1
|
Tai TS, Pai SY, Ho IC. GATA-3 regulates the homeostasis and activation of CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:428-37. [PMID: 23225883 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
GATA-3, a C2C2-type zinc finger transcription factor, regulates many steps of T cell development and differentiation. It is also required for optimal production of type 2 cytokines by CD8(+) T cells. However, its role in the development and function of this subset of T cells is still poorly characterized. In this paper, we report that GATA-3 is required for MHC-mediated positive selection and final maturation of CD8 single-positive thymocytes. Deficiency of GATA-3 mediated by a CD4cre transgene led to age-dependent lymphadenopathy partly because of abnormal expansion of CD8(+) T cells driven by a cell-extrinsic mechanism. Paradoxically, GATA-3-deficient CD8(+) T cells were hyporesponsive to Ag stimulation due to a defect in the maintenance/progression, but not initiation, of activation signals. More importantly, GATA-3-deficient CD8(+) T cells were less efficient in killing Ag-bearing tumor cells in vivo. Taken together, our data further expand the role of GATA-3 in T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzong-Shyuan Tai
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Overgård AC, Nerland AH, Fiksdal IU, Patel S. Atlantic halibut experimentally infected with nodavirus shows increased levels of T-cell marker and IFNγ transcripts. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:139-150. [PMID: 22020051 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The transcript levels of viral RNAs, selected T-cell marker and cytokine genes, toll like receptor (TLR) 7, and two interferon stimulated genes (ISG) were analysed in sexually immature adult Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) experimentally infected with nodavirus. The expression of the T-cell markers, TLR7 and the cytokine genes was further explored in in vitro stimulated anterior kidney leucocytes (AK leucocytes) isolated from the experiment fish and from additional untreated non-injected fish. The levels of viral RNA1 and RNA2 were increasing in brain and eye at around 4 and 8weeks post injection (wpi), respectively, and still increasing at the end of the experiment, especially in eye. Immuno-positive cells and signs of vacuolisation in both brain and eye were seen at 14wpi. Increased transcript levels of TCRβ, CD4-2, CD4, CD8α, and Lck in brain and eye of the experimentally infected halibut suggested an involvement of halibut T-cells in the immune response against nodavirus. Interestingly, a similar expression pattern of TCRβ, CD4 and Lck was seen in both brain and eye. However, compared to brain that showed elevated transcript levels of TCRβ, CD4 and Lck mainly at 10 and 14wpi, the increase appeared earlier between 3 and 4wpi in the eye. Yet, an increase in the transcript level of IFNγ was seen at 10 and 14wpi in both organs. Moreover, elevated levels of TLR7, IL-1β, IL-6, ISG15 and Mx were detected in vivo. The in vitro experiments, stimulating AK leucocytes with ConA-PMA, imiquimod or nodavirus, further supported an involvement of IL-6 and IFNγ in the immune response against nodavirus and the involvement of CD8β(+) cells. Results from the present study thus indicate an importance of T-cells, IFNγ and the analysed ISGs in the immune response against nodavirus in Atlantic halibut, and would be of great help in future vaccination trials giving the possibility to monitor the immune response rather than mortality during post-vaccination challenge experiments.
Collapse
|
3
|
Laing KJ, Dutton S, Hansen JD. Molecular and biochemical analysis of rainbow trout LCK suggests a conserved mechanism for T-cell signaling in gnathostomes. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:2737-48. [PMID: 17178421 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 11/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Two genes were identified in rainbow trout that display high sequence identity to vertebrate Lck. Both of the trout Lck transcripts are associated with lymphoid tissues and were found to be highly expressed in IgM-negative lymphocytes. In vitro analysis of trout lymphocytes indicates that trout Lck mRNA is up-regulated by T-cell mitogens, supporting an evolutionarily conserved function for Lck in the signaling pathways of T-lymphocytes. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of a specific monoclonal antibody raised against the N-terminal domains of recombinant trout Lck that can recognize Lck protein(s) from trout thymocyte lysates that are similar in size ( approximately 57kDa) to mammalian Lck. This antibody also reacted with permeabilized lymphocytes during FACS analysis, indicating its potential usage for cellular analyses of trout lymphocytes, thus representing an important tool for investigations of salmonid T-cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry J Laing
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Raghavan A, Ogilvie RL, Reilly C, Abelson ML, Raghavan S, Vasdewani J, Krathwohl M, Bohjanen PR. Genome-wide analysis of mRNA decay in resting and activated primary human T lymphocytes. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30:5529-38. [PMID: 12490721 PMCID: PMC140061 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkf682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We used microarray technology to measure mRNA decay rates in resting and activated T lymphocytes in order to better understand the role of mRNA decay in regulating gene expression. Purified human T lymphocytes were stimulated for 3 h with medium alone, with an anti-CD3 antibody, or with a combination of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. Actinomycin D was added to arrest transcription, and total cellular RNA was collected at discrete time points over a 2 h period. RNA from each point was analyzed using Affymetrix oligonucleotide arrays and a first order decay model was used to determine the half-lives of approximately 6000 expressed transcripts. We identified hundreds of short-lived transcripts encoding important regulatory proteins including cytokines, cell surface receptors, signal transduction regulators, transcription factors, cell cycle regulators and regulators of apoptosis. Approximately 100 of these short-lived transcripts contained ARE-like sequences. We also identified numerous transcripts that exhibited stimulus-dependent changes in mRNA decay. In particular, we identified hundreds of transcripts whose steady-state levels were repressed following T cell activation and were either unstable in the resting state or destabilized following cellular activation. Thus, rapid mRNA degradation appears to be an important mechanism for turning gene expression off in an activation-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Raghavan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Richter A, Baack M, Holthoff HP, Ritzi M, Knippers R. Mobilization of chromatin-bound Mcm proteins by micrococcal nuclease. Biol Chem 1998; 379:1181-7. [PMID: 9792452 DOI: 10.1515/bchm.1998.379.8-9.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mcm (minichromosome maintenance) proteins are important components of the eukaryotic replication initiation apparatus. We investigate the binding of human Mcm proteins to HeLa cell chromatin using micrococcal nuclease as a tool. In previous work we prepared chromatin under low ionic strength conditions. The use of a low salt buffer was necessary to prevent the dissociation of Mcm proteins. Here we use chromatin prepared at more physiological salt concentrations (100 mM NaCl) following the procedure of Fujita et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 272, 10928-10935; 1997) who had shown that ATP stabilizes the interaction of Mcm proteins with chromatin. We show here that micrococcal nuclease released Mcm proteins early during the digestion process suggesting that Mcm proteins reside on chromatin sites which are more open to nuclease attack than bulk chromatin. Released Mcm proteins sedimented through glycerol gradients as a multiprotein complex comprising several of the six known human Mcm proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Richter
- Department of Biology, Universität Konstanz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Affiliation(s)
- J S Malter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinic, Madison 53792, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rühlmann A, Nordheim A. Effects of the immunosuppressive drugs CsA and FK506 on intracellular signalling and gene regulation. Immunobiology 1997; 198:192-206. [PMID: 9442391 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(97)80040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The isolation of Cyclosporin A (CsA) from cultures of the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum and its subsequent elucidation of immunosuppressive properties by Borel et al. (1) was of great clinical consequence. In the early 80s CsA was introduced in the field of organ transplantation resulting in extraordinary improvements of graft survival. CsA has become a first choice drug for patients with allograft organs. The discovery of FK506 by Kino et al. (2) as a novel immuno-suppressant and its introduction into clinics in 1989 (3) extended the available regimen for immunosuppressive therapy. Yet despite their advantages both CsA and FK506 display unwanted side effects and a possible preference of one drug over another remains controversial (4, 5). Although identification of the involvement of the transcription factor NF-AT was an important step forward (6), it has become clear that immunosuppressant action is more complex. CsA and FK506 selectively interact with certain cellular signal transduction pathways. This review briefly describes these effects on signal transduction. We further concentrate on the major known effect of these immunosuppressants, namely the inhibition of the PP2B phosphatase calcineurin. In addition we provide a compilation of effects of CsA and FK506 on gene expression at the level of transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rühlmann
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Molecular Biology, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Vanhée-Brossollet C, Vaquero C. Regulation of p56(lck) messenger turnover upon T cell activation: involvement of the 3' untranslated region in stability as determined in cell-free extracts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 233:419-24. [PMID: 9144550 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Full activation of T lymphocytes transiently downregulates the steady state level of the tyrosine kinase p56(lck) mRNA. Here, we show that a decrease in messenger stability is involved in this downmodulation followed thereafter by a rapid and marked increase in mRNA half-life. In order to facilitate the study of p56(lck) messenger stability, an in vitro mRNA decay assay was developed and used to determine whether the 451 nucleotide long 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of the messenger is implicated in the regulation of mRNA stability. Indeed, deletion of most of the 3'UTR led to a substantial increase in transcript half-life whereas deletion of a limited 3' portion did not, thus showing that the 146 nucleotides located in 5' of the 3'UTR contain destabilizing elements. Furthermore, the stability of both truncated transcripts was still modulated upon activation, thereby suggesting that the activation-responsive elements are located in a region distinct from the 3'UTR.
Collapse
|
9
|
Prashar Y, Weissman SM. Analysis of differential gene expression by display of 3' end restriction fragments of cDNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:659-63. [PMID: 8570611 PMCID: PMC40108 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.2.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed an approach to study changes in gene expression by selective PCR amplification and display of 3' end restriction fragments of double-stranded cDNAs. This method produces highly consistent and reproducible patterns, can detect almost all mRNAs in a sample, and can resolve hidden differences such as bands that differ in their sequence but comigrate on a gel. Bands corresponding to known cDNAs move to predictable positions on the gel, making this a powerful approach to correlate gel patterns with cDNA data bases. Applying this method, we have examined differences in gene expression patterns during T-cell activation. Of a total of 700 bands that were evaluated in this study, as many as 3-4% represented mRNAs that are upregulated, while approximately 2% were down-regulated within 4 hr of activation of Jurkat T cells. These and other results suggest that this approach is suitable for the systematic, expeditious, and nearly exhaustive elucidation of subtle changes in the patterns of gene expression in cells with altered physiologic states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Prashar
- Department of Genetics, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Oncogenic activation of the Lck protein accompanies translocation of the LCK gene in the human HSB2 T-cell leukemia. Mol Cell Biol 1994. [PMID: 8139546 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.4.2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine protein kinase p56lck transduces signals important for antigen-induced T-cell activation. In transgenic mice, p56lck is oncogenic when overexpressed or expressed as a mutant, catalytically activated enzyme. In humans, the LCK gene is located at the breakpoint of the t(1;7)(p34;q34) chromosomal translocation. This translocation positions the beta T-cell receptor constant region enhancer upstream of the LCK gene without interrupting the LCK coding sequences, and a translocation of this sort occurs in both the HSB2 and the SUP-T-12 T-cell lines. We have found that, although the level of the p56lck protein in HSB2 cells is elevated approximately 2-fold in comparison with that in normal T-cell lines, total cellular tyrosine protein phosphorylation is elevated approximately 10-fold. Increased levels of phosphotyrosine in HSB2 cells resulted from mutations in the LCK gene that activated its function as a phosphotransferase and converted it into a dominant transforming oncogene. The oncogenic p56lck in HSB2 cells contained one amino acid substitution within the CD4/CD8-binding domain, two substitutions in the kinase domain, and an insertion of Gln-Lys-Pro (QKP) between the SH2 and kinase domains. In NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, three of these mutations cooperated to produce the fully oncogenic form of this p56lck variant. These results suggest that mutation of LCK may contribute to some human T-cell leukemias.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wright DD, Sefton BM, Kamps MP. Oncogenic activation of the Lck protein accompanies translocation of the LCK gene in the human HSB2 T-cell leukemia. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:2429-37. [PMID: 8139546 PMCID: PMC358610 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.4.2429-2437.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine protein kinase p56lck transduces signals important for antigen-induced T-cell activation. In transgenic mice, p56lck is oncogenic when overexpressed or expressed as a mutant, catalytically activated enzyme. In humans, the LCK gene is located at the breakpoint of the t(1;7)(p34;q34) chromosomal translocation. This translocation positions the beta T-cell receptor constant region enhancer upstream of the LCK gene without interrupting the LCK coding sequences, and a translocation of this sort occurs in both the HSB2 and the SUP-T-12 T-cell lines. We have found that, although the level of the p56lck protein in HSB2 cells is elevated approximately 2-fold in comparison with that in normal T-cell lines, total cellular tyrosine protein phosphorylation is elevated approximately 10-fold. Increased levels of phosphotyrosine in HSB2 cells resulted from mutations in the LCK gene that activated its function as a phosphotransferase and converted it into a dominant transforming oncogene. The oncogenic p56lck in HSB2 cells contained one amino acid substitution within the CD4/CD8-binding domain, two substitutions in the kinase domain, and an insertion of Gln-Lys-Pro (QKP) between the SH2 and kinase domains. In NIH 3T3 fibroblasts, three of these mutations cooperated to produce the fully oncogenic form of this p56lck variant. These results suggest that mutation of LCK may contribute to some human T-cell leukemias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D D Wright
- Department of Pathology, University of California, School of Medicine, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0612
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Anderson SJ, Levin SD, Perlmutter RM. Involvement of the protein tyrosine kinase p56lck in T cell signaling and thymocyte development. Adv Immunol 1994; 56:151-78. [PMID: 8073946 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Anderson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Paillard F, Sterkers G, Vaquero C. Correlation between up-regulation of lymphokine mRNA and down-regulation of TcR, CD4, CD8 and lck mRNA as shown by the effect of CsA on activated T lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 186:603-11. [PMID: 1497650 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)90789-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Full activation of different T cell populations via the TcR/CD3 complex leads to transient expression of lymphokine mRNA and to transient and specific down-modulation of TcR, CD4, CD8 and p56lck mRNA (Multi-Receptor Complex or MRC mRNA). This transient down-modulation is due to both a decrease in transcription and stability of these mRNA and is temporally and quantitatively related to lymphokine mRNA induction. We showed that cyclosporin A (CsA), which blocks lymphokine expression also inhibits MRC mRNA down-modulation at the transcriptional level, and does not affect mRNA stability. The fact that CsA inhibits both lymphokine expression and MRC mRNA down-modulation at transcriptional level supports a model in which similar signals trigger the inverse regulation of these two sets of genes via identical transcriptional factors.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Blotting, Northern
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Nucleus/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclosporine/pharmacology
- Down-Regulation
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)
- Lymphokines/genetics
- Models, Genetic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Up-Regulation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Paillard
- INSERM U152, Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire, Paris, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|