1
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Ji YZ, Jia LL, Liu SR. Inflammation and epigenetics of sporotrichosis disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 154:193-198. [PMID: 36990829 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis, a fungal disease, is caused by exposure to soil that harbors Sporothrix schenckii or through inhalation of fungal spores. Skin is the most frequently exposed organ making sporotrichosis a primarily dermal disease. Many described reports in the literature suggest a connection of sporotrichosis with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with some connection between initial sporotrichosis diagnosis and treatment followed by development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma at the very site. Conversely, there is also evidence for sporotrichosis subsequent to skin cancer diagnosis, even after cancer chemotherapy, which points towards weakening of immune response by cancer chemotherapy leading to attack and infection by Sporothrix schenckii. We also propose and focus on inflammation as the connection between sporotrichosis, cancer and even the metastatic spread of cancer. Inflammation-associated IL-6, IFN-γ, natural killer cells and M2-macrophages possibly mechanistically link sporotrichosis with cancer, particularly cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. These inflammation related factors/cells are regulated epigenetically raising the possibility of epigenetic regulation of sporotrichosis, which has not been described yet in the available literature. Clinical management of inflammation may thus be effective strategy not just against sporotrichosis but also the related onset of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and possibly its metastasis to lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhi Ji
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li-Li Jia
- Department of Dermatology, FAW General Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Shi-Rui Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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2
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Lin P, Zhang J, Xie G, Li J, Guo C, Lin H, Zhang Y. Innate Immune Responses to Sporothrix schenckii: Recognition and Elimination. Mycopathologia 2022; 188:71-86. [PMID: 36329281 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii (S. schenckii), a ubiquitous thermally dimorphic fungus, is the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, affecting immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Despite current antifungal regimens, sporotrichosis results in prolonged treatment and significant mortality rates in the immunosuppressed population. The innate immune system forms the host's first and primary line of defense against S. schenckii, which has a bi-layered cell wall structure. Many components act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in pathogen-host interactions. PAMPs are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors, and complement receptors, triggering innate immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells to phagocytize or produce mediators, contributing to S. schenckii elimination. The ultrastructure of S. schenckii and pathogen-host interactions, including PRRs and innate immune cells, are summarized in this review, promoting a better understanding of the innate immune response to S. schenckii and aiding in the development of protective and therapeutic strategies to combat sporotrichosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Guinan Xie
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Junchen Li
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenqi Guo
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Haiyue Lin
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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3
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Zhao SN, Qi RQ, Gao XH, Chen HD. Sporothrix schenckii regulates macrophage inflammatory responses via the c-JUN-induced Dab2 transcription. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1330-1340. [PMID: 35441732 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages, which serve as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, play an important role in sporotrichosis. Sporothrix schenckii infections can produce immune responses such as macrophage polarization and inflammatory factor secretion. In the early stages of inflammation, the expression of DAB2 in macrophages is increased, which controls the secretion of inflammatory factors and affects the polarization of macrophages. However, the expressions and mechanisms of DAB2 in sporotrichosis are not clear. In this study, we examined the expression of DAB2 and its regulation of inflammatory factors under conditions of Sporothrix schenckii infection. Our results indicated that the Sporothrix schenckii infection increased the expression of DAB2 and revealed a mixed M1/M2-like type of gene expression in BMDMs with the inhibited Il6, Il1β and Arg1, and induced Tnfα, Il10 and Mgl1. The deficiency of Dab2 gene suspended the changes of cytokines. In addition, JNK activity in BMDMs was inhibited by Sporothrix schenckii infection, leading to an increase in c-JUN. We also identified c-JUN as a transcription factor for Dab2 through chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays. In an in vivo mouse model, sporotrichosis induced skin lesions were accompanied with an upregulation of c-JUN and inhibition of JNK activity, which were in accord with findings from in vitro experiments. Taken together, these findings indicate that in the early stages of Sporothrix schenckii infection there is a promotion of DAB2 expression through the JNK/c-JUN pathway, effects which can then control the expression of inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Immunodermatoloigcal Theranostics, Shenyang, China
| | - R Q Qi
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Immunodermatoloigcal Theranostics, Shenyang, China
| | - X H Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Immunodermatoloigcal Theranostics, Shenyang, China
| | - H D Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Immunodermatoloigcal Theranostics, Shenyang, China
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4
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Vargas-Macías AP, Gómez-Gaviria M, García-Carnero LC, Mora-Montes HM. Current Models to Study the Sporothrix-Host Interaction. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2022; 3:833111. [PMID: 37746241 PMCID: PMC10512367 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.833111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a worldwide distributed subcutaneous mycosis that affects mammals, including human beings. The infection is caused by members of the Sporothrix pathogenic clade, which includes Sporothrix schenckii, Sporothrix brasiliensis, and Sporothrix globosa. The fungus can be acquired through traumatic inoculation of conidia growing in vegetal debris or by zoonotic transmission from sick animals. Although is not considered a life-threatening disease, it is an emergent health problem that affects mostly immunocompromised patients. The sporotrichosis causative agents differ in their virulence, host range, and sensitivity to antifungal drugs; therefore, it is relevant to understand the molecular bases of their pathogenesis, interaction with immune effectors, and mechanisms to acquired resistance to antifungal compounds. Murine models are considered the gold standard to address these questions; however, some alternative hosts offer numerous advantages over mammalian models, such as invertebrates like Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor, or ex vivo models, which are useful tools to approach questions beyond virulence, without the ethical or budgetary features associated with the use of animal models. In this review, we analyze the different models currently used to study the host-Sporothrix interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Héctor M. Mora-Montes
- División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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5
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Do Mast Cells Contribute to the Antifungal Host Defense? Cells 2021; 10:cells10102510. [PMID: 34685489 PMCID: PMC8534142 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungal kingdom includes a group of microorganisms that are widely distributed in the environment, and therefore the exposure to them is almost constant. Furthermore, fungal components of the microbiome, i.e., mycobiome, could serve as a reservoir of potentially opportunistic pathogens. Despite close encounters with fungi, defense mechanisms that develop during fungal infections remain unexplored. The strategic location of mast cells (MCs) close to the external environment places them among the first cells to encounter pathogens along with the other innate immune cells. MCs are directly involved in the host defense through the ability to destroy pathogens or indirectly by activating other immune cells. Most available data present MCs’ involvement in antibacterial, antiviral, or antiparasitic defense mechanisms. However, less is known about their contribution in defense mechanisms against fungi. MCs may support immune responses to fungi or their specific molecules through initiated degranulation, synthesis and release of cytokines, chemokines, mediators, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as immune cells’ recruitment, phagocytosis, or provision of extracellular DNA traps. This review summarizes current knowledge on host defense mechanisms against fungi and MCs’ involvement in those processes. It also describes the effects of fungi or fungus-derived constituents on MCs’ activity.
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Jiménez M, Cervantes-García D, Córdova-Dávalos LE, Pérez-Rodríguez MJ, Gonzalez-Espinosa C, Salinas E. Responses of Mast Cells to Pathogens: Beneficial and Detrimental Roles. Front Immunol 2021; 12:685865. [PMID: 34211473 PMCID: PMC8240065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.685865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are strategically located in tissues close to the external environment, being one of the first immune cells to interact with invading pathogens. They are long living effector cells equipped with different receptors that allow microbial recognition. Once activated, MCs release numerous biologically active mediators in the site of pathogen contact, which induce vascular endothelium modification, inflammation development and extracellular matrix remodeling. Efficient and direct antimicrobial mechanisms of MCs involve phagocytosis with oxidative and non-oxidative microbial destruction, extracellular trap formation, and the release of antimicrobial substances. MCs also contribute to host defense through the attraction and activation of phagocytic and inflammatory cells, shaping the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, as part of their response to pathogens and under an impaired, sustained, or systemic activation, MCs may contribute to tissue damage. This review will focus on the current knowledge about direct and indirect contribution of MCs to pathogen clearance. Antimicrobial mechanisms of MCs are addressed with special attention to signaling pathways involved and molecular weapons implicated. The role of MCs in a dysregulated host response that can increase morbidity and mortality is also reviewed and discussed, highlighting the complexity of MCs biology in the context of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Jiménez
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico.,Cátedras CONACYT, National Council of Science and Technology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura E Córdova-Dávalos
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Marian Jesabel Pérez-Rodríguez
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Unidad Sede Sur, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Gonzalez-Espinosa
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Unidad Sede Sur, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eva Salinas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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7
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Yu M, Song XT, Liu B, Luan TT, Liao SL, Zhao ZT. The Emerging Role of Mast Cells in Response to Fungal Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688659. [PMID: 34149729 PMCID: PMC8209461 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) have been considered as the core effector cells of allergic diseases. However, there are evidence suggesting that MCs are involved in the mechanisms of fungal infection. MCs are mostly located in the border between host and environment and thus may have easy contact with the external environmental pathogens. These cells express receptors which can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as Toll-like receptors (TLR2/4) and C-type Lectins receptors (Dectin-1/2). Currently, more and more data indicate that MCs can be interacted with some fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Sporothrix schenckii). It is demonstrated that MCs can enhance immunity through triggered degranulation, secretion of cytokines and chemokines, neutrophil recruitment, or provision of extracellular DNA traps in response to the stimulation by fungi. In contrast, the involvement of MCs in some immune responses may lead to more severe symptoms, such as intestinal barrier function loss, development of allergic bronchial pulmonary aspergillosis and increased area of inflammatory in S. schenckii infection. This suggests that MCs and their relevant signaling pathways are potential treatment regimens to prevent the clinically unwanted consequences. However, it is not yet possible to make definitive statements about the role of MCs during fungal infection and/or pathomechanisms of fungal diseases. In our article, we aim to review the function of MCs in fungal infections from molecular mechanism to signaling pathways, and illustrate the role of MCs in some common host-fungi interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
- Peking University School of Nursing, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-ting Song
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-ting Luan
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
- Peking University School of Nursing, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang-lu Liao
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zuo-tao Zhao
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zuo-tao Zhao,
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8
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Development of Nano-Antifungal Therapy for Systemic and Endemic Mycoses. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020158. [PMID: 33672224 PMCID: PMC7926374 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal mycoses have become an important health and environmental concern due to the numerous deleterious side effects on the well-being of plants and humans. Antifungal therapy is limited, expensive, and unspecific (causes toxic effects), thus, more efficient alternatives need to be developed. In this work, Copper (I) Iodide (CuI) nanomaterials (NMs) were synthesized and fully characterized, aiming to develop efficient antifungal agents. The bioactivity of CuI NMs was evaluated using Sporothrix schenckii and Candida albicans as model organisms. CuI NMs were prepared as powders and as colloidal suspensions by a two-step reaction: first, the CuI2 controlled precipitation, followed by hydrazine reduction. Biopolymers (Arabic gum and chitosan) were used as surfactants to control the size of the CuI materials and to enhance its antifungal activity. The materials (powders and colloids) were characterized by SEM-EDX and AFM. The materials exhibit a hierarchical 3D shell morphology composed of ordered nanostructures. Excellent antifungal activity is shown by the NMs against pathogenic fungal strains, due to the simultaneous and multiple mechanisms of the composites to combat fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of CuI-AG and CuI-Chitosan are below 50 μg/mL (with 5 h of exposition). Optical and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analyses demonstrate the capability of the materials to disrupt biofilm formation. AFM also demonstrates the ability of the materials to adhere and penetrate fungal cells, followed by their lysis and death. Following the concept of safe by design, the biocompatibility of the materials was tested. The hemolytic activity of the materials was evaluated using red blood cells. Our results indicate that the materials show an excellent antifungal activity at lower doses of hemolytic disruption.
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9
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Chi Y, Li C, Wu LH, Wang HH. The relationship between dectin-1 and mast cells in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol 2020; 55:762-768. [PMID: 32493087 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2020.1774925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background/Aims: Currently, the role of the microbiome GBA is being widely studied in the pathogenesis of visceral hypersensitivity in IBS. To investigate the role of fungus, the current study aimed to i) investigate the expression of Syk/CARD9-coupled Dectin-1 receptors in the ileocecal mucosa in D-IBS patients and (ii) explore the relationships between Dectin-1 and plasma MCT levels as well as anorectal sensory function in patients with D-IBS.Methods: Thirty-eight D-IBS patients who met the Rome III criteria and 2 groups of age- and sex-matched asymptomatic healthy controls were recruited from March 2015 to January 2017. Anorectal sensory function was quantified by HR-ARM. Plasma MCT titers were identified by ELISA, while the expression of Syk/CARD9 Dectin-1 receptors in ileocecal mucosa was identified by RT-qPCR.Results: (i) The expression of Syk/CARD9-coupled Dectin-1 receptors was significantly higher in D-IBS patients than in controls (p < .001). ii) The threshold values of first sensation and desire to defecate were significantly lower in D-IBS patientsthan in controls (the P value was0.007 and 0.001 respectively). (iii) There were negative correlations between plasma MCT levels and first sensation thresholds in D-IBS patients (r = -0.513, p = .012) and the desire to defecate thresholds (r = -0.423, p = .044). (iiii) There was a positive correlation between plasma MCT titers and the expression of Dectin-1 receptors in D-IBS patients (r = 0.565, p = .005).Conclusions: These results suggested that fungi may partially participate in the genesis of visceral hypersensitivity by activating mast cells, which is mediated by activation of the Dectin-1 receptor-mediated Syk/CARD9 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Hong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hua-Hong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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10
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Jiao Q, Luo Y, Scheffel J, Geng P, Wang Y, Frischbutter S, Li R, Maurer M, Zhao Z. Skin Mast Cells Contribute to Sporothrix schenckii Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:469. [PMID: 32265923 PMCID: PMC7096480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:Sporothrix schenckii (S. schenckii), a dimorphic fungus, causes sporotrichosis. Mast cells (MCs) have been described to be involved in skin fungal infections. The role of MCs in cutaneous sporotrichosis remains largely unknown. Objectives: To characterize the role and relevance of MCs in cutaneous sporotrichosis. Methods: We analyzed cutaneous sporotrichosis in wild-type (WT) mice and two different MC-deficient strains. In vitro, MCs were assessed for S. schenckii-induced cytokine production and degranulation after incubation with S. schenckii. We also explored the role of MCs in human cutaneous sporotrichosis. Results: WT mice developed markedly larger skin lesions than MC-deficient mice (> 1.5 fold) after infection with S. schenckii, with significantly increased fungal burden. S. schenckii induced the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-1β by MCs, but not degranulation. S. schenckii induced larger skin lesions and higher release of IL-6 and TNF by MCs as compared to the less virulent S. albicans. In patients with sporotrichosis, TNF and IL-6 were increased in skin lesions, and markedly elevated levels in the serum were linked to disease activity. Conclusions: These findings suggest that cutaneous MCs contribute to skin sporotrichosis by releasing cytokines such as TNF and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Jiao
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charite-Universitätsmeidzin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charite-Universitätsmeidzin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Scheffel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charite-Universitätsmeidzin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peng Geng
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan Frischbutter
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charite-Universitätsmeidzin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charite-Universitätsmeidzin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zuotao Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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11
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Żelechowska P, Różalska S, Wiktorska M, Brzezińska-Błaszczyk E, Agier J. Curdlan stimulates tissue mast cells to synthesize pro-inflammatory mediators, generate ROS, and migrate via Dectin-1 receptor. Cell Immunol 2020; 351:104079. [PMID: 32115182 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are engaged in host defense against various pathogens as they are equipped with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Among PRRs expressed on MCs, there are also molecules recognizing components of the fungal cell wall, which are able to induce cellular activation and response. However, little information is available concerning the MC activation by various fungal-derived components. The aim of the study was to determine whether curdlan, a model fungal particle of β-(1,3)-glucan, can directly stimulate tissue MCs. We demonstrated that curdlan triggers MCs to initiate pro-inflammatory response as it activates these cells to synthesize essential pro-inflammatory and/or immunoregulatory factors. We also showed that curdlan serves as a potent chemoattractant for MCs and stimulates those cells to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Finally, we documented that curdlan induces MC response via Dectin-1. Our observations support the idea that MCs serve as important sentinels modulating immune response during fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Żelechowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Różalska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wiktorska
- Department of Molecular Cell Mechanisms, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Brzezińska-Błaszczyk
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Justyna Agier
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
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12
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Gao R, Liu D, Guo W, Ge W, Fan T, Li B, Gao P, Liu B, Zheng Y, Wang J. Meprin-α (Mep1A) enhances TNF-α secretion by mast cells and aggravates abdominal aortic aneurysms. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2872-2885. [PMID: 32072633 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Abdominal aorticaneurysm (AAA) rupture is mainly due to elastic lamina degradation. As a metalloendopeptidase, meprin-α (Mep1A) critically modulates the activity of proteins and inflammatory cytokines in various diseases. Here, we sought to investigate the functional role of Mep1A in AAA formation and rupture. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH AAA tissues were detected by using real-time PCR (RT-PCR), western blotting (WB), and immunohistochemistry. Further mechanistic studies used RT-PCR, WB, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. KEY RESULTS Mep1A mediated AAA formation by regulating the mast cell (MC) secretion of TNF-α, which promoted matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and apoptosis in smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Importantly, increased Mep1A expression was found in human AAA tissues and in angiotensin II-induced mouse AAA tissues. Mep1A deficiency reduced AAA formation and increased the survival rate of AAA mice. Pathological analysis showed that Mep1A deletion decreased elastic lamina degradation and SMC apoptosis in AAA tissues. Furthermore, Mep1A was expressed mainly in MCs, wherein it mediated TNF-α expression. Mep1A inhibitor actinonin significantly inhibited TNF-α secretion in MCs. TNF-α secreted by MCs enhanced MMP2 expression in SMCs and promoted SMC apoptosis. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Taken together, these data suggest that Mep1A may be vital in AAA pathophysiology by regulating TNF-α production by MCs. Knocking out Mep1A significantly decreased AAA diameter and improved AAA stability in mice. Therefore, Mep1A is a potential new therapeutic target in the development of AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Duan Liu
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weipeng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tianfei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bolun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pan Gao
- Department of Geriatrics, Southwest Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital to Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, USA
| | - Yuehong Zheng
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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13
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Theoharides TC, Tsilioni I, Ren H. Recent advances in our understanding of mast cell activation - or should it be mast cell mediator disorders? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:639-656. [PMID: 30884251 PMCID: PMC7003574 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1596800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An increasing number of patients present with multiple symptoms affecting many organs including the brain due to multiple mediators released by mast cells. These unique tissue immune cells are critical for allergic reactions triggered by immunoglobulin E (IgE), but are also stimulated (not activated) by immune, drug, environmental, food, infectious, and stress triggers, leading to secretion of multiple mediators often without histamine and tryptase. The presentation, diagnosis, and management of the spectrum of mast cell disorders are very confusing. As a result, neuropsychiatric symptoms have been left out, and diagnostic criteria made stricter excluding most patients. Areas covered: A literature search was performed on papers published between January 1990 and November 2018 using MEDLINE. Terms used were activation, antihistamines, atopy, autism, brain fog, heparin, KIT mutation, IgE, inflammation, IL-6, IL-31, IL-37, luteolin, mast cells, mastocytosis, mediators, mycotoxins, release, secretion, tetramethoxyluteolin, and tryptase. Expert opinion: Conditions associated with elevated serum or urine levels of any mast cell mediator, in the absence of comorbidities that could explain elevated levels, should be considered 'Mast Cell Mediator Disorders (MCMD).' Emphasis should be placed on the identification of unique mast cell mediators, and development of drugs or supplements that inhibit their release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C. Theoharides
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Irene Tsilioni
- Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huali Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology, Beijing Electric Power Hospital, Beijing, China
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14
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Jiao Q, Luo Y, Scheffel J, Zhao Z, Maurer M. The complex role of mast cells in fungal infections. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:749-755. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Jiao
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
- Department of DermatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Jörg Scheffel
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - ZuoTao Zhao
- Department of DermatologyFirst HospitalPeking University Beijing China
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and AllergyCharité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
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15
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Curtiellas-Piñol V, Ventura-Juárez J, Ruiz-Baca E, Romo-Lozano Y. Morphological changes and phagocytic activity during the interaction of human neutrophils with Sporothrix schenckii: An in vitro model. Microb Pathog 2019; 129:56-63. [PMID: 30710673 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological studies of human sporotrichosis lesions show pyogenic and granulomatous processes in which polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) play a central role. Few studies regarding the events associated with the interaction of human PMNs with Sporothrix schenckii have been made despite their importance in the clinical manifestations of the disease. In this study, human PMNs were co-cultured with conidia or yeast cells of S. schenckii to compare the phagocytic activity and morphological changes that could provide a clearer insight into the role of these phagocytes in the initial phase of sporotrichosis. PMNs showed increased cell size and separation of the nuclear lobes after phagocytosis. Through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, an increase in cells with flattened filaments and vesicles on their surface was observed. Phagocytosed conidia showed a significant increase in width and size. The phagocytic activity was greater against yeasts than with conidia, but the viability of both S. schenckii cellular morphotypes was not drastically affected even after 2 h of co-culture. In conclusion, morphological changes in PMNs suggest that S. schenckii induces processes that may favor proinflammatory events. These phagocytes show a high ability to bind or ingest S. schenckii cells without affecting their viability. Morphological changes recorded in ingested conidia, suggest that this fungus could make the dimorphic switching in PMNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Curtiellas-Piñol
- Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad No. 940, Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico
| | - Javier Ventura-Juárez
- Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad No. 940, Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico
| | - Estela Ruiz-Baca
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Veterinaria S/N, 34120, Durango, DGO, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Romo-Lozano
- Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad No. 940, Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico.
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16
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Queiroz-Telles F, Buccheri R, Benard G. Sporotrichosis In Immunocompromised Hosts. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5010008. [PMID: 30641918 PMCID: PMC6463096 DOI: 10.3390/jof5010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a global implantation or subcutaneous mycosis caused by several members of the genus Sporothrix, a thermo-dimorphic fungus. This disease may also depict an endemic profile, especially in tropical to subtropical zones around the world. Interestingly, sporotrichosis is an anthropozoonotic disease that may be transmitted to humans by plants or by animals, especially cats. It may be associated with rather isolated or clustered cases but also with outbreaks in different periods and geographic regions. Usually, sporotrichosis affects immunocompetent hosts, presenting a chronic to subacute evolution course. Less frequently, sporotrichosis may be acquired by inhalation, leading to disseminated clinical forms. Both modes of infection may occur in immunocompromised patients, especially associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, but also diabetes mellitus, chronic alcoholism, steroids, anti-TNF treatment, hematologic cancer and transplanted patients. Similar to other endemic mycoses caused by dimorphic fungi, sporotrichosis in immunocompromised hosts may be associated with rather more severe clinical courses, larger fungal burden and longer periods of systemic antifungal therapy. A prolonged outbreak of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis is in progress in Brazil and potentially crossing the border to neighboring countries. This huge outbreak involves thousands of human and cats, including immunocompromised subjects affected by HIV and FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus), respectively. We reviewed the main epidemiologic, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of sporotrichosis in immunocompromised hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Queiroz-Telles
- Department of Public Health, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80060-000, Brazil.
| | - Renata Buccheri
- Emilio Ribas Institute of Infectious Diseases, São Paulo 05411-000, Brazil.
| | - Gil Benard
- Laboratory of Medical Mycology, Department of Dermatology, and Tropical Medicine Institute, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil.
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17
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De Zuani M, Dal Secco C, Frossi B. Mast cells at the crossroads of microbiota and IBD. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1929-1937. [PMID: 30411335 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human gut harbors a wide range of microorganisms that play a fundamental role in the well-being of their host. A dysregulation of the microbial composition can lead to the development or exacerbation of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that mast cells (MCs) play a role in host-microbiota communication, modulating the mutual influence between the host and its microbiota through changes in their activation state. The ability of some bacteria to specifically affect MC functions and activation has been extensively studied, with different and sometimes conflicting results, while only little is known about MC-fungi interactions. In this review, the most recent advances in the field of MC-bacteria and MC-fungi interactions will be discussed, with a particular focus on the role of these interactions in the onset of GI disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Moreover, the connection between some MC-targeting drugs and IBD was discussed, suggesting probiotics as reasonable and promising therapy in the management of IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Zuani
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Frossi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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18
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Rangel-Gamboa L, Martinez-Hernandez F, Maravilla P, Flisser A. A population genetics analysis in clinical isolates of Sporothrix schenckii
based on calmodulin and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase partial gene sequences. Mycoses 2018; 61:383-392. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Rangel-Gamboa
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos; Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González”; Ciudad de México México
| | - Fernando Martinez-Hernandez
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos; Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González”; Ciudad de México México
| | - Pablo Maravilla
- Departamento de Ecología de Agentes Patógenos; Hospital General “Dr. Manuel Gea González”; Ciudad de México México
| | - Ana Flisser
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México México
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19
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Yang Q, Xu H, Yang J, Zhou Y, Zhao D, Liu F. MicroRNA-223 affects IL-6 secretion in mast cells via the IGF1R/PI3K signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:507-12. [PMID: 27354148 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of microRNA-223 (miR-223) on interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion in mast cells and determine the underlying molecular mechanisms. Mast cells (P815) were transfected with miR-223 lentiviral vector and miR-223 inhibitor. miR-223 expression was then evaluated using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). IL-6 levels in the supernatant were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The signaling pathways in mast cells with downregulated miR-223 were initially evaluated by gene chip. Downregulation of miR-223 and its target gene was tested using a luciferase reporter assay. The expression of phosphate-AKT (p-AKT) and its target protein insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) was assessed by western blot analysis. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-inhibitor (LY294002) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) were used to determine the effect of miR-223 on IL-6 secretion in mast cells. The results showed that microRNA-223 reduced IL-6 concentration in the mast cells. The gene chip results predicted an induction of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway in the mast cells. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed IGF1R gene to be a target of miR-223. The p-AKT and IGF1R levels increased following miR-223 downregulation in mast cells. In addition, the specific PI3K‑inhibitor LY294002 decreased IL-6 secretion. Incubation with IGF1 resulted in the induction of IL-6 secretion in miR-223‑expressing mast cells. In conclusion, it was shown that miR-223 reduces IL-6 secretion in mast cells by inhibiting the IGF1R/PI3K signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyuan Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Huai'an Maternity and Children's Hospital, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
| | - Yao Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Deyu Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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20
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Alba-Fierro CA, Pérez-Torres A, Toriello C, Romo-Lozano Y, López-Romero E, Ruiz-Baca E. Molecular Components of the Sporothrix schenckii Complex that Induce Immune Response. Curr Microbiol 2016; 73:292-300. [PMID: 27117164 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-016-1045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a fungal disease caused by the Sporothrix schenckii complex that includes species such as S. brasiliensis, S. schenckii sensu stricto, S. globosa, S. luriei, S. mexicana, and S. pallida, which exhibit different potentially antigenic molecular components. The immune response of susceptible hosts to control infection and disease caused by these fungi has been little studied. Besides, the fungus-host interaction induces the activation of different types of immune response. This mini-review analyzes and discusses existing reports on the identification and functional characterization of molecules from species of the S. schenckii complex with clinical relevance, and the mechanisms that mediate the type and magnitude of the immune response in experimental models in vivo and in vitro. This knowledge is expected to contribute to the development of protective and therapeutic strategies against sporotrichosis and other mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Alba-Fierro
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Veterinaria S/N, 34120, Durango, Dgo., Mexico
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Conchita Toriello
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Yolanda Romo-Lozano
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad # 940, 20131, Aguascalientes, Ags., Mexico
| | - Everardo López-Romero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Estela Ruiz-Baca
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Veterinaria S/N, 34120, Durango, Dgo., Mexico.
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Immune Response Induced by an Immunodominant 60 kDa Glycoprotein of the Cell Wall of Sporothrix schenckii in Two Mice Strains with Experimental Sporotrichosis. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:6525831. [PMID: 27051673 PMCID: PMC4808653 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6525831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell wall (CW) components of fungus Sporothrix schenckii are the major inductors antigens of immune responses. The immunodominant 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) has been shown to be associated with the virulence of this fungus but its role in experimental sporotrichosis is unknown. In this work, the immunological effects of CW-purified gp60 were investigated in a model of experimental subcutaneous sporotrichosis in normal and gp60-preimmunized C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice strains which were then infected with S. schenckii conidia. Results showed that both mice strains use different cytokine profiles in order to fight S. schenckii infection; C57BL/6 mice seem to use a Th17 response while BALB/c mice tend to depend on a Th1 profile. Preimmunization with gp60 showed a downregulatory effect on the immune response since cytokines levels were diminished in both strains. There were no significant differences in the magnitude of dorsoplantar inflammation between gp60-preimmunized and nonimmunized mice of both strains. However, skin lesions due to the infection in gp60-preimmunized mice were more severe in BALB/c than in C57BL/6 mice, suggesting that the antigen exerts a higher downregulatory effect on the Th1 response.
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22
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Rangel-Gamboa L, Martínez-Hernandez F, Maravilla P, Arenas-Guzmán R, Flisser A. Update of phylogenetic and genetic diversity of Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato. Med Mycol 2015; 54:248-55. [PMID: 26591010 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myv096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato causes subcutaneous mycosis. In this article we analysed its phylogeny and genetic diversity using calmodulin DNA sequences deposited in GenBank database. Population genetics indices were calculated, plus phylogenetic and haplotype network trees were built. Five clades with high values of posterior probability, 47 haplotypes and high diversity in the complex were found. Analysis of partial calmodulin sequences alignment revealed conserved and polymorphic regions that could be used as reference for taxonomic identification. The use of population genetics analysis allowed understanding the phylogenetic proximity of S. schenckii s. str. and S. brasiliensis; scarce genetic flow among them with low migration index and high ancestry coefficient was found. Similarly, S. globosa, S. mexicana and S. pallida sequences showed highly differentiated species with no genetic exchange. The phylogenetic tree suggests that S. mexicana shared a common ancestor with S. pallida; while S. globosa and S. brasiliensis are more related to S. schenckii s. str. and showed less haplotype diversity and restrictions in geographic distribution. In the haplotype network tree S. schenckii s. str. species displayed worldwide distribution without dispersion centres; while S. brasiliensis and S. globosa, exhibited Brazil and Euro-Asia as dispersion centres, respectively. Our data suggest that S. schenckii complex has been submitted to a divergent evolution process, probably due to the pressure of the environment and of the host. In contrast, S. brasiliensis could have been submitted to purifying selection or expansion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Rangel-Gamboa
- Departamento de Ecologia de Agentes Patogenos, Subdireccion de Investigacion, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez. Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Fernando Martínez-Hernandez
- Departamento de Ecologia de Agentes Patogenos, Subdireccion de Investigacion, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez. Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Pablo Maravilla
- Departamento de Ecologia de Agentes Patogenos, Subdireccion de Investigacion, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez. Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Roberto Arenas-Guzmán
- Servicio de Micologia, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez. Distrito Federal, Mexico
| | - Ana Flisser
- Departamento de Microbiologia y Parasitologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico 04510 Distrito Federal, Mexico.
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23
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Nieto-Patlán A, Campillo-Navarro M, Rodríguez-Cortés O, Muñoz-Cruz S, Wong-Baeza I, Estrada-Parra S, Estrada-García I, Serafín-López J, Chacón-Salinas R. Recognition of Candida albicans by Dectin-1 induces mast cell activation. Immunobiology 2015; 220:1093-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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