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Petrova A, Zakharov M, Ageeva M, McKenzie R, Gorshkova T, Deyholos M, Kozlova L. A flax mutant with impaired intrusive growth of phloem and xylem fibres demonstrates constitutive gravitropic response. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 323:111399. [PMID: 35905894 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intrusive growth is a type of growth in which a cell exceeds the growth rate of its neighbours and intrudes between them, reaching a much greater length. This process provides plant fibres with their exceptional length. Fibres are the most abundant cell type in the mechanical tissues of plants. At the same time, the plant fibres are of fundamental importance for the production of textiles, paper, biocomposites, etc. Here we describe a mutant of flax (reduced fibre 1, rdf) in which intrusive growth of fibres is impaired in both phloem and xylem. In addition to the intrinsic differences in fibre length, the mutant is characterized by a constitutive gravitropic response, mechanical aberrations at the macro- and nanolevels, disruption of the cambium and uneven transition of xylem cells to secondary cell wall formation. Gelatinous cell walls in both phloem and xylem of mutant plants have disturbed structure and reduced elasticity. The existence of this mutant-control pair offers both prospects for finding the molecular players involved in triggering intrusive growth, cell wall thickening and for understanding the principles of plant mechanical tissue functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Petrova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Mikhail Zakharov
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Marina Ageeva
- Microscopy Cabinet, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Ryan McKenzie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6E 2L3, Canada.
| | - Tatyana Gorshkova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia.
| | - Michael Deyholos
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Liudmila Kozlova
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Growth Mechanisms, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia.
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Eder M, Schäffner W, Burgert I, Fratzl P. Wood and the Activity of Dead Tissue. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2001412. [PMID: 32748985 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Wood is a prototypical biological material, which adapts to mechanical requirements. The microarchitecture of cellulose fibrils determines the mechanical properties of woody materials, as well as their actuation properties, based on absorption and desorption of water. Herein it is argued that cellulose fiber orientation corresponds to an analog code that determines the response of wood to humidity as an active material. Examples for the harvesting of wood activity, as well as bioinspiration, are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Eder
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schäffner
- Institute of Cultural History and Theory, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Ingo Burgert
- ETH Zürich, Wood Materials Science, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
- Empa, Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
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Geitmann A, Niklas K, Speck T. Plant biomechanics in the 21st century. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3435-3438. [PMID: 31335955 PMCID: PMC6650134 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Geitmann
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Karl Niklas
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg, Botanic Garden of the Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Freiburg, Germany
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