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Jassey A, Jackson WT. Viruses and autophagy: bend, but don't break. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:309-321. [PMID: 38102460 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a constitutive cellular process of degradation required to maintain homeostasis and turn over spent organelles and aggregated proteins. For some viruses, the process can be antiviral, degrading viral proteins or virions themselves. For many other viruses, the induction of the autophagic process provides a benefit and promotes viral replication. In this Review, we survey the roles that the autophagic pathway plays in the replication of viruses. Most viruses that benefit from autophagic induction block autophagic degradation, which is a 'bend, but don't break' strategy initiating but limiting a potentially antiviral response. In almost all cases, it is other effects of the redirected autophagic machinery that benefit these viruses. This rapid mechanism to generate small double-membraned vesicles can be usurped to shape membranes for viral genome replication and virion maturation. However, data suggest that autophagic maintenance of cellular homeostasis is crucial for the initiation of infection, as viruses have evolved to replicate in normal, healthy cells. Inhibition of autophagic degradation is important once infection has initiated. Although true degradative autophagy is probably a negative for most viruses, initiating nondegradative autophagic membranes benefits a wide variety of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alagie Jassey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William T Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Pathogen Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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2
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Wu J, Zhang Y, Li F, Zhang X, Ye J, Wei T, Li Z, Tao X, Cui F, Wang X, Zhang L, Yan F, Li S, Liu Y, Li D, Zhou X, Li Y. Plant virology in the 21st century in China: Recent advances and future directions. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:579-622. [PMID: 37924266 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are a group of intracellular pathogens that persistently threaten global food security. Significant advances in plant virology have been achieved by Chinese scientists over the last 20 years, including basic research and technologies for preventing and controlling plant viral diseases. Here, we review these milestones and advances, including the identification of new crop-infecting viruses, dissection of pathogenic mechanisms of multiple viruses, examination of multilayered interactions among viruses, their host plants, and virus-transmitting arthropod vectors, and in-depth interrogation of plant-encoded resistance and susceptibility determinants. Notably, various plant virus-based vectors have also been successfully developed for gene function studies and target gene expression in plants. We also recommend future plant virology studies in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Ye
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Zhenghe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xianbing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Environmental Resilience and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Vector-borne Virus Research Center, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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3
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Kang Y, Lin W, Nagy PD. Subversion of selective autophagy for the biogenesis of tombusvirus replication organelles inhibits autophagy. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012085. [PMID: 38484009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Elaborate viral replication organelles (VROs) are formed to support positive-strand RNA virus replication in infected cells. VRO formation requires subversion of intracellular membranes by viral replication proteins. Here, we showed that the key ATG8f autophagy protein and NBR1 selective autophagy receptor were co-opted by Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) and the closely-related carnation Italian ringspot virus. Knockdown of ATG8f or NBR1 in plants led to reduced tombusvirus replication, suggesting pro-viral function for selective autophagy. BiFC and proximity-labeling experiments showed that the TBSV p33 replication protein interacted with ATG8f and NBR1 to recruit them to VROs. In addition, we observed that several core autophagy proteins, such as ATG1a, ATG4, ATG5, ATG101 and the plant-specific SH3P2 autophagy adaptor proteins were also re-localized to TBSV VROs, suggesting that TBSV hijacks the autophagy machinery in plant cells. We demonstrated that subversion of autophagy components facilitated the recruitment of VPS34 PI3 kinase and enrichment of phospholipids, such as phosphatidylethanolamine and PI3P phosphoinositide in the VRO membranes. Hijacking of autophagy components into TBSV VROs led to inhibition of autophagic flux. We also found that a fraction of the subverted ATG8f and NBR1 was sequestered in biomolecular condensates associated with VROs. We propose that the VRO-associated condensates trap those autophagy proteins, taking them away from the autophagy pathway. Overall, tombusviruses hijack selective autophagy to provide phospholipid-rich membranes for replication and to regulate the antiviral autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanrong Kang
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Wenwu Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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Yagyu M, Yoshimoto K. New insights into plant autophagy: molecular mechanisms and roles in development and stress responses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:1234-1251. [PMID: 37978884 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved eukaryotic intracellular degradation process. Although the molecular mechanisms of plant autophagy share similarities with those in yeast and mammals, certain unique mechanisms have been identified. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of autophagy during vegetative growth stages as well as in plant-specific developmental processes, such as seed development, germination, flowering, and somatic reprogramming. Autophagy enables plants to adapt to and manage severe environmental conditions, such as nutrient starvation, high-intensity light stress, and heat stress, leading to intracellular remodeling and physiological changes in response to stress. In the past, plant autophagy research lagged behind similar studies in yeast and mammals; however, recent advances have greatly expanded our understanding of plant-specific autophagy mechanisms and functions. This review summarizes current knowledge and latest research findings on the mechanisms and roles of plant autophagy with the objective of improving our understanding of this vital process in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mako Yagyu
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
- Life Sciences Program, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kohki Yoshimoto
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
- Life Sciences Program, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
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Liu W, Wei T, Wang X. Plant reoviruses hijack autophagy in insect vectors. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1251-1261. [PMID: 37453843 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant reoviruses, transmitted only by insect vectors, seriously threaten global cereal production. Understanding how insect vectors efficiently transmit the viruses is key to controlling the viral diseases. Autophagy commonly plays important roles in plant host defense against virus infection, but recent studies have shown that plant reoviruses can hijack the autophagy pathway in insect cells to enable their persistence in the insect and continued transmission to plants. Here, we summarize and discuss new insights on viral activation, evasion, regulation, and manipulation of autophagy within the insect vectors and the role of autophagy in virus survival in insect vectors. Deeper knowledge of the functions of autophagy in vectors may lead to novel strategies for blocking transmission of insect-borne plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Ji C, Zhou J, Yang D, Yuan B, Tang R, Liu Y, Xi D. ATG8f Interacts with Chilli Veinal Mottle Virus 6K2 Protein to Limit Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:2324. [PMID: 38140565 PMCID: PMC10747504 DOI: 10.3390/v15122324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, as a conserved protein degradation pathway in plants, has also been reported to be intricately associated with antiviral defense mechanisms. However, the relationship between chilli veinal mottle virus (ChiVMV) and autophagy has not been investigated in the existing research. Here, we reveal that ChiVMV infection caused the accumulation of autophagosomes in infected Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and the upregulation of autophagy-related genes (ATGs). Moreover, the changes in gene expression were correlated with the development of symptoms. Treatment with autophagy inhibitors (3-MA or E-64D) could increase the infection sites and facilitate virus infection, whereas treatment with the autophagy activator (Rapamycin) limited virus infection. Then, ATG8f was identified to interact with ChiVMV 6K2 protein directly in vitro and in vivo. The silencing of ATG8f promoted virus infection, whereas the overexpression of ATG8f inhibited virus infection. Furthermore, the expression of 6K2-GFP in ATG8f- or ATG7-silenced plants was significantly higher than that in control plants. Rapamycin treatment reduced the accumulation of 6K2-GFP in plant cells, whereas treatment with the inhibitor of the ubiquitin pathway (MG132), 3-MA, or E-64D displayed little impact on the accumulation of 6K2-GFP. Thus, our results demonstrated that ATG8f interacts with the ChiVMV 6K2 protein, promoting the degradation of 6K2 through the autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (C.J.)
| | - Jingya Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (C.J.)
| | - Daoyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (C.J.)
| | - Bowen Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (C.J.)
| | - Rongxia Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (C.J.)
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Dehui Xi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (C.J.)
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He H, Ge L, Li Z, Zhou X, Li F. Pepino mosaic virus antagonizes plant m 6A modification by promoting the autophagic degradation of the m 6A writer HAKAI. ABIOTECH 2023; 4:83-96. [PMID: 37581026 PMCID: PMC10423194 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-023-00097-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an active anti-viral role in plants. Increasing evidence suggests that viruses can inhibit or manipulate autophagy, thereby winning the arms race between plants and viruses. Here, we demonstrate that overexpression of an m6A writer from Solanum lycopersicum, SlHAKAI, could negatively regulate pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) infection, inhibit viral RNA and protein accumulations by affecting viral m6A levels in tomato plants and vice versa. The PepMV-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) directly interacts with SlHAKAI and reduces its protein accumulation. The RdRP-mediated decreased protein accumulation of SlHAKAI is sensitive to the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine and is compromised by knocking down a core autophagy gene. Furthermore, PepMV RdRP could interact with an essential autophagy-related protein, SlBeclin1. RdRP, SlHAKAI, and SlBeclin1 interaction complexes form bright granules in the cytoplasm. Silencing of Beclin1 in Nicotiana benthamiana plants abolishes the RdRP-mediated degradation of SlHAKAI, indicating the requirement of Beclin1 in this process. This study uncovers that the PepMV RdRP exploits the autophagy pathway by interacting with SlBeclin1 to promote the autophagic degradation of the SlHAKAI protein, thereby inhibiting the m6A modification-mediated plant defense responses. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42994-023-00097-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Linhao Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhaolei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 China
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Shen C, Wei C, Wu Y. Barley yellow dwarf Virus-GAV movement protein activating wheat TaATG6-Mediated antiviral autophagy pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 200:107771. [PMID: 37247558 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Barley yellow dwarf virus-GAV (BYDV-GAV) is a highly destructive virus that is transmitted by aphids and can cause substantial yield losses in crops such as wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and oat (Avena sativa). Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved degradation process that eliminates damaged or harmful intracellular substances during stress conditions or specific developmental processes. However, the mechanism of autophagy involved in disease resistance in wheat remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that BYDV-GAV infection could induces the upregulation of genes related to the autophagy pathway in wheat, accompanied by the production of autophagosomes. Furthermore, we confirmed the direct interaction between the viral movement protein (MP) and wheat autophagy-related gene 6 (TaATG6) both in vivo and in vitro. Through yeast function complementation experiments, we determined that TaATG6 can restore the autophagy function in a yeast mutant, atg6. Additionally, we identified the interaction between TaATG6 and TaATG8, core factors of the autophagic pathway, using the yeast two-hybrid system. TaATG6 and TaATG8-silenced wheat plants exhibited a high viral content. Overall, our findings suggest that wheat can recognize BYDV-GAV infection and activate the MP-TaATG6-TaATG8 regulatory network of defense responses through the induction of the autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Shen
- Shaannan Eco-economy Research Center, Ankang University, 725000, Ankang, China.
| | - Caiyan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, China
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 712100, Yangling, China
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Cao B, Ge L, Zhang M, Li F, Zhou X. Geminiviral C2 proteins inhibit active autophagy to facilitate virus infection by impairing the interaction of ATG7 and ATG8. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:1328-1343. [PMID: 36639894 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved intracellular degradation process that plays an active role in plant response to virus infections. Here we report that geminiviruses counteract activated autophagy-mediated antiviral defense in plant cells through the C2 proteins they encode. We found that, in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus (TLCYnV) infection upregulated the transcription levels of autophagy-related genes (ATGs). Overexpression of NbATG5, NbATG7, or NbATG8a in N. benthamiana plants decreased TLCYnV accumulation and attenuated viral symptoms. Interestingly, transgenic overexpression of NbATG7 promoted the growth of N. benthamiana plants and enhanced plant resistance to TLCYnV. We further revealed that the C2 protein encoded by TLCYnV directly interacted with the ubiquitin-activating domain of ATG7. This interaction competitively disrupted the ATG7-ATG8 binding in N. benthamiana and Solanum lycopersicum plants, thereby inhibiting autophagy activity. Furthermore, we uncovered that the C2-mediated autophagy inhibition mechanism was conserved in three other geminiviruses. In summary, we discovered a novel counter-defensive strategy employed by geminiviruses that enlists their C2 proteins as disrupters of ATG7-ATG8 interactions to defeat antiviral autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buwei Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Linhao Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Zhang X, Wan Q, Rui P, Lu Y, Sun Z, Chen J, Wang Y, Yan F. Rice stripe virus p2 protein interacts with ATG5 and is targeted for degradation by autophagy. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1191403. [PMID: 37187544 PMCID: PMC10175675 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1191403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy can be induced by viral infection and plays antiviral roles in plants, but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. In our previous reports, we have demonstrated that the plant ATG5 plays an essential role in activating autophagy in rice stripe virus (RSV)-infected plants. We also showed that eIF4A, a negative factor of autophagy, interacts with and inhibits ATG5. We here found that RSV p2 protein interacts with ATG5 and can be targeted by autophagy for degradation. Expression of p2 protein induced autophagy and p2 protein was shown to interfere with the interaction between ATG5 and eIF4A, while eIF4A had no effect on the interaction between ATG5 and p2. These results indicate an additional information on the induction of autophagy in RSV-infected plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Zhang
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qionglian Wan
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Penghuan Rui
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zongtao Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Jianping Chen,
| | - Yunyue Wang
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Yunyue Wang,
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of MARA and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Yan,
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Qing Z, Ahmad S, Chen Y, Liang Q, Zhang L, Chen B, Wen R. P3/P3N-PIPO of PVY interacting with BI-1 inhibits the degradation of NIb by ATG6 to facilitate virus replication in N. benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1183144. [PMID: 37139112 PMCID: PMC10149851 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1183144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Autophagy not only plays an antiviral role but also can be utilized by viruses to facilitate virus infection. However, the underlying mechanism of potato virus Y (PVY) infection against plant autophagy remains unclear. BI-1, localizing to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is a multifunctional protein and may affect the virus infection. Methods In this study, Y2H, BiFC, qRT-PCR, RNA-Seq, WB and so on were used for research. Results P3 and P3N-PIPO of PVY can interact with the Bax inhibitor 1 (BI-1) of N. benthamiana. However, BI-1 knockout mutant showed better growth and development ability. In addition, when the BI-1 gene was knocked out or knocked down in N. benthamiana, the PVY-infected mutant showed milder symptoms and lower virus accumulation. Analysis of transcriptome data showed that the deletion of NbBI-1 weakened the gene expression regulation induced by PVY infection and NbBI-1 may reduce the mRNA level of NbATG6 by regulated IRE1-dependent decay (RIDD) in PVY-infected N. benthamiana. The expression level of the ATG6 gene of PVY-infected WT was significantly down-regulated, relative to the PVY-infected mutant. Further results showed that ATG6 of N. benthamiana can degrade NIb, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of PVY. NbATG6 has a higher mRNA level in PVY-infected BI-1 knockout mutants than in PVY-infected WT. Conclussion The interaction of P3 and/or P3N-PIPO of PVY with BI-1 decrease the expression of the ATG6 gene might be mediated by RIDD, which inhibits the degradation of viral NIb and enhances viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qing
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuemeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qingmin Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Baoshan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Ronghui Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Ronghui Wen,
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12
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Sharma I, Kirti PB, Pati PK. Autophagy: a game changer for plant development and crop improvement. PLANTA 2022; 256:103. [PMID: 36307739 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of autophagic pathway represents a tremendous opportunity for designing climate-smart crops with improved yield and better adaptability to changing environment. For exploiting autophagy to its full potential, identification and comprehensive characterization of adapters/receptor complex and elucidation of its regulatory network in crop plants is highly warranted. Autophagy is a major intracellular trafficking pathway in eukaryotes involved in vacuolar degradation of cytoplasmic constituents, mis-folded proteins, and defective organelles. Under optimum conditions, autophagy operates at a basal level to maintain cellular homeostasis, but under stressed conditions, it is induced further to provide temporal stress relief. Our understanding of this highly dynamic process has evolved exponentially in the past few years with special reference to several plant-specific roles of autophagy. Here, we review the most recent advances in the field of autophagy in plants and discuss its potential implications in designing crops with improved stress and disease-tolerance, enhanced yield potential, and improved capabilities for producing metabolites of high economic value. We also assess the current knowledge gaps and the possible strategies to develop a robust module for biotechnological application of autophagy to enhance bioeconomy and sustainability of agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Sharma
- AgriBiotech Foundation, PJTS Agriculture University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500032, India.
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, 502324, Patancheru, Telangana, India.
| | | | - Pratap Kumar Pati
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 140301, India
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13
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Autophagy in the Lifetime of Plants: From Seed to Seed. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911410. [PMID: 36232711 PMCID: PMC9570326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved self-degradation mechanism in eukaryotes. Excess or harmful intracellular content can be encapsulated by double-membrane autophagic vacuoles and transferred to vacuoles for degradation in plants. Current research shows three types of autophagy in plants, with macroautophagy being the most important autophagic degradation pathway. Until now, more than 40 autophagy-related (ATG) proteins have been identified in plants that are involved in macroautophagy, and these proteins play an important role in plant growth regulation and stress responses. In this review, we mainly introduce the research progress of autophagy in plant vegetative growth (roots and leaves), reproductive growth (pollen), and resistance to biotic (viruses, bacteria, and fungi) and abiotic stresses (nutrients, drought, salt, cold, and heat stress), and we discuss the application direction of plant autophagy in the future.
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14
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Huang Y, Chen I, Kao Y, Hsu Y, Tsai C. The gibberellic acid derived from the plastidial MEP pathway is involved in the accumulation of Bamboo mosaic virus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1543-1557. [PMID: 35524450 PMCID: PMC9543464 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A gene upregulated in Nicotiana benthamiana after Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) infection was revealed as 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (NbDXR). DXR is the key enzyme in the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway that catalyzes the conversion of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate to 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate. Knockdown and overexpression of NbDXR followed by BaMV inoculation revealed that NbDXR is involved in BaMV accumulation. Treating leaves with fosmidomycin, an inhibitor of DXR function, reduced BaMV accumulation. Subcellular localization confirmed that DXR is a chloroplast-localized protein by confocal microscopy. Furthermore, knockdown of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate reductase, one of the enzymes in the MEP pathway, also reduced BaMV accumulation. The accumulation of BaMV increased significantly in protoplasts treated with isopentenyl pyrophosphate. Thus, the metabolites of the MEP pathway could be involved in BaMV infection. To identify the critical components involved in BaMV accumulation, we knocked down the crucial enzyme of isoprenoid synthesis, NbGGPPS11 or NbGGPPS2. Only NbGGPPS2 was involved in BaMV infection. The geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) synthesized by NbGGPPS2 is known for gibberellin synthesis. We confirmed this result by supplying gibberellic acid exogenously on leaves, which increased BaMV accumulation. The de novo synthesis of gibberellic acid could assist BaMV accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Ping Huang
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - I‐Hsuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Shun Kao
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - Yau‐Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
- Advaced Plant Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - Ching‐Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
- Advaced Plant Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
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15
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Niu E, Ye C, Zhao W, Kondo H, Wu Y, Chen J, Andika IB, Sun L. Coat protein of Chinese wheat mosaic virus upregulates and interacts with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a negative regulator of plant autophagy, to promote virus infection. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1631-1645. [PMID: 35713231 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation mechanism involved in antiviral defense, but the strategies employed by plant viruses to counteract autophagy-related defense remain unknown for the majority of the viruses. Herein, we describe how the Chinese wheat mosaic virus (CWMV, genus Furovirus) interferes with autophagy and enhances its infection in Nicotiana benthamiana. Yeast two-hybrid screening and in vivo/in vitro assays revealed that the 19 kDa coat protein (CP19K) of CWMV interacts with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPCs), negative regulators of autophagy, which bind autophagy-related protein 3 (ATG3), a key factor in autophagy. CP19K also directly interacts with ATG3, possibly leading to the formation of a CP19K-GAPC-ATG3 complex. CP19K-GAPC interaction appeared to intensify CP19K-ATG3 binding. Moreover, CP19K expression upregulated GAPC gene transcripts and reduced autophagic activities. Accordingly, the silencing of GAPC genes in transgenic N. benthamiana reduced CWMV accumulation, whereas CP19K overexpression enhanced it. Overall, our results suggest that CWMV CP19K interferes with autophagy through the promotion and utilization of the GAPC role as a negative regulator of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbo Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xi'an, 712100, China
| | - Chaozheng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xi'an, 712100, China
| | - Wanying Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xi'an, 712100, China
| | - Hideki Kondo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xi'an, 712100, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Ida Bagus Andika
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xi'an, 712100, China
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
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16
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Prasad A, Prasad M. Interaction of ToLCNDV TrAP with SlATG8f marks it susceptible to degradation by autophagy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:241. [PMID: 35428912 PMCID: PMC11072827 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) is a devastating plant pathogen which causes significant losses in tomato yield. According to previous reports, proteins of geminiviruses like βC1 of Cotton leaf curl Multan virus and C1 of Tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus are degraded by the autophagy pathway. There are no reports on the role of autophagy in ToLCNDV pathogenesis. In this study, we have shown that SlATG8f interacts with the ToLCNDV Transcription activator protein (TrAP; AC2) to mediate its degradation by the autophagy pathway. Silencing of SlATG8f in a ToLCNDV tolerant tomato cultivar; H-88-78-1 resulted in enhanced viral symptoms and ToLCNDV accumulation suggesting an anti-viral role for SlATG8f against ToLCNDV. TrAP is a nucleus localized protein, but it interacts with SlATG8f in and outside the nucleus indicating its nuclear export. This export might be mediated by Exportin1 as treatment with Exportin1 inhibitor inhibits TrAP export outside the nucleus. ToLCNDV TrAP is known to possess host RNA silencing suppression (RSS) activity. Degradation of TrAP results in the attenuation of its RSS activity. To the best of our knowledge, we have shown for the first time that SlATG8f-TrAP interaction leads to TrAP degradation providing defence against ToLCNDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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17
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Yang M, Liu Y. Autophagy in plant viral infection. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2152-2162. [PMID: 35404481 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved degradation pathway that delivers dysfunctional cellular organelles or other cytosol components to degradative vesicular structures (vacuoles in plants and yeasts, lysosomes in mammals) for degradation and recycling. Viruses are intracellular parasites that hijack their host to live. Research on regulation of the trade-off between plant cells and viruses has indicated that autophagy is an integral part of the host responses to virus infection. Meanwhile, plants have evolved a diverse array of defense responses to counter pathogenic viruses. In this review, we focus on the roles of autophagy in plant virus infection and offer a glimpse of recent advances about how plant viruses evade autophagy or manipulate host autophagy pathways to complete their replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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Niu E, Liu H, Zhou H, Luo L, Wu Y, Andika IB, Sun L. Autophagy Inhibits Intercellular Transport of Citrus Leaf Blotch Virus by Targeting Viral Movement Protein. Viruses 2021; 13:2189. [PMID: 34834995 PMCID: PMC8619118 DOI: 10.3390/v13112189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular-degradation mechanism implicated in antiviral defense in plants. Studies have shown that autophagy suppresses virus accumulation in cells; however, it has not been reported to specifically inhibit viral spread in plants. This study demonstrated that infection with citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV; genus Citrivirus, family Betaflexiviridae) activated autophagy in Nicotiana benthamiana plants as indicated by the increase of autophagosome formation. Impairment of autophagy through silencing of N. benthamiana autophagy-related gene 5 (NbATG5) and NbATG7 enhanced cell-to-cell and systemic movement of CLBV; however, it did not affect CLBV accumulation when the systemic infection had been fully established. Treatment using an autophagy inhibitor or silencing of NbATG5 and NbATG7 revealed that transiently expressed movement protein (MP), but not coat protein, of CLBV was targeted by selective autophagy for degradation. Moreover, we identified that CLBV MP directly interacted with NbATG8C1 and NbATG8i, the isoforms of autophagy-related protein 8 (ATG8), which are key factors that usually bind cargo receptors for selective autophagy. Our results present a novel example in which autophagy specifically targets a viral MP to limit the intercellular spread of the virus in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erbo Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (E.N.); (H.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Modern Agriculture and Biotechnology, Ankang University, Ankang 725000, China;
| | - Hongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (E.N.); (H.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Lian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (E.N.); (H.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Yunfeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (E.N.); (H.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Ida Bagus Andika
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Liying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (E.N.); (H.Z.); (L.L.)
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19
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Zhang X, Yin Y, Su Y, Jia Z, Jiang L, Lu Y, Zheng H, Peng J, Rao S, Wu G, Chen J, Yan F. eIF4A, a target of siRNA derived from rice stripe virus, negatively regulates antiviral autophagy by interacting with ATG5 in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009963. [PMID: 34587220 PMCID: PMC8504976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is induced by viral infection and has antiviral functions in plants, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. We previously identified a viral small interfering RNA (vsiRNA) derived from rice stripe virus (RSV) RNA4 that contributes to the leaf-twisting and stunting symptoms caused by this virus by targeting the host eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) mRNA for silencing. In addition, autophagy plays antiviral roles by degrading RSV p3 protein, a suppressor of RNA silencing. Here, we demonstrate that eIF4A acts as a negative regulator of autophagy in Nicotiana benthamiana. Silencing of NbeIF4A activated autophagy and inhibited RSV infection by facilitating autophagic degradation of p3. Further analysis showed that NbeIF4A interacts with NbATG5 and interferes with its interaction with ATG12. Overexpression of NbeIF4A suppressed NbATG5-activated autophagy. Moreover, expression of vsiRNA-4A, which targets NbeIF4A mRNA for cleavage, induced autophagy by silencing NbeIF4A. Finally, we demonstrate that eIF4A from rice, the natural host of RSV, also interacts with OsATG5 and suppresses OsATG5-activated autophagy, pointing to the conserved function of eIF4A as a negative regulator of antiviral autophagy. Taken together, these results reveal that eIF4A negatively regulates antiviral autophagy by interacting with ATG5 and that its mRNA is recognized by a virus-derived siRNA, resulting in its silencing, which induces autophagy against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yueyan Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yunhe Su
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhaoxing Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Liangliang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuwen Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Hongying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiejun Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shaofei Rao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Guanwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Plant Protection College, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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20
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Zhou T, Zhang M, Gong P, Li F, Zhou X. Selective autophagic receptor NbNBR1 prevents NbRFP1-mediated UPS-dependent degradation of βC1 to promote geminivirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009956. [PMID: 34570833 PMCID: PMC8496818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved, lysosomal/vacuolar degradation mechanism that targets cell organelles and macromolecules. Autophagy and autophagy-related genes have been studied for their antiviral and pro-viral roles in virus-infected plants. Here, we demonstrate the pro-viral role of a selective autophagic receptor NbNBR1 in geminivirus-infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants. The βC1 protein encoded by tomato yellow leaf curl China betasatellite (TYLCCNB) that is associated with tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) enhanced the expression level of NbNBR1. Then NbNBR1 interacted with βC1 to form cytoplasmic granules. Interaction of NbNBR1 with βC1 could prevent degradation of βC1 by the NbRFP1, an E3 ligase. Overexpression of NbNBR1 in N. benthamiana plants increased βC1 accumulation and promoted virus infection. In contrast, silencing or knocking out NbNBR1 expression in N. benthamiana suppressed βC1 accumulation and inhibited virus infection. A single amino acid substitution in βC1 (βC1K4A) abolished its interaction with NbNBR1, leading to a reduced level of βC1K4A. The TYLCCNV/TYLCCNBK4A mutant virus caused milder disease symptoms and accumulated much less viral genomic DNAs in the infected plants. Collectively, the results presented here show how a viral satellite-encoded protein hijacks host autophagic receptor NbNBR1 to form cytoplasmic granules to protect itself from NbRFP1-mediated degradation and facilitate viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Li C, Xu Y, Fu S, Liu Y, Li Z, Zhang T, Wu J, Zhou X. The unfolded protein response plays dual roles in rice stripe virus infection through fine-tuning the movement protein accumulation. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009370. [PMID: 33662041 PMCID: PMC8075255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The movement of plant viruses is a complex process that requires support by the virus-encoded movement protein and multiple host factors. The unfolded protein response (UPR) plays important roles in plant virus infection, while how UPR regulates viral infection remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that rice stripe virus (RSV) elicits the UPR in Nicotiana benthamiana. The RSV-induced UPR activates the host autophagy pathway by which the RSV-encoded movement protein, NSvc4, is targeted for autophagic degradation. As a counteract, we revealed that NSvc4 hijacks UPR-activated type-I J-domain proteins, NbMIP1s, to protect itself from autophagic degradation. Unexpectedly, we found NbMIP1 stabilizes NSvc4 in a non-canonical HSP70-independent manner. Silencing NbMIP1 family genes in N. benthamiana, delays RSV infection, while over-expressing NbMIP1.4b promotes viral cell-to-cell movement. Moreover, OsDjA5, the homologue of NbMIP1 family in rice, behaves in a similar manner toward facilitating RSV infection. This study exemplifies an arms race between RSV and the host plant, and reveals the dual roles of the UPR in RSV infection though fine-tuning the accumulation of viral movement protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongdi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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22
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Yang L, Xing W, Xiao WZ, Tang L, Wang L, Liu MJ, Dai B. 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2- O-beta-d-glucoside induces autophagy-mediated apoptosis in hepatocytes by upregulating miR-122 and inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: implications for its hepatotoxicity. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2020; 58:806-814. [PMID: 32881597 PMCID: PMC8641687 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1803367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The potential hepatotoxicity of Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) has attracted much attention, but the specific mechanism of inducing hepatotoxicity is still unclear due to the complexity of its components. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the specific mechanism by which 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (TSG) regulates hepatotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The toxic effects of TSG (10, 100, 1000 μg/mL) on WRL-68 cells were examined using MTT, flow cytometry, and LDH assay after 24 h of incubation. Untreated cells served as the control. Gene and protein expression levels were determined by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. Immunofluorescence analysis was conducted to investigate the expression of light chain 3 (LC3). Luciferase activity assay was used to assess the targeted regulation of RUNX1 by miR-122. RESULTS The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TSG in WRL-68 cells was calculated as 1198.62 μg/mL. TSG (1000 μg/mL) inhibited cell viability and LDH activity and promoted WRL-68 cell apoptosis by inducing autophagy. Subsequent findings showed that TSG induced autophagy and promoted apoptosis in WRL-68 cells by downregulating the levels of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-mTOR proteins, while RUNX1 overexpression rescued this inhibition. Additionally, the effect of TSG on hepatocyte apoptosis was reversed by miR-122 knockdown. Furthermore, bioinformatics and dual luciferase reporter assay results indicated that miR-122 targeted RUNX1. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate for the first time that TSG regulates hepatotoxicity, possibly by upregulating miR-122 and inhibiting the RUNX1-mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to promote autophagy and induce hepatocyte apoptosis. Further in vivo research is necessary to verify our conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Department of Preparations, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xing
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Wang-Zhong Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Lin Tang
- Department of Preparations, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Preparations, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Jiao Liu
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Bing Dai
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
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23
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Jiao Y, An M, Li X, Yu M, Zhao X, Xia Z, Wu Y. Transcriptomic and functional analyses reveal an antiviral role of autophagy during pepper mild mottle virus infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:495. [PMID: 33121441 PMCID: PMC7596970 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is a member in the genus Tobamovirus and infects mainly solanaceous plants. However, the mechanism of virus-host interactions remains unclear. To explore the responses of pepper plants to PMMoV infection, we analyzed the transcriptomic changes in pepper plants after PMMoV infection using a high-throughput RNA sequencing approach and explored the roles of host autophagy in regulating PMMoV infection. RESULTS A total of 197 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained after PMMoV infection, including 172 significantly up-regulated genes and 25 down-regulated genes. The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses revealed that most up-regulated DEGs were involved in plant abiotic and biotic stresses. Further analyses showed the expressions of multiple autophagy-related genes (ATGs) were increased after PMMoV infection in pepper and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Through confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, we have found that PMMoV infection in plant can induce autophagy, evidenced by the increased number of GFP-ATG8a fluorescent punctate and the appearance of double membrane autophagic structures in cells of N. benthamiana. Additionally, inhibition of autophagy significantly increased PMMoV RNA accumulation and aggravated systemic PMMoV symptoms through autophagy inhibitor (3-MA and E64d) treatment and silencing of NbATG expressions by a Tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing assays. These results indicated that autophagy played a positive role in plant resistance to PMMoV infection. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results provide a transcriptomic insight into pepper responding to PMMoV infection and reveal that autophagy induced by PMMoV infection has an antiviral role in regulating PMMoV infection. These results also help us to better understand the mechanism controlling PMMoV infection in plants and to develop better strategies for breeding projects for virus-resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Jiao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Mengnan An
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- General Station of Forest and Grassland Pest and Diseases Control, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Man Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Xiuxiang Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Zihao Xia
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China.
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24
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Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved vacuole/lysosome-mediated degradation pathway for clearing and recycling cellular components including cytosol, macromolecules, and dysfunctional organelles. In recent years, autophagy has emerged to play important roles in plant-pathogen interactions. It acts as an antiviral defense mechanism in plants. Moreover, increasing evidence shows that plant viruses can manipulate, hijack, or even exploit the autophagy pathway to promote pathogenesis, demonstrating the pivotal role of autophagy in the evolutionary arms race between hosts and viruses. In this review, we discuss recent findings about the antiviral and proviral roles of autophagy in plant-virus interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Asigul Ismayil
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
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25
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Hyodo K, Okuno T. Hijacking of host cellular components as proviral factors by plant-infecting viruses. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:37-86. [PMID: 32711734 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses are important pathogens that cause serious crop losses worldwide. They are obligate intracellular parasites that commandeer a wide array of proteins, as well as metabolic resources, from infected host cells. In the past two decades, our knowledge of plant-virus interactions at the molecular level has exploded, which provides insights into how plant-infecting viruses co-opt host cellular machineries to accomplish their infection. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how plant viruses divert cellular components from their original roles to proviral functions. One emerging theme is that plant viruses have versatile strategies that integrate a host factor that is normally engaged in plant defense against invading pathogens into a viral protein complex that facilitates viral infection. We also highlight viral manipulation of cellular key regulatory systems for successful virus infection: posttranslational protein modifications for fine control of viral and cellular protein dynamics; glycolysis and fermentation pathways to usurp host resources, and ion homeostasis to create a cellular environment that is beneficial for viral genome replication. A deeper understanding of viral-infection strategies will pave the way for the development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Hyodo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Tetsuro Okuno
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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26
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Huang X, Chen S, Yang X, Yang X, Zhang T, Zhou G. Friend or Enemy: A Dual Role of Autophagy in Plant Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:736. [PMID: 32373106 PMCID: PMC7186577 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a primary protective process that involves removing damaged organelles or dysfunctional proteins in eukaryotes. The autophagy pathway not only maintains cellular homeostasis, but also modulates the host's cellular response to pathogen infection. Several studies proved that autophagy plays a dominant role in plant fitness and immunity. As intracellular parasites, the replication and spread of viruses entirely rely upon the molecular machinery of the host cell, including the autophagy process. Plant viruses severely affect crop yields and quality. During infection, complex interactions occur between viral proteins and host factors in relation to plant defense and virus counter-defense. An increasing number of studies demonstrated that plants use autophagy to eliminate and inhibit viruses; some viruses were shown to manipulate the process of autophagy to promote their own replication and survival in plant cells. In this review, we summarize recent advances in plant autophagy, with an emphasis on the role of autophagy in plant virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siping Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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27
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Li F, Zhang M, Zhang C, Zhou X. Nuclear autophagy degrades a geminivirus nuclear protein to restrict viral infection in solanaceous plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1746-1761. [PMID: 31621924 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved degradation pathway in the cytoplasm and has emerged as a key defense mechanism against invading pathogens. However, there is no evidence showing nuclear autophagy in plants. Here, we show that a geminivirus nuclear protein, C1 of tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus (TLCYnV) induces autophagy and interacts directly with the core autophagy-related protein ATG8h. The interaction between ATG8h and C1 leads to the translocation of the C1 protein from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and the decreased protein accumulation of C1, which is dependent on the exportin1-mediated nuclear export pathway. The degradation of C1 is blocked by autophagy inhibitors and compromised when the autophagy-related genes (ATGs) ATG8h, ATG5, or ATG7 are knocked down. Similarly, silencing of these ATGs also promotes TLCYnV infection in Nicotiana benthamiana and Solanum lycopersicum plants. The mutation of a potential ATG8 interacting motif (AIM) in C1 abolishes its interaction with ATG8h in the cytoplasm but favors its interaction with Fibrillarin1 in the nucleolus. TLCYnV carrying the AIM mutation displays enhanced pathogenicity in solanaceous plants. Taken together, these data suggest that a new type of nuclear autophagy-mediated degradation of viral proteins through an exportin1-dependent nuclear export pathway restricts virus infection in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Changwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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