of class II TCP transcription factors of A. thaliana in yeast two-hybrid assays. We also identified a 17 amino acid stretch previously predicted to be a nuclear localization sequence that is important for the binding of some of the TCPs, which results in a crinkled leaf and silique phenotype in transgenic A. thaliana. Moreover, we provide evidence that the SAP11-like protein has a destabilizing effect on some TCPs in vivo.
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17
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Garcion C, Béven L, Foissac X. Comparison of Current Methods for Signal Peptide Prediction in Phytoplasmas. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:661524. [PMID: 33841387 PMCID: PMC8026896 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.661524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although phytoplasma studies are still hampered by the lack of axenic cultivation methods, the availability of genome sequences allowed dramatic advances in the characterization of the virulence mechanisms deployed by phytoplasmas, and highlighted the detection of signal peptides as a crucial step to identify effectors secreted by phytoplasmas. However, various signal peptide prediction methods have been used to mine phytoplasma genomes, and no general evaluation of these methods is available so far for phytoplasma sequences. In this work, we compared the prediction performance of SignalP versions 3.0, 4.0, 4.1, 5.0 and Phobius on several sequence datasets originating from all deposited phytoplasma sequences. SignalP 4.1 with specific parameters showed the most exhaustive and consistent prediction ability. However, the configuration of SignalP 4.1 for increased sensitivity induced a much higher rate of false positives on transmembrane domains located at N-terminus. Moreover, sensitive signal peptide predictions could similarly be achieved by the transmembrane domain prediction ability of TMHMM and Phobius, due to the relatedness between signal peptides and transmembrane regions. Beyond the results presented herein, the datasets assembled in this study form a valuable benchmark to compare and evaluate signal peptide predictors in a field where experimental evidence of secretion is scarce. Additionally, this study illustrates the utility of comparative genomics to strengthen confidence in bioinformatic predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Garcion
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Laure Béven
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Xavier Foissac
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, UMR 1332, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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18
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Elucidation of the core betalain biosynthesis pathway in Amaranthus tricolor. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6086. [PMID: 33731735 PMCID: PMC7969944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amaranthus tricolor L., a vegetable Amaranthus species, is an economically important crop containing large amounts of betalains. Betalains are natural antioxidants and can be classified into betacyanins and betaxanthins, with red and yellow colors, respectively. A. tricolor cultivars with varying betalain contents, leading to striking red to green coloration, have been commercially produced. However, the molecular differences underlying betalain biosynthesis in various cultivars of A. tricolor remain largely unknown. In this study, A. tricolor cultivars with different colors were chosen for comparative transcriptome analysis. The elevated expression of AmCYP76AD1 in a red-leaf cultivar of A. tricolor was proposed to play a key role in producing red betalain pigments. The functions of AmCYP76AD1, AmDODAα1, AmDODAα2, and AmcDOPA5GT were also characterized through the heterologous engineering of betalain pigments in Nicotiana benthamiana. Moreover, high and low L-DOPA 4,5-dioxygenase activities of AmDODAα1 and AmDODAα2, respectively, were confirmed through in vitro enzymatic assays. Thus, comparative transcriptome analysis combined with functional and enzymatic studies allowed the construction of a core betalain biosynthesis pathway of A. tricolor. These results not only provide novel insights into betalain biosynthesis and evolution in A. tricolor but also provide a basal framework for examining genes related to betalain biosynthesis among different species of Amaranthaceae.
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19
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Clements J, Bradford BZ, Garcia M, Piper S, Huang W, Zwolinska A, Lamour K, Hogenhout S, Groves RL. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' subgroups display distinct disease progression dynamics during the carrot growing season. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0239956. [PMID: 33539350 PMCID: PMC7861454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aster Yellows phytoplasma (AYp; ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’) is an obligate bacterial pathogen that is the causative agent of multiple diseases in herbaceous plants. While this phytoplasma has been examined in depth for its disease characteristics, knowledge about the spatial and temporal dynamics of pathogen spread is lacking. The phytoplasma is found in plant’s phloem and is vectored by leafhoppers (Cicadellidae: Hemiptera), including the aster leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes. The aster leafhopper is a migratory insect pest that overwinters in the southern United States, and historical data suggest these insects migrate from southern overwintering locations to northern latitudes annually, transmitting and driving phytoplasma infection rates as they migrate. A more in-depth understanding of the spatial, temporal and genetic determinants of Aster Yellows disease progress will lead to better integrated pest management strategies for Aster Yellows disease control. Carrot, Daucus carota L., plots were established at two planting densities in central Wisconsin and monitored during the 2018 growing season for Aster Yellows disease progression. Symptomatic carrots were sampled and assayed for the presence of the Aster Yellows phytoplasma. Aster Yellows disease progression was determined to be significantly associated with calendar date, crop density, location within the field, and phytoplasma subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Clements
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, University of Idaho, Parma, ID, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Z. Bradford
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Marjorie Garcia
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Shannon Piper
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
| | - Weijie Huang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Zwolinska
- Department of Virology and Bacteriology, National Research Institute, Poznan, Poland
| | - Kurt Lamour
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States of America
| | - Saskia Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Russell L. Groves
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Huang W, Reyes-Caldas P, Mann M, Seifbarghi S, Kahn A, Almeida RPP, Béven L, Heck M, Hogenhout SA, Coaker G. Bacterial Vector-Borne Plant Diseases: Unanswered Questions and Future Directions. MOLECULAR PLANT 2020; 13:1379-1393. [PMID: 32835885 PMCID: PMC7769051 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne plant diseases have significant ecological and economic impacts, affecting farm profitability and forest composition throughout the world. Bacterial vector-borne pathogens have evolved sophisticated strategies to interact with their hemipteran insect vectors and plant hosts. These pathogens reside in plant vascular tissue, and their study represents an excellent opportunity to uncover novel biological mechanisms regulating intracellular pathogenesis and to contribute to the control of some of the world's most invasive emerging diseases. In this perspective, we highlight recent advances and major unanswered questions in the realm of bacterial vector-borne disease, focusing on liberibacters, phytoplasmas, spiroplasmas, and Xylella fastidiosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Huang
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Paola Reyes-Caldas
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Marina Mann
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shirin Seifbarghi
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexandra Kahn
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rodrigo P P Almeida
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Laure Béven
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, Villenave d'Ornon 33882 France
| | - Michelle Heck
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center, USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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21
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The Regulation of CIN-like TCP Transcription Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124498. [PMID: 32599902 PMCID: PMC7349945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR 1 and 2 (TCP) family proteins are the plant-specific transcription factors extensively participating in diverse developmental processes by integrating external cues with internal signals. The roles of CINCINNATA (CIN)-like TCPs are conserved in control of the morphology and size of leaves, petal development, trichome formation and plant flowering. The tight regulation of CIN-like TCP activity at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels are central for plant developmental plasticity in response to the ever-changing environmental conditions. In this review, we summarize recent progresses with regard to the function and regulation of CIN-like TCPs. CIN-like TCPs are regulated by abiotic and biotic cues including light, temperature and pathogens. They are also finely controlled by microRNA319 (miRNA319), chromatin remodeling complexes and auxin homeostasis. The protein degradation plays critical roles in tightly controlling the activity of CIN-like TCPs as well.
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22
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Potuschak T, Palatnik J, Schommer C, Sierro N, Ivanov NV, Kwon Y, Genschik P, Davière J, Otten L. Inhibition of Arabidopsis thaliana CIN-like TCP transcription factors by Agrobacterium T-DNA-encoded 6B proteins. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:1303-1317. [PMID: 31659801 PMCID: PMC7187390 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium T-DNA-encoded 6B proteins cause remarkable growth effects in plants. Nicotiana otophora carries two cellular T-DNAs with three slightly divergent 6b genes (TE-1-6b-L, TE-1-6b-R and TE-2-6b) originating from a natural transformation event. In Arabidopsis thaliana, expression of 2×35S:TE-2-6b, but not 2×35S:TE-1-6b-L or 2×35S:TE-1-6b-R, led to plants with crinkly leaves, which strongly resembled mutants of the miR319a/TCP module. This module is composed of MIR319A and five CIN-like TCP (TEOSINTHE BRANCHED1, CYCLOIDEA and PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN BINDING FACTOR) genes (TCP2, TCP3, TCP4, TCP10 and TCP24) targeted by miR319a. The CIN-like TCP genes encode transcription factors and are required for cell division arrest at leaf margins during development. MIR319A overexpression causes excessive growth and crinkly leaves. TE-2-6b plants did not show increased miR319a levels, but the mRNA levels of the TCP4 target gene LOX2 were decreased, as in jaw-D plants. Co-expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged TCPs with native or red fluorescent protein (RFP)-tagged TE-6B proteins led to an increase in TCP protein levels and formation of numerous cytoplasmic dots containing 6B and TCP proteins. Yeast double-hybrid experiments confirmed 6B/TCP binding and showed that TE-1-6B-L and TE-1-6B-R bind a smaller set of TCP proteins than TE-2-6B. A single nucleotide mutation in TE-1-6B-R enlarged its TCP-binding repertoire to that of TE-2-6B and caused a crinkly phenotype in Arabidopsis. Deletion analysis showed that TE-2-6B targets the TCP4 DNA-binding domain and directly interferes with transcriptional activation. Taken together, these results provide detailed insights into the mechanism of action of the N. otophora TE-encoded 6b genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Potuschak
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP)Rue du Général Zimmer 1267084StrasbourgFrance
| | - Javier Palatnik
- IBR‐CONICETPredio CCTOcampo y Esmeralda s/n2000RosarioArgentina
| | - Carla Schommer
- IBR‐CONICETPredio CCTOcampo y Esmeralda s/n2000RosarioArgentina
| | - Nicolas Sierro
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S. A.Quai Jeanrenaud 52000NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Nikolai V. Ivanov
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S. A.Quai Jeanrenaud 52000NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Yerim Kwon
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP)Rue du Général Zimmer 1267084StrasbourgFrance
| | - Pascal Genschik
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP)Rue du Général Zimmer 1267084StrasbourgFrance
| | - Jean‐Michel Davière
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP)Rue du Général Zimmer 1267084StrasbourgFrance
| | - Léon Otten
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP)Rue du Général Zimmer 1267084StrasbourgFrance
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23
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Zhao X, Ju Y, Wei X, Dong S, Sun X, Fang Y. Significance and Transformation of 3-Alkyl-2-Methoxypyrazines Through Grapes to Wine: Olfactory Properties, Metabolism, Biochemical Regulation, and the HP-MP Cycle. Molecules 2019; 24:E4598. [PMID: 31888183 PMCID: PMC6943733 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Alkyl-2-methoxypyrazines (MPs) contribute to the herbaceous flavor characteristics of wine and are generally considered associated with poor-quality wine. To control the MPs in grapes and wine, an accurate understanding of MP metabolism is needed. This review covers factors affecting people in the perception of MPs. Also, the history of O-methyltransferases is revisited, and the present review discusses the MP biosynthesis, degradation, and biochemical regulation. We propose the existence of a cycle between MPs and 3-alkyl-2-hydropyrazines (HPs), which proceeds via O-(de)methylation steps. This cycle governs the MP contents of wines, which make the cycle the key participant in MP regulation by genes, environmental stimuli, and microbes. In conclusion, a comprehensive metabolic pathway on which the HP-MP cycle is centered is proposed after gaining insight into their metabolism and regulation. Some directions for future studies on MPs are also proposed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfang Zhao
- College of Enology, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.W.); (S.D.)
- Life School of Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yanlun Ju
- College of Enology, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- College of Enology, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Shuo Dong
- College of Enology, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Xiangyu Sun
- College of Enology, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.W.); (S.D.)
| | - Yulin Fang
- College of Enology, Heyang Viti-Viniculture Station, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (X.Z.); (Y.J.); (X.W.); (S.D.)
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24
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Liu MM, Wang MM, Yang J, Wen J, Guo PC, Wu YW, Ke YZ, Li PF, Li JN, Du H. Evolutionary and Comparative Expression Analyses of TCP Transcription Factor Gene Family in Land Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3591. [PMID: 31340456 PMCID: PMC6679135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant-specific Teosinte-branched 1/Cycloidea/Proliferating (TCP) transcription factor genes are involved in plants' development, hormonal pathways, and stress response but their evolutionary history is uncertain. The genome-wide analysis performed here for 47 plant species revealed 535 TCP candidates in terrestrial plants and none in aquatic plants, and that TCP family genes originated early in the history of land plants. Phylogenetic analysis divided the candidate genes into Classes I and II, and Class II was further divided into CYCLOIDEA (CYC) and CINCINNATA (CIN) clades; CYC is more recent and originated from CIN in angiosperms. Protein architecture, intron pattern, and sequence characteristics were conserved in each class or clade supporting this classification. The two classes significantly expanded through whole-genome duplication during evolution. Expression analysis revealed the conserved expression of TCP genes from lower to higher plants. The expression patterns of Class I and CIN genes in different stages of the same tissue revealed their function in plant development and their opposite effects in the same biological process. Interaction network analysis showed that TCP proteins tend to form protein complexes, and their interaction networks were conserved during evolution. These results contribute to further functional studies on TCP family genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Mang-Mang Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jin Yang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jing Wen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yun-Wen Wu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yun-Zhuo Ke
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Peng-Feng Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jia-Na Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Hai Du
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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25
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Dermastia M. Plant Hormones in Phytoplasma Infected Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:477. [PMID: 31057582 PMCID: PMC6478762 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are bacterial plant pathogens that need a plant host and an insect vector for their spread and survival. In plants, the physiological responses that phytoplasmas trigger result in symptom development through effects on hormonal, nutritional, and stress signaling pathways, and the interactions between these. In this review, recent advances on the involvement of plant hormones together with their known and deduced roles in plants infected with phytoplasmas are discussed. Several studies have directly, or in many cases indirectly, addressed plant hormone systems in phytoplasma-infected plants. These have provided accumulating evidence that phytoplasmas extensively affect plant hormone pathways. Phytoplasmas thus, with disturbing complex plant hormone networks, suppress plant immunity and modify plant structure, while optimizing their nutrient acquisition and facilitating their colonization of the plants, and their dissemination among plants by their insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Dermastia
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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26
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Wang N, Yang H, Yin Z, Liu W, Sun L, Wu Y. Phytoplasma effector SWP1 induces witches' broom symptom by destabilizing the TCP transcription factor BRANCHED1. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:2623-2634. [PMID: 30047227 PMCID: PMC6638060 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are insect-transmitted phytopathogenic bacteria, which secrete effector proteins that are often responsible for altering the plant morphology and behaviours of their vectors. Phytoplasma multifunctional effector proteins TENGU and SAP11 induce typical witches' broom symptoms, but their mode of action remains unknown. Previously, we have identified a SAP11-like effector from wheat blue dwarf phytoplasma, SWP1, which induces witches' broom symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana. In this study, we observed that SWP1-expressing transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants showed typical witches' broom symptoms. On overexpression of SWP1 truncation mutants in N. benthamiana, we identified that the coiled-coil domain and nuclear localization were responsible for the induction of witches' broom symptoms. In addition, using yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, we demonstrated that SWP1 interacts with A. thaliana transcription factor TCP18 (BRC1), the key negative regulator of branching signals in various plant species. Moreover, in planta co-expression analysis showed that SWP1 promotes the degradation of BRC1 via a proteasome system. These findings suggest that the phytoplasma effector SWP1 induces witches' broom symptoms through targeting of BRC1 and promoting its degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
| | - Haizhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
| | - Wenting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
| | - Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling712100China
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27
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Chang SH, Tan CM, Wu CT, Lin TH, Jiang SY, Liu RC, Tsai MC, Su LW, Yang JY. Alterations of plant architecture and phase transition by the phytoplasma virulence factor SAP11. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5389-5401. [PMID: 30165491 PMCID: PMC6255702 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
As key mediators linking developmental processes with plant immunity, TCP (TEOSINTE-BRANCHED, CYCLOIDEA, PROLIFERATION FACTOR 1 and 2) transcription factors have been increasingly shown to be targets of pathogenic effectors. We report here that TB/CYC (TEOSINTE-BRANCHED/CYCLOIDEA)-TCPs are destabilized by phytoplasma SAP11 effectors, leading to the proliferation of axillary meristems. Although a high degree of sequence diversity was observed among putative SAP11 effectors identified from evolutionarily distinct clusters of phytoplasmas, these effectors acquired fundamental activity in destabilizing TB/CYC-TCPs. In addition, we demonstrate that miR156/SPLs and miR172/AP2 modules, which represent key regulatory hubs involved in plant phase transition, were modulated by Aster Yellows phytoplasma strain Witches' Broom (AY-WB) protein SAP11. A late-flowering phenotype with significant changes in the expression of flowering-related genes was observed in transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing SAP11AYWB. These morphological and molecular alterations were correlated with the ability of SAP11 effectors to destabilize CIN (CINCINNATA)-TCPs. Although not all putative SAP11 effectors display broad-spectrum activities in modulating morphological and physiological changes in host plants, they serve as core virulence factors responsible for the witches' broom symptom caused by phytoplasmas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Heng Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Choon Meng Tan
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Tang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hsiang Lin
- Bachelor Program of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ying Jiang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Ci Liu
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chen Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Su
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yi Yang
- Graduate Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Microbial Genomics, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
- Bachelor Program of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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28
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Tomkins M, Kliot A, Marée AF, Hogenhout SA. A multi-layered mechanistic modelling approach to understand how effector genes extend beyond phytoplasma to modulate plant hosts, insect vectors and the environment. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 44:39-48. [PMID: 29547737 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Candidatus genus Phytoplasma are small bacterial pathogens that hijack their plant hosts via the secretion of virulence proteins (effectors) leading to a fascinating array of plant phenotypes, such as witch's brooms (stem proliferations) and phyllody (retrograde development of flowers into vegetative tissues). Phytoplasma depend on insect vectors for transmission, and interestingly, these insect vectors were found to be (in)directly attracted to plants with these phenotypes. Therefore, phytoplasma effectors appear to reprogram plant development and defence to lure insect vectors, similarly to social engineering malware, which employs tricks to lure people to infected computers and webpages. A multi-layered mechanistic modelling approach will enable a better understanding of how phytoplasma effector-mediated modulations of plant host development and insect vector behaviour contribute to phytoplasma spread, and ultimately to predict the long reach of phytoplasma effector genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Tomkins
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Adi Kliot
- Department of Crop Genetics, The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Athanasius Fm Marée
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
| | - Saskia A Hogenhout
- Department of Crop Genetics, The John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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29
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Wang Z, Liu W, Fan G, Zhai X, Zhao Z, Dong Y, Deng M, Cao Y. Quantitative proteome-level analysis of paulownia witches' broom disease with methyl methane sulfonate assistance reveals diverse metabolic changes during the infection and recovery processes. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3495. [PMID: 28690927 PMCID: PMC5497676 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Paulownia witches' broom (PaWB) disease caused by phytoplasma is a fatal disease that leads to considerable economic losses. Although there are a few reports describing studies of PaWB pathogenesis, the molecular mechanisms underlying phytoplasma pathogenicity in Paulownia trees remain uncharacterized. In this study, after building a transcriptome database containing 67,177 sequences, we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) to quantify and analyze the proteome-level changes among healthy P. fortunei (PF), PaWB-infected P. fortunei (PFI), and PaWB-infected P. fortunei treated with 20 mg L-1 or 60 mg L-1 methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) (PFI-20 and PFI-60, respectively). A total of 2,358 proteins were identified. We investigated the proteins profiles in PF vs. PFI (infected process) and PFI-20 vs. PFI-60 (recovered process), and further found that many of the MMS-response proteins mapped to "photosynthesis" and "ribosome" pathways. Based on our comparison scheme, 36 PaWB-related proteins were revealed. Among them, 32 proteins were classified into three functional groups: (1) carbohydrate and energy metabolism, (2) protein synthesis and degradation, and (3) stress resistance. We then investigated the PaWB-related proteins involved in the infected and recovered processes, and discovered that carbohydrate and energy metabolism was inhibited, and protein synthesis and degradation decreased, as the plant responded to PaWB. Our observations may be useful for characterizing the proteome-level changes that occur at different stages of PaWB disease. The data generated in this study may serve as a valuable resource for elucidating the pathogenesis of PaWB disease during phytoplasma infection and recovery stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenshan Liu
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Fan
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Zhenli Zhao
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanpeng Dong
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Minjie Deng
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yabing Cao
- Institute of Paulownia, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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30
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Kitazawa Y, Iwabuchi N, Himeno M, Sasano M, Koinuma H, Nijo T, Tomomitsu T, Yoshida T, Okano Y, Yoshikawa N, Maejima K, Oshima K, Namba S. Phytoplasma-conserved phyllogen proteins induce phyllody across the Plantae by degrading floral MADS domain proteins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2799-2811. [PMID: 28505304 PMCID: PMC5853863 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ABCE-class MADS domain transcription factors (MTFs) are key regulators of floral organ development in angiosperms. Aberrant expression of these genes can result in abnormal floral traits such as phyllody. Phyllogen is a virulence factor conserved in phytoplasmas, plant pathogenic bacteria of the class Mollicutes. It triggers phyllody in Arabidopsis thaliana by inducing degradation of A- and E-class MTFs. However, it is still unknown whether phyllogen can induce phyllody in plants other than A. thaliana, although phytoplasma-associated phyllody symptoms are observed in a broad range of angiosperms. In this study, phyllogen was shown to cause phyllody phenotypes in several eudicot species belonging to three different families. Moreover, phyllogen can interact with MTFs of not only angiosperm species including eudicots and monocots but also gymnosperms and a fern, and induce their degradation. These results suggest that phyllogen induces phyllody in angiosperms and inhibits MTF function in diverse plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Kitazawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Iwabuchi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misako Himeno
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Momoka Sasano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Koinuma
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamichi Nijo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tomomitsu
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoshida
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Okano
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka-shi, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kensaku Maejima
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenro Oshima
- Faculty of Bioscience, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigetou Namba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence:
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Zhang L, Zhang F, Melotto M, Yao J, He SY. Jasmonate signaling and manipulation by pathogens and insects. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1371-1385. [PMID: 28069779 PMCID: PMC6075518 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants synthesize jasmonates (JAs) in response to developmental cues or environmental stresses, in order to coordinate plant growth, development or defense against pathogens and herbivores. Perception of pathogen or herbivore attack promotes synthesis of jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), which binds to the COI1-JAZ receptor, triggering the degradation of JAZ repressors and induction of transcriptional reprogramming associated with plant defense. Interestingly, some virulent pathogens have evolved various strategies to manipulate JA signaling to facilitate their exploitation of plant hosts. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding the mechanism underlying the enigmatic switch between transcriptional repression and hormone-dependent transcriptional activation of JA signaling. We also discuss various strategies used by pathogens and insects to manipulate JA signaling and how interfering with this could be used as a novel means of disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, 210095, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Maeli Melotto
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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