1
|
Wang LL, Hu RC, Dai AG, Tan SX, Xu M, Kong CC, Chen YR, Fu DY. CHOP overexpression sensitizes human non-small cell lung cancer cells to cisplatin treatment by Bcl-2/JNK pathway. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:6279-6287. [PMID: 34306367 PMCID: PMC8290817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), a 29 kDa cellular protein, plays a role in regulating tumor proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, cell death, and in tumor resistance to chemotherapy. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a tumor of the respiratory system and drug resistance is prevalent among NSCLC clinical cell cultures. Herein, our study elucidated the effect of CHOP on NSCLC cells with cisplatin resistance and its mechanism. In a NSCLC cell line with cisplatin-resistance, CHOP expression was decreased, compared with A549 cells. Overexpression of CHOP decreased the cell viability and enhanced cell apoptosis in the cells treated with cisplatin. Expression of CHOP also inhibited the cell proliferation and metastasis. CHOP increased the therapeutic effect of cisplatin on NSCLC cells through the Bcl-2/JNK pathway. In summary, CHOP regulated cisplatin resistance in cells of NSCLC by promoting the expression of apoptotic proteins and inhibiting the Bcl-2/JNK signaling pathway, indicating the antitumor effects of CHOP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Le Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal UniversityChangsha 410016, China
| | - Rui-Cheng Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal UniversityChangsha 410016, China
| | - Ai-Guo Dai
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese MedicineChangsha 410208, China
| | - Shuang-Xiang Tan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal UniversityChangsha 410016, China
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal UniversityChangsha 410016, China
| | - Chun-Chu Kong
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal UniversityChangsha 410016, China
| | - Yun-Rong Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal UniversityChangsha 410016, China
| | - Dai-Yan Fu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital/The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal UniversityChangsha 410016, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu S, Chen M, Chen M, Ye J, Ying Y, Wu Q, Dou H, Bai L, Mao F, Ni W, Yu K. Fibroblast Growth Factor 22 Inhibits ER Stress-Induced Apoptosis and Improves Recovery of Spinal Cord Injury. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:18. [PMID: 32116697 PMCID: PMC7026669 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, inhibiting or reducing neuronal cell death is the main strategy to improve recovery of spinal cord injury (SCI). Therapies using nerve growth factors to treat SCI mainly focused on reducing the area damaged by postinjury degeneration to promote functional recovery. In this report, we investigated the mechanism of ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress-induced apoptosis and the protective action of fibroblast growth factor 22 (FGF22) in vivo. Our results demonstrated that ER stress-induced apoptosis plays a significant role in injury of SCI model rats. FGF22 administration promoted recovery and increased neuron survival in the spinal cord lesions of model mice. The protective effect of FGF22 is related to decreased expression of CHOP (C/EBP-homologous protein), GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein 78), caspase-12, X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (Eif-2α) and Bad which are ER stress-induced apoptosis response proteins. Moreover, FGF22 administration also increased the number of neurons and the expression of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43) which was related to axon regeneration. We also demonstrated that the protective effect of FGF22 effectively reduces neuronal apoptosis and promotes axonal regeneration. Our study first illustrated that the function of FGF22 is related to the inhibition of ER stress-induced cell death in SCI recovery via activation of downstream signals. This study also suggested a new tendency of FGF22 therapy development in central neural system injuries, which involved chronic ER stress-induced apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengji Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Second Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Second Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Ye
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Second Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yibo Ying
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Second Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiuji Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Second Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haicheng Dou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liyunian Bai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Second Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fangmin Mao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kehe Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sledgehammer to Scalpel: Broad Challenges to the Heart and Other Tissues Yield Specific Cellular Responses via Transcriptional Regulation of the ER-Stress Master Regulator ATF6α. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031134. [PMID: 32046286 PMCID: PMC7037772 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more than 2000 transcription factors in eukaryotes, many of which are subject to complex mechanisms fine-tuning their activity and their transcriptional programs to meet the vast array of conditions under which cells must adapt to thrive and survive. For example, conditions that impair protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), sometimes called ER stress, elicit the relocation of the ER-transmembrane protein, activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α), to the Golgi, where it is proteolytically cleaved. This generates a fragment of ATF6α that translocates to the nucleus, where it regulates numerous genes that restore ER protein-folding capacity but is degraded soon after. Thus, upon ER stress, ATF6α is converted from a stable, transmembrane protein, to a rapidly degraded, nuclear protein that is a potent transcription factor. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms governing ATF6α location, activity, and stability, as well as the transcriptional programs ATF6α regulates, whether canonical genes that restore ER protein-folding or unexpected, non-canonical genes affecting cellular functions beyond the ER. Moreover, we will review fascinating roles for an ATF6α isoform, ATF6β, which has a similar mode of activation but, unlike ATF6α, is a long-lived, weak transcription factor that may moderate the genetic effects of ATF6α.
Collapse
|
4
|
Dolfini D, Minuzzo M, Sertic S, Mantovani R. NF-YA overexpression protects from glutamine deprivation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1867:118571. [PMID: 31706909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The heterotrimeric transcription factor NF-Y binds to CCAAT boxes of genes of glutamine metabolism. We set out to study the role of the regulatory NF-YA subunit in this pathway. We produced U2OS and A549 clones stably overexpressing -OE- the two splicing isoforms of NF-YA. NF-YA OE cells show normal growth and colony formation rates, but they become resistant to cell death upon glutamine deprivation. Increased mRNA and protein expression of the key biosynthetic enzyme GLUL in U2OS entails increased production of endogenous glutamine upon deprivation. The use of GLUL inhibitors dampens the NF-YA-mediated effect. NF-YA OE prevents activation of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor CHOP/DDIT3. Elevated basal levels of SERCA1/2, coding for the molecular target of Thapsigargin, correlate with resistance of NF-YA OE cells to the drug. The work represents a proof-of-principle that elevated levels of NF-YA, as found in some tumor types, helps altering cancer metabolic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diletta Dolfini
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Mario Minuzzo
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sarah Sertic
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Mantovani
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kotian V, Sarmah D, Kaur H, Kesharwani R, Verma G, Mounica L, Veeresh P, Kalia K, Borah A, Wang X, Dave KR, Yavagal DR, Bhattacharya P. Evolving Evidence of Calreticulin as a Pharmacological Target in Neurological Disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2629-2646. [PMID: 31017385 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CALR), a lectin-like ER chaperone, was initially known only for its housekeeping function, but today it is recognized for many versatile roles in different compartments of a cell. Apart from canonical roles in protein folding and calcium homeostasis, it performs a variety of noncanonical roles, mostly in CNS development. In the past, studies have linked Calreticulin with various other biological components which are detrimental in deciding the fate of neurons. Many neurological disorders that differ in their etiology are commonly associated with aberrant levels of Calreticulin, that lead to modulation of apoptosis and phagocytosis, and impact on transcriptional pathways, impairment in proteostatis, and calcium imbalances. Such multifaceted properties of Calreticulin are the reason why it has been implicated in vital roles of the nervous system in recent years. Hence, understanding its role in the physiology of neurons would help to unearth its involvement in the spectrum of neurological disorders. This Review aims toward exploring the interplay of Calreticulin in neurological disorders which would aid in targeting Calreticulin for developing novel neurotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Kotian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Deepaneeta Sarmah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Radhika Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Geetesh Verma
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Leela Mounica
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Pabbala Veeresh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Anupom Borah
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kunjan R. Dave
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Dileep R. Yavagal
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - Pallab Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hager S, Korbula K, Bielec B, Grusch M, Pirker C, Schosserer M, Liendl L, Lang M, Grillari J, Nowikovsky K, Pape VFS, Mohr T, Szakács G, Keppler BK, Berger W, Kowol CR, Heffeter P. The thiosemicarbazone Me 2NNMe 2 induces paraptosis by disrupting the ER thiol redox homeostasis based on protein disulfide isomerase inhibition. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1052. [PMID: 30323190 PMCID: PMC6189190 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to their high biological activity, thiosemicarbazones have been developed for treatment of diverse diseases, including cancer, resulting in multiple clinical trials especially of the lead compound Triapine. During the last years, a novel subclass of anticancer thiosemicarbazones has attracted substantial interest based on their enhanced cytotoxic activity. Increasing evidence suggests that the double-dimethylated Triapine derivative Me2NNMe2 differs from Triapine not only in its efficacy but also in its mode of action. Here we show that Me2NNMe2- (but not Triapine)-treated cancer cells exhibit all hallmarks of paraptotic cell death including, besides the appearance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-derived vesicles, also mitochondrial swelling and caspase-independent cell death via the MAPK signaling pathway. Subsequently, we uncover that the copper complex of Me2NNMe2 (a supposed intracellular metabolite) inhibits the ER-resident protein disulfide isomerase, resulting in a specific form of ER stress based on disruption of the Ca2+ and ER thiol redox homeostasis. Our findings indicate that compounds like Me2NNMe2 are of interest especially for the treatment of apoptosis-resistant cancer and provide new insights into mechanisms underlying drug-induced paraptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Hager
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.,Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Korbula
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.,Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Vienna, Austria
| | - Björn Bielec
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Grusch
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Pirker
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schosserer
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Liendl
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Lang
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria.,Christian Doppler Laboratory on Biotechnology of Skin Aging, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria.,Evercyte GmbH, Muthgasse 18, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Nowikovsky
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika F S Pape
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, H-1094, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thomas Mohr
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.,Science Consult DI Thomas Mohr KG, Enzianweg 10a, A-2353, Guntramsdorf, Austria
| | - Gergely Szakács
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.,Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian R Kowol
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090, Vienna, Austria. .,Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zecchini S, Giovarelli M, Perrotta C, Morisi F, Touvier T, Di Renzo I, Moscheni C, Bassi MT, Cervia D, Sandri M, Clementi E, De Palma C. Autophagy controls neonatal myogenesis by regulating the GH-IGF1 system through a NFE2L2- and DDIT3-mediated mechanism. Autophagy 2018; 15:58-77. [PMID: 30081710 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1507439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is emerging as an important process in adult muscle stem cells functions: it regulates metabolic reprogramming during activation from a quiescent state, maintains stemness and prevents senescence. We now show that autophagy is specifically required for neonatal myogenesis and muscle development. Specific deletion of Atg7 in PAX7+ (paired box 7) precursors led in mice to a dwarf phenotype, with an effect restricted to the neonatal phase of muscle development. Atg7 knockdown suppressed neonatal satellite cell (nSC) proliferation and differentiation, downregulating the GH-IGF1 functions. When we disrupted autophagy, NFE2L2/NRF2 (nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2) accumulated in muscle and nSCs and negatively modulated DDIT3/CHOP (DNA-damage inducible transcript 3) expression. Lower levels of DDIT3 were responsible for reduced GHR expression leading to impaired local production of IGF1. Our results conclusively identify a novel autophagy-dependent pathway that regulates nSC behavior and indicate that autophagy is required for skeletal muscle development in the neonatal phase. Abbreviations: AKT/protein kinase B: Thymoma viral proto-oncogene; ASCs: adult stem cells; ATF4: activating transcription factor 4; ATG7: autophagy related 7; BAT: brown adipose tissue; BMP: bone morphogenetic protein; CEBPB: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), beta; CSA: cross sectional area; CTNNB1: catenin (cadherin associated protein), beta 1; DDIT3: DNA-damage inducible transcript 3; DM: differentiation medium; E: embryonic stage; EIF2AK3/PERK; EIF4EBP1: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FGF21: fibroblast growth factor 21; GH: growth hormone; GHR: growth hormone receptor; HSCs: hematopoietic stem cells; IGF1: insulin-like growth factor 1; ITGAM: integrin alpha M; KEAP1: kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; LY6A/Sca-1; MAP1LC3: lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus A; microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAPK1/ERK2: mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; MAPK3/ERK1: mitogen-activated protein kinase 3; miRNAs: microRNAs; MSCs: mesenchymal stem cells; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; mtUPR: mitochondrial unfolded protein response; MYF5: myogenic factor 5; MYH: myosin, heavy polypeptide; MYOD1: myogenic differentiation 1; MYOG: myogenin; NFE2L2: nuclear factor, erythroid derived 2, like 2; nSC: neonatal satellite cells; NSCs: neuronal stem cells; P: postnatal day; PAX7: paired box 7; PECAM1: platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1; PPARG: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma; PTPRC: protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RPS6: ribosomal protein S6; SCs: adult satellite cells; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; STAT5: signal transducer and activator of transcription 5; TGFB1: transforming growth factor beta 1; WAT: white adipose tissue; WT: wild type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Zecchini
- a Unit of Clinical Pharmacology , University Hospital "Luigi Sacco"-ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco , Milano , Italy
| | - Matteo Giovarelli
- b Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Cristiana Perrotta
- b Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Federica Morisi
- c Division of Genetics and Cell Biology , IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Milano , Italy
| | - Thierry Touvier
- d Biology of Myelin Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology , IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele , Milano , Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Renzo
- b Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Claudia Moscheni
- b Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Bassi
- e Laboratory of Molecular Biology , IRCCS Eugenio Medea , Bosisio Parini , Italy
| | - Davide Cervia
- f Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems , Università degli Studi della Tuscia , Viterbo , Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- g Department of Biomedical Science , University of Padova , Padova , Italy.,h Laboratory of Molecular Biology , Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine , Padova , Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- e Laboratory of Molecular Biology , IRCCS Eugenio Medea , Bosisio Parini , Italy.,i Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Clara De Palma
- a Unit of Clinical Pharmacology , University Hospital "Luigi Sacco"-ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco , Milano , Italy.,b Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Expressions of ATF6, XBP1, and GRP78 in normal tissue, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, and adenocarcinoma of the lung. Hum Pathol 2018; 83:22-28. [PMID: 30121368 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the association between the atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH)-adenocarcinoma in situ sequence of the lung and endoplasmic reticulum-stress responders such as ATF6, XBP1, and GRP78. Using stored tissues, we examined (i) the percentage of a splicing form (active form) of XBP1 messenger RNA in normal lung tissue (NLT) and adenocarcinoma (ACA; using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction); (ii) ATF6 and GRP78 protein expressions in NLT and ACA (using Western blotting analysis); (iii) ATF6, XBP1, and GRP78 protein expressions in NLT, AAH, and ACA, including some adenocarcinoma in situ (using immunohistochemistry); and (iv) the incidence of nuclear translocation of the 3 proteins in these lesions. The percentage of the splicing form of XBP1 messenger RNA showed a borderline difference between NLT and ACA (P = .068). In the Western blotting analysis, the nuclear fractions of ATF6 (including the active form) and GRP78 proteins were higher in ACA than in NLT. In the immunohistochemistry, the values obtained for the incidence of the nuclear translocation of ATF6, XBP1, and GRP78 proteins were as follows, respectively: 13.3%, 2.2%, and 0.5% in low-grade AAH; 37.9%, 2.3%, and 2.2% in high-grade AAH; and 47.2%, 10.6%, and 4.4% in ACA. A significant difference was detected between low-grade AAH and ACA for ATF6. In terms of nuclear translocation, high-grade AAH seemed intermediate between low-grade AAH and ACA. These results support endoplasmic reticulum-stress responses, such as nuclear translocation of these 3 proteins (including their active forms), being in parallel with the progression of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in the lung.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang M, Law ME, Castellano RK, Law BK. The unfolded protein response as a target for anticancer therapeutics. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 127:66-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
10
|
Yao Y, Lu Q, Hu Z, Yu Y, Chen Q, Wang QK. A non-canonical pathway regulates ER stress signaling and blocks ER stress-induced apoptosis and heart failure. Nat Commun 2017; 8:133. [PMID: 28743963 PMCID: PMC5527107 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00171-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress is an evolutionarily conserved cell stress response associated with numerous diseases, including cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. The major endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathway causing cardiac hypertrophy involves endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor PERK (protein kinase-like kinase) and eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP signaling. Here, we describe a non-canonical, AGGF1-mediated regulatory system for endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling associated with increased p-eIF2α and ATF4 and decreased sXBP1 and CHOP. Specifically, we see a reduced AGGF1 level consistently associated with induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling in mouse models and human patients with heart failure. Mechanistically, AGGF1 regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling by inhibiting ERK1/2 activation, which reduces the level of transcriptional repressor ZEB1, leading to induced expression of miR-183-5p. miR-183-5p post-transcriptionally downregulates CHOP and inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis. AGGF1 protein therapy and miR-183-5p regulate endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling and block endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and heart failure, providing an attractive paradigm for treatment of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress promotes cardiac dysfunction. Here the authors uncover a pathway whereby AGGF1 blocks ER stress by inhibiting ERK1/2 activation and the transcriptional repressor ZEB1, leading to induction of miR-183-5p and down-regulation of CHOP, and show that AGGF1 can effectively treat cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Yao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430074, China
| | - Qiulun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430074, China
| | - Zhenkun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430074, China
| | - Yubin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430074, China
| | - Qiuyun Chen
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, CCLCM, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Qing K Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology and Center for Human Genome Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430074, China. .,Department of Molecular Cardiology, Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, CCLCM, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jang JH, Min KJ, Kim S, Park JW, Kwon TK. RU486 Induces Pro-Apoptotic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Through the Induction of CHOP Expression by Enhancing C/EBPδ Expression in Human Renal Carcinoma Caki Cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 117:361-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jang
- Department of Immunology; School of Medicine; Keimyung University; 2800 Dalgubeoldaero; Dalseo-Gu Daegu 704-701 South Korea
| | - Kyoung-jin Min
- Department of Immunology; School of Medicine; Keimyung University; 2800 Dalgubeoldaero; Dalseo-Gu Daegu 704-701 South Korea
| | - Shin Kim
- Department of Immunology; School of Medicine; Keimyung University; 2800 Dalgubeoldaero; Dalseo-Gu Daegu 704-701 South Korea
| | - Jong-Wook Park
- Department of Immunology; School of Medicine; Keimyung University; 2800 Dalgubeoldaero; Dalseo-Gu Daegu 704-701 South Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology; School of Medicine; Keimyung University; 2800 Dalgubeoldaero; Dalseo-Gu Daegu 704-701 South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Michel S, Canonne M, Arnould T, Renard P. Inhibition of mitochondrial genome expression triggers the activation of CHOP-10 by a cell signaling dependent on the integrated stress response but not the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. Mitochondrion 2015; 21:58-68. [PMID: 25643991 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria-to-nucleus communication, known as retrograde signaling, is important to adjust the nuclear gene expression in response to organelle dysfunction. Among the transcription factors described to respond to mitochondrial stress, CHOP-10 is activated by respiratory chain inhibition, mitochondrial accumulation of unfolded proteins and mtDNA mutations. In this study, we show that altered/impaired expression of mtDNA induces CHOP-10 expression in a signaling pathway that depends on the eIF2α/ATF4 axis of the integrated stress response rather than on the mitochondrial unfolded protein response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Michel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Morgane Canonne
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Thierry Arnould
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Patricia Renard
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), NAmur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen W, Zeng X, Luo F, Lv T, Zhou X, Bai J. The decreased expression of thioredoxin-1 in brain of mice with experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Neuromuscul Disord 2014; 24:726-35. [PMID: 24878227 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease caused by circulating antibodies that block acetylcholine receptor (AchR) at the neuromuscular junction. There is the cognitive and memory impairment in patients with MG. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the alteration of central nervous system in MG remain unknown. In the present study, we found that the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was increased in the brain of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). Furthermore, the expression of thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) and the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) were significantly decreased in frontal lobe and hippocampus of mice with EAMG. We also found that the expression of pro-apoptotic C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) was increased in the frontal lobe and hippocampus of mice. However, the expressions of glucose regulated protein 78 (GRP78/Bip) was not changed in same areas. Inversely, the expressions of pro-caspase-12, pro-caspase-3 and pro-caspase-9 were decreased. These data indicate that Trx-1 mediated endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria pathways are involved in brain damage in MG. Trx-1 may be a pivotal target for brain protective treatment in MG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Chen
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Neurology Department, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Xiansi Zeng
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Fucheng Luo
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Tao Lv
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhou
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Koyama M, Sowa Y, Horinaka M, Goda AE, Fujiwara J, Sakai T. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligand troglitazone and TRAIL synergistically induce apoptosis. Oncol Rep 2013; 31:947-54. [PMID: 24276615 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is known to cause apoptosis in several types of malignant tumor cells through its interaction with the death domain-containing receptor, death receptor 5 (DR5). In the present study, we showed that co-treatment with troglitazone (TGZ), a synthetic ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and TRAIL synergistically induced apoptosis through DR5 upregulation in human colon cancer DLD-1 cells. TGZ elevated DR5 expression at the promoter level through the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) binding site. These results suggest that combined treatment with TGZ and TRAIL may be promising as a new therapy against malignant tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Koyama
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sowa
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Mano Horinaka
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Ahmed E Goda
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Jun Fujiwara
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu HL, Duan ZT, Jiang ZD, Cao WJ, Wang ZB, Hu KW, Gao X, Wang SK, He BS, Zhang ZY, Xie HG. Increased endoplasmic reticulum stress response is involved in clopidogrel-induced apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74381. [PMID: 24058556 PMCID: PMC3772828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The widespread use of clopidogrel alone or in combination with aspirin may result in gastrointestinal mucosal injury, clinically represented as recurrent ulceration and bleeding complications. Our recent work suggested that clopidogrel significantly induced human gastric epithelial cell (GES-1) apoptosis and disrupted gastric mucosal barrier, and that a p38 MAPK inhibitor could attenuate such injury. However, their exact mechanisms are largely unknown. Methods The GES-1 cells were used as a model system, the effects of clopidogrel on the whole gene expression profile were evaluated by human gene expression microarray and gene ontology analysis, changes of the mRNA and protein expression were determined by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, and cell viability and apoptosis were measured by MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Results Gene microarray analysis identified 79 genes that were differentially expressed (P<0.05 and fold-change >3) when cells were treated with or without clopidogrel. Gene ontology analysis revealed that response to stress and cell apoptosis dysfunction were ranked in the top 10 cellular events being affected, and that the major components of endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis pathway – CHOP and TRIB3– were up-regulated in a concentration- and time-dependent manner when cells were treated with clopidogrel. Pathway analysis demonstrated that multiple MAPK kinases were phosphorylated in clopidogrel-treated GES-1 cells, but that only SB-203580 (a p38-specific MAPK inhibitor) attenuated cell apoptosis and CHOP over-expression, both of which were induced by clopidogrel. Conclusions Increased endoplasmic reticulum stress response is involved in clopidogrel-induced gastric mucosal injury, acting through p38 MAPK activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lu Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhao-Tao Duan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zong-Dan Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei-Jun Cao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Bing Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke-Wei Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shu-Kui Wang
- Central Laboratory, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bang-Shun He
- Central Laboratory, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (ZYZ); (HGX)
| | - Hong-Guang Xie
- Central Laboratory, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, General Clinical Research Center, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University School of Pharmacy, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (ZYZ); (HGX)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cui W, Ma J, Wang X, Yang W, Zhang J, Ji Q. Free fatty acid induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis of β-cells by Ca2+/calpain-2 pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59921. [PMID: 23527285 PMCID: PMC3604010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of β-cells is a major characteristic in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The combination of obesity and T2DM is associated with elevated plasma free fatty acids (FFAs). However, molecular mechanisms linking FFAs to β-cell dysfunction remain poorly understood. In the present study, we identified that the major endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) marker, Grp78 and ERS-induced apoptotic factor, CHOP, were time-dependently increased by exposure of β-TC3 cells to FFA. The expression of ATF6 and the phosphorylation levels of PERK and IRE1, which trigger ERS signaling, markedly increased after FFA treatments. FFA treatments increased cell apoptosis by inducing ERS in β-TC3 cells. We also found that FFA-induced ERS was mediated by the store-operated Ca2+ entry through promoting the association of STIM1 and Orai1. Moreover, calpain-2 was required for FFA-induced expression of CHOP and activation of caspase-12 and caspase-3, thus promoting cell apoptosis in β-TC3 cells. Together, these results reveal pivotal roles for Ca2+/calpain-2 pathways in modulating FFA-induced β-TC3 cell ERS and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Forth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xingqin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Forth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- No. 371 Central Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qiuhe Ji
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Déry MA, Jodoin J, Ursini-Siegel J, Aleynikova O, Ferrario C, Hassan S, Basik M, LeBlanc AC. Endoplasmic reticulum stress induces PRNP prion protein gene expression in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2013; 15:R22. [PMID: 23497519 PMCID: PMC3672785 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction High prion protein (PrP) levels are associated with breast, colon and gastric cancer resistance to treatment and with a poor prognosis for the patients. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism(s) regulating human PrP gene (PRNP) expression in cancers. Because endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is associated with solid tumors, we investigated a possible regulation of PRNP gene expression by ER stress. Methods Published microarray databases of breast cancer tissues and breast carcinoma cell lines were analyzed for PrP mRNA and ER stress marker immunoglobulin heavy chain binding protein (BiP) levels. Breast cancer tissue microarrays (TMA) were immunostained for BiP and PrP. Breast carcinoma MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HS578T and HCC1500 cells were treated with three different ER stressors - Brefeldin A, Tunicamycin, Thapsigargin - and levels of PrP mRNA or protein assessed by RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. A human PRNP promoter-luciferase reporter was used to assess transcriptional activation by ER stressors. Site-directed mutagenesis identified the ER stress response elements (ERSE). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analyses were done to identify the ER stress-mediated transcriptional regulators. The role of cleaved activating transcription factor 6α (ΔATF6α) and spliced X-box protein-1 (sXBP1) in PRNP gene expression was assessed with over-expression or silencing techniques. The role of PrP protection against ER stress was assessed with PrP siRNA and by using Prnp null cell lines. Results We find that mRNA levels of BiP correlated with PrP transcript levels in breast cancer tissues and breast carcinoma cell lines. PrP mRNA levels were enriched in the basal subtype and were associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Higher PrP and BiP levels correlated with increasing tumor grade in TMA. ER stress was a positive regulator of PRNP gene transcription in MCF-7 cells and luciferase reporter assays identified one ER stress response element (ERSE) conserved among primates and rodents and three primate-specific ERSEs that regulated PRNP gene expression. Among the various transactivators of the ER stress-regulated unfolded protein response (UPR), ATF6α and XBP1 transactivated PRNP gene expression, but the ability of these varied in different cell types. Functionally, PrP delayed ER stress-induced cell death. Conclusions These results establish PRNP as a novel ER stress-regulated gene that could increase survival in breast cancers.
Collapse
|
18
|
Takayanagi S, Fukuda R, Takeuchi Y, Tsukada S, Yoshida K. Gene regulatory network of unfolded protein response genes in endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 2013; 18:11-23. [PMID: 22802018 PMCID: PMC3508129 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-012-0351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), secretory and membrane proteins are properly folded and modified, and the failure of these processes leads to ER stress. At the same time, unfolded protein response (UPR) genes are activated to maintain homeostasis. Despite the thorough characterization of the individual gene regulation of UPR genes to date, further investigation of the mutual regulation among UPR genes is required to understand the complex mechanism underlying the ER stress response. In this study, we aimed to reveal a gene regulatory network formed by UPR genes, including immunoglobulin heavy chain-binding protein (BiP), X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), C/EBP [CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein]-homologous protein (CHOP), PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring 1 (IRE1), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and ATF4. For this purpose, we focused on promoter-luciferase reporters for BiP, XBP1, and CHOP genes, which bear an ER stress response element (ERSE), and p5 × ATF6-GL3, which bears an unfolded protein response element (UPRE). We demonstrated that the luciferase activities of the BiP and CHOP promoters were upregulated by all the UPR genes, whereas those of the XBP1 promoter and p5 × ATF6-GL3 were upregulated by all the UPR genes except for BiP, CHOP, and ATF4 in HeLa cells. Therefore, an ERSE- and UPRE-centered gene regulatory network of UPR genes could be responsible for the robustness of the ER stress response. Finally, we revealed that BiP protein was degraded when cells were treated with DNA-damaging reagents, such as etoposide and doxorubicin; this finding suggests that the expression level of BiP is tightly regulated at the post-translational level, rather than at the transcriptional level, in the presence of DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Takayanagi
- Department of Life Sciences, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Riga Fukuda
- Department of Life Sciences, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Yuuki Takeuchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Sakiko Tsukada
- Department of Life Sciences, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshida
- Department of Life Sciences, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Gentz SHL, Bertollo CM, Souza-Fagundes EM, da Silva AM. Implication of eIF2α kinase GCN2 in induction of apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress-responsive genes by sodium salicylate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:430-40. [PMID: 23356852 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sodium salicylate (NaSal) can disturb cell viability by affecting the activity of multiple cellular molecules. In this work, we investigated the involvement of stress-responsive kinase GCN2 in regulating cell death and expression of stress genes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) upon exposure to NaSal. METHODS Cell viability was assayed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method, and apoptosis was evaluated by annexin V and propidium iodide staining. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array approach was used to analyse differential expression of a panel of 84 endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated genes. Gene reporter assays were carried out to determine activity of ER stress element (ERSE), and the protein levels of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) were determined by western blot. KEY FINDINGS NaSal treatment resulted in reduction of cellular viability and induction of apoptosis in wild-type but not Gcn2(-/-) cells. Many genes with important functions in protein synthesis/degradation, transcriptional regulation and apoptosis were induced by NaSal and most of these were dependent on GCN2. The activation of ERSE within Ddit3 and the production of CHOP and ATF6 induced by NaSal required GCN2. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence for the involvement of GCN2 in apoptosis and gene expression triggered by NaSal, and contributes to the understanding of molecular events occurring in NaSal-treated cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solange H L Gentz
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Genes, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zong ZH, Du ZX, Li N, Li C, Zhang Q, Liu BQ, Guan Y, Wang HQ. Implication of Nrf2 and ATF4 in differential induction of CHOP by proteasome inhibition in thyroid cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:1395-404. [PMID: 22691366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibition may cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which has been reported to be implicated in the antitumoral effects of proteasome inhibitors. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) is induced by a variety of adverse physiological conditions including ER stress and is involved in apoptosis. We have reported that distinct induction of CHOP contributes to the responsiveness of thyroid cancer cells to proteasome inhibitors. However, the mechanism underlying differential induction of CHOP by proteasome inhibitors in thyroid cancer cells has not been well characterized. In the current study, we characterized that proteasome inhibition primarily activated the amino acid response element 1 (AARE1) on the CHOP promoter. We also demonstrated that although proteasome inhibition caused similar accumulation of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) in a panel of thyroid cancer cells, distinct amounts of ATF4 were recruited to the AARE1 element of CHOP promoter. In addition, we demonstrated that NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was also implicated in the induction of CHOP by precluding the binding of ATF4 to the CHOP promoter. This study highlights the molecular mechanisms by which ATF4 and Nrf2 can control CHOP induction in thyroid cancer cells by proteasome inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Zong
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
CK2 regulates ATF4 and CHOP transcription within the cellular stress response signalling pathway. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1797-802. [PMID: 22609407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase CK2 is an ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase. The protein levels along with CK2 activity are highly elevated in tumour cells where it protects cells from apoptosis. Accordingly, inhibition of CK2 is known to induce programmed cell death, making it a promising target for cancer therapy. Analysis of the different behaviour of hormone sensitive LNCaP cells and hormone refractory PC-3 cells after CK2 inhibition revealed CHOP ((C/EBP)-homologous protein) induction and therefore probably ER stress as crucial for apoptosis in the LNCaP cells. In the present study we investigated which promoter element of the CHOP promoter is responsible for its induction. ER stress can be generated by the accumulation of unfolded proteins, by depletion of amino acids or by oxidative stress. ER stress induces specific signalling pathways. In order to analyse which pathway might be activated by CK2 inhibition we started to analyse the activation of the different CHOP promoter elements. By using mutated reporter constructs of the CHOP promoter, it turned out that the amino acid response element (AARE) is the most prominent element for CHOP induction after CK2 inhibition. The ER stress element, however, proves to be less crucial, and along with the AP-1 binding site, they do not seem to play any role. Further we found an up-regulation of the transcription factor ATF4 after CK2 inhibition. ATF4 is involved in ER stress signalling through the AARE, which further supports our finding that CK2 inhibition provokes an amino acid induced response pathway.
Collapse
|
23
|
Research Spotlight: Iron chelation: deciphering novel molecular targets for cancer therapy. The tip of the iceberg of a web of iron-regulated molecules. Future Med Chem 2011; 3:1983-6. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The response of cells to cellular iron depletion is complex with multiple molecules and signaling pathways being involved. Indeed, this is far broader than just the effect on the classical target, ribonucleotide reductase. It is likely that a network of interactions exists between the molecular players and that the relationships currently known only represent the ‘tip of an iceberg’ in terms of understanding the response of cells to iron deprivation. This article describes some of the research being undertaken in this area by the Richardson group at the University of Sydney, Australia.
Collapse
|
24
|
Emdad L, Qadeer ZA, Bederson LB, Kothari HP, Uzzaman M, Germano IM. Is there a common upstream link for autophagic and apoptotic cell death in human high-grade gliomas? Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:725-35. [PMID: 21727211 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with human high-grade gliomas (HGGs) remains dismal despite major advances in their management, due mainly to the high resistance of these infiltrative tumor cells to programmed cell death (PCD). Most therapeutic strategies for HGGs are aimed to maximize PCD type I, apoptosis or type II, autophagy. These are predominantly distinctive processes, but many studies suggest a cross-talk between the two. A better understanding of the link between PCD types I and II might allow development of more effective therapies for HGGs. In this study, we examined whether there is a common upstream signaling event responsible for both apoptotic and autophagic PCD using 3 chemotherapeutic agents in human HGG cells. Our study shows that each agent caused a significant decrease in cell viability in each of the HGG cell lines tested. The increase rate of apoptosis and autophagy varied among cell lines and chemotherapeutic agents used. Increased expression of cytidine-cytidine-adenosine-adenosine-thymidine (C)/enhancer binding protein (EBP) homologous transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP)/growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153) was documented after use of either pro-autophagic or pro-apoptotic agents. The involvement of CHOP/GADD153 in both type I and type II PCD was confirmed by overexpression and gene-silencing studies. Gene silencing by small-interfering RNA-mediated CHOP/GADD153 resulted in increased cell viability, decreased upregulation of microtubule-associated protein light-chain 3' type II (LC3II) and cleaved caspase-3, and inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy. Exogenous expression of CHOP/GADD153 triggered apoptosis and autophagy in the absence of other stimuli. The clinical significance of these findings was supported by the evidence that celecoxib, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug known to induce GADD153-mediated apoptosis, strongly increases both type I and type II PCD in HGG cells when combined with another inducer of GADD153. These data suggest that CHOP/GADD153 should be investigated as a novel targetable signaling step to improve therapies for HGGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luni Emdad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
John L, Thomas S, Herchenröder O, Pützer BM, Schaefer S. Hepatitis E virus ORF2 protein activates the pro-apoptotic gene CHOP and anti-apoptotic heat shock proteins. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25378. [PMID: 21966512 PMCID: PMC3179511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a non-enveloped plus-strand RNA virus that causes acute hepatitis. The capsid protein open reading frame 2 (ORF2) is known to induce endoplasmic reticulum stress in ORF2 expressing cells. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study we found that HEV ORF2 activates the expression of the pro-apoptotic gene C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). ORF2 stimulates the CHOP promoter mainly through AARE (amino acid response elements) and to a minor extent the ERSE (endoplasmic reticulum stress response elements). Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) protein binds and activates the AARE regulatory sites of the CHOP promoter. ORF2 expression also leads to increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) that in turn initiates the translation of ATF4 mRNA. The pro-apoptotic gene CHOP is an important trigger to initiate endoplasmic reticulum stress induced apoptosis. However, the activation of CHOP by ORF2 in this study did not induce apoptosis, nor did BCL2-associated X protein (Bax) translocate to mitochondria. Microarray analysis revealed an ORF2 specific increased expression of chaperones Hsp72, Hsp70B', and co-chaperone Hsp40. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and in silico molecular docking analysis suggests that HEV ORF2 interacts with Hsp72. In addition, Hsp72 shows nuclear accumulation in ORF2 expressing cells. Conclusions/Significance These data provide new insight into simultaneously occurring counter-acting effects of HEV ORF2 that may be part of a strategy to prevent host suicide before completion of the viral replication cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijo John
- Department of Vectorology and Experimental Gene Therapy, Biomedical Research Center, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - Saijo Thomas
- Department of Vectorology and Experimental Gene Therapy, Biomedical Research Center, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ottmar Herchenröder
- Department of Vectorology and Experimental Gene Therapy, Biomedical Research Center, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte M. Pützer
- Department of Vectorology and Experimental Gene Therapy, Biomedical Research Center, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephan Schaefer
- Department of Vectorology and Experimental Gene Therapy, Biomedical Research Center, University of Rostock Medical School, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Saletta F, Rahmanto YS, Siafakas AR, Richardson DR. Cellular iron depletion and the mechanisms involved in the iron-dependent regulation of the growth arrest and DNA damage family of genes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:35396-35406. [PMID: 21852233 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.273060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron plays a crucial part in proliferation while iron deficiency results in G(1)/S arrest, DNA damage, and apoptosis. However, the precise role of iron in cell cycle control remains unclear. We showed that iron depletion using the iron chelators, desferrioxamine (DFO), or 2-hydroxy-1-napthylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (311), increased the mRNA levels of the growth arrest and DNA damage 45α gene, GADD45α (Darnell, G. and Richardson, D. R. (1999) Blood 94, 781-792). In this study, we examined the effect of iron depletion on up-regulating GADD family members involved in growth control, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and DNA repair, making them therapeutic targets for tumor suppression. We showed the GADD family members were up-regulated by cellular iron depletion. Further, up-regulation of GADD45α after iron deprivation was independent of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), octamer-1 (Oct-1), p53 and early growth response 1 (Egr1). We then analyzed the regulatory elements responsible for iron depletion-mediated regulation of GADD45α and identified the specific transcription factor/s involved. This region was within -117 bp and -81 bp relative to the start codon where the consensus sequences of three transcription factors are located: the CCAAT-binding factor/nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y), the stabilizing molecule v-MYB and the enhancer, CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (CEBPα). Mutation analysis, shRNA studies, Western blotting, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays led to the identification of NF-Y in the transcriptional up-regulation of GADD45α after iron depletion. Furthermore, like GADD45α, NF-YA was up-regulated after iron chelation and down-regulated by iron supplementation. These results are important for understanding the mechanisms of iron depletion-mediated cell cycle arrest, DNA damage repair, and apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Saletta
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Yohan Suryo Rahmanto
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Aritee R Siafakas
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kosuge Y, Taniguchi Y, Imai T, Ishige K, Ito Y. Neuroprotective effect of mithramycin against endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neurotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Neuropharmacology 2011; 61:252-61. [PMID: 21527262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. Although the underlying mechanisms of these diseases have been suggested by many studies, therapeutic drugs have yet to be found. In this study, experiments were performed to examine the effect of mithramycin (MTM), a clinically approved guanosine-cytosine (GC)-rich DNA sequence-binding antitumor antibiotic, on ER stress-induced neurotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHCs). Time-dependent induction of the ER chaperones, glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 78 and GRP94, was observed after treatment with tunicamycin (TM) (80 μg/mL). Western blot analysis showed that treatment of OHCs with TM increased the expression of CHOP and the cleaved forms of caspase-12. Simultaneous application of MTM suppressed TM-induced cell death in all areas of OHCs with a concomitant decrease in the level of CHOP. In contrast, MTM had no effect on excitotoxic cell death induced by ibotenic acid, a potent N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) agonist in OHCs. Moreover, RNA interference to CHOP or simultaneous treatment with MTM attenuated TM-induced cell death in primary cultured hippocampal neurons. These results suggest that CHOP plays a critical role in the mechanisms underlying ER-stress-induced neurotoxicity in the hippocampus, and that MTM could be a protective agent against ER stress-induced hippocampal neuronal death through attenuation of ER stress-associated signal proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kosuge
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi-shi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Semliki forest virus-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress accelerates apoptotic death of mammalian cells. J Virol 2010; 84:7369-77. [PMID: 20427528 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02310-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The alphavirus Semliki Forest virus (SFV) and its derived vectors induce apoptosis in mammalian cells. Here, we show that apoptosis is associated with the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential followed by the activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9. Cell death can be partially suppressed by treatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk. To determine the role of SFV structural proteins in cell death, the temporal course of cell death was compared in cells infected with SFV and cells infected with SFV virus replicon particles (VRPs) lacking some or all of the virus structural genes. In the absence of virus structural proteins, cell death was delayed. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, as determined by the splicing of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) transcripts and the activation of caspase-12, was activated in virus-infected cells but not in VRP (SFV lacking structural genes)-infected cells. The C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) was upregulated by both virus and VRP infections. The virus envelope proteins but not the virus capsid protein triggered ER stress. These results demonstrate that in NIH 3T3 cells, SFV envelope glycoproteins trigger the unfolded protein response of the ER and accelerate apoptotic cell death initiated by virus replicase activity.
Collapse
|
29
|
Koyama M, Izutani Y, Goda AE, Matsui TA, Horinaka M, Tomosugi M, Fujiwara J, Nakamura Y, Wakada M, Yogosawa S, Sowa Y, Sakai T. Histone deacetylase inhibitors and 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 synergistically induce apoptosis. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:2320-32. [PMID: 20371690 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-2301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinically relevant histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDI) valproic acid (VPA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid exert variable antitumor activities but increase therapeutic efficacy when combined with other agents. The natural endogenous ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) is a potent antineoplastic agent. Therefore, we investigated whether these HDIs in combination with 15d-PGJ(2) could show synergistic antitumor activity in colon cancer DLD-1 cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Cell viability was determined using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were determined using flow cytometry analysis. Western blotting and real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis were carried out to investigate the expression of apoptosis-related molecules. Mice bearing DLD-1 xenograft were divided into four groups (n = 5) and injected everyday (i.p.) with diluent, VPA (100 mg/kg), 15d-PGJ(2) (5 mg/kg), or a combination for 25 days. RESULTS HDI/15d-PGJ(2) cotreatments synergistically induced cell death through caspase-dependent apoptosis in DLD-1 cells. Moreover, HDIs/15d-PGJ(2) caused histone deacetylase inhibition, leading to subsequent ROS generation and endoplasmic reticulum stress to decrease the expression of antiapoptotic molecules Bcl-X(L) and XIAP and to increase that of proapoptotic molecules CAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein and death receptor 5. Additionally, VPA/15d-PGJ(2) cotreatment induced ROS-dependent apoptosis in other malignant tumor cells and was more effective than a VPA or 15d-PGJ(2) monotherapy in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Cotreatments with the clinically relevant HDIs and the endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ligand 15d-PGJ(2) are promising for the treatment of a broad spectrum of malignant tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Koyama
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Schardt JA, Eyholzer M, Timchenko NA, Mueller BU, Pabst T. Unfolded protein response suppresses CEBPA by induction of calreticulin in acute myeloid leukaemia. J Cell Mol Med 2009; 14:1509-19. [PMID: 19659458 PMCID: PMC3829017 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is triggered by the accumulation of misfolded proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The role of the UPR during leukemogenesis is unknown so far. Here, we studied the induction of mediators of the UPR in leukaemic cells of AML patients. Increased expression of the spliced variant of the X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) was detected in 17.4% (16 of 92) of AML patients. Consistent with activated UPR, this group also had increased expression of ER-resident chaperones such as the 78 kD glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and of calreticulin. Conditional expression of calreticulin in leukaemic U937 cells was found to increase calreticulin binding to the CEBPA mRNA thereby efficiently blocking translation of the myeloid key transcription factor CEBPA and ultimately affecting myeloid differentiation. Consequently, leukaemic cells from AML patients with activated UPR and thus increased calreticulin levels showed in fact suppressed CEBPA protein expression. We identified two functional ER stress response elements (ERSE) in the calreticulin promoter. The presence of NFY and ATF6, as well as an intact binding site for YY1 within these ERSE motifs were essential for mediating sensitivity to ER stress and activation of calreticulin. Thus, we propose a model of the UPR being activated in a considerable subset of AML patients through induction of calreticulin along the ATF6 pathway, thereby ultimately suppressing CEBPA translation and contributing to the block in myeloid differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian A Schardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
The human SPT20-containing SAGA complex plays a direct role in the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced genes. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 29:1649-60. [PMID: 19114550 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01076-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the central questions in eukaryotic transcription is how activators can transmit their signal to stimulate gene expression in the context of chromatin. The multisubunit SAGA coactivator complex has both histone acetyltransferase and deubiquitination activities and remodels chromatin to allow transcription. Whether and how SAGA is able to regulate transcription at specific loci is poorly understood. Using mass spectrometry, immunoprecipitation, and Western blot analysis, we have identified human SPT20 (hSPT20) as the human homologue of the yeast Spt20 and show that hSPT20 is a bona fide subunit of the human SAGA (hSAGA; previously called TFTC/STAGA/PCAF) complex and that hSPT20 is required for the integrity of the hSAGA complex. We demonstrate that hSPT20 and other hSAGA subunits, together with RNA polymerase II, are specifically recruited to genes induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In good agreement with the recruitment of hSAGA to the ER stress-regulated genes, knockdown of hSTP20 hampers ER stress response. Surprisingly, hSPT20 recruitment was not observed for genes induced by another type of stress. These results provide evidence for a direct and specific role of the hSPT20-containing SAGA complex in transcriptional induction of ER stress-responsive genes. Thus, hSAGA regulates the transcription of stress-responsive genes in a stress type-dependent manner.
Collapse
|
32
|
Yasuda T, Yoshida T, Goda AE, Horinaka M, Yano K, Shiraishi T, Wakada M, Mizutani Y, Miki T, Sakai T. Anti-Gout Agent Allopurinol Exerts Cytotoxicity to Human Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer Cells in Combination with Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6:1852-60. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-08-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
33
|
Brefeldin A activates CHOP promoter at the AARE, ERSE and AP-1 elements. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 319:203-8. [PMID: 18679584 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Brefeldin A induces apoptosis in PC-3 and MCF-7 cells at a concentration of 30 ng/ml. RT-PCR analyses showed up-regulation of CHOP/GADD153 and splicing of XBP-1 mRNA in brefeldin A-treated cells. CHOP promoter-luciferase reporter assays demonstrated activation of AARE, ERSE, and AP-1 elements of CHOP promoter by brefeldin A treatment. The activation of these elements was not affected by preincubation of cells with N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), L: -buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor (SP600125), suggesting that activation of CHOP promoter by brefeldin A may not involve oxidative stress or JNK signaling pathway. On the other hand, brefeldin A-induced apoptosis was not affected by NAC and BSO pretreatment, but was completely suppressed by JNK inhibitor pretreatment. Our results suggest that although CHOP is up-regulated by brefeldin A, it is not a major mediator of brefeldin A-induced apoptosis.
Collapse
|
34
|
Falahatpisheh H, Nanez A, Montoya-Durango D, Qian Y, Tiffany-Castiglioni E, Ramos KS. Activation profiles of HSPA5 during the glomerular mesangial cell stress response to chemical injury. Cell Stress Chaperones 2007; 12:209-18. [PMID: 17915553 PMCID: PMC1971237 DOI: 10.1379/csc-259.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental injury has been associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a response characterized by activation of the unfolded protein response, proteasomal degradation of proteins, and induction of HSPA5, also known as GRP78 or BiP. Although HSPA5 has been implicated in the stress response to environmental injury in several cell types, its role in the glomerular ER stress response is unknown. In this study, we evaluated HSPA5 activation profiles in rat glomerular mesangial cells (rGMCs) challenged with heavy metals (HgCl2 or Pb2+ acetate) or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, ie, benzo(a)pyrene [BaP]). Challenge of rGMCs with 1 or 10 microM HgCl2 or Pb2+ acetate increased HSPA5 mRNA and protein levels. The induction response was sensitive to transcriptional and translational inhibition by actinomycin D (AD) and cyclohexamide, respectively. HSPA5 mRNA was induced by 3 microM BaP in an AD-sensitive manner, but this response was unaffected by the presence of heavy metals. A promoter construct containing sequences that mediate thapsigargin (TH) inducibility of the HSPA5 promoter was refractory to both heavy metals and BaP. The HSPA5 induction response in rGMCs is conserved because it was reproduced with fidelity in immunolocalization experiments of HSPA5 protein in M15 and HEK293 cells in embryonic lines of murine and human origin, respectively. Collectively, these findings identify HSPA5 in the stress response of rGMCs and implicate regulatory mechanisms that are distinct from those involved in TH inducibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Falahatpisheh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhang X, Szabo E, Michalak M, Opas M. Endoplasmic reticulum stress during the embryonic development of the central nervous system in the mouse. Int J Dev Neurosci 2007; 25:455-63. [PMID: 17913437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2007] [Revised: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have found evidence for ER stress occurring during development of the central nervous system in the mouse. Several ER-resident stress-regulated chaperones, such as calreticulin, glucose regulated protein 78, glucose regulated protein 94, ER protein 57 and protein disulfide isomerase, were expressed at higher levels in embryonic brain and retina, compared with adult tissues. In contrast, calnexin, a chaperone that is not regulated by stress was equally abundant in embryonic and adult tissues. We also detected unfolded protein response during embryonic development. Both eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha and its phosphorylated form were more abundant in embryonic brain and retina than in adult tissues. Spliced X-box binding protein-1 mRNA was detected in embryonic brain and retina, while it was absent in adult counterparts. Partially glycosylated form of activating transcription factor 6 alpha, another ER stress indicator, was detected predominantly in embryonic brain. Finally, apoptotic pathway components, caspase-7 and -12, were more abundant in embryonic brain than in adult. The pattern of expression of chaperones together with activation of the unfolded protein response factors suggests the presence of ER stress during development of brain and retina. Furthermore, our data suggest that ER stress-like mechanism may induce apoptosis via activation of the caspases during embryonic development of the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Patterson J, Palombella VJ, Fritz C, Normant E. IPI-504, a novel and soluble HSP-90 inhibitor, blocks the unfolded protein response in multiple myeloma cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 61:923-32. [PMID: 17624530 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-007-0546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitors of heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 induce apoptosis in multiple myeloma (MM) cells, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this cytotoxic outcome are not clear. Here, we investigate the effect of IPI-504, a novel and highly soluble inhibitor of the Hsp90 ATPase activity, on the unfolded protein response (UPR) in MM cells. The UPR is a stress response pathway triggered by sensors located at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane whose function is to reduce an excessive accumulation of misfolded protein in the ER. During normal development of B-lymphocytes to antibody-producing plasma cells, a partial UPR has been described, where IREalpha and ATF-6 are stimulated, whereas the third sensor, PERK, is not induced. METHODS Levels of the activated forms of the three main UPR sensors ATF-6, XBP-1 and PERK/eIF-2 were monitored in two different MM cells lines and one non-MM cell lines under various experimental conditions including incubation with increasing concentration of IPI-504. Also, MM cells were incubated with IPI-504 and several apoptosis markers were monitored. RESULTS We show here that a partial UPR is constitutively activated in plasma cell-derived MM cells and that IPI-504 can potently inhibit this pathway. IPI-504 achieves this by inactivating the transcription factors XBP1 and ATF6. In addition, IPI-504 also blocks the tunicamycin-induced phosphorylation of eIF2 by PERK. Dose-response and time course experiments reveal that IPI-504's inhibitory effect on the UPR parallels its cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic effects on MM cells. CONCLUSION The results presented here suggest that the IPI-504-induced apoptosis might be, in part, mediated by the inhibition of the partial UPR. Other malignancies that rely on intact and efficient UPR to survive could be considered as new indications for Hsp90 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Patterson
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Yung HW, Korolchuk S, Tolkovsky AM, Charnock-Jones DS, Burton GJ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress exacerbates ischemia-reperfusion-induced apoptosis through attenuation of Akt protein synthesis in human choriocarcinoma cells. FASEB J 2006; 21:872-84. [PMID: 17167073 PMCID: PMC1885550 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-6054com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is central to ischemia-reperfusion injury. The role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in this process is uncertain. In ER signaling, PERK-Nrf2 and Ire-CHOP are two pathways that determine cell fate under stress. PERK-Nrf2 up-regulates antioxidant enzyme expression whereas Ire-CHOP promotes apoptosis. We have identified a novel pathway in ER stress-induced apoptosis after ischemia-reperfusion in vitro involving translational suppression of the survival kinase PKB/Akt (Akt), and elucidated an alternative protective role of antioxidants in the regulation of Akt activity. Using human choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells, we found that sustained activation of ER stress by tunicamycin or thapsigargin exacerbated apoptosis in oxygen-glucose-deprived cells during reoxygenation. This was mediated via a reduction in phosphorylated Akt secondary to down-regulation of protein translation rather than suppression of phosphorylation. Transient overexpression of wild-type Akt, but not kinase-dead Akt, in JEG-3 cells diminished tunicamycin-OGD reoxygenation-induced apoptosis. The antioxidants Trolox and Edaravone reduced apoptosis, but the protective effect of Trolox was abrogated by the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002. We speculate that sustained ER stress may contribute to the placental dysfunction seen in human pregnancy complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-wa Yung
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Svitlana Korolchuk
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Graham J. Burton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Correspondence: Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Physiological Laboratory, Downing St., Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Donati G, Imbriano C, Mantovani R. Dynamic recruitment of transcription factors and epigenetic changes on the ER stress response gene promoters. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:3116-27. [PMID: 16757577 PMCID: PMC1475745 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Response to stresses that alter the function of the endoplasmic reticulum is an important cellular function, which relies on the activation of specific genes. Several transcription factors (TFs) are known to affect this pathway. Using RT-PCR and ChIP assays, we studied the recruitment of promoter-specific TFs, general TFs and epigenetic marks in activated promoters. H3-K4 di- and tri-methylation and H3-K79 di-methylation are present before induction. H3 acetylation is generally high before induction, and H4 acetylation shows a promoter-specific increase. Interestingly, there is a depletion of histone H3 under maximal induction, explaining an apparent decrease of H3-K4 tri-methylation and H3-K79 di-methylation. Pol II is found enriched on some promoters under basal conditions, unlike TBP and p300, which are recruited selectively. Most genes are bound by XBP-1 after induction, some before induction, presumably by the inactive isoform. ATF6 and CHOP associate to largely different set of genes. C/EBPbeta is selective and binding to the CHOP promoter precedes that of XBP-1, ATF6 and CHOP. Finally, one of the ER-stress inducible genes analyzed, HRD1, is not bound by any of these factors. Among the constitutive TFs, NF-Y, but not Sp1, is found on all genes before induction. Intriguingly, siRNA interference of the NF-YB subunit indicates transcriptional impairment of some, but not all genes. These data highlight a previously unappreciated complexity of TFs binding and epigenetic changes, pointing to different TFs-specific pathways within this broad response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carol Imbriano
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale, Università di Modena e ReggioVia Campi 287/d, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Mantovani
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +39 02 50315005; Fax: +39 02 50315044;
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a multifunctional biomolecule involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including regulation of blood vessel dilatation and anti-arteriosclerotic effects. However, a large amount of NO is toxic to the host and causes several diseases such as apoptosis, septic shock, and diabetes mellitus. Inducible-form NO synthase is induced in inflammatory diseases, including insulitis and arteriosclerosis. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway was first identified as a cellular response pathway induced by the accumulation of unfolded proteins in ER to preserve ER functions. Later it was found that ER stress pathway is also activated by various cellular stresses to protect cells, but when stresses are severe, apoptosis is induced to remove damaged cells. It is reported that NO and reactive oxygen species disturb ER functions, then ER stress-mediated apoptosis pathway is activated. CHOP/GADD153, which belongs to C/EBP transcription factor family, is induced in this process and mediates apoptosis. ER stress pathway induced by NO can be involved in the pathogenesis of various vascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Gotoh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kosuge Y, Sakikubo T, Ishige K, Ito Y. Comparative study of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced neuronal death in rat cultured hippocampal and cerebellar granule neurons. Neurochem Int 2006; 49:285-93. [PMID: 16545889 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2005] [Revised: 01/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, experiments were performed to characterize further the pathways responsible for neuronal death induced by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cultured hippocampal neurons (HPN) and cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) using tunicamycin (TM) and amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta). Exposure of HPN to Abeta or TM resulted in a time-dependent increase in the expression of 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) and caspase-12, an ER-resident caspase. In contrast, in CGN, although a drastic increase in the expression of GRP78 was found as was the case in HPN, no up-regulation of caspase-12 was detected. These results were consistent with immunohistochemical results that there were far lower number of caspase-12-positive cells in the cerebellum than in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and that caspase-12-positive cells were not identified in the external granule cell layer of the cerebellum of P7 rats. In CGN, a significant increase in the expression of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) protein was detected after exposure to Abeta or TM, whereas no such an increase in the protein expression was observed in HPN. In addition, S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC), an organosulfur compound purified from aged garlic extract, protected neurons against TM-induced neurotoxicity in HPN but not in CGN, as in the case of Abeta-induced neurotoxicity. These results suggest that the pathway responsible for neuronal death induced by Abeta and TM in HPN differs from that in CGN, and that a caspase-12-dependent pathway is involved in HPN while a CHOP-dependent pathway is involved in CGN in ER stress-induced neuronal death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kosuge
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Funabashi 274-8555, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kakiuchi C, Ishiwata M, Hayashi A, Kato T. XBP1 induces WFS1 through an endoplasmic reticulum stress response element-like motif in SH-SY5Y cells. J Neurochem 2006; 97:545-55. [PMID: 16539657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
XBP1 is a key transcription factor in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response pathway. In a previous study, we suggested a possible link between XBP1 and bipolar disorder, but its role in neuronal cells has not yet been clarified. Here we examined the target genes of XBP1, using DNA microarray analysis in SH-SY5Y cells transfected with an XBP1-expressing vector. Among the genes up-regulated by XBP1, the most significant p-value was observed for WFS1, which is an ER stress response-related gene. Examining the promoter region of WFS1, we found a conserved sequence (CGAGGCGCACCGTGATTGG) that is highly similar to the ER stress response element (ERSE). A promoter assay showed that this ERSE-like motif is critical for the regulation of WFS1 by XBP1. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay suggested that XBP1 does not directly bind to this sequence. Our results demonstrate that WFS1 is one of the target genes of XBP1 in SH-SY5Y cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Kakiuchi
- Laboratory for Molecular Dynamics of Mental Disorders, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
van Anken E, Braakman I. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the making of a professional secretory cell. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 40:269-83. [PMID: 16257827 DOI: 10.1080/10409230500315352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis of the protein folding machinery in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is maintained via several parallel unfolded protein response pathways that are remarkably conserved from yeast to man. Together, these pathways are integrated into a complex circuitry that can be modulated in various ways, not only to cope with various stress conditions, but also to fine-tune the capacity of the ER folding machinery when precursor cells differentiate into professional secretory cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eelco van Anken
- Department of Cellular Protein Chemistry, Bijvoet Center, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Benavides A, Pastor D, Santos P, Tranque P, Calvo S. CHOP plays a pivotal role in the astrocyte death induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation. Glia 2006; 52:261-75. [PMID: 16001425 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia has different consequences on the survival of astrocytes and neurons. Thus, astrocytes show a remarkable resistance to short periods of ischemia that are well known to cause neuronal death. We have used a cell culture model of stroke, oxygen, and glucose deprivation (OGD), to clarify the mechanisms responsible for the exclusive resistance of astrocytes to ischemia. The expression of genes implicated in both ischemia-induced astrocyte death and post-ischemic survival was analysed by the RNA differential display technique. Our study revealed that the expression of the CEBP homologous protein (CHOP)-coding gene is promptly an intensely upregulated following astrocyte oxygen and glucose deprivation. CHOP mRNA induction was accompanied by the activation of other genes (grp78, grp95) that, alike CHOP, are involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. In addition, drugs that cause ER calcium depletion or protein N-glycosylation inhibition mimicked the effects of OGD on astrocyte survival, further supporting the involvement of ER in the astrocyte responses to OGD. Our experiments also demonstrated that upregulation of CHOP during the ER stress response is required for ischemia to cause astrocyte death. Not only the levels of CHOP mRNA and protein correlate perfectly with the degree of OGD-triggered cell injury, but also astrocyte death induced by OGD is significantly overcome by CHOP antisense oligonucleotide treatment. Nevertheless, we observed that astrocytes undergo apoptosis only when CHOP is permanently upregulated, and not when CHOP increases are transient. Finally, we found that the extent of CHOP induction is determined by the length of the ischemic stimulus. Taken together, our results indicate that permanent upregulation of CHOP is decisive for the induction of astrocyte death by OGD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Benavides
- Pharmacology Unit, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Médicas and Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Onoue S, Kumon Y, Igase K, Ohnishi T, Sakanaka M. Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 increases transiently in the thalamus following focal cerebral infarction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 134:189-97. [PMID: 15836916 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2004] [Revised: 10/17/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The thalamus degenerates following cerebral infarction in the territory supplied by the middle cerebral artery (MCA), and apoptosis is suspected to be the mechanism of this phenomenon. The author studied the role of the growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene (GADD) 153 in this thalamic degeneration. The MCA was occluded in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. The expression of GADD 153 and Bcl-2, and the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to cytosol, were examined in the thalamus until 7 days after ischemia using in situ hybridization, immunoblot, immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR analyses. Gadd153 mRNA expression and GADD153 protein increased transiently at 2, 3, 5 and 7 days, and at 3 and 5 days after ischemia. Bcl-2 mRNA expression and Bcl-2 protein decreased at 3 and 5 days. The release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria was detected at 5 days. These results suggest that increased GADD 153 suppresses Bcl-2 expression, which causes the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria and leads to thalamic degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Onoue
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ehime University School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon-city, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhangfei is a potent and specific inhibitor of the host cell factor-binding transcription factor Luman. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:15257-66. [PMID: 15705566 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500728200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Host cell factor (HCF) was initially discovered as a cellular co-factor required for the activation of herpes simplex virus immediate early gene expression by the virion associated transactivator VP16. HCF also participates in a variety of cellular processes, although the mechanism of its action is not known. VP16 binds to HCF through a 4-amino acid motif (EHAY), which closely resembles the HCF binding domain of two cellular basic leucine-zipper proteins, Luman and Zhangfei. Luman is a powerful transcription factor that, in transient expression assays, activates promoters containing cAMP or unfolded protein response elements (UPRE). In contrast, Zhangfei neither binds consensus recognition elements for basic leucine-zipper proteins nor does it activate promoters containing them. Here we show that Zhangfei suppresses the ability of Luman to activate transcription. HCF appeared to be required for efficient suppression. A mutant of Zhangfei, which was unable to bind HCF, was impaired in its ability to suppress Luman. Zhangfei did not suppress ATF6, a transcription factor closely related to Luman but that does not bind HCF, unless the HCF binding motif of Luman was grafted onto it. Zhangfei inhibited the HCF-dependent activation of a UPRE-containing promoter by a Gal4-Luman fusion protein but was unable to inhibit the HCF-independent activation by Gal4-Luman of a promoter that contained Gal4 binding motifs. Binding of HCF by Zhangfei was required for the co-localization of Luman and Zhangfei to nuclear domains, suggesting that HCF might target the proteins to a common location.
Collapse
|
46
|
van der Sanden MHM, Meems H, Houweling M, Helms JB, Vaandrager AB. Induction of CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein (C/EBP)-homologous Protein/Growth Arrest and DNA Damage-inducible Protein 153 Expression during Inhibition of Phosphatidylcholine Synthesis Is Mediated via Activation of a C/EBP-activating Transcription Factor-responsive Element. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:52007-15. [PMID: 15466475 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m405577200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene for the proapoptotic transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)-homologous protein/growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 153 (CHOP/GADD153) is induced by various cellular stresses. Previously, we described that inhibition of phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis in MT58 cells, which contain a temperature-sensitive mutation in CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT), results in apoptosis preceded by the induction of CHOP. Here we report that prevention of CHOP induction, by expression of antisense CHOP, delays the PC depletion-induced apoptotic process. By mutational analysis of the conserved region in the promoter of the CHOP gene, we provide evidence that the C/EBP-ATF composite site, but not the ER stress-responsive element or the activator protein-1 site, is required for the increased expression of CHOP during PC depletion. Inhibition of PC synthesis in MT58 cells also led to an increase in phosphorylation of the stress-related transcription factor ATF2 and the stress kinase JNK after 8 and 16 h, respectively. In contrast, no phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was observed in MT58 cultured at the nonpermissive temperature. Treatment of MT58 cells with the JNK inhibitor SP600125 could rescue the cells from apoptosis but did not inhibit the phosphorylation of ATF2 or the induction of CHOP. Taken together, our results suggest that increased expression of CHOP during PC depletion depends on a C/EBP-ATF element in its promoter and might be mediated by binding of ATF2 to this element.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel H M van der Sanden
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and Institute of Biomembranes, University of Utrecht, PO Box 80176, Utrecht 3508 TD, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the site of synthesis and folding of secretory proteins. Perturbations of ER homeostasis affect protein folding and cause ER stress. ER can sense the stress and respond to it through translational attenuation, upregulation of the genes for ER chaperones and related proteins, and degradation of unfolded proteins by a quality-control system. However, when the ER function is severely impaired, the organelle elicits apoptotic signals. ER stress has been implicated in a variety of common diseases such as diabetes, ischemia and neurodegenerative disorders. One of the components of the ER stress-mediated apoptosis pathway is C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), also known as growth arrest- and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153). Here, we summarize the current understanding of the roles of CHOP/GADD153 in ER stress-mediated apoptosis and in diseases including diabetes, brain ischemia and neurodegenerative disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Oyadomari
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ma Y, Hendershot LM. Herp Is Dually Regulated by Both the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-specific Branch of the Unfolded Protein Response and a Branch That Is Shared with Other Cellular Stress Pathways. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:13792-9. [PMID: 14742429 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m313724200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian unfolded protein response (UPR) includes two major branches: one(s) specific to ER stress (Ire1/XBP-1 and ATF6-dependent), and one(s) shared by other cellular stresses (PERK/eIF-2alpha phosphorylation-dependent). Here, we demonstrate that the ER-localized protein Herp represents a second target, in addition to CHOP, that is dually regulated by both the shared and the ER stress-specific branches during UPR activation. For the first time, we are able to assess the contribution of each branch of the UPR in the induction of these targets. We demonstrate that activation of the shared branch of the UPR alone was sufficient to induce Herp and CHOP. ATF4 was not required during ER stress when both branches were used but did contribute significantly to their induction. Conversely, stresses that activated only the shared branch of the UPR were completely dependent on ATF4 for CHOP and Herp induction. Thus, the shared and the ER stress-specific branches of the UPR diverge to regulate two groups of targets, one that is ATF6 and Ire1/XBP-1-dependent, which includes BiP and XBP-1, and another that is eIF-2alpha kinase-dependent, which includes ATF4 and GADD34. The two branches also converge to maximally up-regulate targets like Herp and CHOP. Finally, our studies reveal that a PERK-dependent target other than ATF4 is contributing to the cross-talk between the two branches of the UPR that has previously been demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Ma
- Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Mao DYL, Penn LZ. c-Myc represses the proximal promoters of GADD45a and GADD153 by a post-RNA polymerase II recruitment mechanism. Oncogene 2004; 23:3481-6. [PMID: 15021909 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The c-Myc cellular oncogene has diverse activities, including transformation, proliferation, and apoptosis. These activities are dependent on the ability of c-Myc to regulate gene transcription. c-Myc downregulates the GADD45a and GADD153 (DDTI3) genes that are induced in response to genotoxic stresses and that encode protein products with antiproliferative activities. We show that c-Myc represses the expression of GADD45a and GADD153 in response to thapsigargin, a nongenotoxic stress, as well as other endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress agents. c-Myc represses both the basal expression and the magnitude of ER stress induction of GADD gene transcription. This repression requires the minimal promoter region of GADD45a and GADD153 and is not dependent on the ER stress element or p53-binding sites in the regulatory regions of these genes. Further analysis by chromatin immunoprecipitation shows that c-Myc binds to the minimal promoter region of GADD45a and GADD153 in vivo. c-Myc-associated protein X (Max) is also bound to both GADD gene promoters, whereas c-Myc interacting zinc-finger protein 1 (Miz-1) is bound to the GADD153, but not GADD45a, promoter. RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is recruited to the GADD gene promoters in the presence and absence of c-Myc, which suggests that c-Myc represses these genes through a post-RNAPII recruitment mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Barsyte-Lovejoy
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Saito S, Takahashi S, Takagaki N, Hirose T, Sakai T. 15-Deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 induces apoptosis through activation of the CHOP gene in HeLa cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 311:17-23. [PMID: 14575689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclopentenone prostaglandins (PGs) of the J series, which are produced by dehydration of PGD(2), have been reported to induce apoptosis in various cell lines. One of these cyclopentenone PGs, 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15-d-PGJ(2)), is the most potent inducer of apoptosis in the series, but the signaling pathways by which it induces apoptosis are poorly understood. We recently reported that cyclopentenone PGs accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and it has been shown that the transcription factor CHOP is induced by ER-stresses and elicits apoptosis. In the present study we demonstrated that 15-d-PGJ(2) induces CHOP mRNA/protein in HeLa cells via activation of the conserved regions in the CHOP promoter. Using several mutants of the CHOP promoter fragments, we found that two regions, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) site at -313 and ER-stress element (ERSE) at -93, are involved in activation of the CHOP gene by 15-d-PGJ(2). These results suggest that 15-d-PGJ(2) activates the CHOP promoter in two distinct pathways that could induce apoptosis of HeLa cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Saito
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|