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Gao G, Goff SP. Isolation of suppressor genes that restore retrovirus susceptibility to a virus-resistant cell line. Retrovirology 2004; 1:30. [PMID: 15453907 PMCID: PMC524375 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-1-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic selections in mammalian cell lines have recently been developed for the isolation of mutant cells that are refractory to infection by retroviruses. These selections have been used to recover lines that block early postentry stages of infection, either before reverse transcription or before nuclear entry. The mechanisms of action of these blocks remain unknown. RESULTS We have devised a method for the selection of genes from cDNA libraries that suppress the block to virus infection, and so restore virus susceptibility. The protocol involves the transformation of pools of resistant cells by cDNA expression libraries, followed by the selection for rare virus-sensitive cells, using multiple rounds of selection after infection by marked viral vector genomes. The suppressor genes were then recovered from these virus sensitive cells, and their ability to restore virus susceptibility was confirmed by reintroduction of these cDNAs into the resistant line. CONCLUSIONS The identities of these genes provide insights into the mechanism of virus resistance and will help to define new pathways used during retrovirus infection. The methods for gene isolation developed here will also permit the identification of similar suppressors that modify or override other recently identified virus resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxia Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Howard Hughes Medical Institute Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons New York NY 10032, USA
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
| | - Stephen P Goff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Howard Hughes Medical Institute Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons New York NY 10032, USA
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2
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Song X, Wang B, Bromberg M, Hu Z, Konigsberg W, Garen A. Retroviral-mediated transmission of a mouse VL30 RNA to human melanoma cells promotes metastasis in an immunodeficient mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:6269-73. [PMID: 11959915 PMCID: PMC122938 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.092112199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of a human melanoma cell line by a retroviral vector resulted in transmission of a mouse VL30 (mVL30-1) retroelement RNA to some of the cells infected by the retrovirus, followed by synthesis, integration, and expression of the mVL30-1 cDNA. One vector carried a tissue factor (TF) transgene that generated high TF melanoma clones, and another vector was a control without the TF transgene that generated low TF clones. Some high TF melanoma clones contained the mVL30-1 retroelement and others did not, and some low TF melanoma clones contained the mVL30-1 retroelement and others did not. Each type of melanoma clone was tested for its metastatic potential in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice, by i.v. injection of the cells to generate lung tumors. None of the low TF clones that either contained or lacked the mVL30-1 retroelement generated lung tumors, consistent with earlier results showing that high TF expression promoted metastasis. The high TF clones containing the mVL30-1 retroelement were strongly metastatic, in contrast to the high TF clones lacking the mVL30-1 retroelement, which were weakly metastatic. Southern hybridization analyses showed that the mVL30-1 cDNA integrated into different genomic sites in different melanoma clones, suggesting that the effect of the mVL30-1 retroelement on metastasis depends not on integration per se but instead on expression of the mVL30-1 RNA. A role for the mVL30-1 RNA in metastasis and possibly other cell functions is an unexpected finding, because the RNA appears to lack significant coding potential for a functional protein. The metastatic effect might be mediated directly by a noncoding mVL30-1 RNA or by a peptide or small protein encoded by one of the short ORFs in the mVL30-1 RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Song
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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3
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French NS, Norton JD. Structure and functional properties of mouse VL30 retrotransposons. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1352:33-47. [PMID: 9177481 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(97)00009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N S French
- CRC Department of Gene Regulation, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital (NHS) Trust, Manchester, UK
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4
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Abstract
The complete sequence of ART-CH, a recently found chicken retrotransposon (A. V. Gudkov, E. A. Komarova, M. A. Nikiforov, and T. E. Zaitsevskaya, J. Virol. 66:1726-1736, 1992), was characterized. ART-CH has the structure of a 3,300-bp-long provirus, including two 388-bp long terminal repeats (LTRs) (U3, 245 bp; R region, 17 bp; and U5, 126 bp), a tRNA(Trp)-binding site, and a polypurine tract, similar to avian leukosis viruses. At least some of the approximately 50 genomic copies of ART-CH are transcribed into polyadenylated RNA, which is initiated and terminated at the expected sites within the LTRs. In contrast to the regulatory sequences involved in proviral expression and replication, the internal regions of ART-CH seem to be completely defective. Several short regions of homology with avian leukosis virus genes, most of which encode gag-related sequences, were found among different reading frames of ART-CH, which are not organized like regular retroviral genes. Both sequence analysis and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed a high degree of sequence (97% homology) and structural similarity among members of the ART-CH family, indicating their common origin and recent penetration into chicken DNA. ART-CH sequences were detected in mouse cells infected with Rous sarcoma virus produced by an ART-CH-expressing Rous sarcoma. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that ART-CH belongs to a class of defective retrotransposons whose replication strategy requires the use of helper viruses. They might originate from an avian leukosis virus-related retrovirus which completely lost its coding capacities as a result of multiple mutations and deletions. These features apparently group ART-CH with the VL30 retrotransposons of rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Nikiforov
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Center, Moscow, Russian Federation
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5
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Denhardt DT, Edwards DR, Mcleod M, Norton G, Parfett CL, Zimmer M. Spontaneous immortalization of mouse embryo cells: strain differences and changes in gene expression with particular reference to retroviral gag-pol genes. Exp Cell Res 1991; 192:128-36. [PMID: 1701724 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(91)90167-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the kinetics with which cultures of primary mouse embryo cells pass through the crisis period, escape their terminal differentiation (cellular senescence), and give rise to an immortal cell line. The process is strain-dependent, with cells from the outbred Swiss CD-1 mouse being considerably more adept at forming an immortal 3T3 line than cells from the inbred SWR line; Balb/c cells appeared intermediate in their behavior. The continued presence of the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate or the poly(ADPribose)polymerase inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide affected the kinetics but did not seem to alter the outcome. Changes in expression of various genes, including those encoding mitogen-regulated protein (proliferin), endogenous gag-pol retrovirus sequences, insulin-like growth factor II, and a variety of protooncogenes, were monitored during the process of immortalization, and although certain changes were reproducibly characteristic of cells from a given mouse strain passed according to a specific regimen, none of the observed changes were reproducibly characteristic under all conditions of immortalization. In particular, our data indicate the absence of a strict correlation between cellular immortalization and the activation of endogenous gag-pol expression. We conclude from our observations that the establishment of permanent lines from primary mouse embryo cells in serum-containing medium reflects the selection of a variant subpopulation of cells that did not preexist but rather arose in response to the specific culture conditions by a process resembling differentiation. Multiple and complex changes in gene expression occur that are affected by the culture conditions and the strain (genotype) of the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Denhardt
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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6
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Hatzoglou M, Hodgson CP, Mularo F, Hanson RW. Efficient packaging of a specific VL30 retroelement by psi 2 cells which produce MoMLV recombinant retroviruses. Hum Gene Ther 1990; 1:385-97. [PMID: 1964095 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1990.1.4-385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
FTO-2B rat hepatoma cells acquired mouse VL30 retrotransposon(s) when infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) recombinant retroviruses produced from psi 2 cells. The VL30 provirus was integrated into the rat genome, expressed at high levels, and its transcription induced 40-fold by dexamethasone, VL30 RNA was detected in hepatoma cells even without selection for the expression of the amino-3'-glycosyl phosphotransferase (neo) gene, which was co-transferred with a MoMLV retrovirus. However, the extent of transfer of the VL30 RNA was inversely related to the titer of the MoMLV recombinant retrovirus. The restriction map analysis of the transferred VL30 provirus was identical to the mouse VL30s of the NVL subfamily which is known to be a significant fraction of the transcriptionally active VL30 subset. Additionally, the regenerating liver from an adult rat, which was infected with a defective MoMLV-derived retrovirus, expressed VL30 RNA. These results indicate that great care should be given to the transfer of unwanted passengers, like VL30, present in retroviral packaging cell lines like the psi 2 cells, which are currently being used for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hatzoglou
- Pew Center for Molecular Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
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7
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Ono T, Shinya K, Uehara Y, Okada S. Endogenous virus genomes become hypomethylated tissue--specifically during aging process of C57BL mice. Mech Ageing Dev 1989; 50:27-36. [PMID: 2561001 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(89)90056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to find out a cause for age-dependent derepression of endogenous viruses, extents of DNA methylation at the endogenous B- and C-type ecotropic viruses in brain, liver and spleen of C57BL/6NJc1 were examined at three ages, newborn, young adult and old. Both endogenous viruses showed a slight but significant tissue-specific either hypo- or hypermethylation during post-natal developmental phase in the three tissues. After maturation, however, no such change was detectable at most of the sites examined. The exceptions were C-type ecotropic virus in brain and B-type virus in spleen, where the age-dependent decreases of methylation were observed. The changes seemed to be continuations of preceding developmental hypomethylation. They indicated that the hypomethylation could be one of the causes for the age-dependent derepression of endogenous virus. It was further suggested that a mechanism to stop the developmental changes of DNA methylation at the maturation of individuals would be important in considering the reasons for the changes in senescent phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ono
- Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Japan
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8
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Hutchison KW, Eicher EM. An amplified endogenous retroviral sequence on the murine Y chromosome related to murine leukemia viruses and viruslike 30S sequences. J Virol 1989; 63:4043-6. [PMID: 2548014 PMCID: PMC251003 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.63.9.4043-4046.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly repeated sequence on the murine Y chromosome was cloned and characterized. The DNA sequence of the viral long terminal repeats (LTRs) showed that the 5' and 3' LTRs were approximately 90% homologous. The LTRs are generally unrelated to any previously reported viral LTR but are somewhat similar to the viruslike 30S sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Hutchison
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Maine, Orono 04469-0131
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9
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Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of a mouse retro-element is presented. The cloned element is composed of 4,834 base pairs (bp) with long terminal repeats of 568 bp separated by an internal region of 3,698 bp. The element did not appear to have any open reading frames that would be capable of encoding the functional proteins that are normally produced by retro-elements. However, some regions of the genome showed some homology to retroviral gag and pol open reading frames. There was no region in VL30 corresponding to a retroviral env gene. This implies that VL30 is related to retrotransposons rather than to retroviruses. The sequence also contained regions that were homologous to known reverse transcriptase priming sites and viral packaging sites. These observations, combined with the known transcriptional capacity of the VL30 promoter, suggest that VL30 relies on protein functions of other retro-elements, such as murine leukemia virus, while maintaining highly conserved cis-active promoter, packaging, and priming sites necessary for its replication and cell-to-cell transmission.
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10
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Anderson GR, Stoler DL, Scarcello LA. Retrotransposon-like VL30 elements are efficiently induced in anoxic rat fibroblasts. J Mol Biol 1989; 205:765-9. [PMID: 2467007 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(89)90320-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
VL30 elements are a multigene family within the class of retroviruses and retrotransposons. We have characterized the response of normal rat fibroblasts to anoxia, in which endogenous VL30 element expression is strongly induced. Optimal induction up to 500-fold occurs under complete anoxia, although a lesser response is seen under atmospheres up to 2% oxygen. Phorbol esters and diacylglycerol, which induce mouse VL30 RNA approximately eightfold, show no effect on the rat VL30 system. The hypoxic conditions optimal for rat VL30 induction represent a mild cellular stress, with no reduction in cell viability during the induction period. Although the precise physiological role of this fibroblast response to temporary anoxia is unknown, it may occur during wound healing. The induction of VL30 by anoxia provides a unique model system wherein a member of the mammalian retrovirus/retrotransposon family is highly responsive to a common physiological signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Anderson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263
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11
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Carter AT, Norton JD, Avery RJ. The genomic DNA organisation and evolution of a retrovirus-transmissible family of mouse (VL30) genetic elements. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 951:130-8. [PMID: 2847794 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(88)90033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The sequence organisation of endogenous VL30 elements in the mouse genome was investigated by using a cloned representative of a retrovirus-transmissible VL30 cDNA. The majority of dispersed VL30 sequences could be assigned to a proviral-like structure 5.2-5.3 kbp long and bounded by long terminal repeats (LTRs). The existence of a hierarchy of evolutionarily conserved elements was rather limited and sequence heterogeneity between different elements was randomly distributed. However, the retrovirus-transmissible class of VL30 element was found to represent a distinct minority subgroup distinguishable by restriction sites and size (4.6-4.9 kbp long). Analysis of sequence conservation showed that VL30 elements display a more rapid turnover than endogenous murine leukaemia virus-related proviral sequences, and that VL30 LTRs show the most limited evolutionary distribution. Although discrete subsets of VL30 unique sequence were conserved in different rodents, the location of conserved regions was found to be variable, arguing against the presence of a functionally conserved protein coding region. These observations support the hypothesis that high frequency recombination, probably occurring during reverse transcription and the accompanying processes of duplicative transposition and amplification, have been a major determinant in the mode of evolution of the VL30 gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Carter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, U.K
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12
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Adams SE, Rathjen PD, Stanway CA, Fulton SM, Malim MH, Wilson W, Ogden J, King L, Kingsman SM, Kingsman AJ. Complete nucleotide sequence of a mouse VL30 retro-element. Mol Cell Biol 1988; 8:2989-98. [PMID: 2850474 PMCID: PMC363524 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.8.8.2989-2998.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete nucleotide sequence of a mouse retro-element is presented. The cloned element is composed of 4,834 base pairs (bp) with long terminal repeats of 568 bp separated by an internal region of 3,698 bp. The element did not appear to have any open reading frames that would be capable of encoding the functional proteins that are normally produced by retro-elements. However, some regions of the genome showed some homology to retroviral gag and pol open reading frames. There was no region in VL30 corresponding to a retroviral env gene. This implies that VL30 is related to retrotransposons rather than to retroviruses. The sequence also contained regions that were homologous to known reverse transcriptase priming sites and viral packaging sites. These observations, combined with the known transcriptional capacity of the VL30 promoter, suggest that VL30 relies on protein functions of other retro-elements, such as murine leukemia virus, while maintaining highly conserved cis-active promoter, packaging, and priming sites necessary for its replication and cell-to-cell transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Adams
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Denhardt DT, Edwards DR, Parfett CL. Gene expression during the mammalian cell cycle. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1986; 865:83-125. [PMID: 3533155 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(86)90024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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14
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Pampeno CL, Meruelo D. Isolation of a retroviruslike sequence from the TL locus of the C57BL/10 murine major histocompatibility complex. J Virol 1986; 58:296-306. [PMID: 3701921 PMCID: PMC252913 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.58.2.296-306.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two retroviruslike sequences have been isolated from the TL locus of the major histocompatibility complex of C57BL/10 mice. One sequence (TLev2) hybridizes only with probes derived from the pol region of the murine leukemia provirus AKR; the other sequence (TLev1) hybridizes with gag, pol, and env AKR region probes. This 9-kilobase endogenous, TL region-associated virus (TLev1) has been further characterized. The TLev1 genome has been shown to contain murine leukemia virus-related sequences bounded by retroviruslike, VL30 long terminal repeats. Hybridization of TLev1-derived probes to mouse genomic digests reveals multiple copies which show distinct patterns compared with those observed with murine leukemia virus probes. The study of TLev1 may prove significant with respect to the interaction of retroviral sequences within the genome, expression of genes within the TL locus, and polymorphisms within the major histocompatibility complex.
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15
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Ono T, Okada S, Kawakami T, Honjo T, Getz MJ. Absence of gross change in primary DNA sequence during aging process of mice. Mech Ageing Dev 1985; 32:227-34. [PMID: 4087943 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(85)90082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of age-associated changes in DNA sequence in terms of amplification and rearrangement was examined in mouse spleen, liver and brain using the method of Southern transfer and filter hybridization. The DNA regions studied were at and around nine cloned sequences, most of which are known to move or amplify in certain situations. No detectable age-associated change, however, was observed in all DNA regions studied. These results suggest that widespread DNA sequence rearrangements or amplifications do not occur during the ageing process in mice.
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16
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Norton JD, Connor J, Avery RJ. Genesis of Kirsten murine sarcoma virus: sequence analysis reveals recombination points and potential leukaemogenic determinant on parental leukaemia virus genome. Nucleic Acids Res 1984; 12:6839-52. [PMID: 6091040 PMCID: PMC320120 DOI: 10.1093/nar/12.17.6839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of Kirsten murine sarcoma virus was formed by recombination between Kirsten murine leukaemia virus sequences, and rat sequences derived from a retrovirus-like '30S' (VL30) genetic element encompassing the Kras oncogene. Using cloned DNAs we have determined the nucleotide sequences of the long terminal repeats and adjacent regions, extending across the points of recombination on the sarcoma and leukaemia virus genomes. Our results suggest that discrete regions of homology and other cryptic sequence features, may have constituted recombinational hot-spots involved in the genesis of the Kirsten murine sarcoma virus genome. We have also compared the sequence of the Kirsten murine leukaemia virus p15 env and adjacent long terminal repeat with the corresponding regions of the AKV and Gross A murine leukaemia virus genomes. This comparison has identified a leukaemogenic determinant in the U3 domain of the long terminal repeat, possibly within a enhancer-like sequence element.
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17
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Abstract
DNA sequencing and blot hybridization analyses have been used to study the structure of a mouse VL30 gene and the molecular nature of VL30-related RNA which is induced upon the stimulation of cultured AKR mouse embryo cells with defined peptide growth factors. An integrated mouse VL30 gene was found to contain identical 601-base-pair long terminal repeats (LTRs) which were themselves terminated in short inverted repeats. The entire VL30 gene was flanked by a 4-base-pair direct repeat of cellular DNA. Thus, VL30 genes are structurally analogous to integrated forms of retrovirus proviruses and certain other classes of mobile genetic elements. The LTR sequence was found to contain putative promoter and polyadenylation signals and generally exhibited little sequence homology to murine leukemia virus proviral LTRs. Certain short regions of sequence conservation, however, were evident, including the inverted terminal repeat, LTR-adjacent regions corresponding to origins of murine leukemia virus proviral DNA synthesis, and a 36-base-pair direct repeat bearing homology to the 72-base-pair direct repeat (enhancer sequence) of the murine leukemia virus-related Moloney sarcoma virus. Upon mitogenic stimulation of quiescent cells with epidermal growth factor and insulin, a major 5.5-kilobase VL30-specific RNA complementary to both LTR and non-LTR sequences was rapidly induced. We conclude that a complete VL30 gene(s) is highly regulated by peptide growth factor binding to specific membrane receptors in these cells.
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18
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Abstract
DNA sequencing and blot hybridization analyses have been used to study the structure of a mouse VL30 gene and the molecular nature of VL30-related RNA which is induced upon the stimulation of cultured AKR mouse embryo cells with defined peptide growth factors. An integrated mouse VL30 gene was found to contain identical 601-base-pair long terminal repeats (LTRs) which were themselves terminated in short inverted repeats. The entire VL30 gene was flanked by a 4-base-pair direct repeat of cellular DNA. Thus, VL30 genes are structurally analogous to integrated forms of retrovirus proviruses and certain other classes of mobile genetic elements. The LTR sequence was found to contain putative promoter and polyadenylation signals and generally exhibited little sequence homology to murine leukemia virus proviral LTRs. Certain short regions of sequence conservation, however, were evident, including the inverted terminal repeat, LTR-adjacent regions corresponding to origins of murine leukemia virus proviral DNA synthesis, and a 36-base-pair direct repeat bearing homology to the 72-base-pair direct repeat (enhancer sequence) of the murine leukemia virus-related Moloney sarcoma virus. Upon mitogenic stimulation of quiescent cells with epidermal growth factor and insulin, a major 5.5-kilobase VL30-specific RNA complementary to both LTR and non-LTR sequences was rapidly induced. We conclude that a complete VL30 gene(s) is highly regulated by peptide growth factor binding to specific membrane receptors in these cells.
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Carter AT, Norton JD, Avery RJ. A novel approach to cloning transcriptionally active retrovirus-like genetic elements from mouse cells. Nucleic Acids Res 1983; 11:6243-54. [PMID: 6312415 PMCID: PMC326370 DOI: 10.1093/nar/11.18.6243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A family of dispersed, moderately repeated mouse genetic elements is expressed as retrovirus-like 30S RNA species (VL30 RNA) which can be transmitted to other cells when packaged as a pseudovirion complex by murine leukemia viruses (MuLV). Using the endogenous reverse transcriptase reaction of VL30 RNA-containing MuLV particles, full-length VL30 DNA was synthesized and cloned in pAT153. Analysis of a number of clones identified long terminal repeat structures (LTRs) characteristic of retrovirus proviruses and transposable genetic elements. Whilst the unique region of all clones was identical, the LTRs displayed some heterogeneity. Comparison of the unique region of cloned VL30 DNA with mouse genomic VL30 sequences showed the retrovirus-derived clones to be encoded by only a few members of the divergent VL30 gene family. These findings thus demonstrate a method for cloning a defined sub-class of retrovirus-like cellular genes which are both transcriptionally active and transmissible by a retrovirus.
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