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Faridounnia M, Wienk H, Kovačič L, Folkers GE, Jaspers NGJ, Kaptein R, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Boelens R. The Cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal Syndrome Point Mutation F231L in the ERCC1 DNA Repair Protein Causes Dissociation of the ERCC1-XPF Complex. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:20541-55. [PMID: 26085086 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.635169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ERCC1-XPF heterodimer, a structure-specific DNA endonuclease, is best known for its function in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. The ERCC1 point mutation F231L, located at the hydrophobic interaction interface of ERCC1 (excision repair cross-complementation group 1) and XPF (xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group F), leads to severe NER pathway deficiencies. Here, we analyze biophysical properties and report the NMR structure of the complex of the C-terminal tandem helix-hairpin-helix domains of ERCC1-XPF that contains this mutation. The structures of wild type and the F231L mutant are very similar. The F231L mutation results in only a small disturbance of the ERCC1-XPF interface, where, in contrast to Phe(231), Leu(231) lacks interactions stabilizing the ERCC1-XPF complex. One of the two anchor points is severely distorted, and this results in a more dynamic complex, causing reduced stability and an increased dissociation rate of the mutant complex as compared with wild type. These data provide a biophysical explanation for the severe NER deficiencies caused by this mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Faridounnia
- From the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Wienk
- From the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lidija Kovačič
- the Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, and
| | - Gert E Folkers
- From the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas G J Jaspers
- the Department of Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kaptein
- From the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H J Hoeijmakers
- the Department of Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Boelens
- From the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands,
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Song L, Winter AG, Selfridge J, Melton DW. A novel transcript for DNA repair gene Ercc1 in mouse skin. Transgenic Res 2010; 20:109-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Insight into the selectivity of arsenic trioxide for acute promyelocytic leukemia cells by characterizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion strains that are sensitive or resistant to the metalloid. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 40:1016-29. [PMID: 18160327 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2007] [Revised: 11/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The genome-wide set of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion strains provides the opportunity to analyze how other organisms may respond to toxic agents. Since arsenic trioxide selectively kills human acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells by a poorly understood mechanism we screened the yeast deletion strains for sensitivity or resistance. In addition to confirming mutants previously identified as sensitive to sodium arsenite, a large number of additional genes, and cellular processes, were required for arsenic trioxide tolerance. Of the 4546 mutants, 7.6% were more sensitive to arsenic trioxide than the wild type, while 1.5% was more resistant. IC50 values for all sensitive and resistant mutants were determined. Prominent as sensitive was that missing the MAP kinase, Hog1. The most resistant lacked the plasma-membrane glycerol and arsenite transporter, Fps1. Hog1 and Fps1 control the response to osmotic stress in yeast by regulating glycerol production and plasma membrane flux, respectively. We therefore tested whether APL cells have impaired osmoregulation. The APL cell line NB4 did not produce glycerol in response to osmotic stress and underwent apoptotic cell death. Moreover, the glycerol content of NB4 and differentiated NB4 cells correlated with the level of arsenic trioxide uptake and the sensitivity of the cells. Additionally, NB4 cells accumulated more arsenic trioxide than non-APL cells and were more sensitive. These findings demonstrate the usefulness of the S. cerevisiae deletion set and show that the selectivity of arsenic trioxide for APL cells relates, at least in part, to impaired osmoregulation and control of uptake of the drug.
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Jaspers NGJ, Raams A, Silengo MC, Wijgers N, Niedernhofer LJ, Robinson AR, Giglia-Mari G, Hoogstraten D, Kleijer WJ, Hoeijmakers JHJ, Vermeulen W. First reported patient with human ERCC1 deficiency has cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome with a mild defect in nucleotide excision repair and severe developmental failure. Am J Hum Genet 2007; 80:457-66. [PMID: 17273966 PMCID: PMC1821117 DOI: 10.1086/512486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is a genome caretaker mechanism responsible for removing helix-distorting DNA lesions, most notably ultraviolet photodimers. Inherited defects in NER result in profound photosensitivity and the cancer-prone syndrome xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) or two progeroid syndromes: Cockayne and trichothiodystrophy syndromes. The heterodimer ERCC1-XPF is one of two endonucleases required for NER. Mutations in XPF are associated with mild XP and rarely with progeria. Mutations in ERCC1 have not been reported. Here, we describe the first case of human inherited ERCC1 deficiency. Patient cells showed moderate hypersensitivity to ultraviolet rays and mitomycin C, yet the clinical features were very severe and, unexpectedly, were compatible with a diagnosis of cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome. This discovery represents a novel complementation group of patients with defective NER. Further, the clinical severity, coupled with a relatively mild repair defect, suggests novel functions for ERCC1.
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Tsodikov OV, Enzlin JH, Schärer OD, Ellenberger T. Crystal structure and DNA binding functions of ERCC1, a subunit of the DNA structure-specific endonuclease XPF-ERCC1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:11236-41. [PMID: 16076955 PMCID: PMC1183572 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504341102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human XPF-ERCC1 is a DNA endonuclease that incises a damaged DNA strand on the 5' side of a lesion during nucleotide excision repair and has additional role(s) in homologous recombination and DNA interstrand crosslink repair. We show that a truncated form of XPF lacking the N-terminal helicase-like domain in complex with ERCC1 exhibits a structure-specific endonuclease activity with similar specificity to that of full-length XPF-ERCC1. Two domains of ERCC1, a central domain and a C-terminal tandem helix-hairpin-helix (HhH2) dimerization domain, bind to ssDNA. The central domain of ERCC1 binds ssDNA/dsDNA junctions with a defined polarity, preferring a 5' single-stranded overhang. The XPF-ERCC1 HhH2 domain heterodimer contains two independent ssDNA-binding surfaces, which are revealed by a crystal structure of the protein complex. A crystal structure of the central domain of ERCC1 shows its fold is strikingly similar to that of the nuclease domains of the archaeal Mus81/XPF homologs, despite very low sequence homology. A groove lined with basic and aromatic residues on the surface of ERCC1 has apparently been adapted to interact with ssDNA. On the basis of these crystallographic and biochemical studies, we propose a model in which XPF-ERCC1 recognizes a branched DNA substrate by binding the two ssDNA arms with the two HhH2 domains of XPF and ERCC1 and by binding the 5'-ssDNA arm with the central domain of ERCC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Tsodikov
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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6
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Gaillard PHL, Wood RD. Activity of individual ERCC1 and XPF subunits in DNA nucleotide excision repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2001; 29:872-9. [PMID: 11160918 PMCID: PMC29621 DOI: 10.1093/nar/29.4.872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ERCC1-XPF is a structure-specific nuclease with two subunits, ERCC1 and XPF. The enzyme cuts DNA at junctions where a single strand moves 5' to 3' away from a branch point with duplex DNA. This activity has a central role in nucleotide excision repair (NER), DNA cross-link repair and recombination. To dissect the activities of the nuclease it is necessary to investigate the subunits individually, as studies of the enzyme so far have only used the heterodimeric complex. We produced recombinant ERCC1 and XPF separately in Escherichia coli as soluble proteins. Activity was monitored by a sensitive dual incision assay for NER by complementation of cell extracts. XPF and ERCC1 are unstable in mammalian cells in the absence of their partners but we found, surprisingly, that ERCC1 alone could confer some repair to extracts from ERCC1-defective cells. A version of ERCC1 lacking the first 88 non-conserved amino acids was also functional. This indicated that a small amount of active XPF was present in ERCC1 extracts, and immunoassays showed this to be the case. Some repair in XPF-defective extracts could be achieved by adding ERCC1 and XPF proteins together, but not by adding only XPF. The results show for the first time that functional ERCC1-XPF can be formed from separately produced subunits. Protein sequence comparison revealed similarity between the ERCC1 family and the C-terminal region of the XPF family, including the regions of both proteins that are necessary for the ERCC1-XPF heterodimeric interaction. This suggests that the ERCC1 and XPF families are related via an ancient duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Henri L Gaillard
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3LD, UK
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Wilson MD, Ruttan CC, Koop BF, Glickman BW. ERCC1: a comparative genomic perspective. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2001; 38:209-215. [PMID: 11746756 DOI: 10.1002/em.1073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
ERCC1 plays an essential role in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) of DNA. We compare 37 kb of sequence from the ERCC1 region on human chromosome 19q13.3 to the orthologous region on mouse chromosome 7. In addition to showing the conserved gene structure between ERCC1, ASE-1, and their murine counterparts, this genomic comparison reveals a highly conserved 497 bp segment found 5 kb upstream of ERCC1 exon 1 that contains a CpG island and previously unidentified "classical" promoter elements. Additional putative regulatory elements are also found within a conserved LINE-1 (long interspersed nuclear element) sequence 800 bp upstream of exon 1 in both human and mouse. Expressed sequence tag (EST) assemblies for human ERCC1 identified numerous splice variants involving exons 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, and 9 that could affect DNA repair efficiencies of ERCC1. A previously undescribed transcript that reads through exon 9 and utilizes the polyadenylation signal of a neighboring Alu element accounts for nearly half of the total splice variants identified in the human EST database. This transcript would theoretically translate to a larger ERCC1 protein product containing a novel C-terminal end. Overall, approximately 18% of publicly available ERCC1 cDNA sequences were determined to be splice variants, while no variants were found in the mouse. The ability to assess novel transcripts and identify candidate regulatory regions demonstrates the potential utility for a catalogue archiving comparative analyses for all genes involved in DNA repair. Our comparative genomic analysis of ERCC1 can be viewed at http://web.uvic.ca/-bioweb/laj.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Wilson
- Centre for Environmental Health, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Shannon M, Lamerdin JE, Richardson L, McCutchen-Maloney SL, Hwang MH, Handel MA, Stubbs L, Thelen MP. Characterization of the mouse Xpf DNA repair gene and differential expression during spermatogenesis. Genomics 1999; 62:427-35. [PMID: 10644440 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1999.6016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The human XPF protein, an endonuclease subunit essential for DNA excision repair, may also function in homologous recombination. To investigate a possible link between mammalian XPF and recombination that occurs during meiosis, we isolated, characterized, and determined an expression profile for the mouse Xpf gene. The predicted mouse XPF protein, encoded by a 3.4-kb cDNA, contains 917 amino acids and is 86% identical to human XPF. Appreciable similarity also exists between mouse XPF and homologous proteins in budding yeast (Rad1), fission yeast (Rad16), and fruit fly (Mei-9), all of which have dual functions in excision repair and recombination. Sequence analysis of the 38.3-kb Xpf gene, localized to a region in proximal mouse chromosome 16, revealed greater than 72% identity to human XPF in 16 regions. Of these conserved elements, 11 were exons and 5 were noncoding sequence within introns. Xpf transcript and protein levels were specifically elevated in adult mouse testis. Moreover, increased levels of Xpf and Ercc1 mRNAs correlated with meiotic and early postmeiotic spermatogenic cells. These results support a distinct role for the XPF/ERCC1 junction-specific endonuclease during meiosis, most likely in the resolution of heteroduplex intermediates that arise during recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shannon
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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de Laat WL, Sijbers AM, Odijk H, Jaspers NG, Hoeijmakers JH. Mapping of interaction domains between human repair proteins ERCC1 and XPF. Nucleic Acids Res 1998; 26:4146-52. [PMID: 9722633 PMCID: PMC147836 DOI: 10.1093/nar/26.18.4146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ERCC1-XPF is a heterodimeric protein complexinvolved in nucleotide excision repair and recombinational processes. Like its homologous complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Rad10-Rad1, it acts as a structure-specific DNA endonuclease, cleaving at duplex-single-stranded DNA junctions. In repair, ERCC1-XPF and Rad10-Rad1 make an incision on the the 5'-side of the lesion. No humans with a defect in the ERCC1 subunit of this protein complex have been identified and ERCC1-deficient mice suffer from severe developmental problems and signs of premature aging on top of a repair-deficient phenotype. Xeroderma pigmentosum group F patients carry mutations in the XPF subunit and generally show the clinical symptoms of mild DNA repair deficiency. All XP-F patients examined demonstrate reduced levels of XPF and ERCC1 protein, suggesting that proper complex formation is required for stability of the two proteins. To better understand the molecular and clinical consequences of mutations in the ERCC1-XPF complex, we decided to map the interaction domains between the two subunits. The XPF-binding domain comprises C-terminal residues 224-297 of ERCC1. Intriguingly, this domain resides outside the region of homology with its yeast Rad10 counterpart. The ERCC1-binding domain in XPF maps to C-terminal residues 814-905. ERCC1-XPF complex formation is established by a direct interaction between these two binding domains. A mutation from an XP-F patient that alters the ERCC1-binding domain in XPF indeed affects complex formation with ERCC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L de Laat
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Medical Genetics Centre, Erasmus University, PO Box 1738,3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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de Laat WL, Appeldoorn E, Jaspers NG, Hoeijmakers JH. DNA structural elements required for ERCC1-XPF endonuclease activity. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:7835-42. [PMID: 9525876 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.14.7835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterodimeric complex ERCC1-XPF is a structure-specific endonuclease responsible for the 5' incision during mammalian nucleotide excision repair (NER). Additionally, ERCC1-XPF is thought to function in the repair of interstrand DNA cross-links and, by analogy to the homologous Rad1-Rad10 complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in recombination between direct repeated DNA sequences. To gain insight into the role of ERCC1-XPF in such recombinational processes and in the NER reaction, we studied in detail the DNA structural elements required for ERCC1-XPF endonucleolytic activity. Recombinant ERCC1-XPF, purified from insect cells, was found to cleave stem-loop substrates at the DNA junction in the absence of other proteins like replication protein A, showing that the structure-specific endonuclease activity is intrinsic to the complex. Cleavage depended on the presence of divalent cations and was optimal in low Mn2+ concentrations (0.2 mM). A minimum of 4-8 unpaired nucleotides was required for incisions by ERCC1-XPF. Splayed arm and flap substrates were also cut by ERCC1-XPF, resulting in the removal of 3' protruding single-stranded arms. All incisions occurred in one strand of duplex DNA at the 5' side of a junction with single-stranded DNA. The exact cleavage position varied from 2 to 8 nucleotides away from the junction. One single-stranded arm, protruding either in the 3' or 5' direction, was necessary and sufficient for correct positioning of incisions by ERCC1-XPF. Our data specify the engagement of ERCC1-XPF in NER and allow a more direct search for its specific role in recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L de Laat
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Medical Genetics Centre, Erasmus University, P. O. Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Cleaver JE, States JC. The DNA damage-recognition problem in human and other eukaryotic cells: the XPA damage binding protein. Biochem J 1997; 328 ( Pt 1):1-12. [PMID: 9359827 PMCID: PMC1218880 DOI: 10.1042/bj3280001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of human and other eukaryotic cells to recognize a disparate variety of damaged sites in DNA, and selectively excise and repair them, resides in a deceptively small simple protein, a 38-42 kDa zinc-finger binding protein, XPA (xeroderma pigmentosum group A), that has no inherent catalytic properties. One key to its damage-recognition ability resides in a DNA-binding domain which combines a zinc finger and a single-strand binding region which may infiltrate small single-stranded regions caused by helix-destabilizing lesions. Another is the augmentation of its binding capacity by interactions with other single-stranded binding proteins and helicases which co-operate in the binding and are unloaded at the binding site to facilitate further unwinding of the DNA and subsequent catalysis. The properties of these reactions suggest there must be considerable conformational changes in XPA and associated proteins to provide a flexible fit to a wide variety of damaged structures in the DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Cleaver
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Environmental Health, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0750, USA
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Rödel C, Jupitz T, Schmidt H. Complementation of the DNA repair-deficient swi10 mutant of fission yeast by the human ERCC1 gene. Nucleic Acids Res 1997; 25:2823-7. [PMID: 9207030 PMCID: PMC146808 DOI: 10.1093/nar/25.14.2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In human cells DNA damage caused by UV light is mainly repaired by the nucleotide excision repair pathway. This mechanism involves dual incisions on both sides of the damage catalyzed by two nucleases. In mammalian cells XPG cleaves 3' of the DNA lesion while the ERCC1-XPF complex makes the 5' incision. The amino acid sequence of the human excision repair protein ERCC1 is homologous with the fission yeast Swi10 protein. In order to test whether these proteins are functional homologues, we overexpressed the human gene in a Schizosaccharomyces pombe swi10 mutant. A swi10 mutation has a pleiotropic effect: it reduces the frequency of mating type switching (a mitotic transposition event from a silent cassette into the expression site) and causes increased UV sensitivity. We found that the full-length ERCC1 gene only complements the transposition defect of the fission yeast mutant, while a C-terminal truncated ERCC1 protein also restores the DNA repair capacity of the yeast cells. Using the two-hybrid system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae we show that only the truncated human ERCC1 protein is able to interact with the S . pombe Rad16 protein, which is the fission yeast homologue of human XPF. This is the first example yet known that a human gene can correct a yeast mutation in nucleotide excision repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rödel
- Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstrasse 7, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Sijbers AM, van der Spek PJ, Odijk H, van den Berg J, van Duin M, Westerveld A, Jaspers NG, Bootsma D, Hoeijmakers JH. Mutational analysis of the human nucleotide excision repair gene ERCC1. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24:3370-80. [PMID: 8811092 PMCID: PMC146110 DOI: 10.1093/nar/24.17.3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The human DNA repair protein ERCC1 resides in a complex together with the ERCC4, ERCC11 and XP-F correcting activities, thought to perform the 5' strand incision during nucleotide excision repair (NER). Its yeast counterpart, RAD1-RAD10, has an additional engagement in a mitotic recombination pathway, probably required for repair of DNA cross-links. Mutational analysis revealed that the poorly conserved N-terminal 91 amino acids of ERCC1 are dispensable for both repair functions, in contrast to a deletion of only four residues from the C-terminus. A database search revealed a strongly conserved motif in this C-terminus sharing sequence homology with many DNA break processing proteins, indicating that this part is primarily required for the presumed structure-specific endonuclease activity of ERCC1. Most missense mutations in the central region give rise to an unstable protein (complex). Accordingly, we found that free ERCC1 is very rapidly degraded, suggesting that protein-protein interactions provide stability. Survival experiments show that the removal of cross-links requires less ERCC1 than UV repair. This suggests that the ERCC1-dependent step in cross-link repair occurs outside the context of NER and provides an explanation for the phenotype of the human repair syndrome xeroderma pigmentosum group F.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sijbers
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Ma L, Hoeijmakers JH, van der Eb AJ. Mammalian nucleotide excision repair. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1242:137-63. [PMID: 7492568 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(95)00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Ma
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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Lamerdin JE, Montgomery MA, Stilwagen SA, Scheidecker LK, Tebbs RS, Brookman KW, Thompson LH, Carrano AV. Genomic sequence comparison of the human and mouse XRCC1 DNA repair gene regions. Genomics 1995; 25:547-54. [PMID: 7789989 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(95)80056-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The XRCC1 (X-ray repair cross complementing) gene is involved in the efficient repair of DNA single-strand breaks formed by exposure to ionizing radiation and alkylating agents. The human gene maps to chromosome 19q13.2, and the mouse homologue maps to the syntenic region on chromosome 7. Two cosmids (approximately 38 kb each) containing the human and mouse genes were sequenced to an average 8-fold clonal redundancy. The XRCC1 gene spans a genomic distance of 26 kb in mouse and 31.9 kb in human. Both genes contain 17 exons, are 84% identical within the coding regions, and are 86% identical at the amino acid sequence level. Intron and exon lengths are highly conserved. For the human cosmid, a total of 43 Alu repetitive elements are present, a density of 1.1 Alu/kb, but due to clustering, the local density is as high as 1.8 Alu/kb. In addition, we observed a statistically significant bias for insertion of these elements in the 3'-5' orientation relative to the direction of XRCC1 transcription, predominantly in the second and third introns. This bias may indicate that XRCC1 is more accessible to Alu retroposition events during transcription than genes not expressed during spermatogenesis. The density of B1 and B2 elements in the mouse is 0.4/kb, integrated primarily in the 5'-3' orientation. The human chromosome 19-specific minisatellite PE670 was present in the same orientation in 3 introns in the human gene, and a similar repeat was found at 3 different locations in the mouse cosmid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Lamerdin
- Human Genome Center, Biology and Biotechnology Research Program, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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McWhir J, Selfridge J, Harrison DJ, Squires S, Melton DW. Mice with DNA repair gene (ERCC-1) deficiency have elevated levels of p53, liver nuclear abnormalities and die before weaning. Nat Genet 1993; 5:217-24. [PMID: 8275084 DOI: 10.1038/ng1193-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Defects in nucleotide excision repair are associated with the human condition xeroderma pigmentosum which predisposes to skin cancer. Mice with defective DNA repair were generated by targeting the excision repair cross complementing gene (ERCC-1) in the embryonic stem cell line, HM-1. Homozygous ERCC-1 mutants were runted at birth and died before weaning with liver failure. Examination of organs revealed polyploidy in perinatal liver, progressing to severe aneuploidy by 3 weeks of age. Elevated p53 levels were detected in liver, brain and kidney, supporting the hypothesised role for p53 as a monitor of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J McWhir
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Muris DF, Vreeken K, Carr AM, Broughton BC, Lehmann AR, Lohman PH, Pastink A. Cloning the RAD51 homologue of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Nucleic Acids Res 1993; 21:4586-91. [PMID: 8233794 PMCID: PMC311194 DOI: 10.1093/nar/21.19.4586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAD51 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a RecA like protein, which is involved in the recombinational repair of double strand breaks. We have isolated the RAD51 homologue, rhp51+, of the distantly related yeast strain Schizosaccharomyces pombe by heterologous hybridization. DNA sequence analysis of the rhp51+ gene revealed an open reading frame of 365 amino acids. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of RAD51 and rhp51+ showed a high level of conservation: 69% identical amino acids. There are two Mlul sites in the upstream region which may be associated with cell cycle regulation of the rhp51+ gene. The rhp51+ null allele, constructed by disruption of the coding region, is extremely sensitive to X-rays, indicating that the rhp51+ gene, like RAD51, is also involved in the repair of X-ray damage. The structural and functional homology between rhp51+ and RAD51 suggests evolutionary conservation of certain steps in the recombinational repair pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Muris
- Department of Radiation Genetics and Chemical Mutagenesis, State University of Leiden, The Netherlands
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19
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Bardwell AJ, Bardwell L, Johnson DK, Friedberg EC. Yeast DNA recombination and repair proteins Rad1 and Rad10 constitute a complex in vivo mediated by localized hydrophobic domains. Mol Microbiol 1993; 8:1177-88. [PMID: 8361362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad1 and Rad10 proteins are required for damage-specific incision during nucleotide excision repair and also for certain mitotic recombination events between repeated sequences. Previously we have demonstrated that Rad1 and Rad10 form a specific complex in vitro. Using the 'two-hybrid' genetic assay system we now report that Rad1 and Rad10 proteins are subunits of a specific complex in the cell nucleus. The Rad10-binding domain of Rad1 protein maps to a localized region between amino acids 809-997. The Rad1-binding domain of Rad10 protein maps between amino acids 90-210. These domains are evolutionarily conserved and are hydrophobic in character. Although significant homology exists between Rad10 and the human-DNA-repair protein Ercc1 in this region, we were unable to detect any interaction between Ercc1 and Rad1 proteins. We conclude that Rad1 and Rad10 operate in DNA repair and mitotic recombination as a constitutive complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Bardwell
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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20
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Abstract
The sequence and functional homology of certain genes between mammalian and non-mammalian eukaryotes has facilitated significant advances in our understanding of mammalian DNA repair. Several novel DNA damage and repair genes have been identified by using a variety of approaches. Study of these genes will lead to an increased understanding of the biological consequences of aberrant DNA maintenance in humans and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wevrick
- Department of Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Rödel C, Kirchhoff S, Schmidt H. The protein sequence and some intron positions are conserved between the switching gene swi10 of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and the human excision repair gene ERCC1. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20:6347-53. [PMID: 1475195 PMCID: PMC334526 DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.23.6347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The switching gene swi10+ has a function in mating-type switching as well as in the repair of radiation damages. We have cloned the genomic swi10+ gene by functional complementation of the switching defect of the swi10-154 mutant. The swi10+ gene is not essential for viability. The DNA sequence revealed an open reading frame of 759 nucleotides interrupted by three introns of 127, 52 and 60 bp, respectively. The positions of intron I as well as of intron III of swi10 are evolutionary conserved in comparison to the introns III and IV of the human ERCC1 gene. The analysis of cDNA clones isolated by PCR amplification confirmed the structure of the swi10 gene. The putative Swi10 protein has homologies to the human and mouse ERCC1 protein, to Rad10 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and to parts of UvrA and UvrC of E. coli. All these proteins are essential components for excision repair of damaged DNA. The Swi10 protein contains a putative DNA binding domain previously found in other proteins. Northern blot experiments and the analyses of cDNA clones indicate that intron I of the swi10 gene is not efficiently spliced.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rödel
- Institut für Genetik, Biozentrum, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany
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22
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Koken MH, Vreeken C, Bol SA, Cheng NC, Jaspers-Dekker I, Hoeijmakers JH, Eeken JC, Weeda G, Pastink A. Cloning and characterization of the Drosophila homolog of the xeroderma pigmentosum complementation-group B correcting gene, ERCC3. Nucleic Acids Res 1992; 20:5541-8. [PMID: 1454518 PMCID: PMC334384 DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.21.5541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously the human nucleotide excision repair gene ERCC3 was shown to be responsible for a rare combination of the autosomal recessive DNA repair disorders xeroderma pigmentosum (complementation group B) and Cockayne's syndrome (complementation group C). The human and mouse ERCC3 proteins contain several sequence motifs suggesting that it is a nucleic acid or chromatin binding helicase. To study the significance of these domains and the overall evolutionary conservation of the gene, the homolog from Drosophila melanogaster was isolated by low stringency hybridizations using two flanking probes of the human ERCC3 cDNA. The flanking probe strategy selects for long stretches of nucleotide sequence homology, and avoids isolation of small regions with fortuitous homology. In situ hybridization localized the gene onto chromosome III 67E3/4, a region devoid of known D.melanogaster mutagen sensitive mutants. Northern blot analysis showed that the gene is continuously expressed in all stages of fly development. A slight increase (2-3 times) of ERCC3Dm transcript was observed in the later stages. Two almost full length cDNAs were isolated, which have different 5' untranslated regions (UTR). The SD4 cDNA harbours only one long open reading frame (ORF) coding for ERCC3Dm. Another clone (SD2), however, has the potential to encode two proteins: a 170 amino acids polypeptide starting at the optimal first ATG has no detectable homology with any other proteins currently in the data bases, and another ORF beginning at the suboptimal second startcodon which is identical to that of SD4. Comparison of the encoded ERCC3Dm protein with the homologous proteins of mouse and man shows a strong amino acid conservation (71% identity), especially in the postulated DNA binding region and seven 'helicase' domains. The ERCC3Dm sequence is fully consistent with the presumed functions and the high conservation of these regions strengthens their functional significance. Microinjection and DNA transfection of ERCC3Dm into human xeroderma pigmentosum (c.g. B) fibroblasts and group 3 rodent mutants did not yield detectable correction. One of the possibilities to explain these negative findings is that the D.melanogaster protein may be unable to function in a mammalian repair context.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Koken
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Stable and specific association between the yeast recombination and DNA repair proteins RAD1 and RAD10 in vitro. Mol Cell Biol 1992. [PMID: 1620114 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.12.7.3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAD1 and RAD10 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are two of at least seven genes which are known to be required for damage-specific recognition and/or damage-specific incision of DNA during nucleotide excision repair. RAD1 and RAD10 are also involved in a specialized mitotic recombination pathway. We have previously reported the purification of the RAD10 protein to homogeneity (L. Bardwell, H. Burtscher, W. A. Weiss, C. M. Nicolet, and E. C. Friedberg, Biochemistry 29:3119-3126, 1990). In the present studies we show that the RAD1 protein, produced by in vitro transcription and translation of the cloned gene, specifically coimmunoprecipitates with the RAD10 protein translated in vitro or purified from yeast. Conversely, in vitro-translated RAD10 protein specifically coimmunoprecipitates with the RAD1 protein. The sites of this stable and specific interaction have been mapped to the C-terminal regions of both polypeptides. This portion of RAD10 protein is evolutionarily conserved. These results are the first biochemical evidence of a specific association between any eukaryotic proteins genetically identified as belonging to a recombination or DNA repair pathway and suggest that the RAD1 and RAD10 proteins act at the same or consecutive biochemical steps in both nucleotide excision repair and mitotic recombination.
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24
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Selfridge J, Pow AM, McWhir J, Magin TM, Melton DW. Gene targeting using a mouse HPRT minigene/HPRT-deficient embryonic stem cell system: inactivation of the mouse ERCC-1 gene. SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1992; 18:325-36. [PMID: 1440055 DOI: 10.1007/bf01235756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A convenient system for gene targeting that uses hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) minigenes as the selectable marker in HPRT-deficient mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells is described. Improvements to the expression of HPRT minigenes in ES cells were achieved by promoter substitution and the provision of a strong translational initiation signal. The use of minigenes in the positive-negative selection strategy for gene targeting was evaluated and the smaller minigenes were found to be as effective as a more conventional marker--the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene. Minigenes were used to target the DNA repair gene ERCC-1 in ES cells. A new HPRT-deficient ES cell line was developed that contributes with high frequency to the germ line of chimeric animals. The ability to select for and against HPRT minigene expression in the new HPRT-deficient ES cell line will make this system useful for a range of gene-targeting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Selfridge
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Scotland
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25
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Bardwell L, Cooper AJ, Friedberg EC. Stable and specific association between the yeast recombination and DNA repair proteins RAD1 and RAD10 in vitro. Mol Cell Biol 1992; 12:3041-9. [PMID: 1620114 PMCID: PMC364518 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.12.7.3041-3049.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The RAD1 and RAD10 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are two of at least seven genes which are known to be required for damage-specific recognition and/or damage-specific incision of DNA during nucleotide excision repair. RAD1 and RAD10 are also involved in a specialized mitotic recombination pathway. We have previously reported the purification of the RAD10 protein to homogeneity (L. Bardwell, H. Burtscher, W. A. Weiss, C. M. Nicolet, and E. C. Friedberg, Biochemistry 29:3119-3126, 1990). In the present studies we show that the RAD1 protein, produced by in vitro transcription and translation of the cloned gene, specifically coimmunoprecipitates with the RAD10 protein translated in vitro or purified from yeast. Conversely, in vitro-translated RAD10 protein specifically coimmunoprecipitates with the RAD1 protein. The sites of this stable and specific interaction have been mapped to the C-terminal regions of both polypeptides. This portion of RAD10 protein is evolutionarily conserved. These results are the first biochemical evidence of a specific association between any eukaryotic proteins genetically identified as belonging to a recombination or DNA repair pathway and suggest that the RAD1 and RAD10 proteins act at the same or consecutive biochemical steps in both nucleotide excision repair and mitotic recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bardwell
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235
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26
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Requirement for ERCC-1 and ERCC-3 gene products in DNA excision repair in vitro. Complementation using rodent and human cell extracts. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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27
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Rinchik EM, Magnuson T, Holdener-Kenny B, Kelsey G, Bianchi A, Conti CJ, Chartier F, Brown KA, Brown SD, Peters J. Mouse chromosome 7. Mamm Genome 1992; 3 Spec No:S104-20. [PMID: 1498426 DOI: 10.1007/bf00648425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E M Rinchik
- Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee 37831-8077
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28
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Belt PB, van Oosterwijk MF, Odijk H, Hoeijmakers JH, Backendorf C. Induction of a mutant phenotype in human repair proficient cells after overexpression of a mutated human DNA repair gene. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:5633-7. [PMID: 1945841 PMCID: PMC328968 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.20.5633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antisense and mutated cDNA of the human excision repair gene ERCC-1 were overexpressed in repair proficient HeLa cells by means of an Epstein-Barr-virus derived cDNA expression vector. Whereas antisense RNA did not influence the survival of the transfected cells, a mutated cDNA generating an ERCC-1 protein with two extra amino acids in a conserved region of its C-terminal part resulted in a significant sensitization of the HeLa transfectants to mitomycin C-induced damage. These results suggest that overexpression of the mutated ERCC-1 protein interferes with proper functioning of the excision repair pathway in repair proficient cells and is compatible with a model in which the mutated ERCC-1 protein competes with the wild-type polypeptide for a specific step in the repair process or for occupation of a site in a repair complex. Apparently, this effect is more pronounced for mitomycin C induced crosslink repair than for UV-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Belt
- Department of Biochemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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29
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Angulo JF, Rouer E, Mazin A, Mattei MG, Tissier A, Horellou P, Benarous R, Devoret R. Identification and expression of the cDNA of KIN17, a zinc-finger gene located on mouse chromosome 2, encoding a new DNA-binding protein. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:5117-23. [PMID: 1923796 PMCID: PMC328864 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.19.5117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the cloning of KIN17 cDNA, 1414 bp long with an ORF of 391 residues showing a zinc finger and nuclear localization signals. By recloning the cDNA into an appropriate vector, we produced kin17 protein in E. coli, purified it partially and shown that kin17 protein binds to double-stranded DNA. The KIN17 gene was localized by cytogenetic mapping in mouse chromosome 2, band A. Genomic sequences homologous to KIN17 cDNA were detected also in rat and human DNAs. KIN17 mRNA is highly expressed in rodent transformed AtT-20 neuroendocrine cells whereas it can be detected only in the total RNA of mouse embryos and various normal adult tissues by reverse transcription and PCR amplification. The mouse nuclear kin17 protein was identified by a local small structural similarity with E.coli recA protein. Kin17 and recA have only 39 amino acid residues in a region that might be involved in DNA-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Angulo
- Groupe d'Etude Mutagénèse et Cancérogénèse, Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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30
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Abstract
Important aspects of the DNA repair mechanisms in mammalian, and especially human, cells are reviewed. The DNA repair processes are essential in the maintenance of the integrity of the DNA and in the defense against cancer. It has recently been discovered that the DNA repair efficiency differs in different regions of the genome and that active genes are preferentially repaired. There is mounting evidence that DNA repair processes play a role in the development of drug resistance by tumor cells. We will discuss such data as well as further approaches to clarify the relationship between DNA repair and antineoplastic drug resistance. Specifically, there is an increasing need to investigate the intragenomic heterogeneity of DNA repair and correlate the repair efficiency in specific genes to aspects of drug resistance. We also discuss the therapeutic potential of inhibiting the DNA repair processes and thereby possibly overcoming drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Burt
- Clinical Oncology Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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31
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Angulo JF, Rouer E, Benarous R, Devoret R. Identification of a mouse cDNA fragment whose expressed polypeptide reacts with anti-recA antibodies. Biochimie 1991; 73:251-6. [PMID: 1715759 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9084(91)90210-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported the in vivo detection of a mouse nuclear protein that cross-reacts with antibodies raised against E coli recA protein. Here, we characterize monospecific anti-recA antibodies, their use for the immunological screening of a cDNA expression library and the isolation of a mouse cDNA fragment which codes for a polypeptide recognized by anti-recA antibodies. The cDNA fragment is 601 nucleotide long and was called KIN17(601). It contains an open reading frame coding for a 200 amino acid polypeptide. In kin17(200) polypeptide, there are amino acids identical to those that form one of the major antigenic determinants of recA protein. Kin17(200) polypeptide also displays a significant similarity with the helix 1 motif of several homeoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Angulo
- Groupe d'Etude Mutagenèse et Cancérogenèse, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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32
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Rinchik EM, Saunders AM, Holdener-Kenny B, Sutcliffe MJ, Brown KA, Brown SD, Peters J. Mouse chromosome 7. Mamm Genome 1991; 1 Spec No:S97-111. [PMID: 1799814 DOI: 10.1007/bf00656488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E M Rinchik
- Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37831
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33
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Choi IS, Kim JB, Hong SH, Park S. A gene inSchizosaccharomyces pombeanalogous to the RAD4 Gene ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04328.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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34
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Abstract
The UV-sensitive, nucleotide excision repair-deficient Chinese hamster mutant cell line UV61 was used to identify and clone a correcting human gene, ERCC-6. UV61, belonging to rodent complementation group 6, is only moderately UV sensitive in comparison with mutant lines in groups 1 to 5. It harbors a deficiency in the repair of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers but permits apparently normal repair of (6-4) photoproducts. Genomic (HeLa) DNA transfections of UV61 resulted, with a very low efficiency, in six primary and four secondary UV-resistant transformants having regained wild-type UV survival. Southern blot analysis revealed that five primary and only one secondary transformant retained human sequences. The latter line was used to clone the entire 115-kb human insert. Coinheritance analysis demonstrated that five of the other transformants harbored a 100-kb segment of the cloned human insert. Since it is extremely unlikely that six transformants all retain the same stretch of human DNA by coincidence, we conclude that the ERCC-6 gene resides within this region and probably covers most of it. The large size of the gene explains the extremely low transfection frequency and makes the gene one of the largest cloned by genomic DNA transfection. Four transformants did not retain the correcting ERCC-6 gene and presumably have reverted to the UV-resistant phenotype. One of these appeared to have amplified an endogenous, mutated CHO ERCC-6 allele, indicating that the UV61 mutation is leaky and can be overcome by gene amplification.
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35
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Mudgett JS, MacInnes MA. Isolation of the functional human excision repair gene ERCC5 by intercosmid recombination. Genomics 1990; 8:623-33. [PMID: 2276736 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(90)90248-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The complete human nucleotide exicision repair gene ERCC5 was isolated as a functional gene on overlapping cosmids. ERCC5 corrects the excision repair deficiency of Chinese hamster ovary cell line UV135, of complementation group 5. Cosmids that contained human sequences were obtained from a UV-resistant cell line derived from UV135 cells transformed with human genomic DNA. Individually, none of the cosmids complemented the UV135 repair defect; cosmid groups were formed to represent putative human genomic regions, and specific pairs of cosmids that effectively transformed UV135 cells to UV resistance were identified. Analysis of transformants derived from the active cosmid pairs showed that the functional 32-kbp ERCC5 gene was reconstructed by homologous intercosmid recombination. The cloned human sequences exhibited 100% concordance with the locus designated genetically as ERCC5 located on human chromosome 13q. Cosmid-transformed UV135 host cells repaired cytotoxic damage to levels about 70% of normal and repaired UV-irradiated shuttle vector DNA to levels about 82% of normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Mudgett
- Genetics Group, Life Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, New Mexico 87545
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36
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Lin JJ, Sancar A. Reconstitution of nucleotide excision nuclease with UvrA and UvrB proteins from Escherichia coli and UvrC protein from Bacillus subtilis. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)45365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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37
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Troelstra C, Odijk H, de Wit J, Westerveld A, Thompson LH, Bootsma D, Hoeijmakers JH. Molecular cloning of the human DNA excision repair gene ERCC-6. Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10:5806-13. [PMID: 2172786 PMCID: PMC361360 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.11.5806-5813.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The UV-sensitive, nucleotide excision repair-deficient Chinese hamster mutant cell line UV61 was used to identify and clone a correcting human gene, ERCC-6. UV61, belonging to rodent complementation group 6, is only moderately UV sensitive in comparison with mutant lines in groups 1 to 5. It harbors a deficiency in the repair of UV-induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers but permits apparently normal repair of (6-4) photoproducts. Genomic (HeLa) DNA transfections of UV61 resulted, with a very low efficiency, in six primary and four secondary UV-resistant transformants having regained wild-type UV survival. Southern blot analysis revealed that five primary and only one secondary transformant retained human sequences. The latter line was used to clone the entire 115-kb human insert. Coinheritance analysis demonstrated that five of the other transformants harbored a 100-kb segment of the cloned human insert. Since it is extremely unlikely that six transformants all retain the same stretch of human DNA by coincidence, we conclude that the ERCC-6 gene resides within this region and probably covers most of it. The large size of the gene explains the extremely low transfection frequency and makes the gene one of the largest cloned by genomic DNA transfection. Four transformants did not retain the correcting ERCC-6 gene and presumably have reverted to the UV-resistant phenotype. One of these appeared to have amplified an endogenous, mutated CHO ERCC-6 allele, indicating that the UV61 mutation is leaky and can be overcome by gene amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Troelstra
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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38
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Weber CA, Salazar EP, Stewart SA, Thompson LH. ERCC2: cDNA cloning and molecular characterization of a human nucleotide excision repair gene with high homology to yeast RAD3. EMBO J 1990; 9:1437-47. [PMID: 2184031 PMCID: PMC551832 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ERCC2 genomic clones give efficient, stable correction of the nucleotide excision repair defect in UV5 Chinese hamster ovary cells. One clone having a breakpoint just 5' of classical promoter elements corrects only transiently, implicating further flanking sequences in stable gene expression. The nucleotide sequences of a cDNA clone and genomic flanking regions were determined. The ERCC2 translated amino acid sequence has 52% identity (73% homology) with the yeast nucleotide excision repair protein RAD3. RAD3 is essential for cell viability and encodes a protein that is a single-stranded DNA dependent ATPase and an ATP dependent helicase. The similarity of ERCC2 and RAD3 suggests a role for ERCC2 in both cell viability and DNA repair and provides the first insight into the biochemical function of a mammalian nucleotide excision repair gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Weber
- Biomedical Sciences Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550
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39
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Major GN, Gardner EJ, Carne AF, Lawley PD. Purification to homogeneity and partial amino acid sequence of a fragment which includes the methyl acceptor site of the human DNA repair protein for O6-methylguanine. Nucleic Acids Res 1990; 18:1351-9. [PMID: 2109306 PMCID: PMC330497 DOI: 10.1093/nar/18.6.1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair by O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (O6-MT) is accomplished by removal by the enzyme of the methyl group from premutagenic O6-methylguanine-DNA, thereby restoring native guanine in DNA. The methyl group is transferred to an acceptor site cysteine thiol group in the enzyme, which causes the irreversible inactivation of O6-MT. We detected a variety of different forms of the methylated, inactivated enzyme in crude extracts of human spleen of molecular weights higher and lower than the usually observed 21-24kDa for the human O6-MT. Several apparent fragments of the methylated form of the protein were purified to homogeneity following reaction of partially-purified extract enzyme with O6-[3H-CH3]methylguanine-DNA substrate. One of these fragments yielded amino acid sequence information spanning fifteen residues, which was identified as probably belonging to human methyltransferase by virtue of both its significant sequence homology to three procaryote forms of O6-MT encoded by the ada, ogt (both from E. coli) and dat (B. subtilis) genes, and sequence position of the radiolabelled methyl group which matched the position of the conserved procaryote methyl acceptor site cysteine residue. Statistical prediction of secondary structure indicated good homologies between the human fragment and corresponding regions of the constitutive form of O6-MT in procaryotes (ogt and dat gene products), but not with the inducible ada protein, indicating the possibility that we had obtained partial amino acid sequence for a non-inducible form of the human enzyme. The identity of the fragment sequence as belonging to human methyltransferase was more recently confirmed by comparison with cDNA-derived amino acid sequence from the cloned human O6-MT gene from HeLa cells (1). The two sequences compared well, with only three out of fifteen amino acids being different (and two of them by only one nucleotide in each codon).
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Major
- Alkylation Carcinogenesis Team, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK
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40
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Abstract
One of the best-studied DNA repair pathways is nucleotide excision repair, a process consisting of DNA damage recognition, incision, excision, repair resynthesis, and DNA ligation. Escherichia coli has served as a model organism for the study of this process. Recently, many of the proteins that mediate E. coli nucleotide excision have been purified to homogeneity; this had led to a molecular description of this repair pathway. One of the key repair enzymes of this pathway is the UvrABC nuclease complex. The individual subunits of this enzyme cooperate in a complex series of partial reactions to bind to and incise the DNA near a damaged nucleotide. The UvrABC complex displays a remarkable substrate diversity. Defining the structural features of DNA lesions that provide the specificity for damage recognition by the UvrABC complex is of great importance, since it represents a unique form of protein-DNA interaction. Using a number of in vitro assays, researchers have been able to elucidate the action mechanism of the UvrABC nuclease complex. Current research is devoted to understanding how these complex events are mediated within the living cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Van Houten
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington 05405
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41
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Conserved pattern of antisense overlapping transcription in the homologous human ERCC-1 and yeast RAD10 DNA repair gene regions. Mol Cell Biol 1989. [PMID: 2471070 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.4.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report that the genes for the homologous Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD10 and human ERCC-1 DNA excision repair proteins harbor overlapping antisense transcription units in their 3' regions. Since naturally occurring antisense transcription is rare in S. cerevisiae and humans (this is the first example in human cells), our findings indicate that antisense transcription in the ERCC-1-RAD10 gene regions represents an evolutionarily conserved feature.
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42
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Shiota S, Nakayama H. Micrococcus luteus homolog of the Escherichia coli uvrA gene: identification of a mutation in the UV-sensitive mutant DB7. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1989; 217:332-40. [PMID: 2549377 DOI: 10.1007/bf02464901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Restriction fragments of Micrococcus luteus DNA containing the gene affected by a mutation in the UV-sensitive mutant DB7 were cloned both from the wild type and from the mutant in an Escherichia coli host-vector system. The wild-type fragment was able to reverse the multiple sensitivity of the mutant to UV, mitomycin C, and 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide by a one-step transformation. Determination of the nucleotide sequences revealed a potential open reading frame coding for a protein of 992 (tentative) amino acid residues, within which the DB7 mutation was identified as a CG-to-TA transition causing a translation termination. The putative product of the open reading frame shares an extensive amino acid sequence homology with the E. coli UvrA protein comprising 940 residues. The homology extends over the greater part of both polypeptides except for two extra sequences of 31 and 24 amino acid residues located at the amino-terminal and in the interior, respectively, of the M. luteus protein. In the homologous region, 56.7% and 16.7% of the 933 pairs of the aligned amino acids were accounted for by conserved residues and conservative substitutions, respectively. These results indicate that the gene defined by the mutation in DB7 represents a homolog of the E. coli uvrA gene. Hence, it has to be concluded that DB7, known for its deficiency in UV endonuclease (pyrimidine dimer DNA glycosylase/apurinicapyrimidinic endonuclease) activity, is a double mutant which is also defective in an enzyme complex similar to the E. coli UvrABC excinuclease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shiota
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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43
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van Duin M, van Den Tol J, Hoeijmakers JH, Bootsma D, Rupp IP, Reynolds P, Prakash L, Prakash S. Conserved pattern of antisense overlapping transcription in the homologous human ERCC-1 and yeast RAD10 DNA repair gene regions. Mol Cell Biol 1989; 9:1794-8. [PMID: 2471070 PMCID: PMC362600 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.9.4.1794-1798.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that the genes for the homologous Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD10 and human ERCC-1 DNA excision repair proteins harbor overlapping antisense transcription units in their 3' regions. Since naturally occurring antisense transcription is rare in S. cerevisiae and humans (this is the first example in human cells), our findings indicate that antisense transcription in the ERCC-1-RAD10 gene regions represents an evolutionarily conserved feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Duin
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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44
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van Duin M, Vredeveldt G, Mayne LV, Odijk H, Vermeulen W, Klein B, Weeda G, Hoeijmakers JH, Bootsma D, Westerveld A. The cloned human DNA excision repair gene ERCC-1 fails to correct xeroderma pigmentosum complementation groups A through I. Mutat Res 1989; 217:83-92. [PMID: 2918869 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8777(89)90059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The human DNA excision repair gene ERCC-1 complements the ultraviolet light (UV) and mitomycin C (MMC) sensitivity of CHO mutants of complementation group 1. We have investigated whether ERCC-1 is the mutated gene in cell lines from xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) complementation groups A through I by analyzing the endogenous gene in XP cells and by introduction of the gene followed by repair assays. Our studies show that ERCC-1 is not deleted or grossly rearranged in representative cell lines of 9 XP groups. Furthermore, Northern blot analysis revealed correct transcription of ERCC-1 in all groups. The cloned human ERCC-1 gene was introduced into immortalized XP cells by DNA transfection (groups A, C, D, E and F). The presence of the integrated transfected sequences was verified on Southern blots and by selection for 2 dominant marker genes that flank the ERCC-1 gene on the transfected cos43-34 DNA. ERCC-1 failed to confer a normal UV survival and UV-induced unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) to transfected populations. In the case of the remaining XP complementation groups (B, G, H and I), nuclear microinjection was used to introduce an ERCC-1 cDNA construct driven by an SV40 promoter into primary fibroblasts. Coinjection of the SV40 large T gene and analysis of its expression served as a control for the injection. The ERCC-1 cDNA failed to induce increased levels of UDS in the microinjected fibroblasts. We infer from these experiments that ERCC-1 is not the mutated gene in the 9 XP complementation groups examined. From a similar type of experiments we conclude that ERCC-1 is not the defective gene in UV-sensitive Cockayne's syndrome cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M van Duin
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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