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Kobrin C, Cha SC, Qin H, Raffeld M, Fend F, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Grove S, Jaffe ES, Kwak LW. Molecular analysis of light-chain switch and acute lymphoblastic leukemia transformation in two follicular lymphomas: Implications for lymphomagenesis. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 47:1523-34. [PMID: 16966263 DOI: 10.1080/10428190600612909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We observed novel transformations of follicular lymphoma (FL), first, a switch in immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain, and second, transformation of FL to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Each set of tumors shared a common clonal origin, as demonstrated by expression of identical, unique CDR IIIH sequences, shared somatic mutations in JH, and identical bcl-2 translocation breakpoints of microdissected ALL cells. Molecular analysis of lambda V-gene expression demonstrated lambda-bearing cells in the original kappa tumor, while expansion of the lambda subclone at relapse occurred after active immunotherapy targeting the Ig receptor. These exceptional cases are compatible with a more contemporary model of lymphomagenesis in which critical events originate from genetic mechanisms which normally occur in germinal center (GC) B cells and challenge the current paradigm of parallel generation of subclones from an early, pre-GC precursor. It is also possible that the outgrowth of these variants was a consequence of immunoselection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Kobrin
- Intramural Research Support Program, SAIC-Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, USA
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2
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Kim MY, Park E, Park JH, Park DH, Moon WS, Cho BH, Shin HS, Kim DG. Expression profile of nine novel genes differentially expressed in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinomas. Oncogene 2001; 20:4568-75. [PMID: 11494152 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2001] [Revised: 04/26/2001] [Accepted: 05/08/2001] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is known to be one of the major causes in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although the biomolecular mechanism(s) involved remain unclear. To identify the cellular gene(s) involved in HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis, we used the mRNA differential display method and examined three paired tumor and nontumor tissues, all of which had chromosomally integrated HBV-DNA through chronic infection. Using 240 different combinations of three one-base anchored oligo-dT primers and 80 arbitrary 13-mers, genes decreased or increased in expression more than twofold between each tumor tissue and its paired nontumor tissue were identified. Twenty-nine known genes and four novel genes were differentially over-expressed in the HCC tumor tissues. In contrast, 27 known genes and five novel genes were under-expressed in those tumor tissues. The nucleotide sequences of the nine novel gene fragments were determined and their expression patterns were examined in 40 HCC samples. HA61T2, PT18, HG63T1, and HG57T1 were preferentially over-expressed in 32 cases (80%, P<0.001), 24 cases (60%), 23 cases (57.5%) and 22 cases (55%) of the 40 tumor tissues, respectively. There was an increased frequency of HG57T1 over-expression in HCC patients with HBV-positive serology and low serum alpha-feto protein (AFP) levels (P<0.05). DNT10, PT8, PT19, ENT25 and HA6T4 were under-expressed in 26 cases (65%), 23 cases (57.5%), 21 cases (53%), 20 cases (50%) and 18 cases (45%) of the 40 tumor samples, respectively. There was a strong correlation of DNT10 under-expression with high serum AFP level in HCC patients, irrespective of HBV serology (P<0.01). HA6T4 was preferentially under-expressed in HCC tumors in patients with HBV-positive serology and high serum AFP levels (P<0.05). Thus, the functional analyses of the known and novel genes identified in this study should prove valuable to further understand the mechanism(s) of hepatocarcinogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/etiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Genes
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Hepatitis B virus/physiology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/etiology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Subtraction Technique
- Viral Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Virus Integration
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of GI and Hepatology, Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Chonju, Chonbuk 561-712, Republic of Korea
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3
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Liu Z, Zhao M, Yokoyama KK, Li T. Molecular cloning of a cDNA for rat TM4SF4, a homolog of human il-TMP (TM4SF4), and enhanced expression of the corresponding gene in regenerating rat liver(1). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1518:183-9. [PMID: 11267677 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(01)00170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
il-TMP (also known as TM4SF4) is a human tetraspanin that is expressed in human intestine and liver. We have cloned a novel cDNA for a rat gene with sequence similar to that of a cDNA for human il-TMP. The cDNA encoded a protein of 202 amino acids, designated rat TM4SF4. The corresponding transcript was detected in rat liver and testis. The expression of rat TM4SF4 was enhanced in regenerating liver after two-thirds partial hepatectomy. It was supposed that rat TM4SF4 might play a role in cell proliferation and in liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Liu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PR China
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4
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Kobrin C, Bendandi M, Kwak L. Novel secondary Ig VH gene rearrangement and in-frame Ig heavy chain complementarity-determining region III insertion/deletion variants in de novo follicular lymphoma. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:2235-43. [PMID: 11160277 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.4.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human germinal center B cell tumors retain the ability of their nontransformed counterparts to somatically hypermutate Ig V genes by nucleotide substitution. Among a survey of 60 primary previously untreated, clonal, follicular lymphomas we have identified a rare V(H) rearrangement variant and two other in-frame nucleotide insertion/deletion variants within complementarity-determining region III of the Ig heavy chain. The neoplastic origin of the V(H) rearrangement variant was directly demonstrated in cells isolated by microdissection from malignant follicles. In all three cases a common clonal origin for the variants was demonstrated by complementarity-determining region III nucleotide sequence homology and shared somatic mutations in germline encoded positions in framework region IV. The monoclonal nature of the tumors was independently confirmed by demonstrating a single t(14;18) translocation breakpoint in the two cases with a detectable translocation. All the variants occurred in functional V(H) rearrangements, which in two cases were directly shown to encode functional Ab molecules. Both recombination-activating genes 1 and 2 were expressed in lymph node tumor cells containing the V(H) rearrangement variant, although recombination-activating gene expression among a panel of lymphomas was not limited to this variant.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Base Sequence
- Cell Separation
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/immunology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18/immunology
- Clone Cells
- Complementarity Determining Regions/biosynthesis
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- DNA Fingerprinting
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Gene Amplification
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain
- Genes, Immunoglobulin
- Genetic Variation/immunology
- Homeodomain Proteins/biosynthesis
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin J-Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Lymphoma, Follicular/genetics
- Lymphoma, Follicular/immunology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/pathology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Insertional/immunology
- Nuclear Proteins
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Reading Frames/genetics
- Reading Frames/immunology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Deletion/immunology
- Translocation, Genetic
- Transposases/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kobrin
- Intramural Research Support Program, Science Applications International Corp.-Frederick, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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5
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Yokota N, Uchijima M, Nishizawa S, Namba H, Koide Y. Identification of differentially expressed genes in rat hippocampus after transient global cerebral ischemia using subtractive cDNA cloning based on polymerase chain reaction. Stroke 2001; 32:168-74. [PMID: 11136933 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.32.1.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to identify new molecules that play important roles in the phenomena that occur in the hippocampus after transient global cerebral ischemia, as clues to better understanding of the mechanisms. METHODS A subtractive cDNA library was established by suppression subtractive hybridization of rat hippocampal tissues after transient global cerebral ischemia. With differential screening of the library, upregulated fragments were identified. The mRNA expression levels of selected genes were measured with semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Among more than 100 isolated fragments, approximately half were determined to be identical to known sequences. The rest showed high homology to known sequences, and only 2 did not exhibit homology to any known sequences. The expression of 5 genes identified in this study increased in 24 hours after ischemia to a level twice as high as that in sham-operated controls. These included furin, prosaposin, synaptotagmin IV, heat shock protein 105, and the neutral and basic amino acid transporter (NBAT). The increases in the mRNA expression levels of the genes except NBAT, as revealed by semiquantitative reverse transcription PCR, were statistically significant at both 6 and 24 hours after ischemia. CONCLUSIONS Genes isolated are thought to be associated with production of proteins necessary for degeneration, neuroprotection, and reconstruction of neurons. How the expression of these genes relates to functional changes after ischemia remains to be determined. PCR-based subtractive cDNA cloning is demonstrated to be a useful tool for analyzing in vivo gene expression in animal ischemia models.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Basic
- Amino Acid Transport Systems, Neutral
- Animals
- Calcium-Binding Proteins
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/analysis
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Furin
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Hippocampus/chemistry
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/genetics
- Ischemic Attack, Transient/metabolism
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Nerve Degeneration/genetics
- Nerve Degeneration/metabolism
- Nerve Regeneration/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Saposins
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Subtilisins/genetics
- Subtilisins/metabolism
- Synaptotagmins
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yokota
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine (Japan)
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Abstract
The identification of bacterial genes regulated in response to the intracellular environment is crucial to the understanding of host-pathogen interactions. Several techniques have been developed to identify and characterize bacterial genes that are induced during the intracellular infection and, potentially, may play a role in pathogenesis. This review discusses the strategies that have been utilized to examine differential gene expression by bacterial pathogens during the intracellular infection. Furthermore, a number of the differentially expressed genes are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Harb
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536-0084, USA
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7
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Lundeberg J, Larsen F. Solid-phase technology: magnetic heads to improve nucleic acid detection and analysis. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 1998; 1:373-401. [PMID: 9734991 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(08)70057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Lundeberg
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, Oslo
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8
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Abstract
Subtractive cloning is a powerful technique for isolating genes expressed or present in one cell population but not in another. This method and a related one termed positive selection have their origins in nucleic acid reassociation techniques. We discuss the history of subtractive techniques, and fundamental information about the nucleic acid composition of cells that came out of reassociation analyses. We then explore current techniques for subtractive cloning and positive selection, discussing the merits of each. These techniques include cDNA library-based techniques and PCR-based techniques. Finally, we briefly discuss the future of subtractive cloning and new approaches that may augment or supersede current methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Sagerström
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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9
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Hampson IN, Hampson L, Dexter TM. Directional random oligonucleotide primed (DROP) global amplification of cDNA: its application to subtractive cDNA cloning. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24:4832-5. [PMID: 8972873 PMCID: PMC146298 DOI: 10.1093/nar/24.23.4832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a method of global PCR amplification of cDNA such that the strand sense is maintained. The products of this process are random primed fragments ranging in size from 100 to 500 bp which facilitates uniform PCR amplification of total cDNA. Directional incorporation of a T7 RNA polymerase initiator/promoter sequence allows efficient synthesis of total sense RNA from this material and the use of a biotinylated primer permits the separation of single-stranded cDNA. Isolation of these products from different cell types provides a renewable source of target single-stranded cDNA and driver RNA from limited cell numbers and we demonstrate their use for subtractive hybridisation cloning of differentially expressed cDNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N Hampson
- Department of Experimental Haematology, Paterson Institute of Cancer Research, Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK
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10
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Quinn FD, Birkness KA, Kikuta-Oshima LC, Newman GW, Ribot EM, King CH. Genetic and tissue culture systems for the study of bacterial pathogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996; 797:19-25. [PMID: 8993347 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb52945.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F D Quinn
- Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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11
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Quinn FD, Newman GW, King CH. Virulence determinants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996; 215:131-56. [PMID: 8791712 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-80166-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F D Quinn
- Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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12
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Staudt LM, Dent A, Ma C, Allman D, Powell J, Maile R, Scherle P, Behrens T. Rapid identification of novel human lymphoid-restricted genes by automated DNA sequencing of subtracted cDNA libraries. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1995; 194:155-61. [PMID: 7895489 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-79275-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L M Staudt
- Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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13
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Bergsagel PL, Brents LA, Trepel JB, Kuehl WM. Genes expressed selectively in murine and human plasma cell neoplasms. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1995; 194:57-61. [PMID: 7895522 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-79275-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P L Bergsagel
- NCI-Navy Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889-5105
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14
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Bergsagel PL, Timblin CR, Kozak CA, Kuehl WM. Sequence and expression of murine cDNAs encoding Xlr3a and Xlr3b, defining a new X-linked lymphocyte-regulated Xlr gene subfamily. Gene X 1994; 150:345-50. [PMID: 7821804 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a subtractive cDNA approach we have identified two nearly identical genes, Xlr3a and Xlr3b (X-linked lymphocyte regulated), expressed at a consistently high level in 14 out of 14 murine plasmacytoma cell lines, at a high level in 1 out of 8 B-lymphoma cell lines, and at a very low level in 2 out of the 8 B-lymphoma cell lines. The messages are not detected in 10 pre-B-lymphoma cell lines. These genes express 2.0-kb mRNAs that encode 226-amino-acid proteins that are extremely basic, with an estimated pI of 8.1 and 9.0, respectively. By sequence comparison they are homologous to Xlr1, an acidic nuclear protein that is produced in lymphoid cell lines corresponding to the late stages of lymphocyte differentiation. Xlr2 is a highly homologous gene that is expressed in differentiating male germ cells. Xlr3a and Xlr3b are members of a new subfamily in the Xlr multigene family. Like Xlr1, they are up-regulated during B-cell terminal differentiation in normal and neoplastic B-cells, and cross-hybridize with a message in testis RNA. Also, like Xlr1, they do not cross-hybridize with human genomic DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Bergsagel
- Navy Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889-5105
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16
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Phillips AL, Huttly AK. Cloning of two gibberellin-regulated cDNAs from Arabidopsis thaliana by subtractive hybridization: expression of the tonoplast water channel, gamma-TIP, is increased by GA3. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1994; 24:603-615. [PMID: 8155880 DOI: 10.1007/bf00023557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis ga1 mutant has very low levels of endogenous, active gibberellins and thus has an extreme dwarf phenotype; application of GA3 induces stem elongation and flower development. To test the hypothesis that GA action in this system involves changes in gene expression, we have cloned mRNAs whose abundance changes following GA application. A subtraction cloning scheme for the isolation of differentially regulated cDNAs was established, involving hybridization of single-stranded cDNA to biotinylated mRNA. cDNA populations enriched up to 150-fold in GA-regulated sequences were produced and cDNA libraries generated. Screening of these libraries has isolated two clones that identify mRNAs of ca. 1100 and 750 bases whose abundance is markedly increased 24 h after GA application. One of these clones encodes the vegetative form of the Arabidopsis tonoplast intrinsic protein (gamma-TIP), a water channel protein, the expression of which has recently been shown to be correlated with regions of cell expansion. The second clone is expressed only in the inflorescence and encodes a proline- and glycine-rich protein that may be a cell wall component.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Phillips
- Long Ashton Research Station, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bristol, AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, UK
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17
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Nalbantoglu B, Hirasawa M, Moomaw C, Nguyen H, Knaff DB, Allen R. Cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding spinach ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1183:557-61. [PMID: 8286406 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)90086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of two cDNA clones, totalling 4948 bp in length, encoding 98% of the 1483 amino acids of the mature form of the ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase of spinach chloroplasts have been determined. The amino-terminal sequence of the enzyme has been determined by direct sequencing of the protein. The deduced amino-acid sequence of the spinach enzyme is 83% identical to that of the ferredoxin-dependent maize enzyme and shows significant sequence homology to two prokaryotic NAD(P)H-dependent glutamate synthases. Analysis of spinach genomic DNA indicates the presence of a single-copy gene for the spinach enzyme. Northern analysis reveals the presence of a single 5.5 kb transcript, which is present in higher levels in young spinach leaves than in older leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nalbantoglu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409-1061
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18
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Swalla BJ, Makabe KW, Satoh N, Jeffery WR. Novel genes expressed differentially in ascidians with alternate modes of development. Development 1993; 119:307-18. [PMID: 8287790 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119.2.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have used a subtractive procedure to isolate cDNA clones encoding genes expressed differentially in ascidian species with alternate modes of development. The ascidians used in this study were Molgula occulta, which develops a tailed (urodele) larva, and Molgula occulta, which develops a tailless (anural) larva. Two of the identified clones, Uro-2 and Uro-11, are described. Southern blots show that the Uro-2 and Uro-11 genes are present in both species, but the corresponding mRNAs are expressed preferentially in the urodele species. In situ hybridization showed that Uro-2 and Uro-11 transcripts accumulate in small oocytes during oogenesis. The maternal Uro-2 and Uro-11 transcripts were distributed throughout the oocyte cytoplasm. Transcript concentrations declined during vitellogenesis, but mature eggs still contain detectable levels of Uro-2 and Uro-11 mRNA. After fertilization, the maternal Uro-2 and Uro-11 transcripts were localized in the ectoplasm of uncleaved zygotes and mostly entered the ectoderm cells during cleavage. The Uro-2 gene appears to produce only maternal transcripts. In contrast, the Uro-11 gene may also produce zygotic transcripts, which accumulate between gastrulation and neurulation in posterior epidermis, neural and tail muscle cells. Zygotic expression of the Uro-11 gene was not detected in embryos of the anural species. The deduced amino acid sequences of the Uro-2 and Uro-11 cDNAs suggest that they encode novel basic proteins with distinctive structural features. The predicted Uro-2 protein contain, a leucine zipper motif, suggesting that it may dimerize with another protein. The predicted Uro-11 protein contains a nuclear localization signal, a region with similarity to part of the DNA-binding motif in the bacterial histone-like HU and IHF proteins, 12 repeats of the proposed DNA-binding motif S(T)PXX, and a potential zinc finger of the C6 or C6H2 class, suggesting that it may be a DNA-binding protein. The Uro-2 and Uro-11 proteins are candidates for regulatory factors involved in the evolutionary transition from urodele to anural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Swalla
- Department of Zoology, University of California, Davis, Bodega Bay 94923
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19
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Scherle P, Behrens T, Staudt LM. Ly-GDI, a GDP-dissociation inhibitor of the RhoA GTP-binding protein, is expressed preferentially in lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:7568-72. [PMID: 8356058 PMCID: PMC47183 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.16.7568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ras-related small GTP-binding proteins are involved in diverse cellular events, including cell signaling, proliferation, cytoskeletal organization, and secretion. The interconversion of the active, GTP-bound form of the protein to the inactive, GDP-bound form is influenced by two types of regulatory proteins, those that alter the intrinsic GTPase activity of the GTP-binding protein and those that affect the rate of GDP/GTP exchange. By utilizing a subtractive hybridization approach, we have isolated a human gene encoding Ly-GDI, a protein that has striking homology to the product of a previously cloned gene, Rho-GDI, which inhibits GDP/GTP exchange on the Rho family of GTPases. In contrast to Rho-GDI, which is ubiquitously expressed, Ly-GDI is expressed only in hematopoietic tissues and predominantly in B- and T-lymphocyte cell lines. The full-length Ly-GDI cDNA encodes a 27-kDa protein which binds to RhoA and inhibits GDP dissociation from RhoA. Stimulation of T lymphocytes with phorbol ester leads to phosphorylation of Ly-GDI, suggesting an involvement of Ly-GDI in lymphocyte activation pathways. Cell type-specific regulators of the Ras-like GTP-binding proteins may provide one mechanism by which different cell types respond uniquely to signals transduced through the same cell surface receptor or may provide a way by which the GTP-binding proteins can be uniquely engaged by tissue-restricted receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Scherle
- Metabolism Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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20
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Ding D, Lipshitz HD. A molecular screen for polar-localised maternal RNAs in the early embryo of Drosophila. ZYGOTE 1993; 1:257-71. [PMID: 7521745 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199400001544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Localised, maternally synthesised RNAs and proteins play an important role in an early animal embryogenesis. In Drosophila, genetic screens have recovered a number of maternal effect loci that encode localised products in the embryo. However, only a third of Drosophila's genes have been genetically mutated. Consequently, we conducted a molecular screen for polar-localised RNAs in the early Drosophila embryo in order to identify additional maternal molecules that carry out spatially restricted functions during early embryogenesis. Total RNA was purified from anterior or posterior poles cut off early Drosophila embryos. These RNAs were used to construct directionally cloned anterior and posterior cDNA libraries which were used in a differential screen for cDNAs representing maternal RNAs localised to one or other pole of the embryo. Five such clones were identified, representing cyclin B RNA, Hsp83 RNA, 28S ribosomal RNA, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit one RNA and mitochondrial 16S large ribosomal RNA. Mutations in the loci encoding these RNAs have not been recovered in genetic screens, confirming that our molecular approach complements genetic strategies for identifying maternal molecules that carry out spatially restricted functions in the early embryo. We consider the possible biological significance of localisation of each of these species of transcripts as well as the mechanism of their localisation, and discuss the potential use of our cDNA libraries in screens for rarer localised RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ding
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125
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21
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Laborda J, Sausville E, Hoffman T, Notario V. dlk, a putative mammalian homeotic gene differentially expressed in small cell lung carcinoma and neuroendocrine tumor cell line. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)53544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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22
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Froussard P. rPCR: a powerful tool for random amplification of whole RNA sequences. PCR METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 1993; 2:185-90. [PMID: 7680262 DOI: 10.1101/gr.2.3.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Froussard
- Département des Rétrovirus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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23
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Houge G. Simplified construction of a subtracted cDNA library using asymmetric PCR. PCR METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 1993; 2:204-9. [PMID: 8382986 DOI: 10.1101/gr.2.3.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for the direct construction of subtracted plasmid cDNA libraries in the plasmid pBluescript is presented. Two libraries in lambda-ZAP were compared starting with general phagemid excision from both libraries. Thereafter, single-stranded (ss) plasmids from one library were subtracted with biotinylated cDNA molecules generated by asymmetric PCR on ss plasmid templates from the other library. The nonsubtracted plasmids were used to transform Escherichia coli directly, thus making a subtracted plasmid library. Preliminary data suggest that the specificity of the method is around 25%. The method is sensitive enough to detect low-abundance mRNAs. In contrast to other subtractive methods based on lambda-ZAP, the bias introduced using PCR in this case only affects the method's specificity and not its sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Houge
- INSERM U-301, SDI No 15954.I CNRS, Centre Hayem, Hôpital St. Louis, Paris, France
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24
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Construction of Directional cDNA Libraries from Human Retinal Tissue/Cells and Their Enrichment for Specific Genes Using an Efficient Subtraction Procedure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-185279-5.50026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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25
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Rothstein JL, Johnson D, Jessee J, Skowronski J, DeLoia JA, Solter D, Knowles BB. Construction of primary and subtracted cDNA libraries from early embryos. Methods Enzymol 1993; 225:587-610. [PMID: 7694045 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(93)25038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
By modifying current cDNA cloning and electroporation methods, large and representative murine cDNA libraries were synthesized from 10 to 100 ng mRNA isolated from unfertilized egg and preimplantation mouse embryos. High cloning efficiency is essential for complete representation of genes expressed in egg and preimplantation embryos and for the isolation of stage-specific genes using subtractive hybridization. Because the mouse embryo contains no more than 50 pg of poly(A)+ mRNA at any stage of preimplantation development, approximately 5000-10,000 embryos are required to obtain enough mRNA to synthesize libraries using current methods. To obtain a representative library that also includes rare transcripts, the size of the library should be at least 10(6) clones. The average percent conversion of mRNA to single-stranded cDNA was 20-40%, so that a cloning efficiency of nearly 2 x 10(8) cfu/microgram cDNA is required for such a cDNA library. No previous methods have provided directional cloning of cDNA into plasmids with these high efficiencies. The advent of electroporation methods for the introduction of nucleic acids into bacteria has made possible the use of standard plasmid vectors for high-efficiency cDNA cloning. Plasmid vectors are currently available that can accommodate the directional cloning of cDNA such that T7 and T3 RNA polymerase promoter sequences can be used to generate sense and anti-sense transcripts for subtractive hybridization and riboprobe synthesis. The cDNA libraries we derived using this methodology are a reusable and abundant source of genetic information about the control of preimplantation development. Specialized subtractive cDNA libraries enriched for genes expressed exclusively at a predetermined time in development give access to genes expressed in a stage-specific manner. The ability to construct new cDNA libraries from limited amounts of starting material ensures the provision of new and important resources for the identification and study of novel genes or gene families, and it is an important new tool for understanding the molecular control of mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Rothstein
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Jefferson Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
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26
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Wieland I, Böhm M, Bogatz S. Isolation of DNA sequences deleted in lung cancer by genomic difference cloning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:9705-9. [PMID: 1409687 PMCID: PMC50201 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.20.9705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify DNA sequences that are deleted in human lung cancer, genomic subtraction hybridization was used to construct plasmid libraries that are enriched for DNA sequences deleted in the small cell lung carcinoma cell line SK-LC-17. The clones of the libraries contained predominantly single copy sequences, allowing direct screening of normal and tumor DNA by genomic Southern blotting. Of 150 clones tested, three independent clones (del-27, del-118, and del-109) were identified that specifically hybridized with normal human DNA but not with tumor DNA from the cell line SK-LC-17. The corresponding DNA sequences are localized on human chromosomes 5, 8, and X/Y. The DNA regions identified by del-109 and del-118 were also found to be deleted in several other lung carcinoma cell lines. Moreover, del-118 was deleted in a freshly isolated lymph node metastasis of a human lung adenocarcinoma. It is therefore reasonable to speculate that the identified clones are derived from independent genetic loci encoding potential tumor suppressor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Wieland
- Institut für Zellbiologie (Tumorforschung), Universitätsklinikum Essen, Federal Republic of Germany
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27
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Isolation of a cytochrome oxidase gene overexpressed in Alzheimer's disease brain. Mol Cell Neurosci 1992; 3:461-70. [DOI: 10.1016/1044-7431(92)90057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/1991] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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28
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Nobori T, Reynolds L, Orvis L, Wu D, Carson DA. A polymerase chain reaction-based method for isolation of gene-specific sequences from the interferon-alpha gene cluster. Anal Biochem 1992; 205:42-6. [PMID: 1443559 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(92)90576-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The interferon-alpha gene is a gene family of over 20 distinct genes having 80-95% homology with one another at a nucleotide level. Because of the high homology in the gene cluster, the available interferon-alpha gene probes can hybridize to multiple bands of different size on Southern blot analysis of restricted human genomic DNA. We used the polymerase chain reaction with the primers synthesized from Alu repetitive sequence and the conserved sequences of the interferon-alpha gene cluster to generate specific probes for individual interferon-alpha genes. The amplification products were subcloned into a plasmid vector and analyzed by DNA sequencing and Southern blotting of the restricted human placental DNA. One clone, which derived from interferon-alpha 14 gene, produced a single 5.2-kb band in Southern blots of the HindIII-restricted human placental DNA. This stands in contrast to the 10 bands of different size that were detected with a cDNA for the interferon-alpha I' gene. Our results indicate that a polymerase chain reaction-based method can be used to isolate gene-specific sequences from the interferon-alpha gene cluster. Since a variety of human cancers has been found to have the complete or partial deletion of the interferon-alpha gene cluster, the gene-specific probe generated by this method may aid in determining the breakpoints in the vicinity of the gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nobori
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0663
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29
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Abstract
A general method is described for PCR amplification of single restriction fragments from large DNA molecules. The method involves sequence-specific ligation of synthetic oligonucleotides to ambiguous 4-base 5' overhangs produced by type IIS restriction endonucleases. Such "adapter-tags" provide one target for primer annealing in subsequent PCR reactions. The second target for primer annealing is provided by a universal "bubble-tag" ligated to blunt ends produced with another endonuclease. The key advantage of this approach is that specific fragments can be isolated without any prior knowledge of the nucleotide sequence of the target. Using bacteriophage lambda DNA as a test system, unique PCR products could be generated consistently. Conditions of temperature, ionic strength, and substrate concentration in the adapter-tag ligations--which affect sequence specificity--were found to have a major influence on the purity of PCR-generated fragments. In principle, the method permits the amplification of virtually any sequence from purified cosmid or YAC DNA using a library of only 240 adapter-tags.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Smith
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Collaborative Research, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts 02154
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30
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Zaraisky AG, Lukyanov SA, Vasiliev OL, Smirnov YV, Belyavsky AV, Kazanskaya OV. A novel homeobox gene expressed in the anterior neural plate of the Xenopus embryo. Dev Biol 1992; 152:373-82. [PMID: 1353734 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(92)90144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To obtain gene sequences controlling the early steps of amphibian neurogenesis, we have performed differential screening of a subtractive cDNA library prepared by a novel PCR-based method from a single presumptive neural plate of a Xenopus laevis late-gastrula embryo. As a result we have isolated a fragment of a novel homeobox gene (named XANF-1, for Xenopus anterior neural folds). This gene is expressed predominantly in the anterior part of the developing nervous system. Such preferential localization of XANF-1 mRNA is established from its initially homogenous distribution in ectoderm of early gastrula. This change in the expression pattern is conditioned by a differential influence of various mesoderm regions on ectoderm: anterior mesoderm activates XANF-1 expression in the overlying ectoderm, whereas posterior axial and ventral mesoderm areas inhibit it. The data obtained demonstrate for the first time that selection of genes for specific expression in the CNS of the early vertebrate embryo is affected not only by chordamesoderm (a neural inductor) but also by ventral mesoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Zaraisky
- Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
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31
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Tenter AM, Johnson AM. Comparison of in vitro translation products of Sarcocystis gigantea and Sarcocystis tenella. Int J Parasitol 1992; 22:153-64. [PMID: 1587678 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(92)90096-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Poly(A)+ RNA was purified from cystozoites of Sarcocystis gigantea and Sarcocystis tenella and used to in vitro translate polypeptides in a wheat germ and a rabbit reticulocyte translation system. The in vitro translated polypeptides were compared by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The S. tenella mRNA translated at least two polypeptides (mol. wt about 80,000 and 21,500) in both translation systems that were not translated by the S. gigantea mRNA. To study co-translational and initial post-translational processing in Sarcocystis, the poly(A)+ RNA preparations were in vitro translated in the rabbit reticulocyte translation system in the presence or absence of canine microsomal membranes. Based on electrophoresis, there appeared to be modification of at least some Sarcocystis polypeptides in the mol. wt range 17,000-30,000. In addition, the translation products were immunoprecipitated with a homologous and a heterologous antiserum. The immunoprecipitated polypeptides were compared by electrophoresis and the S. tenella translation products contained at least one unique antigenic polypeptide with a mol. wt of about 34,700 that was not processed by the microsomal membranes. These results suggest that there is at least one polypeptide that is a candidate for use as an antigen for the differentiation of S. gigantea and S. tenella infections in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Tenter
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Flinders University School of Medicine, Bedford Park, Australia
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32
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Bergsagel PL, Victor-Kobrin C, Brents LA, Mushinski JF, Kuehl WM. Genes expressed selectively in plasmacytomas: markers of differentiation and transformation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1992; 182:223-8. [PMID: 1490358 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-77633-5_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have analyzed a murine plasmacytoma minus highly differentiated B lymphoma subtractive cDNA library and identified eight genes that are expressed in most plasmacytomas but at a much lower level, or not at all, in most B lymphomas. Four of the genes are markers of the terminal differentiation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells: placental alkaline phosphatase, also expressed in pre-B lymphomas xlr-3, a new X-linked member of the xlr multi-gene family EGP314, a pan-epithelial glycoprotein with sequence features of an adhesion molecule PC315, a gene that is up-regulated by IL6, but without obvious sequence homologies. Two of the genes are not clearly related to normal B cell differentiation, appearing to be associated with malignant transformation of plasma cells: PC326 is a new member of the beta-transducin mosaic protein gene family. It is an X-linked gene, expressed at a very low level in testis, but in no other normal tissue, including LPS- or IL6-induced plasma cells. It has a high level of expression (apparently dysregulated) in most (> 85%) mineral oil induced plasmacytomas. However the likelihood that PC326 is expressed decreases as the tumor latency decreases when different retroviral agents are used to accelerate mineral oil induced plasmacytomagenesis. This suggests that PC326 expression may be a late event in a multi-step process of tumorigenesis. PC251 a new member of the hematopoietic growth factor receptor family, most homologous to IL5R alpha.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Bergsagel
- Navy Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889-5105
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33
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Zinke H, Möckel B, Frey A, Weiler-Güttler H, Meckelein B, Gassen HG. Chapter 17: Blood-brain barrier: a molecular approach to its structural and functional characterization. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1992; 91:103-16. [PMID: 1357718 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)62324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Our approach to analyze molecular components of the blood-brain barrier led to the identification of additional transcripts which can be regarded as "BBB markers". Other candidates are presently analyzed in order to find hitherto unknown cell type-specific transcripts. We investigated the expression of these marker-genes in cell culture and found all genes still being transcribed after 10 days in primary cultures, although at a lower level. This is surprising, since other authors report the disappearance of BBB characteristics under such conditions. Moreover, the BBB marker gamma-GT is found to be not only expressed in BMEC, but also in the closely associated pericytes. The hitherto unknown physiological function of the enzyme, especially the abundance in pericytes is still under investigation. Since the method of subtractive cloning has been proven as a fruitful approach, we consider to establish further subtractive cDNA libraries, using different subtraction parameters. The PCR method is applicable for amplification of subtracted cDNA (Timblin et al., 1990) and we expect to find additional clones, mainly of lower abundance which are of functional importance for the BBB phenomenon. The described characterization of cultured BMEC now allows to proceed to study BBB-specific gene expression with special regard to regulatory elements. We will perform these experiments by use of enhancer trap vectors transfected into BMEC. The isolation of the corresponding genomic DNA fragments of the BBB markers is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zinke
- Institut für Biochemie, Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, Germany
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34
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Lew AM, Brandon RB, Panaccio M, Morrow CJ. The polymerase chain reaction and other amplification techniques in immunological research and diagnosis. Immunol Suppl 1992; 75:3-9. [PMID: 1537599 PMCID: PMC1384794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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35
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Hara E, Kato T, Nakada S, Sekiya S, Oda K. Subtractive cDNA cloning using oligo(dT)30-latex and PCR: isolation of cDNA clones specific to undifferentiated human embryonal carcinoma cells. Nucleic Acids Res 1991; 19:7097-104. [PMID: 1766870 PMCID: PMC332523 DOI: 10.1093/nar/19.25.7097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The human embryonal carcinoma cell line NEC14 can be induced to differentiate by the addition of 10(-2)M N,N'-hexamethylene-bis-acetamide (HMBA). A subtractive cDNA library specific to undifferentiated NEC14 cells was constructed using oligo(dT)30-Latex and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The method was designed to improve the efficiency of subtraction and the enrichment of cDNA clones corresponding to low abundance mRNAs. The single strand of cDNA was made from mRNA prepared from the HMBA-treated NEC14 cells using an oligo(dT)30 primer covalently linked to Latex particles. After removal of the mRNA template by heat-denaturation and centrifugation, the subtractive hybridization was carried out between the cDNA-oligo(dT)30-Latex and mRNA from untreated NEC14 cells. Unhybridized mRNA collected by centrifugation was hybridized repeatedly to the cDNA-oligo(dT)30-Latex and subtractive mRNA was converted to cDNA. The subtractive cDNA was then amplified by PCR and cloned into pBluescript II KS-. The cDNA library thus constructed consisted of approximately 10,000 independent clones with cDNA inserts of 1.7 Kb on average. Differential hybridization of these transformants indicated that approximately 3% of them contained cDNA inserts specific to the undifferentiated EC cells, some of which were derived from low abundance mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hara
- Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
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36
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Lee SW, Tomasetto C, Sager R. Positive selection of candidate tumor-suppressor genes by subtractive hybridization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:2825-9. [PMID: 1849277 PMCID: PMC51332 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.7.2825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A positive selection system designed to identify and recover candidate tumor-suppressor genes is described. The system compares mRNA expression of genes from normal and tumor-derived human mammary epithelial cells grown in a special medium that supports similar growth rates of the two cell types. mRNAs uniquely expressed in normal cells are recovered as cDNAs after subtraction with mRNA from tumor cells. Seven different clones, from 0.6 to 4.8 kilobases in transcript size and including both rare and abundunt transcripts, were recovered in the first 23 clones analyzed. Among the isolated clones were genes encoding the gap-junction protein connexin 26, two different keratins, and glutathione-S-transferase pi, as well as an unknown gene in the S100 family of small calcium-binding proteins. In principle, tumor-suppressor genes include two classes: class I, in which loss of function results from mutation or deletion of DNA and class II, in which loss of function is from a regulatory block to expression. A class II suppressor gene is assumed to be regulated by a different suppressor gene that lost its function by mutation or deletion. Both classes of tumor-suppressor genes may provide valuable proteins with clinical applications in cancer diagnosis or therapy. Class II suppressors may be especially useful because the normal genes are present and their reexpression may be inducible by drugs or other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Lee
- Division of Cancer Genetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
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37
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bloch
- Cetus Corporation, Emeryville, California 94608
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38
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39
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Battey JF, Way JM, Corjay MH, Shapira H, Kusano K, Harkins R, Wu JM, Slattery T, Mann E, Feldman RI. Molecular cloning of the bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide receptor from Swiss 3T3 cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:395-9. [PMID: 1671171 PMCID: PMC50817 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.2.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian bombesin-like peptides gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and neuromedin B regulate numerous and varied cell physiologic processes in various cell types and have also been implicated as autocrine growth factors influencing the pathogenesis and progression of human small cell lung carcinomas. We report here the molecular characterization of the bombesin/GRP receptor. Structural analysis of cDNA clones isolated from Swiss 3T3 murine embryonal fibroblasts shows that the GRP receptor is a member of the guanine nucleotide binding protein-coupled receptor superfamily with seven predicted hydrophobic transmembrane domains. In vitro transcripts from cloned cDNA templates encompassing the predicted protein coding domain, when injected into Xenopus oocytes, resulted in expression of functional GRP receptors. The predicted amino acid sequence of the open reading frame in cDNA clones matches the amino-terminal sequence as well as the sequence of four tryptic fragments isolated from the purified protein. Expression of the GRP receptor cDNA in model systems potentially provides a powerful assay for the development of subtype-specific receptor antagonists that may prove to be of therapeutic importance in human small cell lung carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Battey
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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40
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Abstract
We have studied the development of the collateral circulation in the heart in response to gradual and progressive coronary artery occlusion. When the coronary stenosis becomes critical, tissue ischemia occurs, which we believe leads to the production (and probably to release from storage sites) of tissue hormones (mitogens) that lead to mitosis of endothelial and smooth muscle cells. We have identified from hearts several known mitogens (aFGF, bFGF), non-mitogenic angiogenic factors (TGF-beta), a new anti-mitogen, and a new myocyte-derived growth factor (structures of the last two not yet elucidated). An important principle in the development of collaterals is the remodeling of pre-existing small vessels into the much larger vascular structure. To accommodate new cells old structures have to be removed by controlled proteolysis (tPA, uPA, elastase).
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schaper
- Max-Planck-Institute, Department of Experimental Cardiology, Bad Nauheim, FRG
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41
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Kelly AJ, Zagotta MT, White RA, Chang C, Meeks-Wagner DR. Identification of genes expressed in the tobacco shoot apex during the floral transition. THE PLANT CELL 1990; 2:963-72. [PMID: 2136627 PMCID: PMC159945 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.2.10.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apex of higher plants contains undifferentiated meristematic cells that serve as the origin of post-embryonic organs. The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth results in the commitment of the apical meristem to floral organ formation. To identify the molecular signals that initiate floral development, we have pursued the isolation of genes that are transcriptionally active in the shoot apex of tobacco during the transition from vegetative to floral growth. The small size of the apex led us to utilize polymerase chain reaction shoot apices. This approach enabled the isolation of the apex-specific and floral apex-specific cDNA clones described in this paper. One clone, A3, detected an equivalent level of transcript in the shoot apex during all developmental stages observed. The second clone, FA2, detected a unique transcript that increased in abundance in the shoot apex during the transition to flowering and showed high levels of expression in developing petals, stamens, and pistils.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Kelly
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene 97403
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42
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Timblin C, Bergsagel PL, Kuehl WM. Identification of consensus genes expressed in plasmacytomas but not B lymphomas. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1990; 166:141-7. [PMID: 2073792 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-75889-8_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have combined subtractive cDNA and PCR technologies to construct and analyze a plasmacytoma minus a highly differentiated B lymphoma subtractive cDNA library. We detected no plasmacytoma-specific clones by hybridization with differential cDNA probes or the subtractive insert. However, random selection of 115 clones has identified 16 quantitatively subtractive and 39 qualitatively subtractive clones. From these clones we have identified 8 potentially interesting genes. One quantitatively subtractive clone (clone 315) identifies an mRNA that is expressed in most plasmacytoma cell lines, but is expressed at an approximately 10-fold lower level in B and pre-B lymphoma cell lines; preliminary evidence suggests that the expression of this gene is increased by IL-6. From the 31 unrelated qualitatively subtractive clones, we have identified two classes of genes that are expressed in one or none of 8 B lymphomas examined: 1) those expressed in most plasmacytoma and pre-B lymphoma cell lines (clone 70 and clone 260); and 2) those expressed in most plasmacytoma cell lines, but not in any of the ten pre-B lymphomas examined (clones 251, 289A, 289B, 326, 291).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Timblin
- NCI-Navy Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Naval Hospital, Bethesda, MD 20814-5015
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