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Cardoso-Miguel MDRD, Bürgel PH, de Castro RJA, Marina CL, de Oliveira SA, Albuquerque P, Silva-Pereira I, Bocca AL, Tavares AH. Dectin-2 is critical for phagocyte function and resistance to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in mice. Med Mycol 2023; 61:myad117. [PMID: 37960963 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors, particularly C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), are essential for phagocytes to sense invading fungal cells. Among CLRs, Dectin-2 (encoded by Clec4n) plays a critical role in the antifungal immune response as it recognizes high-mannose polysaccharides on the fungal cell wall, triggering phagocyte functional activities and ultimately determining adaptive responses. Here, we assessed the role of Dectin-2 on the course of primary Paracoccidioides brasiliensis systemic infection in mice with Dectin-2-targeted deletion. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis constitutes the principal etiologic agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, the most prominent invasive mycosis in Latin American countries. The deficiency of Dectin-2 resulted in shortened survival rates, high lung fungal burden, and increased lung pathology in mice infected with P. brasiliensis. Consistently, dendritic cells (DCs) from mice lacking Dectin-2 infected ex vivo with P. brasiliensis showed impaired secretion of several proinflammatory and regulatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10. Additionally, when cocultured with splenic lymphocytes, DCs were less efficient in promoting a type 1 cytokine pattern secretion (i.e., IFN-γ). In macrophages, Dectin-2-mediated signaling was required to ensure phagocytosis and fungicidal activity associated with nitric oxide production. Overall, Dectin-2-mediated signaling is critical to promote host protection against P. brasiliensis infection, and its exploitation might lead to the development of new vaccines and immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana de Resende Damas Cardoso-Miguel
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Bürgel
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Raffael Júnio Araújo de Castro
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Clara Luna Marina
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Stephan Alberto de Oliveira
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Albuquerque
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Pathogenic Fungi, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Laboratory of Microorganism, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ildinete Silva-Pereira
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Pathogenic Fungi, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Anamélia Lorenzetti Bocca
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Aldo Henrique Tavares
- Graduate Program in Microbial Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Laboratory of Microorganism, Faculty of Ceilândia, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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2
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Lionakis MS. Exploiting antifungal immunity in the clinical context. Semin Immunol 2023; 67:101752. [PMID: 37001464 PMCID: PMC10192293 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The continuous expansion of immunocompromised patient populations at-risk for developing life-threatening opportunistic fungal infections in recent decades has helped develop a deeper understanding of antifungal host defenses, which has provided the foundation for eventually devising immune-based targeted interventions in the clinic. This review outlines how genetic variation in certain immune pathway-related genes may contribute to the observed clinical variability in the risk of acquisition and/or severity of fungal infections and how immunogenetic-based patient stratification may enable the eventual development of personalized strategies for antifungal prophylaxis and/or vaccination. Moreover, this review synthesizes the emerging cytokine-based, cell-based, and other immunotherapeutic strategies that have shown promise as adjunctive therapies for boosting or modulating tissue-specific antifungal immune responses in the context of opportunistic fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail S Lionakis
- From the Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Jiang YK, Wang RY, Zhou LH, Cheng JH, Luo Y, Zhu RS, Qiu WJ, Zhao HZ, Wang X, Harrison TS, Zhu LP. Cerebrospinal fluid cytokine and chemokine patterns correlate with prognosis of HIV-uninfected cryptococcal meningitis: A prospective observational study. Front Immunol 2022; 13:993495. [PMID: 36032125 PMCID: PMC9411642 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.993495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) immune responses in HIV-uninfected cryptococcal meningitis (CM) have not been well studied. In this study, we aimed to explore the phenotype of CSF immune response during the course of disease and to examine relationships between phenotypes and disease severity. We profiled the CSF immune response in 128 HIV-uninfected CM and 30 pulmonary cryptococcosis patients using a 27-plex Luminex cytokine kit. Principal component analyses (PCA) and logistic regression model were performed. Concentrations of 23 out of 27 cytokines and chemokines in baseline CSF were significantly elevated in CM patients compared with pulmonary cryptococcosis cases. In CM patients with Cryptococcus neoformans infection, IL-1ra, IL-9, and VEGF were significantly elevated in immunocompetent cases. Cytokine levels usually reached peaks within the first 2 weeks of antifungal treatment and gradually decreased over time. PCA demonstrated a co-correlated CSF cytokine and chemokine response consisting of Th1, Th2, and Th17 type cytokines. Prognostic analysis showed that higher scores for the PCs loading pro-inflammatory cytokines, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-12; and anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-4; and chemokines, Eotaxin, FGF-basis, and PDGF-bb; as well as lower scores for the PCs loading RANTES were associated with disease severity, as defined by a Glasgow Coma Scale of <15 or death. In conclusion, combined inflammatory responses in CSF involving both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are upregulated in HIV-uninfected CM, and associated with disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Kui Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Ying Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Hong Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Hui Cheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong-Sheng Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jia Qiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Zhen Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Thomas Stephen Harrison
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St. George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Li-Ping Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Onyishi CU, May RC. Human immune polymorphisms associated with the risk of cryptococcal disease. Immunology 2021; 165:143-157. [PMID: 34716931 PMCID: PMC9426616 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that can cause lethal cryptococcal meningitis in immunocompromised individuals such as those with HIV/AIDS. In addition, cryptococcal infections occasionally arise in immunocompetent individuals or those with previously undiagnosed immunodeficiencies. The course of cryptococcosis is highly variable in both patient groups, and there is rapidly growing evidence that genetic polymorphisms may have a significant impact on the trajectory of disease. Here, we review what is currently known about the nature of these polymorphisms and their impact on host response to C. neoformans infection. Thus far, polymorphisms in Fc gamma receptors, mannose‐binding lectin, Dectin‐2, Toll‐like receptors and macrophage colony‐stimulating factor have been associated with susceptibility to cryptococcal disease. Notably, however, in some cases the impact of these polymorphisms depends on the genetic background of the population; for example, the FCGR3A 158 F/V polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of cryptococcal disease in both HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative white populations, but not in Han Chinese patients. In most cases, the precise mechanism by which the identified polymorphisms influence disease progression remains unclear, although impaired fungal recognition and phagocytosis by innate immune cells appears to play a major role. Finally, we highlight outstanding questions in the field and emphasize the need for future research to include more diverse populations in their genetic association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinaemerem U Onyishi
- Institute of Microbiology & Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Robin C May
- Institute of Microbiology & Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Associations between Cryptococcus Genotypes, Phenotypes, and Clinical Parameters of Human Disease: A Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040260. [PMID: 33808500 PMCID: PMC8067209 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Cryptococcus contains two primary species complexes that are significant opportunistic human fungal pathogens: C. neoformans and C. gattii. In humans, cryptococcosis can manifest in many ways, but most often results in either pulmonary or central nervous system disease. Patients with cryptococcosis can display a variety of symptoms on a spectrum of severity because of the interaction between yeast and host. The bulk of our knowledge regarding Cryptococcus and the mechanisms of disease stem from in vitro experiments and in vivo animal models that make a fair attempt, but do not recapitulate the conditions inside the human host. To better understand the dynamics of initiation and progression in cryptococcal disease, it is important to study the genetic and phenotypic differences in the context of human infection to identify the human and fungal risk factors that contribute to pathogenesis and poor clinical outcomes. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the different clinical presentations and health outcomes that are associated with pathogenicity and virulence of cryptococcal strains with respect to specific genotypes and phenotypes.
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Zhang W, Liao Q, Liu Y, Wu S, Deng J, Xiao Y, Ma Y, Xie Y, Kang M. PTX3 gene polymorphism associated with cryptococcosis in HIV-uninfected Chinese patients. Mycoses 2021; 64:405-411. [PMID: 33320373 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For Chinese Han populations, cryptococcosis are more likely to occur in HIV-uninfected patients instead of HIV-infected patients compared with other countries and regions, implying that there may be genetic predisposing factors for cryptococcosis in the Chinese Han populations. However, the retail mechanism has not been clarified. OBJECTIVES We aimed to conduct an association analysis between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) genes and the susceptibility to cryptococcosis in HIV-uninfected Chinese patients, which may provide new genetic predisposing factors for early-risk prediction of disease, individualised treatment and prognosis monitoring. PATIENTS/METHODS Using the SNaPshot SNP typing technique, eight SNPs of PRR genes (Dectin-2, Dectin-1, PTX3, CXCL8, IL12B, IFIH1, TLR1 and CD209) were typed on 97 HIV-uninfected cryptococcosis patients and 120 healthy controls who admitted to West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China, from 1 March 2018 to 30 December 2018. The results were analysed by the SHEsis software and SPSS 20.0 software. RESULTS It was found that that PTX3 rs2305619 polymorphism was associated with cryptococcosis in HIV-uninfected patients. Compared with the GG genotype, AA genotype increased the risk of cryptococcosis in HIV-uninfected patients (p = .015, OR, 2.579; 95% CI, 1.202-5.535). In the immunocompetent patients, the AA genotype had a higher risk (p = .002, OR, 4.399; 95% CI, 1.745-11.088). Further verification found that the plasma PTX3 level of the AA genotype was significantly higher than the GA or GG genotype (60.28 ± 16.12 vs 7.32 ± 0.79, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS PTX3 rs2305619 polymorphism was associated with cryptococcosis in HIV-uninfected Chinese patients. The AA genotype increased the risk of cryptococcosis, and its plasma PTX3 level was significantly higher than that of GA or GG genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Quanfeng Liao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siying Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuling Xiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Yao K, Qiu X, Hu H, Han Y, Zhang W, Xia R, Wang L, Fang J. Pulmonary cryptococcosis coexisting with central type lung cancer in an immuocompetent patient: a case report and literature review. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:161. [PMID: 32503511 PMCID: PMC7275487 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-01200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary Cryptococcosis is a common fungal infection mainly caused by Cryptococcus neoformans/C.gattii species in immunocompromised patients. Cases of pulmonary cryptococcosis in patients with normal immune function are increasingly common in China. Clinical and radiographic features of pulmonary cryptococcosis are various and without obvious characteristics, so it is often misdiagnosed as pulmonary metastatic tumor or tuberculosis. When coexisting with malignant lung tumors, it was more difficult to differentiate from metastatic lung cancer, although the coexistence of pulmonary cryptococcosis and central type lung cancer is rare. Reviewing the imaging manifestations and diagnosis of the case and the relevant literature will contribute to recognition of the disease and a decrease in misdiagnoses. Case presentation A 72-year-old immunocompetent Han Chinese man had repeated dry cough for more than half a year. CT examination of chest showed an irregular mass at the left hilum of the lung, and two small nodules in the right lung, which were considered as the left central lung cancer with right lung metastasis. However, the patient was diagnosed with pulmonary cryptococcosis coexisting with central type lung cancer based on the results of laboratory examination, percutaneous lung biopsy, fiberoptic bronchoscopy, and surgical pathology. The patient underwent surgical resection of the left central type lung cancer and was placed on fluconazole treatment after a positive diagnosis was made. Five years after the lung cancer surgery, the patient had a recurrence, but the pulmonary cryptococcus nodule disappeared. Conclusion Our case shows that CT findings of central type lung cancer with multiple pulmonary nodules are not necessarily metastases, but may be coexisting pulmonary cryptococcosis. CT images of cryptococcosis of the lung were diverse and have no obvious characteristics, so it was very difficult to distinguish from metastatic tumors. CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy was a simple and efficient method for identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelin Yao
- Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing university, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaofang Qiu
- Yuecheng district maternal and child health and family planning service center, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hongjie Hu
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital affiliated Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Yuxin Han
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital affiliated Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital affiliated Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ruiming Xia
- Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing university, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing university, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jieming Fang
- City Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
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Liang L, Cong P, Wang Y, Liang Z. Clinical and Radiological Features of Patients With Pulmonary Cryptococcosis in a Hospital of North China. Cureus 2020; 12:e8061. [PMID: 32537279 PMCID: PMC7286583 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The increasing incidence has led to more focus on pulmonary cryptococcosis in HIV-negative patients. We conducted a retrospective analysis of pulmonary cryptococcosis to understand the clinical characteristics, imaging features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of this disease in HIV-negative patients in respiratory department of a tertiary hospital in north China. Method: We identified retrospectively those diagnosed with pulmonary cryptococcosis in the first medical center of Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital since 2009 to 2019. The clinical and image data were collected and analyzed. Results: The study involved 34 patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis. All patients were diagnosed by histopathology. It accounted for 0.93‰ of the total number of patients admitted to respiratory department in the same period. The mean age was 49 years; 26 patients (76.5%) were male. Patients were predominantly immunocompetent (30, 88.2%), and there was no underlying disease for most patients (26, 76.5%). The most frequent symptoms were cough and expectoration. Fourteen (41.2%) patients showed no symptom or sign. Multiple lesions (21, 61.8%) and subpleural lesions (23, 67.6%) were the most common. Nodule was the most common abnormality on chest computed tomography image. Eight (23.5%) patients received serum Cryptococcus capsular polysaccharide antigen test, and seven patients showed positive result. All patients recovered after antifungal treatment. Conclusions: Most patients of HIV-negative pulmonary cryptococcosis were mainly immunocompetent patients younger than 60 years without underlying diseases. There was lack of specificity in clinical manifestations and imaging findings. The prognosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis in HIV-negative patients was good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Liang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, CHN
| | - Ping Cong
- Department of Medical Records Management, the First Medical Centre of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, CHN
| | - Yueming Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Medical Centre of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, CHN
| | - Zhixin Liang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, First Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, CHN
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Liassidou A, Renieris G, Droggiti DI, Gkavogianni T, Liassides C, Sabracos L, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Siristatidis CS. Association of modulation of pro-inflammatory responses by dectin-2 with preterm delivery: An experimental model. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 83:e13216. [PMID: 31814179 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Pro-inflammatory responses of pathogen recognition receptors (PRR) are implicated in preterm delivery (PTD). Dectin-2 is one PRR recognizing unselective carbohydrate structures; its participation in PTD has never been studied before. METHOD OF STUDY In an experimental model, PTD was induced in female pregnant wild-type (WT) mice and mice with homologous deficiency for dectin-2 by the intraperitoneal injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on day 14 of pregnancy. Time to delivery and fetal mortality were recorded. Challenged mice were killed for tissue collection and splenocyte isolation 6 hours later. Concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1α, and IL-1β were measured. RESULTS Delivery was induced significantly earlier in WT than dectin-2-/- mice; however, fetal mortality was higher among dectin-2-/- mice. Candida albicans challenge could not lead to these changes. Sacrifice experiments showed that LPS challenge led to significant increase of TNFα, IL-1α, and IL-1β in maternal tissues of WT; this was further enhanced for TNFα and IL-1β in dectin-2-/- mice. Pre-treatment with the prostaglandin inhibitor diclofenac delayed time to delivery of WT mice, but not of dectin2-/- mice. TNFα stimulation of splenocytes of dectin2-/- mice was enhanced with the addition of anti-TLR4 and decreased in the presence of lipid A. CONCLUSIONS Dectin-2 delays LPS-induced PTD by enhancing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspasia Liassidou
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Renieris
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysia-Irene Droggiti
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theologia Gkavogianni
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christakis Liassides
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Labros Sabracos
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Charalampos S Siristatidis
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Höft MA, Hoving JC, Brown GD. Signaling C-Type Lectin Receptors in Antifungal Immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2020; 429:63-101. [PMID: 32936383 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We are all exposed to fungal organisms daily, and although many of these organisms are not harmful, billions of people a year contract a fungal infection. Most of these infections are not fatal and can be cleared by the host immune response. However, due to an increase in high-risk populations, the global fungal burden has increased, with more than 1.5 million deaths per year caused by invasive fungal infections. The fungal cell wall is an important surface for interacting with the host immune system as it contains pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) which are detected as being foreign by the host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). C-type lectin receptors are a group of PRRs that play a central role in the protection against invasive fungal infections. Following the recognition of fungal PAMPs, CLRs trigger various innate and adaptive immune responses. In this chapter, we specifically focus on C-type lectin receptors capable of activating downstream signaling pathways, resulting in protective antifungal immune responses. The current roles that these signaling CLRs play in protection against four of the most prevalent fungal infections affecting humans are reviewed. These include Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis jirovecii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine A Höft
- AFGrica Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM) at the University of Cape Town, Werner & Beit South Building, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J Claire Hoving
- AFGrica Medical Mycology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM) at the University of Cape Town, Werner & Beit South Building, Anzio Road, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gordon D Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, EX4 4QD, Exeter, UK.
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11
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Hatinguais R, Willment JA, Brown GD. PAMPs of the Fungal Cell Wall and Mammalian PRRs. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2020; 425:187-223. [PMID: 32180018 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are opportunistic pathogens that infect immunocompromised patients and are responsible for an estimated 1.5 million deaths every year. The antifungal innate immune response is mediated through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by the host's pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs are immune receptors that ensure the internalisation and the killing of fungal pathogens. They also mount the inflammatory response, which contributes to initiate and polarise the adaptive response, controlled by lymphocytes. Both the innate and adaptive immune responses are required to control fungal infections. The immune recognition of fungal pathogen primarily occurs at the interface between the membrane of innate immune cells and the fungal cell wall, which contains a number of PAMPs. This chapter will focus on describing the main mammalian PRRs that have been shown to bind to PAMPs from the fungal cell wall of the four main fungal pathogens: Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis jirovecii. We will describe these receptors, their functions and ligands to provide the reader with an overview of how the immune system recognises fungal pathogens and responds to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Hatinguais
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Janet A Willment
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Gordon D Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK.
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T Cell Antifungal Immunity and the Role of C-Type Lectin Receptors. Trends Immunol 2019; 41:61-76. [PMID: 31813764 PMCID: PMC7427322 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fungi can cause disease in humans, from mucocutaneous to life-threatening systemic infections. Initiation of antifungal immunity involves fungal recognition by pattern recognition receptors such as C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). These germline-encoded receptors trigger a multitude of innate responses including phagocytosis, fungal killing, and antigen presentation which can also shape the development of adaptive immunity. Recently, studies have shed light on how CLRs directly or indirectly modulate lymphocyte function. Moreover, CLR-mediated recognition of commensal fungi maintains homeostasis and prevents invasion from opportunistic commensals. We present an overview of current knowledge of antifungal T cell immune responses, with emphasis on the role of C-type lectins, and discuss how these receptors modulate these responses at different levels. CLRs are essential pattern recognition receptors involved in fungal recognition and initiation of protective antifungal immunity. CLRs promote the differentiation of mammalian T helper cell subsets essential for the control of systemic (Th1) and mucosal (Th17) fungal infections. CLRs are involved in antigen presentation, the expression of co-stimulatory molecules, and cytokine secretion; therefore, they can regulate lymphocyte function and adaptive immune responses at different levels. Fungal morphological changes, such as the transition from yeast to hyphae in Candida albicans during tissue invasion, affects recognition by CLRs and impacts on adaptive immune responses. CLRs recognize the fungal component of the microbiome that can influence T cell responses during infection at intestinal and peripheral sites.
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Setianingrum F, Rautemaa-Richardson R, Denning DW. Pulmonary cryptococcosis: A review of pathobiology and clinical aspects. Med Mycol 2019; 57:133-150. [PMID: 30329097 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myy086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary cryptococcosis is an important opportunistic invasive mycosis in immunocompromised patients, but it is also increasingly seen in immunocompetent patients. The main human pathogens are Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii, which have a worldwide distribution. In contrast to cryptococcal meningitis, pulmonary cryptococcosis is still underdiagnosed because of limitations in diagnostic tools. It can mimic lung cancer, pulmonary tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia, and other pulmonary mycoses both clinically and radiologically. Pulmonary nodules are the most common radiological feature, but these are not specific to pulmonary cryptococcosis. The sensitivity of culture of respiratory samples for Cryptococcus is poor and a positive result may also reflect colonisation. Cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) with lateral flow device is a fast and sensitive test and widely used on serum and cerebrospinal fluid, but sera from patients with pulmonary cryptococcosis are rarely positive in the absence of disseminated disease. Detection of CrAg from respiratory specimens might assist the diagnosis of pulmonary cryptococcosis but there are very few data. Molecular detection techniques such as multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) could also provide better sensitivity but these still require validation for respiratory specimens. The first line of treatment for pulmonary cryptococcosis is fluconazole, or amphotericin B and flucytosine for those with central nervous system involvement. Pulmonary cryptococcosis worsens the prognosis of cryptococcal meningitis. In this review, we summarize the biological aspects of Cryptococcus and provide an update on the diagnosis and management of pulmonary cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Findra Setianingrum
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
- Parasitology Department, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Riina Rautemaa-Richardson
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
- Mycology Reference Centre Manchester, ECMM Centre of Excellence in Clinical and Laboratory Mycology and Clinical Studies, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wythenshawe Hospital Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - David W Denning
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wythenshawe Hospital Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
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Thompson A, Davies LC, Liao CT, da Fonseca DM, Griffiths JS, Andrews R, Jones AV, Clement M, Brown GD, Humphreys IR, Taylor PR, Orr SJ. The protective effect of inflammatory monocytes during systemic C. albicans infection is dependent on collaboration between C-type lectin-like receptors. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007850. [PMID: 31242262 PMCID: PMC6594653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis, mainly caused by Candida albicans, is a serious healthcare problem with high mortality rates, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Innate immune cells express pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) including C-type lectin-like receptors (CLRs) that bind C. albicans to initiate an immune response. Multiple CLRs including Dectin-1, Dectin-2 and Mincle have been proposed individually to contribute to the immune response to C. albicans. However how these receptors collaborate to clear a fungal infection is unknown. Herein, we used novel multi-CLR knockout (KO) mice to decipher the individual, collaborative and collective roles of Dectin-1, Dectin-2 and Mincle during systemic C. albicans infection. These studies revealed an unappreciated and profound role for CLR co-operation in anti-fungal immunity. The protective effect of multiple CLRs was markedly greater than any single receptor, and was mediated through inflammatory monocytes via recognition and phagocytosis of C. albicans, and production of C. albicans-induced cytokines and chemokines. These CLRs were dispensable for mediating similar responses from neutrophils, likely due to lower expression of these CLRs on neutrophils compared to inflammatory monocytes. Concurrent deletion of Dectin-1 and Dectin-2, or all three CLRs, resulted in dramatically increased susceptibility to systemic C. albicans infection compared to mice lacking a single CLR. Multi-CLR KO mice were unable to control fungal growth due to an inadequate early inflammatory monocyte-mediated response. In response to excessive fungal growth, the multi-CLR KO mice mounted a hyper-inflammatory response, likely leading to multiple organ failure. Thus, these data reveal a critical role for CLR co-operation in the effective control of C. albicans and maintenance of organ function during infection. Fungal infections including invasive candidiasis are a serious healthcare problem particularly for immunocompromised patients. Mortality rates for invasive candidiasis are very high and complex anti-fungal immune responses are poorly understood, hindering the development of novel immunotherapies. Dectin-1, Dectin-2 and Mincle are three cell surface receptors that are proposed to be involved in the immune response to fungal pathogens. However, if or how these receptors work together during infection is currently unknown. Here we demonstrate that these receptors, in particular Dectin-1 and Dectin-2, work together to promote fungal clearance by a group of innate immune cells called inflammatory monocytes. Furthermore, we found that mice lacking these three receptors are dramatically susceptible to systemic Candida albicans infection due to defective early innate immune responses. These mice develop hyper-inflammation to try to control excessive fungal growth likely resulting in multi-organ failure. Our work helps explain how these receptors work together to clear/control invasive candidiasis. Our improved knowledge of the interactions between these receptors could be used to help design novel anti-fungal immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiysha Thompson
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Luke C. Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Chia-Te Liao
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Diogo M. da Fonseca
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales
| | - James S. Griffiths
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Robert Andrews
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Adam V. Jones
- University Dental Hospital, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, Wales United Kingdom
| | - Mathew Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R. Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Philip R. Taylor
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Selinda J. Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales
- * E-mail:
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15
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Oharaseki T, Yokouchi Y, Enomoto Y, Sato W, Ishibashi K, Miura N, Ohno N, Takahashi K. Recognition of alpha-mannan by dectin 2 is essential for onset of Kawasaki disease-like murine vasculitis induced by Candida albicans cell-wall polysaccharide. Mod Rheumatol 2019; 30:350-357. [PMID: 30924376 DOI: 10.1080/14397595.2019.1601852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: Using a murine model of systemic Kawasaki disease (KD)-like vasculitis induced by Candida albicans cell-wall-derived mannan · β-glucan · protein complexes, the objective was to elucidate the relationships of β-glucan receptor dectin-1 (D1) and α-mannan receptor dectin-2 (D2) to the onset of that vasculitis.Methods: The incidence and histological severity of vasculitis were compared among mice lacking the genes for D1 or D2 (i.e. D1-/- and D2-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice.Results: The incidences of vasculitis in the three animal groups were 100% (18/18) in the WT group, 100% (18/18) in the D1-/- group, and 0% (0/18) in the D2-/- group. In the WT and D1-/- mice, severe inflammatory cell infiltration, consisting mainly of neutrophils and macrophages, was seen in the aortic root and the coronary arteries. On the other hand, in the D2-/- mice, not even mild vascular lesions such as endoarteritis were seen.Conclusion: Recognition of α-mannan by D2 played an important role in the onset of vasculitis in the studied murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Oharaseki
- Department of Pathology, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Immunology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokouchi
- Department of Pathology, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Immunology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Enomoto
- Department of Pathology, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Immunology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wakana Sato
- Department of Pathology, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Immunology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichi Ishibashi
- Department of Pathology, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Immunology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Miura
- Department of Pathology, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Immunology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naohito Ohno
- Department of Pathology, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Immunology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Laboratory for Immunology of Microbial Products, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Salazar F, Brown GD. Antifungal Innate Immunity: A Perspective from the Last 10 Years. J Innate Immun 2018; 10:373-397. [PMID: 29768268 DOI: 10.1159/000488539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens can rarely cause diseases in immunocompetent individuals. However, commensal and normally nonpathogenic environmental fungi can cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised individuals. Over the last few decades, there has been a huge increase in the incidence of invasive opportunistic fungal infections along with a worrying increase in antifungal drug resistance. As a consequence, research focused on understanding the molecular and cellular basis of antifungal immunity has expanded tremendously in the last few years. This review will provide an overview of the most exciting recent advances in innate antifungal immunity, discoveries that are helping to pave the way for the development of new strategies that are desperately needed to combat these devastating diseases.
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18
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Abstract
Over the last decade, invasive fungal infections have emerged as a growing threat to human health worldwide and novel treatment strategies are urgently needed. In this context, investigations into host-pathogen interactions represent an important and promising field of research. Antigen presenting cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells are strategically located at the frontline of defence against potential invaders. Importantly, these cells express germline encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which sense conserved entities from pathogens and orchestrate innate immune responses. Herein, we review the latest findings regarding the biology and functions of the different classes of PRRs involved in pathogenic fungal recognition. We also discuss recent literature on PRR collaboration/crosstalk and the mechanisms involved in inhibiting/regulating PRR signalling. Finally, we discuss how the accumulated knowledge on PRR biology, especially Dectin-1, has been used for the design of new immunotherapies against fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel C Patin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Aiysha Thompson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Selinda J Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom.
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19
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Xiao Q, Lu Y, Chen M, Chen B, Yang Y, Cui D, Pan B, Xu N. Antibody-Conjugated Silica-Modified Gold Nanorods for the Diagnosis and Photo-Thermal Therapy of Cryptococcus neoformans: an Experiment In Vitro. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:77. [PMID: 29516271 PMCID: PMC5842168 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast. There is still little quick and effective solution for the diagnosis or treatment of C. neoformans infection at an early stage in clinical. Antibody-conjugated silica-modified gold nanorods (GNR-SiO2-Ab) can conjugate C. neoformans selectively. It may provide a possibility for treatment of cryptococcosis safely and effectively. METHODS Gold nanorods (GNRs) were synthesized according to the seed-mediated template-assisted protocol. Anti-C. neoformans antibody was covalently anchored on the surface of GNRs with silane coupling agent. In vitro computer tomography imaging was performed to explore the diagnostic effect of the GNR-SiO2-Ab. The viability of cells was evaluated to confirm the photo-thermal therapy effect of GNR-SiO2-Ab combined with near-infrared (NIR) laser light. RESULTS GNR-SiO2-Ab has a potential application as a positive X-ray/CT imaging contrast agent. An antibody can induce a much greater aggregation of GNRs by binding to the surface of C. neoformans cells resulting in a much higher attenuation values than ever. After irradiation, C. neoformans cells suffered photo-thermal damages and the normal structure of cells were destroyed. The viability of cells reduced significantly compared to the untreated cells. CONCLUSIONS Our work confirmed that antibody-conjugated silica-modified gold nanorods could enhance X-ray attenuation of C. neoformans cells in CT images. And immune GNRs, which were mediated by antibodies, could increase the effects of NIR-induced photo-thermal therapy in C. neoformans cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongzhou Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuming Yang
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Department of Dermatology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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Abstract
Fungi and mammals share a co-evolutionary history and are involved in a complex web of interactions. Studies focused on commensal bacteria suggest that pathological changes in the microbiota, historically known as dysbiosis, are at the root of many inflammatory diseases of non-infectious origin. However, the importance of dysbiosis in the fungal community - the mycobiota - was only recently acknowledged to have a pathological role, as novel findings have suggested that mycobiota disruption can have detrimental effects on host immunity. Fungal dysbiosis and homeostasis are dynamic processes that are probably more common than actual fungal infections, and therefore constantly shape the immune response. In this Review, we summarize specific mycobiota patterns that are associated with fungal dysbiosis, and discuss how mucosal immunity has evolved to distinguish fungal infections from dysbiosis and how it responds to these different conditions. We propose that gut microbiota dysbiosis is a collective feature of complex interactions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial communities that can affect immunity and that can influence health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliyan D Iliev
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Irina Leonardi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- The Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Abstract
Lectins recognize a diverse array of carbohydrate structures and perform numerous essential biological functions. Here we focus on only two families of lectins, the Siglecs and C-type lectins. Triggering of intracellular signaling cascades following ligand recognition by these receptors can have profound effects on the induction and modulation of immunity. In this chapter, we provide a brief overview of each family and then focus on selected examples that highlight how these lectins can influence myeloid cell functioning in health and disease. Receptors that are discussed include Sn (Siglec-1), CD33 (Siglec-3), and Siglec-5, -7, -8, -9, -10, -11, -14, -15, -E, -F, and -G as well as Dectin-1, MICL, Dectin-2, Mincle/MCL, and the macrophage mannose receptor.
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Wang RY, Chen YQ, Wu JQ, Wang X, Cao YH, Zhao HZ, Zhu LP. Cryptococcosis in patients with hematological diseases: a 14-year retrospective clinical analysis in a Chinese tertiary hospital. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:463. [PMID: 28673256 PMCID: PMC5496217 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptococcal infection has become a public health challenge globally. However, information about cryptococcal infection in patients with hematological diseases remains relatively rare. Methods HIV-uninfected cryptococcosis cases with hematological diseases admitted to Huashan Hospital from January 2001 to December 2014 were reviewed. Results In total, 33 cryptococcosis patients were enrolled, including 12 malignant and 21 non-malignant hematological cases. Twenty-six patients had central nervous system (CNS) involvement, which was observed more often in patients with non-malignancies than with malignancies (20/21 vs. 6/12, P = 0.001) Most patients (25/26) with CNS infection were confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture or smear, and 100% (20/20) of them tested positive for the CSF cryptococcal antigen test. Eighteen out of 26 cryptococcal meningitis patients were treated with amphotericin B (AmB)-based therapy, 16 of them with AmB deoxycholate (d-AmB) and 2 patients with liposomal AmB. The clinical success rate was 55.6%. D-AmB was well-tolerated at 0.35–0.59 mg/kg/d (median 0.43 mg/kg/d) and only 12 patients had mild adverse events. Conclusions CNS cryptococcal infection was more frequent in patients with hematological non-malignancies, and cryptococcal antigen test as well as the CSF fungal culture or smear are suggested for early diagnosis. D-AmB could be used as an alternative therapy for CNS-infected patients with hematological diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2561-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ying Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Qin Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Hui Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Zhen Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Ping Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Central Urumqi Road, Shanghai, China.
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Liu K, Ding H, Xu B, You R, Xing Z, Chen J, Lin Q, Qu J. Clinical analysis of non-AIDS patients pathologically diagnosed with pulmonary cryptococcosis. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:2813-2821. [PMID: 27867557 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.10.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary cryptococcosis (PC) was not a rare infectious disease in non-AIDS patients. However, data on the immune status were lacking in southern China for comparative analysis of differences between immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts. This study was to investigate the epidemiological, clinical, radiological, and treatment profiles for patients with PC. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of 88 patients diagnosed with tissue-confirmed PC who were not HIV-infected from 2003 to 2013. RESULTS Of 88 patients, 35(39.7%) were immunocompromised host. Fever and CNS symptom were significantly common in immunocompromised patients compared to immunocompetent patients (P=0.019 and P=0.036, respectively). The most frequent radiologic abnormalities were solitary or multiple pulmonary nodules, and masses or consolidations, and most lesions were located in the peripheral lung field. Cavitations and halo sign were significantly frequent in immunocompromised patients than in immunocompetent patients (P<0.05). The most frequently applied and reliable diagnostic procedure was CT-guided percutaneous translung biopsy. Treatment included antifungal drug alone in 20 patients, surgery alone in 20 including 3 treated by VATS, surgery plus antifungal drugs in 20 patients. CONCLUSIONS PC was not rare in immunocompetent host in southern China. Special differences remained in clinical manifestation and radiological findings of PC between immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. Future work on the mechanisms of possible differences is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiong Liu
- Department of Respiratory disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China;; Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- Department of Respiratory disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China;; Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Geriatric Hospital, Fuzhou 350003, China
| | - Ruixiong You
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Zhen Xing
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Department of thoracic surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Qichang Lin
- Department of Respiratory disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China;; Laboratory of Respiratory Disease of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Jieming Qu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200040, China
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Drummond RA, Lionakis MS. Mechanistic Insights into the Role of C-Type Lectin Receptor/CARD9 Signaling in Human Antifungal Immunity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:39. [PMID: 27092298 PMCID: PMC4820464 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human CARD9 deficiency is an autosomal recessive primary immunodeficiency disorder caused by biallelic mutations in the gene CARD9, which encodes a signaling protein that is found downstream of many C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). CLRs encompass a large family of innate recognition receptors, expressed predominantly by myeloid and epithelial cells, which bind fungal carbohydrates and initiate antifungal immune responses. Accordingly, human CARD9 deficiency is associated with the spontaneous development of persistent and severe fungal infections that primarily localize to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, mucosal surfaces and/or central nervous system (CNS). In the last 3 years, more than 15 missense and nonsense CARD9 mutations have been reported which associate with the development of a wide spectrum of fungal infections caused by a variety of fungal organisms. The mechanisms by which CARD9 provides organ-specific protection against these fungal infections are now emerging. In this review, we summarize recent immunological and clinical advances that have provided significant mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of human CARD9 deficiency. We also discuss how genetic mutations in CARD9-coupled receptors (Dectin-1, Dectin-2) and CARD9-binding partners (MALT1, BCL10) affect human antifungal immunity relative to CARD9 deficiency, and we highlight major understudied research questions which merit future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Drummond
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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