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Wang C, Yu X, Wang J, Zhao Z, Wan J. Genetic and molecular mechanisms of reproductive isolation in the utilization of heterosis for breeding hybrid rice. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:583-593. [PMID: 38325701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor, is commonly observed in rice crosses. The hybridization of rice species or subspecies exhibits robust hybrid vigor, however, the direct harnessing of this vigor is hindered by reproductive isolation. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing reproductive isolation in inter-subspecific and inter-specific hybrids. This review encompasses the genetic model of reproductive isolation within and among Oryza sativa species, emphasizing the essential role of mitochondria in this process. Additionally, we delve into the molecular intricacies governing the interaction between mitochondria and autophagosomes, elucidating their significant contribution to reproductive isolation. Furthermore, our exploration extends to comprehending the evolutionary dynamics of reproductive isolation and speciation in rice. Building on these advances, we offer a forward-looking perspective on how to overcome the challenges of reproductive isolation and facilitate the utilization of heterosis in future hybrid rice breeding endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaolong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Jianmin Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Tezuka T, Nagai S, Matsuo C, Okamori T, Iizuka T, Marubashi W. Genetic Cause of Hybrid Lethality Observed in Reciprocal Interspecific Crosses between Nicotiana simulans and N. tabacum. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1226. [PMID: 38279225 PMCID: PMC10817076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hybrid lethality, a type of postzygotic reproductive isolation, is an obstacle to wide hybridization breeding. Here, we report the hybrid lethality that was observed in crosses between the cultivated tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum (section Nicotiana), and the wild tobacco species, Nicotiana simulans (section Suaveolentes). Reciprocal hybrid seedlings were inviable at 28 °C, and the lethality was characterized by browning of the hypocotyl and roots, suggesting that hybrid lethality is due to the interaction of nuclear genomes derived from each parental species, and not to a cytoplasmic effect. Hybrid lethality was temperature-sensitive and suppressed at 36 °C. However, when hybrid seedlings cultured at 36 °C were transferred to 28 °C, all of them showed hybrid lethality. After crossing between an N. tabacum monosomic line missing one copy of the Q chromosome and N. simulans, hybrid seedlings with or without the Q chromosome were inviable and viable, respectively. These results indicated that gene(s) on the Q chromosome are responsible for hybrid lethality and also suggested that N. simulans has the same allele at the Hybrid Lethality A1 (HLA1) locus responsible for hybrid lethality as other species in the section Suaveolentes. Haplotype analysis around the HLA1 locus suggested that there are at least six and two haplotypes containing Hla1-1 and hla1-2 alleles, respectively, in the section Suaveolentes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tezuka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan;
- Education and Research Field, School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan;
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shota Nagai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Chihiro Matsuo
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Okamori
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iizuka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Wataru Marubashi
- School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki 214-8571, Kanagawa, Japan;
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Wang Y, Xia J, Huang L, Lin Q, Cai Q, Xie H, He W, Wei Y, Xie H, Tang W, Wu W, Zhang J. Transcriptome Analyses Indicate Significant Association of Increased Non-Additive and Allele-Specific Gene Expression with Hybrid Weakness in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081278. [PMID: 36013457 PMCID: PMC9410013 DOI: 10.3390/life12081278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The heterosis in hybrid rice is highly affected by the environment and hybrid weakness occurs frequently depending on the genotypes of the hybrid and its parents. Hybrid weakness was also observed in our field experiments on nine rice hybrids produced by 3 × 3 incomplete diallel crosses. Among the nine hybrids, five displayed mid-parent heterosis (MPH) for grain yield per plant, while four showed mid-parent hybrid weakness (MPHW). A sequencing analysis of transcriptomes in panicles at the seed-filling stage revealed a significant association between enhanced non-additive gene expression (NAE) and allele-specific gene expression (ASE) with hybrid weakness. High proportions of ASE genes, with most being of mono-allele expression, were detected in the four MPHW hybrids, ranging from 22.65% to 45.97%; whereas only 4.80% to 5.69% of ASE genes were found in the five MPH hybrids. Moreover, an independence test indicated that the enhancements of NAE and ASE in the MPHW hybrids were significantly correlated. Based on the results of our study, we speculated that an unfavorable environment might cause hybrid weakness by enhancing ASE and NAE at the transcriptome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingheng Wang
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China
- National Rice Engineering Research Center of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Fujian Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Base of South China, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Jing Xia
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Likun Huang
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China
- National Rice Engineering Research Center of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Fujian Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Base of South China, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Qiuhua Cai
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China
- National Rice Engineering Research Center of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Fujian Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Base of South China, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Hongguang Xie
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China
- National Rice Engineering Research Center of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Fujian Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Base of South China, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Wei He
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China
- National Rice Engineering Research Center of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Fujian Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Base of South China, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Yidong Wei
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China
- National Rice Engineering Research Center of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Fujian Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Base of South China, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Huaan Xie
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China
- National Rice Engineering Research Center of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Fujian Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Base of South China, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Weiqi Tang
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (W.T.); (W.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Weiren Wu
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (W.T.); (W.W.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianfu Zhang
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350019, China
- National Rice Engineering Research Center of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Incubator of National Key Laboratory of Fujian Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding between Fujian and Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Base of South China, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding of Hybrid Rice for South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fuzhou Branch, National Rice Improvement Center of China, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fujian Engineering Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Rice Molecular Breeding, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou 350003, China
- Correspondence: (W.T.); (W.W.); (J.Z.)
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Than Kutay Soe, Kunieda M, Sunohara H, Inukai Y, Reyes VP, Nishiuchi S, Doi K. A Novel Combination of Genes Causing Temperature-Sensitive Hybrid Weakness in Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:908000. [PMID: 35837460 PMCID: PMC9274174 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.908000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive isolation is an obstacle for plant breeding when a distant cross is demanded. It can be divided into two main types based on different growth stages: prezygotic isolation and postzygotic isolation. The hybrid weakness, which is a type of postzygotic isolation, can become a problem in crop breeding. In order to overcome reproductive isolation, it is necessary to elucidate its mechanism. In this study, genetic analysis for low temperature-dependent hybrid weakness was conducted in a rice F2 population derived from Taichung 65 (T65, Japonica) and Lijiangxintuanheigu (LTH, Japonica). The weak and severe weak plants in F2 showed shorter culm length, late heading, reduced panicle number, decreased grain numbers per panicle, and impaired root development in the field. Our result also showed that hybrid weakness was affected by temperature. It was observed that 24°C enhanced hybrid weakness, whereas 34°C showed recovery from hybrid weakness. In terms of the morphology of embryos, no difference was observed. Therefore, hybrid weakness affects postembryonic development and is independent of embryogenesis. The genotypes of 126 F2 plants were determined through genotyping-by-sequencing and a linkage map consisting of 862 single nucleotide polymorphism markers was obtained. Two major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected on chromosomes 1 [hybrid weakness j 1 (hwj1)] and 11 [hybrid weakness j 2 (hwj2)]. Further genotyping indicated that the hybrid weakness was due to an incompatible interaction between the T65 allele of hwj1 and the LTH allele of hwj2. A large F2 populations consisting of 5,722 plants were used for fine mapping of hwj1 and hwj2. The two loci, hwj1 and hwj2, were mapped in regions of 65-kb on chromosome 1 and 145-kb on chromosome 11, respectively. For hwj1, the 65-kb region contained 11 predicted genes, while in the hwj2 region, 22 predicted genes were identified, two of which are disease resistance-related genes. The identified genes along these regions serve as preliminary information on the molecular networks associated with hybrid weakness in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Than Kutay Soe
- Laboratory of Information Sciences in Agricultural Lands, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Botany, University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Mai Kunieda
- Laboratory of Information Sciences in Agricultural Lands, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Sunohara
- Laboratory of Information Sciences in Agricultural Lands, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Environmental Control Center Co., Ltd., Hachioji, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Inukai
- International Center for Research and Education in Agriculture, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Vincent Pamugas Reyes
- Laboratory of Information Sciences in Agricultural Lands, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Nishiuchi
- Laboratory of Information Sciences in Agricultural Lands, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Doi
- Laboratory of Information Sciences in Agricultural Lands, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Tezuka T, Kitamura N, Imagawa S, Hasegawa A, Shiragaki K, He H, Yanase M, Ogata Y, Morikawa T, Yokoi S. Genetic Mapping of the HLA1 Locus Causing Hybrid Lethality in Nicotiana Interspecific Hybrids. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102062. [PMID: 34685871 PMCID: PMC8539413 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid lethality, a postzygotic mechanism of reproductive isolation, is a phenomenon that causes the death of F1 hybrid seedlings. Hybrid lethality is generally caused by the epistatic interaction of two or more loci. In the genus Nicotiana, N. debneyi has the dominant allele Hla1-1 at the HLA1 locus that causes hybrid lethality in F1 hybrid seedlings by interaction with N. tabacum allele(s). Here, we mapped the HLA1 locus using the F2 population segregating for the Hla1-1 allele derived from the interspecific cross between N. debneyi and N. fragrans. To map HLA1, several DNA markers including random amplified polymorphic DNA, amplified fragment length polymorphism, and simple sequence repeat markers, were used. Additionally, DNA markers were developed based on disease resistance gene homologs identified from the genome sequence of N. benthamiana. Linkage analysis revealed that HLA1 was located between two cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence markers Nb14-CAPS and NbRGH1-CAPS at a distance of 10.8 and 10.9 cM, respectively. The distance between these markers was equivalent to a 682 kb interval in the genome sequence of N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Tezuka
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (N.K.); (K.S.); (H.H.); (M.Y.); (Y.O.); (T.M.); (S.Y.)
- Education and Research Field, College of Life, Environment and Advanced Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Naoto Kitamura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (N.K.); (K.S.); (H.H.); (M.Y.); (Y.O.); (T.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Sae Imagawa
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (S.I.); (A.H.)
| | - Akira Hasegawa
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (S.I.); (A.H.)
| | - Kumpei Shiragaki
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (N.K.); (K.S.); (H.H.); (M.Y.); (Y.O.); (T.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Hai He
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (N.K.); (K.S.); (H.H.); (M.Y.); (Y.O.); (T.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Masanori Yanase
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (N.K.); (K.S.); (H.H.); (M.Y.); (Y.O.); (T.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Yoshiyuki Ogata
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (N.K.); (K.S.); (H.H.); (M.Y.); (Y.O.); (T.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Toshinobu Morikawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (N.K.); (K.S.); (H.H.); (M.Y.); (Y.O.); (T.M.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shuji Yokoi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan; (N.K.); (K.S.); (H.H.); (M.Y.); (Y.O.); (T.M.); (S.Y.)
- Education and Research Field, College of Life, Environment and Advanced Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
- Bioeconomy Research Institute, Research Center for the 21st Century, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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