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Rigi G, Ghaedmohammadi S, Ahmadian G. A comprehensive review on staphylococcal protein A (SpA): Its production and applications. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 66:454-464. [PMID: 30869160 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SpA) can be obtained through the culture of wild-type S. aureus and also as a recombinant protein in safe bacterial hosts. Several methods have been used to purify SpA among which ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, gel filtration, and per aqueous liquid chromatography (PALC) are common. SpA has a wide range of biochemical, biotechnological, and medical applications and is most commonly used in test methods such as immunoprecipitation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting. SpA has also been widely utilized in pharmaceutical applications to bind to immune complexes and serum immunoglobulins. SpA also directly binds to the B-cells preventing initiation of infectious diseases as well as having a role in the development of various autoimmune diseases. This review considers different applications of SpA in biotechnology and its novel clinical application for effective treatment of autoimmune diseases. It also discusses various strategies for expression and purification of the SpA including types of column chromatography that are commonly used in protein purification and developing SpA surface display technologies. Finally, this review highlights the potential and novel applications of SpA immobilization, SpA typing, protein engineering for further development of immunological and biochemical research, and also application of SpA as a diagnostic biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garshasb Rigi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Science, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, 881 863 4141, Iran.,Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Research Institute of Biotechnology, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Samira Ghaedmohammadi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Estahban Higher Education Center, Estahban, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Associate Professor, Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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2
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Ghahremanifard P, Rezaeinezhad N, Rigi G, Ramezani F, Ahmadian G. Designing a novel signal sequence for efficient secretion of Candida antarctica lipase B in E. coli: The molecular dynamic simulation, codon optimization and statistical analysis approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:291-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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3
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Zou X, Wang L, Li Z, Luo J, Wang Y, Deng Z, Du S, Chen S. Genome Engineering and Modification Toward Synthetic Biology for the Production of Antibiotics. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:229-260. [PMID: 28295439 DOI: 10.1002/med.21439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zou
- Zhongnan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430071 China
- Taihe Hospital; Hubei University of Medicine; Shiyan Hubei China
| | - Lianrong Wang
- Zhongnan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430071 China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Zhongnan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430071 China
| | - Jie Luo
- Taihe Hospital; Hubei University of Medicine; Shiyan Hubei China
| | - Yunfu Wang
- Taihe Hospital; Hubei University of Medicine; Shiyan Hubei China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Zhongnan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430071 China
| | - Shiming Du
- Taihe Hospital; Hubei University of Medicine; Shiyan Hubei China
| | - Shi Chen
- Zhongnan Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan Hubei 430071 China
- Taihe Hospital; Hubei University of Medicine; Shiyan Hubei China
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4
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Pandey A, Shin K, Patterson RE, Liu XQ, Rainey JK. Current strategies for protein production and purification enabling membrane protein structural biology. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:507-527. [PMID: 27010607 PMCID: PMC5752365 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2015-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins are still heavily under-represented in the protein data bank (PDB), owing to multiple bottlenecks. The typical low abundance of membrane proteins in their natural hosts makes it necessary to overexpress these proteins either in heterologous systems or through in vitro translation/cell-free expression. Heterologous expression of proteins, in turn, leads to multiple obstacles, owing to the unpredictability of compatibility of the target protein for expression in a given host. The highly hydrophobic and (or) amphipathic nature of membrane proteins also leads to challenges in producing a homogeneous, stable, and pure sample for structural studies. Circumventing these hurdles has become possible through the introduction of novel protein production protocols; efficient protein isolation and sample preparation methods; and, improvement in hardware and software for structural characterization. Combined, these advances have made the past 10-15 years very exciting and eventful for the field of membrane protein structural biology, with an exponential growth in the number of solved membrane protein structures. In this review, we focus on both the advances and diversity of protein production and purification methods that have allowed this growth in structural knowledge of membrane proteins through X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Pandey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Kyungsoo Shin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Robin E. Patterson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Xiang-Qin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jan K. Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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5
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Bao RM, Yang HM, Yu CM, Zhang WF, Tang JB. An efficient protocol to enhance the extracellular production of recombinant protein from Escherichia coli by the synergistic effects of sucrose, glycine, and Triton X-100. Protein Expr Purif 2016; 126:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Uversky VN. Proteins without unique 3D structures: biotechnological applications of intrinsically unstable/disordered proteins. Biotechnol J 2014; 10:356-66. [PMID: 25287424 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and intrinsically disordered protein regions (IDPRs) are functional proteins or regions that do not have unique 3D structures under functional conditions. Therefore, from the viewpoint of their lack of stable 3D structure, IDPs/IDPRs are inherently unstable. As much as structure and function of normal ordered globular proteins are determined by their amino acid sequences, the lack of unique 3D structure in IDPs/IDPRs and their disorder-based functionality are also encoded in the amino acid sequences. Because of their specific sequence features and distinctive conformational behavior, these intrinsically unstable proteins or regions have several applications in biotechnology. This review introduces some of the most characteristic features of IDPs/IDPRs (such as peculiarities of amino acid sequences of these proteins and regions, their major structural features, and peculiar responses to changes in their environment) and describes how these features can be used in the biotechnology, for example for the proteome-wide analysis of the abundance of extended IDPs, for recombinant protein isolation and purification, as polypeptide nanoparticles for drug delivery, as solubilization tools, and as thermally sensitive carriers of active peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; Faculty of Science, Biology Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia; Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia.
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7
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Rigi G, Mohammadi SG, Arjomand MR, Ahmadian G, Noghabi KA. Optimization of extracellular truncated staphylococcal protein A expression inEscherichia coliBL21 (DE3). Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 61:217-25. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Garshasb Rigi
- Department of Molecular Genetics; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB); Tehran Iran
| | - Samira Ghaed Mohammadi
- Department of Molecular Genetics; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB); Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Rezaei Arjomand
- Department of Molecular Genetics; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB); Tehran Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Department of Molecular Genetics; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB); Tehran Iran
| | - Kambiz Akbari Noghabi
- Department of Molecular Genetics; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB); Tehran Iran
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Abstract
The non-essential Corynebacterium glutamicum sigma factor, sigB, modulates global gene expression during the transition from exponential growth to the stationary phase. Utilizing a signal peptide derived from C. glutamicum R CgR_0949, a sigB disruption mutant able to secrete 3- to 5-fold more green fluorescence protein (GFP) and α-amylase than the wild type strain was isolated. The signal peptide selectively enabled the mutant to produce greater amounts of both proteins, which were in turn secreted in culture medium in greater quantities than previously acknowledged. A peak GFP productivity of 2.8 g/l was attained, representing the highest GFP productivity reported in C. glutamicum to date. CgR_0949 signal sequence length (30 residues), type (Tat) or the target protein identity (GFP or α-amylase) had no measurable effect on the magnitude of the protein accumulation and consequent secretion. It therefore follows that actual experimentation remains the fastest way to identify suitable signal sequences in C. glutamicum. More secretion studies may reveal even greater secretion productivity by C. glutamicum and consequently present an attractive avenue to further enhance the utility of C. glutamicum as an industrial workhorse.
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Santner AA, Croy CH, Vasanwala FH, Uversky VN, Van YYJ, Dunker AK. Sweeping away protein aggregation with entropic bristles: intrinsically disordered protein fusions enhance soluble expression. Biochemistry 2012; 51:7250-62. [PMID: 22924672 DOI: 10.1021/bi300653m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered, highly charged protein sequences act as entropic bristles (EBs), which, when translationally fused to partner proteins, serve as effective solubilizers by creating both a large favorable surface area for water interactions and large excluded volumes around the partner. By extending away from the partner and sweeping out large molecules, EBs can allow the target protein to fold free from interference. Using both naturally occurring and artificial polypeptides, we demonstrate the successful implementation of intrinsically disordered fusions as protein solubilizers. The artificial fusions discussed herein have a low level of sequence complexity and a high net charge but are diversified by means of distinctive amino acid compositions and lengths. Using 6xHis fusions as controls, soluble protein expression enhancements from 65% (EB60A) to 100% (EB250) were observed for a 20-protein portfolio. Additionally, these EBs were able to more effectively solubilize targets compared to frequently used fusions such as maltose-binding protein, glutathione S-transferase, thioredoxin, and N utilization substance A. Finally, although these EBs possess very distinct physiochemical properties, they did not perturb the structure, conformational stability, or function of the green fluorescent protein or the glutathione S-transferase protein. This work thus illustrates the successful de novo design of intrinsically disordered fusions and presents a promising technology and complementary resource for researchers attempting to solubilize recalcitrant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Santner
- Molecular Kinetics Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana 46268, United States
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Dana A, Tuller T. Efficient manipulations of synonymous mutations for controlling translation rate: an analytical approach. J Comput Biol 2012; 19:200-31. [PMID: 22300321 DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2011.0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene translation is a central process in all living organism with important ramifications to almost every biomedical field. Previous systems evolutionary studies in the field have demonstrated that in many organisms coding sequence features undergo selection to optimize this process. In the current study, we report for the first time analytical proofs related to the various aspects of this process and its optimality. Among our results we show that coding sequences with mono- tonic increasing profiles of translation efficiency (i.e., with slower codons near the 5'UTR), mathematically optimize ribosomal allocation by minimizing the number of ribosomes needed for translating a codon per time unit. Thus, the genomic translation efficiency profile reported in previous studies for many organisms is optimal in this sense. In addition, we show that improving translation efficiency of a codon in a gene may result in a decrease in the translation rate of other genes, demonstrating that the relation between codon bias and protein translation rate is less trivial than was assumed before. Based on these observations we describe an efficient heuristic for designing coding sequences with specific translation efficiency and minimal ribosomal allocation for heterologous gene expression. We demonstrate how this heuristic can be used in biotechnology for engineering a heterologous gene before expressing it in a new host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Dana
- The Iby and Aladar Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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11
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Ong E, Gilkes NR, Miller RC, Warren RA, Kilburn DG. The cellulose-binding domain (CBD(Cex)) of an exoglucanase from Cellulomonas fimi: production in Escherichia coli and characterization of the polypeptide. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 42:401-9. [PMID: 18613043 DOI: 10.1002/bit.260420402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The gene fragment encoding the cellulose-binding domain (CBD) of an exoglucanase (Cex) from Cellulomonas fimi was subcloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Transcription from the lac promoter coupled with translation from a consensus prokaryotic ribosome binding site led to the production of large quantities of CBD(Cex) (up to 25% total soluble cell protein). The polypeptide leaked into the culture supernatant (up to 50 mg . L(-1)), facilitating one-step purification by affinity chromatography on cellulose. The 11-kDa polypeptide reacted with Cex antiserum. Absence of free thiols indicated that the two Cys residues of CBD(Cex) form a disulfide bridge. It had the same N-terminal amino acid sequence as CBD(Cex) prepared from Cex by proteolysis, plus two additional N-terminal amino acid residues (Ala and Ser) encoded by the Nhel site introduced during plasmid construction. CBD(Cex) bound to a variety of beta-1, 4-glycans with different affinities and saturation levels. Adsorption to bacterial microcrystalline cellulose was dependent on the temperature, but not on the pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ong
- Department of Microbiology and Protein Engineering Network of Centres of Excellence, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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12
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Hasenwinkle D, Jervis E, Kops O, Liu C, Lesnicki G, Haynes CA, Kilburn DG. Very high-level production and export in Escherichia coli of a cellulose binding domain for use in a generic secretion-affinity fusion system. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 55:854-63. [PMID: 18636596 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19970920)55:6<854::aid-bit4>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel expression vector pTugA, previously constructed in our laboratory, was modified to provide kanamycin resistance (pTugK) and used to direct the synthesis of polypeptides as fusions with the C- or N-terminus of a cellulose binding domain which serves as the affinity tag in a novel secretion-affinity fusion system. Fed-batch fermentation strategies were applied to production in recombinant E. coli TOPP5 of the cellulose binding domain (CBD) from the Cellulomonas fimi cellulase Cex. The pTugK expression vector, which codes for the Cex leader sequence that directs the recombinant protein to the periplasm of E. coli, was shown to remain stable at very high-cell densities. Recombinant cell densities in excess of 90 g (dry cell weight)/L were achieved using media and feed solutions optimized using a 2(n) factorial design. Optimization of inducer (isophenyl-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside) concentration and the time of induction led to soluble, fully active CBD(Cex) production levels in excess of 8 g/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hasenwinkle
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Protein Engineering Network of Centres of Excellence, and The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
Targeting recombinant protein production to the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli presents several advantages over cytoplasmic production in inclusion bodies and at the same time overcomes the low productivity problem often associated with culture medium secretion. This chapter presents a strategy for periplasmic production of recombinant proteins fused to synthetic Z domains derived from staphylococcal protein A. Expression, purification, and monitoring strategies are discussed using green fluorescent protein and human proinsulin as model proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe J Mergulhão
- LEPAE, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Chemical Engineering Department, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Björnsson A, Isaksson LA. Test System for Measurement of Translational Activity in Vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/07328318808056286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Fu ZB, Ng KL, Lam CC, Leung KC, Yip WH, Wong WKR. A two-stage refinement approach for the enhancement of excretory production of an exoglucanase from Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 48:205-14. [PMID: 16542852 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2006.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 01/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyper-expression of a secretory exoglucanase, Exg, encoded by the cex gene of Cellulomonas fimi was previously shown to saturate the SecYEG pathway and result in dramatic cell death of recombinant Escherichia coli (Z.B. Fu, K.L. Ng, T.L. Lam, W.K.R. Wong, Cell death caused by hyper-expression of a secretory exoglucanase in Esherichia coli, Protein Expr. Purif. 42 (2005) 67-77). We propose here that the cell lysate ratio (Pre/Mat RQ) of the unprocessed precursor Exg protein (Pre-Exg) and its processed mature product (Mat-Exg) reflects the capacity of E. coli to secrete Exg. A Pre/Mat RQ of 20/80, designated the "Critical Value," was an important threshold measurement. A rise in the Pre/Mat RQ triggered a mass killing effect. The use of various secretion signal peptides did not improve the viability of cells expressing high levels of Pre-Exg under strong tac promoter control. However, use of the weaker vegG promoter in conjunction with a change in start codon of the spa leader sequence from ATG to TTG in a pM1vegGcexL plasmid construct resulted in a high level (0.9 U ml(-1)) of excreted Exg in shake-flask cultures. This was 50% higher than the best result obtained from plasmid construct lacUV5par8cex, using the lacUV5 promoter and the ompA leader sequence. Variations in the excreted Exg activities were attributable to differences in the Pre/Mat RQ values of the induced cultures harboring pM1vegGcexL and lacUV5par8cex. These values were 18/82 and 10/90, respectively. Employing fed-batch cultivation in two-liter fermentors, an induced JM101(pM1vegGcexL) culture yielded 4.5 U ml(-1) of excreted Exg, which was over six fold greater that previously reported. Our results illustrate the successful application of the Pre/Mat RQ ratio as a guide to the attainment of a maximum level of secreted/excreted Exg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z B Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Engels J, Uhlmann E. Gene synthesis. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2005; 37:73-127. [PMID: 3140610 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0009178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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17
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Mergulhão FJM, Summers DK, Monteiro GA. Recombinant protein secretion in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Adv 2005; 23:177-202. [PMID: 15763404 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2004.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2004] [Revised: 11/23/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The secretory production of recombinant proteins by the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli has several advantages over intracellular production as inclusion bodies. In most cases, targeting protein to the periplasmic space or to the culture medium facilitates downstream processing, folding, and in vivo stability, enabling the production of soluble and biologically active proteins at a reduced process cost. This review presents several strategies that can be used for recombinant protein secretion in E. coli and discusses their advantages and limitations depending on the characteristics of the target protein to be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J M Mergulhão
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica e Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal.
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19
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Sandee D, Tungpradabkul S, Kurokawa Y, Fukui K, Takagi M. Combination of Dsb coexpression and an addition of sorbitol markedly enhanced soluble expression of single-chain Fv inEscherichia coli. Biotechnol Bioeng 2005; 91:418-24. [PMID: 15937881 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many eukaryotic proteins have been produced successfully in Escherichia coli. However, not every gene can be expressed efficiently in this organism. Most proteins, especially those with multiple disulfide bonds, have been shown to form insoluble protein or inclusion body in E. coli. An inactive form of protein would require an in vitro refolding step to regain biological functions. In this study, we described the system for soluble expression of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) against hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep27scFv) by coexpressing Dsb protein and enhancing with medium additives. The results revealed that overexpression of DsbABCD protein showed marked effect on the soluble production of Hep27scFv, presumably facilitating correct folding. The optimal condition for soluble scFv expression could be obtained by adding 0.5M sorbitol to the culture medium. The competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) indicated that soluble scFv expressed by our method retains binding activity toward the same epitope on a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HCC-S102) recognized by intact antibody (Ab) (Hep27 Mab). Here, we report an effective method for soluble expression of scFv in E. coli by the Dsb coexpression system with the addition of sorbitol medium additive. This method might be applicable for high-yield soluble expression of proteins with multiple disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanpen Sandee
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate school of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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20
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Mergulhão FJM, Taipa MA, Cabral JMS, Monteiro GA. Evaluation of bottlenecks in proinsulin secretion by Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2004; 109:31-43. [PMID: 15063612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2003.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2002] [Revised: 09/08/2003] [Accepted: 10/14/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This work evaluates three potential bottlenecks in recombinant human proinsulin secretion by Escherichia coli: protein stability, secretion capacity and the effect of molecular size on secretion efficiency. A maximum secretion level of 7.2 mg g(-1) dry cell weight was obtained in the periplasm of E. coli JM109(DE3) host cells. This value probably represents an upper limit in the transport capacity of E. coli cells secreting ZZ-proinsulin and similar proteins with the protein A signal peptide. A selective deletion study was performed in the fusion partner and no effect of the molecular size (17-24 kDa) was detected on secretion efficiency. The protective effect against proteolysis provided by the ZZ domain was thoroughly demonstrated in the periplasm of E. coli and it was also shown that a single Z domain is able to provide the same protection level without compromising the downstream processing. The use of this shorter fusion partner enables a 1.6-fold increase in the recovery of the target protein after cleavage of the affinity handle.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J M Mergulhão
- Centro de Engenharia Biológica e Química, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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21
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Arakawa T, Li T, Narhi LO. Recombinant production of native proteins from Escherichia coli. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2002; 13:27-60. [PMID: 11987753 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0557-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 3957 Corte Cancion, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360, USA
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22
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Hearn MT, Acosta D. Applications of novel affinity cassette methods: use of peptide fusion handles for the purification of recombinant proteins. J Mol Recognit 2001; 14:323-69. [PMID: 11757069 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In this article, recent progress related to the use of different types of polypeptide fusion handles or 'tags' for the purification of recombinant proteins are critically discussed. In addition, novel aspects of the molecular cassette concept are elaborated, together with areas of potential application of these fundamental principles in molecular recognition. As evident from this review, the use of these concepts provides a powerful strategy for the high throughput isolation and purification of recombinant proteins and their derived domains, generated from functional genomic or zeomic studies, as part of the bioprocess technology leading to their commercial development, and in the study of molecular recognition phenomena per se. In addition, similar concepts can be exploited for high sensitivity analysis and detection, for the characterisation of protein bait/prey interactions at the molecular level, and for the immobilisation and directed orientation of proteins for use as biocatalysts/biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Hearn
- Centre for Bioprocess Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton 3800 Australia.
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23
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Wenthzel AM, Stancek M, Isaksson LA. Growth phase dependent stop codon readthrough and shift of translation reading frame in Escherichia coli. FEBS Lett 1998; 421:237-42. [PMID: 9468314 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)01570-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nonsense codon readthrough and changed translational reading frame were measured in different growth phases in E. coli. The strains used carry plasmid constructs with a translation assay reporter gene. This reporter gene contains an internal stop codon or a run of U-residues. Termination or frameshifting give rise to stable proteins that can be physically quantified on gels along with the complete protein products. Readthrough of the stop codon UGA by a nearcognate tRNA is several fold higher in active growth than in late exponential phase. In early exponential phase, about 7% of -1 frameshift at a U9 slippery sequence is detectable; upon entry to stationary phase this frameshifting increases to about 40% followed by a decrease in stationary phase. A similar increase is observed in the case of +1 reading frameshift at the U9 sequence, which increases from 13% in early exponential growth phase up to 38% at the beginning of stationary phase followed by a decrease. Thus, the levels of both stop codon readthrough and frameshifting are growth phase dependent, though not in an identical fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Wenthzel
- Department of Microbiology, Stockholm University, Sweden
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24
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Nilsson J, Ståhl S, Lundeberg J, Uhlén M, Nygren PA. Affinity fusion strategies for detection, purification, and immobilization of recombinant proteins. Protein Expr Purif 1997; 11:1-16. [PMID: 9325133 DOI: 10.1006/prep.1997.0767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Nilsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Forsberg G, Forsgren M, Jaki M, Norin M, Sterky C, Enhörning A, Larsson K, Ericsson M, Björk P. Identification of framework residues in a secreted recombinant antibody fragment that control production level and localization in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:12430-6. [PMID: 9139690 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.19.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody 5T4, directed against a human tumor-associated antigen, was expressed as a secreted Fab superantigen fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The product is a putative agent for immunotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer. During fermentation, most of the fusion protein leaked out from the periplasm to the growth medium at a level of approximately 40 mg/liter. This level was notably low compared with similar products containing identical CH1, CL, and superantigen moieties, and the Fv framework was therefore engineered. Using hybrid molecules, the light chain was found to limit high expression levels. Substituting five residues in VL increased the level almost 15 times, exceeding 500 mg/liter in the growth medium. Here, the substitutions Phe-10 --> Ser, Thr-45 --> Lys, Thr-77 --> Ser, and Leu-78 --> Val were most powerful. In addition, replacing four VH residues diminished cell lysis during fermentation. Thereby the product was preferentially located in the periplasm instead of the growth medium, and the total yield was more than 700 mg/liter. All engineered products retained a high affinity for the tumor-associated antigen. It is suggested that at least some of the identified framework residues generally have to be replaced to obtain high level production of recombinant Fab products in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Forsberg
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Pharmacia and Upjohn, 112 87 Stockholm, Sweden.
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26
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Abstract
Progress in our understanding of several biological processes promises to broaden the usefulness of Escherichia coli as a tool for gene expression. There is an expanding choice of tightly regulated prokaryotic promoters suitable for achieving high-level gene expression. New host strains facilitate the formation of disulfide bonds in the reducing environment of the cytoplasm and offer higher protein yields by minimizing proteolytic degradation. Insights into the process of protein translocation across the bacterial membranes may eventually make it possible to achieve robust secretion of specific proteins into the culture medium. Studies involving molecular chaperones have shown that in specific cases, chaperones can be very effective for improved protein folding, solubility, and membrane transport. Negative results derived from such studies are also instructive in formulating different strategies. The remarkable increase in the availability of fusion partners offers a wide range of tools for improved protein folding, solubility, protection from proteases, yield, and secretion into the culture medium, as well as for detection and purification of recombinant proteins. Codon usage is known to present a potential impediment to high-level gene expression in E. coli. Although we still do not understand all the rules governing this phenomenon, it is apparent that "rare" codons, depending on their frequency and context, can have an adverse effect on protein levels. Usually, this problem can be alleviated by modification of the relevant codons or by coexpression of the cognate tRNA genes. Finally, the elucidation of specific determinants of protein degradation, a plethora of protease-deficient host strains, and methods to stabilize proteins afford new strategies to minimize proteolytic susceptibility of recombinant proteins in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Makrides
- Department of Molecular Biology, T Cell Sciences, Inc., Needham, Massachusetts 02194, USA
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27
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Donovan RS, Robinson CW, Glick BR. Review: optimizing inducer and culture conditions for expression of foreign proteins under the control of the lac promoter. JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY 1996; 16:145-54. [PMID: 8652113 DOI: 10.1007/bf01569997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This review examines factors which influence the expression of foreign proteins in Escherichia coli under the transcriptional control of the lac and tac promoters, and discusses conditions for maximizing the production of a foreign protein using this system. Specifically, the influence of IPTG (isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside) concentration, temperature, composition of the growth medium, the point in the growth curve at which cells are induced with either IPTG or lactose, and the duration of the induction phase are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Donovan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Abstract
In recent years, Escherichia coli gene fusion expression systems have circumvented many of the problems inherent in the use of this bacterium for the production of recombinant proteins. These systems also provide a powerful means for identifying peptides or proteins with desired binding specificities. Gene fusion technology continues to expand with the introduction of new fusion partners, purification and detection tags, cleavage reagents and ways to display peptides on the surface of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R LaVallie
- Department of Molecular Biology and Gene Expression, Genetics Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA
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29
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Abstract
Common hosts for the large-scale manufacture of biological products, such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, do not excrete products to the medium. Effective techniques for cell disruption are therefore required. These include physical, chemical, enzymatic and mechanical methods. Mechanical methods such as bead milling, high-pressure homogenization, and microfluidization are preferred. However, gentler, specific methods are receiving increasing attention particularly when used in combination to synergistically exploit their different specificities. Benefits can also be derived by integrating product release and recovery. In all cases it is essential to consider the interaction of the disruption operation with downstream units and to clearly demonstrate the cost benefits of alternative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Middelberg
- Co-operative Research Centre for Tissue Growth and Repair, Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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30
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Greenwood JM, Gilkes NR, Miller RC, Kilburn DG, Warren RAJ. Purification and processing of cellulose-binding domain-alkaline phosphatase fusion proteins. Biotechnol Bioeng 1994; 44:1295-305. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260441105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Hansson M, Ståhl S, Hjorth R, Uhlén M, Moks T. Single-step recovery of a secreted recombinant protein by expanded bed adsorption. BIO/TECHNOLOGY (NATURE PUBLISHING COMPANY) 1994; 12:285-8. [PMID: 7764490 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0394-285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have used an expanded bed adsorption procedure for efficient recovery of a recombinant fusion protein, directly from a crude fermentor broth without prior cell removal. The fusion protein was designed to have a relatively low isoelectric point (pI) to allow anionic exchange adsorption at pH 5.5 where most Escherichia coli host proteins are not adsorbed. The gene product was secreted to the culture medium of the E. coli host cells in high yields (550 mg/l). The separation of cells and the concentration and recovery of the fusion protein could therefore be achieved by a single unit operation. The yield after the expanded bed adsorption exceeded 90 percent. Furthermore, the significant volume reduction by the expanded bed adsorption, enabled efficient and straight-forward polishing of the product by a subsequent affinity chromatography step, for removal of contaminating DNA and pyrogenic compounds to levels acceptable for regulatory authorities. An overall yield exceeding 90 percent was maintained after the affinity chromatography polishing step. The procedure outlined here is suitable for large-scale bioprocesses and allows efficient removal of cells, host proteins, contaminating DNA and endotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hansson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Heng MH, Glatz CE. Charged fusions for selective recovery of ?-galactosidase from cell extract using hollow fiber ion-exchange membrane adsorption. Biotechnol Bioeng 1993; 42:333-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260420310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Fu J, Wilson DB, Shuler ML. Continuous, high level production and excretion of a plasmid-encoded protein byEscherichia coli in a two-stage chemostat. Biotechnol Bioeng 1993; 41:937-46. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260411004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Cen P, Tsao GT. Recent advances in the simultaneous bioreaction and product separation processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0956-9618(93)80006-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Rondahl H, Nilsson B, Holmgren E. Fusions to the 5' end of a gene encoding a two-domain analogue of staphylococcal protein A. J Biotechnol 1992; 25:269-87. [PMID: 1368804 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(92)90161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel gene fusion system has been constructed for fusions to the 5' end of gene zz, encoding a two-domain analogue of staphylococcal protein A designated ZZ. Four different genes were fused to the 5' end of zz, and their gene products were analyzed. One of the genes encodes a protein located intracellularly in Escherichia coli and the other three genes encode gene products destined for secretion across the cytoplasmic membrane by the presence of an amino terminal signal sequence. After production in E. coli, the fusion proteins were purified in a single step by IgG-affinity chromatography. The purified ZZ fusions could be used directly for amino terminal sequencing to confirm the start of translation of the intracellular product and the processing of the signal peptide of the translocated products. This is the first example of ZZ fusions to the C-terminus of gene products. To simplify the general use of fusions to the 5' end of zz, a new plasmid vector was constructed containing a multi restriction enzyme cloning linker and the lacZ' gene which enables screening for production in alpha-complementing supE strains of E. coli on indicator plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rondahl
- Department of Microbiology, Kabi Pharmacia, KabiGen, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Hansson M, Ståhl S, Nguyen TN, Bächi T, Robert A, Binz H, Sjölander A, Uhlén M. Expression of recombinant proteins on the surface of the coagulase-negative bacterium Staphylococcus xylosus. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:4239-45. [PMID: 1624418 PMCID: PMC206206 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.13.4239-4245.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An expression system to allow targeting of heterologous proteins to the cell surface of Staphylococcus xylosus, a coagulase-negative gram-positive bacterium, is described. The expression of recombinant gene fragments, fused between gene fragments encoding the signal peptide and the cell surface-binding regions of staphylococcal protein A, targets the resulting fusion proteins to the outer bacterial cell surface via the membrane-anchoring region and the highly charged cell wall-spanning region of staphylococcal protein A. The expression system was used to secrete fusion proteins containing sequences from a malaria blood-stage antigen and a streptococcal albumin-binding receptor to the cell surface of S. xylosus. Analysis of the recombinant cells by immunogold staining and immunofluorescence revealed that both the receptor and the malaria peptide were properly processed and exposed on the surface of the host cells. However, only approximately 40 to 50% of the recombinant cells were strongly stained with antiserum reactive with the albumin-binding receptor, while approximately 10 to 15% of the cells were stained with antiserum reactive with the malaria peptide. The incomplete staining of some of the cells suggests steric effects that make the recombinant fusion proteins inaccessible to the reactive antibodies because of variable cell wall structures. However, the results demonstrate for the first time that recombinant techniques can be used to express heterologous receptors and immunogens on the surface of gram-positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hansson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Baneyx F, Ayling A, Palumbo T, Thomas D, Georgiou G. Optimization of growth conditions for the production of proteolytically-sensitive proteins in the periplasmic space of Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1992; 36:14-20. [PMID: 1367774 DOI: 10.1007/bf00164691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The expression of many secreted recombinant proteins in Gram-negative bacteria is limited by degradation in the periplasmic space. We have previously shown that the production of protein A-beta-lactamase, a secreted fusion protein highly sensitive to proteolysis in Escherichia coli, can be increased in mutant strains deficient in up to three cell-envelope-associated proteolytic activities. In this work we investigated the effect of fermentation conditions on suppressing any residual proteolytic activity in various protease-deficient strains. Optimal production of the fusion protein was observed in cells grown under mildly acidic conditions (5.5 less than or equal to pH less than or equal to 6.0) and a low temperatures. These conditions were shown to specifically decrease the rate of proteolysis. In addition, a further increase in production was observed in cultures supplemented with 0.5 to 0.75 mM zinc chloride. This may relate to the inhibition of a cell envelope protease by Zn2+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Baneyx
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin 78712
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38
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Utilizing the tubular bioreactor for continuous recovery of secreted fusion protein from recombinant Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00387409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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39
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Faxén M, Plumbridge J, Isaksson LA. Codon choice and potential complementarity between mRNA downstream of the initiation codon and bases 1471-1480 in 16S ribosomal RNA affects expression of glnS. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:5247-51. [PMID: 1681509 PMCID: PMC328883 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.19.5247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A cis-acting expression mutation, GAG to GAA, in the third codon of the glnS gene is analyzed. Both codons code for glutamic acid but the mutation is known to increase gene expression by four fold. We show that the mutation has an effect only if it is located in the beginning of a gene but not if located internally. Data are presented that suggest that the reason for the increased expression by the mutation is the potential formation of one more base pair between the mRNA and 16S ribosomal RNA. Gene expression varies about 16 fold as the number of potential base pairs within the sequence 1471-1480 in 16S RNA increase from two to ten. We also give evidence that supports the idea that the presence of rare codons near the beginning of the mRNA can affect expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Faxén
- Department of Microbiology, Stockholm University, Sweden
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40
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Löwenadler B, Lake M, Elmblad A, Holmgren E, Holmgren J, Karlström A, Svennerholm AM. A recombinantEscherichia coliheat-stable enterotoxin (STa) fusion protein eliciting anti-STa neutralizing antibodies. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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41
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Nilsson B, Forsberg G, Hartmanis M. Expression and purification of recombinant insulin-like growth factors from Escherichia coli. Methods Enzymol 1991; 198:3-16. [PMID: 1857223 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(91)98003-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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42
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Excretion and rapid purification of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase from Escherichia coli K-12. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(91)90322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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43
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Parker DE, Glatz CE, Ford CF, Gendel SM, Suominen I, Rougvie MA. Recovery of a charged-fusion protein from cell extracts by polyelectrolyte precipitation. Biotechnol Bioeng 1990; 36:467-75. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260360506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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44
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Biedermann K, Fiedler H, Larsen BS, Riise E, Emborg C, Jepsen PK. Fermentation studies of the secretion of Serratia marcescens nuclease by Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990; 56:1833-8. [PMID: 2166471 PMCID: PMC184518 DOI: 10.1128/aem.56.6.1833-1838.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The secretion of a Serratia marcescens nuclease was followed by fermentation with Escherichia coli. A plasmid, p403-SD2, carrying a 1.3-kilobase-pair insert with a 0.4-kilobase-pair region upstream of the nuclease gene caused a growth-phase-regulated expression of nuclease in E. coli in the same way as that seen in S. marcescens. Deletion of the regulatory gene generating plasmid p403-Rsa1 resulted in a constitutive expression of the nuclease. Anaerobiosis stimulated the expression from p403-SD2 in stationary growth phase by a factor of 10 compared with expression stimulated by cultivation in aerobic conditions; no such effect was found for plasmid p403-Rsa1. Different nutritional factors caused the expression level and the amount of extracellular nuclease to vary more when nuclease was expressed from plasmid p403-SD2 than when it was expressed from plasmid p403-Rsa1. A correlation between the regulatory gene and the extracellular secretion of nuclease is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Biedermann
- Department of Biotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby
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45
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Høgset A, Blingsmo OR, Saether O, Gautvik VT, Holmgren E, Hartmanis M, Josephson S, Gabrielsen OS, Gordeladze JO, Alestrøm P. Expression and characterization of a recombinant human parathyroid hormone secreted by Escherichia coli employing the staphylococcal protein A promoter and signal sequence. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)39119-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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46
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47
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Kuipers OP, van den Bergh CJ, Verheij HM, de Haas GH. Probing the mechanism of pancreatic phospholipase A2 with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1990; 279:65-84. [PMID: 2096701 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0651-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O P Kuipers
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Utrecht, CBLE, University Center De Uithof, The Netherlands
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48
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Lenstra JA, Kusters JG, van der Zeijst BA. Mapping of viral epitopes with prokaryotic expression products. Arch Virol 1990; 110:1-24. [PMID: 1689994 PMCID: PMC7087153 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/1989] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several systems are available for the expression of foreign gene sequences in Escherichia coli. We describe the use of prokaryotic expression products of viral gene fragments in order to identify the regions that specify the binding sites of antibodies. This approach is particularly successful if the antigenicity does not depend on the native protein, but only on the amino acid sequence, i.e., if the epitope is sequential. Combining prokaryotic expression with the use of synthetic peptides often permits a fast and accurate mapping of an epitope. The occurrence of immunodominant sequential epitopes on the surfaces of viruses seems to be a widespread phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lenstra
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht, The Netherlands
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49
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Baneyx F, Georgiou G. Expression, purification, and enzymatic characterization of a protein A-β-lactamase hybrid protein. Enzyme Microb Technol 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(89)90083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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Alexander P, Oriel PJ, Glassner DA, Grulke EA. Continuous culture ofEscherichia coli for extracellular production of recombinant amylase. Biotechnol Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01025267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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