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Guo Y, Wu H, Wiesmüller L, Chen M. Canonical and non-canonical functions of p53 isoforms: potentiating the complexity of tumor development and therapy resistance. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:412. [PMID: 38866752 PMCID: PMC11169513 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06783-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Full-length p53 (p53α) plays a pivotal role in maintaining genomic integrity and preventing tumor development. Over the years, p53 was found to exist in various isoforms, which are generated through alternative splicing, alternative initiation of translation, and internal ribosome entry site. p53 isoforms, either C-terminally altered or N-terminally truncated, exhibit distinct biological roles compared to p53α, and have significant implications for tumor development and therapy resistance. Due to a lack of part and/or complete C- or N-terminal domains, ectopic expression of some p53 isoforms failed to induce expression of canonical transcriptional targets of p53α like CDKN1A or MDM2, even though they may bind their promoters. Yet, p53 isoforms like Δ40p53α still activate subsets of targets including MDM2 and BAX. Furthermore, certain p53 isoforms transactivate even novel targets compared to p53α. More recently, non-canonical functions of p53α in DNA repair and of different isoforms in DNA replication unrelated to transcriptional activities were discovered, amplifying the potential of p53 as a master regulator of physiological and tumor suppressor functions in human cells. Both regarding canonical and non-canonical functions, alternative p53 isoforms frequently exert dominant negative effects on p53α and its partners, which is modified by the relative isoform levels. Underlying mechanisms include hetero-oligomerization, changes in subcellular localization, and aggregation. These processes ultimately influence the net activities of p53α and give rise to diverse cellular outcomes. Biological roles of p53 isoforms have implications for tumor development and cancer therapy resistance. Dysregulated expression of isoforms has been observed in various cancer types and is associated with different clinical outcomes. In conclusion, p53 isoforms have expanded our understanding of the complex regulatory network involving p53 in tumors. Unraveling the mechanisms underlying the biological roles of p53 isoforms provides new avenues for studies aiming at a better understanding of tumor development and developing therapeutic interventions to overcome resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hang Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Zhang Z, Huang J, Zhang Z, Shen H, Tang X, Wu D, Bao X, Xu G, Chen S. Application of omics in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Biomark Res 2024; 12:60. [PMID: 38858750 PMCID: PMC11165883 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-024-00600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most frequent leukemia in adults with a high mortality rate. Current diagnostic criteria and selections of therapeutic strategies are generally based on gene mutations and cytogenetic abnormalities. Chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are the major therapeutic strategies for AML. Two dilemmas in the clinical management of AML are related to its poor prognosis. One is the inaccurate risk stratification at diagnosis, leading to incorrect treatment selections. The other is the frequent resistance to chemotherapy and/or targeted therapies. Genomic features have been the focus of AML studies. However, the DNA-level aberrations do not always predict the expression levels of genes and proteins and the latter is more closely linked to disease phenotypes. With the development of high-throughput sequencing and mass spectrometry technologies, studying downstream effectors including RNA, proteins, and metabolites becomes possible. Transcriptomics can reveal gene expression and regulatory networks, proteomics can discover protein expression and signaling pathways intimately associated with the disease, and metabolomics can reflect precise changes in metabolites during disease progression. Moreover, omics profiling at the single-cell level enables studying cellular components and hierarchies of the AML microenvironment. The abundance of data from different omics layers enables the better risk stratification of AML by identifying prognosis-related biomarkers, and has the prospective application in identifying drug targets, therefore potentially discovering solutions to the two dilemmas. In this review, we summarize the existing AML studies using omics methods, both separately and combined, covering research fields of disease diagnosis, risk stratification, prognosis prediction, chemotherapy, as well as targeted therapy. Finally, we discuss the directions and challenges in the application of multi-omics in precision medicine of AML. Our review may inspire both omics researchers and clinical physicians to study AML from a different angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
- Suzhou International Joint Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiayi Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhibo Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hongjie Shen
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Depei Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiebing Bao
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Prevention and Treatment of Hyperlipidemic Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
- Suzhou International Joint Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Suning Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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3
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Castaño BA, Schorer S, Guo Y, Calzetta NL, Gottifredi V, Wiesmüller L, Biber S. The levels of p53 govern the hierarchy of DNA damage tolerance pathway usage. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:3740-3760. [PMID: 38321962 PMCID: PMC11039994 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
It is well-established that, through canonical functions in transcription and DNA repair, the tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in safeguarding cells from the consequences of DNA damage. Recent data retrieved in tumor and stem cells demonstrated that p53 also carries out non-canonical functions when interacting with the translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerase iota (POLι) at DNA replication forks. This protein complex triggers a DNA damage tolerance (DDT) mechanism controlling the DNA replication rate. Given that the levels of p53 trigger non-binary rheostat-like functions in response to stress or during differentiation, we explore the relevance of the p53 levels for its DDT functions at the fork. We show that subtle changes in p53 levels modulate the contribution of some DDT factors including POLι, POLη, POLζ, REV1, PCNA, PRIMPOL, HLTF and ZRANB3 to the DNA replication rate. Our results suggest that the levels of p53 are central to coordinate the balance between DDT pathways including (i) fork-deceleration by the ZRANB3-mediated fork reversal factor, (ii) POLι-p53-mediated fork-slowing, (iii) POLι- and POLη-mediated TLS and (iv) PRIMPOL-mediated fork-acceleration. Collectively, our study reveals the relevance of p53 protein levels for the DDT pathway choice in replicating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Castaño
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm 89075, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schorer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm 89075, Germany
| | - Yitian Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm 89075, Germany
| | | | | | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm 89075, Germany
| | - Stephanie Biber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm 89075, Germany
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4
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Gao A, Zhang M, Zhu SQ, Zou S, Chen H, Li X, He C, Zhou L, Mei Y, Ding W, Zhou J, Zhou Y, Cao Y. DNA polymerase iota promotes EMT and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by interacting with USP7 to stabilize HIF-1α. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:171. [PMID: 38402183 PMCID: PMC10894303 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most lethal cancer types, with a low 5-year survival rate of ~20%. Our prior research has suggested that DNA Polymerase iota (Pol ι), a member of Y-family DNA polymerase, plays a crucial role in the invasion and metastasis of ESCC. However, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we utilized ChIP-PCR and luciferase reporter assays to investigate the binding of HIF-1α to the promoter of the Pol ι gene. Transwell, wound healing, and mouse models were employed to assess the impact of Pol ι and HIF-1α on the motility of ESCC cells. Co-immunoprecipitation and Western blot were carried out to explore the interaction between Pol ι and HIF-1α, while qRT-PCR and Western blot were conducted to confirm the regulation of Pol ι and HIF-1α on their downstream targets. Our results demonstrate that HIF-1α activates the transcription of the Pol ι gene in ESCC cells under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, the knockdown of Pol ι impeded HIF-1α-induced invasion and metastasis. Additionally, we found that Pol ι regulates the expression of genes involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and initiates EMT through the stabilization of HIF-1α. Mechanistically, Pol ι maintains the protein stability of HIF-1α by recruiting USP7 to mediate the deubiquitination of HIF-1α, with the residues 446-578 of Pol being crucial for the interaction between Pol ι and USP7. Collectively, our findings unveil a novel feedforward molecular axis of HIF-1α- Pol ι -USP7 in ESCC that contributes to ESCC metastasis. Hence, our results present an attractive target for intervention in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidi Gao
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Qi Zhu
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Shitao Zou
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hengrui Chen
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Li
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Chao He
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Liangsu Zhou
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yan Mei
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Weiqun Ding
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jundong Zhou
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, P.R. China.
| | - Yuandong Cao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China.
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5
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Yu J, Zhang Y, Li L, Xiang Y, Yao X, Zhao Y, Cai K, Li M, Li Z, Luo Z. Coordination-driven FBXW7 DNAzyme-Fe nanoassembly enables a binary switch of breast cancer cell cycle checkpoint responses for enhanced ferroptosis-radiotherapy. Acta Biomater 2023; 169:434-450. [PMID: 37516418 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a mainstream modality for breast cancer treatment that employs ionizing radiation (IR) to damage tumor cell DNA and elevate ROS stress, which demonstrates multiple clinically-favorable advantages including localized treatment and low invasiveness. However, breast cancer cells may activate the p53-mediated cell cycle regulation in response to radiotherapy to repair IR-induced cellular damage and facilitate post-treatment survival. F-Box and WD Repeat Domain Containing 7 (FBXW7) is a promoter of p53 degradation and critical nexus of cell proliferation and survival events. Herein, we engineered a cooperative radio-ferroptosis-stimulatory nanomedicine through coordination-driven self-assembly between ferroptosis-inducing Fe2+ ions and FBXW7-inhibiting DNAzymes and further modification of tumor-targeting dopamine-modified hyaluronic acid (HA). The nanoassembly could be selectively internalized by breast cancer cells and disintegrated in lysosomes to release the therapeutic payload. DNAzyme readily abolishes FBXW7 expression and stabilizes phosphorylated p53 to cause irreversible G2 phase arrest for amplifying post-IR tumor cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, the p53 stabilization also inhibits the SLC7A11-cystine-GSH axis, which combines with the IR-upregulated ROS levels to amplify Fe2+-mediated ferroptotic damage. The DNAzyme-Fe-HA nanoassembly could thus systematically boost the tumor cell damaging effects of IR, presenting a simple and effective approach to augment the response of breast cancer to radiotherapy. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: To overcome the intrinsic radioresistance in breast cancer, we prepared co-assembly of Fe2+ and FBXW7-targeted DNAzymes and modified surface with dopamine conjugated hyaluronic acid (HA), which enabled tumor-specific FBXW7-targeted gene therapy and ferroptosis therapy in IR-treated breast cancers. The nanoassembly could be activated in acidic condition to release the therapeutic contents. Specifically, the DNAzymes could selectively degrade FBXW7 mRNA in breast cancer cells to simultaneously induce accumulation of p53 and retardation of NHEJ repair, eventually inducing irreversible cell cycle arrest to promote apoptosis. The p53 stabilization would also inhibit the SLC7A11/GSH/GPX4 axis to enhance Fe2+ mediated ferroptosis. These merits could act in a cooperative manner to induce pronounced tumor inhibitory effect, offering new approaches for tumor radiosensitization in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawu Yu
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Liqi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuemei Yao
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Youbo Zhao
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Menghuan Li
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Zhongjun Li
- Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Department of Blood Transfusion, Laboratory Medicine Centre, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhong Luo
- School of Life Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
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6
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Mansilla SF, Bertolin AP, Venerus Arbilla S, Castaño BA, Jahjah T, Singh JK, Siri SO, Castro MV, de la Vega MB, Quinet A, Wiesmüller L, Gottifredi V. Polymerase iota (Pol ι) prevents PrimPol-mediated nascent DNA synthesis and chromosome instability. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade7997. [PMID: 37058556 PMCID: PMC10104471 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade7997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have described a DNA damage tolerance pathway choice that involves a competition between PrimPol-mediated repriming and fork reversal. Screening different translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) polymerases by the use of tools for their depletion, we identified a unique role of Pol ι in regulating such a pathway choice. Pol ι deficiency unleashes PrimPol-dependent repriming, which accelerates DNA replication in a pathway that is epistatic with ZRANB3 knockdown. In Pol ι-depleted cells, the excess participation of PrimPol in nascent DNA elongation reduces replication stress signals, but thereby also checkpoint activation in S phase, triggering chromosome instability in M phase. This TLS-independent function of Pol ι requires its PCNA-interacting but not its polymerase domain. Our findings unravel an unanticipated role of Pol ι in protecting the genome stability of cells from detrimental changes in DNA replication dynamics caused by PrimPol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agostina P. Bertolin
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, CONICET, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Chromosome Replication Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Bryan A. Castaño
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tiya Jahjah
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, LRS/iRCM/IBFJ, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, LRS/iRCM/IBFJ, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jenny K. Singh
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, LRS/iRCM/IBFJ, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, LRS/iRCM/IBFJ, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | | | | | - Annabel Quinet
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, LRS/iRCM/IBFJ, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, LRS/iRCM/IBFJ, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, 89075 Ulm, Germany
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7
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Steffens Reinhardt L, Groen K, Newton C, Avery-Kiejda KA. The role of truncated p53 isoforms in the DNA damage response. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188882. [PMID: 36977456 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
The tumour suppressor p53 is activated following genotoxic stress and regulates the expression of target genes involved in the DNA damage response (DDR). The discovery that p53 isoforms alter the transcription of p53 target genes or p53 protein interactions unveiled an alternative DDR. This review will focus on the role p53 isoforms play in response to DNA damage. The expression of the C-terminally truncated p53 isoforms may be modulated via DNA damage-induced alternative splicing, whereas alternative translation plays an important role in modulating the expression of N-terminally truncated isoforms. The DDR induced by p53 isoforms may enhance the canonical p53 DDR or block cell death mechanisms in a DNA damage- and cell-specific manner, which could contribute to chemoresistance in a cancer context. Thus, a better understanding of the involvement of p53 isoforms in the cell fate decisions could uncover potential therapeutic targets in cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Steffens Reinhardt
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Kira Groen
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Cheryl Newton
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Kelly A Avery-Kiejda
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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8
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Lundine D, Annor GK, Chavez V, Maimos S, Syed Z, Jiang S, Ellison V, Bargonetti J. The C-terminus of Gain-of-Function Mutant p53 R273H Is Required for Association with PARP1 and Poly-ADP-Ribose. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1799-1810. [PMID: 36074101 PMCID: PMC9716242 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The TP53 gene is mutated in 80% of triple-negative breast cancers. Cells that harbor the hot-spot p53 gene mutation R273H produce an oncogenic mutant p53 (mtp53) that enhances cell proliferative and metastatic properties. The enhanced activities of mtp53 are collectively referred to as gain-of-function (GOF), and may include transcription-independent chromatin-based activities shared with wild-type p53 (wtp53) such as association with replicating DNA and DNA replication associated proteins like PARP1. However, how mtp53 upregulates cell proliferation is not well understood. wtp53 interacts with PARP1 using a portion of its C-terminus. The wtp53 oligomerization and far C-terminal domain (CTD) located within the C-terminus constitute putative GOF-associated domains, because mtp53 R273H expressing breast cancer cells lacking both domains manifest slow proliferation phenotypes. We addressed if the C-terminal region of mtp53 R273H is important for chromatin interaction and breast cancer cell proliferation using CRISPR-Cas9 mutated MDA-MB-468 cells endogenously expressing mtp53 R273H C-terminal deleted isoforms (R273HΔ381-388 and R273HΔ347-393). The mtp53 R273HΔ347-393 lacks the CTD and a portion of the oligomerization domain. We observed that cells harboring mtp53 R273HΔ347-393 (compared with mtp53 R273H full-length) manifest a significant reduction in chromatin, PARP1, poly-ADP-ribose (PAR), and replicating DNA binding. These cells also exhibited impaired response to hydroxyurea replicative stress, decreased sensitivity to the PARP-trapping drug combination temozolomide-talazoparib, and increased phosphorylated 53BP1 foci, suggesting reduced Okazaki fragment processing. IMPLICATIONS The C-terminal region of mtp53 confers GOF activity that mediates mtp53-PARP1 and PAR interactions assisting DNA replication, thus implicating new biomarkers for PARP inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon Lundine
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Belfer Building, City University of New York, New York.,The Graduate Center Biology and Biochemistry Programs, City University of New York, New York
| | - George K. Annor
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Belfer Building, City University of New York, New York.,The Graduate Center Biology and Biochemistry Programs, City University of New York, New York
| | - Valery Chavez
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Belfer Building, City University of New York, New York.,The Graduate Center Biology and Biochemistry Programs, City University of New York, New York
| | - Styliana Maimos
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Belfer Building, City University of New York, New York
| | - Zafar Syed
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Belfer Building, City University of New York, New York
| | - Shuhong Jiang
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Belfer Building, City University of New York, New York
| | - Viola Ellison
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Belfer Building, City University of New York, New York.,Corresponding Authors: Jill Bargonetti, Hunter College, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021. Phone: 212-896-0465; E-mail: ; and Viola Ellison,
| | - Jill Bargonetti
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Belfer Building, City University of New York, New York.,The Graduate Center Biology and Biochemistry Programs, City University of New York, New York.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Corresponding Authors: Jill Bargonetti, Hunter College, 413 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021. Phone: 212-896-0465; E-mail: ; and Viola Ellison,
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9
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Mastrangelo S, Attina G, Triarico S, Romano A, Maurizi P, Ruggiero A. The DNA-topoisomerase Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy. BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 15:553-562. [DOI: 10.13005/bpj/2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
DNA-topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes essential for major cellular processes. In recent years, interest in DNA-topoisomerases has increased not only because of their crucial role in promoting DNA replication and transcription processes, but also because they are the target of numerous active ingredients. The possibility of exploiting for therapeutic purposes the blocking of the activity of these enzymes has led to the development of a new class of anticancer agents capable of inducing apoptosis of tumor cells following DNA damage and its failure to repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mastrangelo
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCS, Universita’ Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Attina
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCS, Universita’ Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Triarico
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCS, Universita’ Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Romano
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCS, Universita’ Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Palma Maurizi
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCS, Universita’ Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Ruggiero
- Pediatric Oncology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCS, Universita’ Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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10
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Carvajal-Maldonado D, Drogalis Beckham L, Wood RD, Doublié S. When DNA Polymerases Multitask: Functions Beyond Nucleotidyl Transfer. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:815845. [PMID: 35071329 PMCID: PMC8782244 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.815845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerases catalyze nucleotidyl transfer, the central reaction in synthesis of DNA polynucleotide chains. They function not only in DNA replication, but also in diverse aspects of DNA repair and recombination. Some DNA polymerases can perform translesion DNA synthesis, facilitating damage tolerance and leading to mutagenesis. In addition to these functions, many DNA polymerases conduct biochemically distinct reactions. This review presents examples of DNA polymerases that carry out nuclease (3'-5' exonuclease, 5' nuclease, or end-trimming nuclease) or lyase (5' dRP lyase) extracurricular activities. The discussion underscores how DNA polymerases have a remarkable ability to manipulate DNA strands, sometimes involving relatively large intramolecular movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisse Carvajal-Maldonado
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lea Drogalis Beckham
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Richard D Wood
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sylvie Doublié
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
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11
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Guo Y, Rall-Scharpf M, Bourdon JC, Wiesmüller L, Biber S. p53 isoforms differentially impact on the POLι dependent DNA damage tolerance pathway. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:941. [PMID: 34645785 PMCID: PMC8514551 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The recently discovered p53-dependent DNA damage tolerance (DDT) pathway relies on its biochemical activities in DNA-binding, oligomerization, as well as complex formation with the translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerase iota (POLι). These p53-POLι complexes slow down nascent DNA synthesis for safe, homology-directed bypass of DNA replication barriers. In this study, we demonstrate that the alternative p53-isoforms p53β, p53γ, Δ40p53α, Δ133p53α, and Δ160p53α differentially affect this p53-POLι-dependent DDT pathway originally described for canonical p53α. We show that the C-terminal isoforms p53β and p53γ, comprising a truncated oligomerization domain (OD), bind PCNA. Conversely, N-terminally truncated isoforms have a reduced capacity to engage in this interaction. Regardless of the specific loss of biochemical activities required for this DDT pathway, all alternative isoforms were impaired in promoting POLι recruitment to PCNA in the chromatin and in decelerating DNA replication under conditions of enforced replication stress after Mitomycin C (MMC) treatment. Consistent with this, all alternative p53-isoforms no longer stimulated recombination, i.e., bypass of endogenous replication barriers. Different from the other isoforms, Δ133p53α and Δ160p53α caused a severe DNA replication problem, namely fork stalling even in untreated cells. Co-expression of each alternative p53-isoform together with p53α exacerbated the DDT pathway defects, unveiling impaired POLι recruitment and replication deceleration already under unperturbed conditions. Such an inhibitory effect on p53α was particularly pronounced in cells co-expressing Δ133p53α or Δ160p53α. Notably, this effect became evident after the expression of the isoforms in tumor cells, as well as after the knockdown of endogenous isoforms in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. In summary, mimicking the situation found to be associated with many cancer types and stem cells, i.e., co-expression of alternative p53-isoforms with p53α, carved out interference with p53α functions in the p53-POLι-dependent DDT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitian Guo
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89075 Germany
| | - Melanie Rall-Scharpf
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89075 Germany
| | - Jean-Christophe Bourdon
- grid.8241.f0000 0004 0397 2876Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89075 Germany
| | - Stephanie Biber
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89075 Germany
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12
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Replication stress: from chromatin to immunity and beyond. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 71:136-142. [PMID: 34455237 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Replication stress (RS) is a hallmark of cancer cells that is associated with increased genomic instability. RS occurs when replication forks encounter obstacles along the DNA. Stalled forks are signaled by checkpoint kinases that prevent fork collapse and coordinate fork repair pathways. Fork restart also depends on chromatin remodelers to increase the accessibility of nascent chromatin to recombination and repair factors. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the causes and consequences of RS, with a focus on endogenous replication impediments and their impact on fork velocity. We also discuss recent studies on the interplay between stalled forks and innate immunity, which extends the RS response beyond cell boundaries and opens new avenues for cancer therapy.
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13
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Ihle M, Biber S, Schroeder IS, Blattner C, Deniz M, Damia G, Gottifredi V, Wiesmüller L. Impact of the interplay between stemness features, p53 and pol iota on replication pathway choices. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:7457-7475. [PMID: 34165573 PMCID: PMC8287946 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Using human embryonic, adult and cancer stem cells/stem cell-like cells (SCs), we demonstrate that DNA replication speed differs in SCs and their differentiated counterparts. While SCs decelerate DNA replication, differentiated cells synthesize DNA faster and accumulate DNA damage. Notably, both replication phenotypes depend on p53 and polymerase iota (POLι). By exploring protein interactions and newly synthesized DNA, we show that SCs promote complex formation of p53 and POLι at replication sites. Intriguingly, in SCs the translocase ZRANB3 is recruited to POLι and required for slow-down of DNA replication. The known role of ZRANB3 in fork reversal suggests that the p53–POLι complex mediates slow but safe bypass of replication barriers in SCs. In differentiated cells, POLι localizes more transiently to sites of DNA synthesis and no longer interacts with p53 facilitating fast POLι-dependent DNA replication. In this alternative scenario, POLι associates with the p53 target p21, which antagonizes PCNA poly-ubiquitination and, thereby potentially disfavors the recruitment of translocases. Altogether, we provide evidence for diametrically opposed DNA replication phenotypes in SCs and their differentiated counterparts putting DNA replication-based strategies in the spotlight for the creation of therapeutic opportunities targeting SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Ihle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm 89075, Germany
| | - Stephanie Biber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm 89075, Germany
| | - Insa S Schroeder
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
| | - Christine Blattner
- Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Miriam Deniz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm 89075, Germany
| | - Giovanna Damia
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri-IRCCS Milan, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - Vanesa Gottifredi
- Cell cycle and Genomic Stability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm 89075, Germany
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14
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Su Z, Gao A, Li X, Zou S, He C, Wu J, Ding WQ, Zhou J. DNA Polymerase Iota Promotes Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Proliferation Through Erk-OGT-Induced G6PD Overactivation. Front Oncol 2021; 11:706337. [PMID: 34354953 PMCID: PMC8329663 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.706337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most lethal cancers with rapid progression and a high mortality rate. Our previous study demonstrated that DNA polymerase iota (Pol ι) is overexpressed in ESCC tumors and correlates with poor prognosis. However, its role in ESCC proliferation remains obscure. We report here that Pol ι promotes ESCC proliferation and progression through Erk- O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) regulated Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) overactivation. Cell clonogenic ability was assessed by colony formation assay. Cell proliferation was assessed by EdU incorporation assay. Our transcriptome data was reanalyzed by GSEA and validated by analysis of cellular metabolism, G6PD activity, and cellular NADPH concentration. The level of Pol ι, OGT, G6PD and O-GlcNAcylation in ESCC cells and patient samples were analyzed. The MEK inhibitor PD98059 was applied to confirm OGT expression regulation by the Erk signaling. The G6PD inhibitor polydatin was used to examine the role of G6PD activation in Pol ι promoted proliferation. We found that Pol ι promotes ESCC proliferation. It shunted the glucose flux towards the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) by activating G6PD through OGT-promoted O-GlcNAcylation. The expression of OGT was positively correlated with Pol ι expression and O-GlcNAcylation. Notably, elevated O-GlcNAcylation was correlated with poor prognosis in ESCC patients. Pol ι was shown to stimulate Erk signaling to enhance OGT expression, and the G6PD inhibitor polydatin attenuated Pol ι induced tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, Pol ι activates G6PD through Erk-OGT-induced O-GlcNAcylation to promote the proliferation and progression of ESCC, supporting the notion that Pol ι is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzi Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Aidi Gao
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shitao Zou
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao He
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinchang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wei-Qun Ding
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Jundong Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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15
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Técher H, Pasero P. The Replication Stress Response on a Narrow Path Between Genomic Instability and Inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:702584. [PMID: 34249949 PMCID: PMC8270677 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.702584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of eukaryotic cells is particularly at risk during the S phase of the cell cycle, when megabases of chromosomal DNA are unwound to generate two identical copies of the genome. This daunting task is executed by thousands of micro-machines called replisomes, acting at fragile structures called replication forks. The correct execution of this replication program depends on the coordinated action of hundreds of different enzymes, from the licensing of replication origins to the termination of DNA replication. This review focuses on the mechanisms that ensure the completion of DNA replication under challenging conditions of endogenous or exogenous origin. It also covers new findings connecting the processing of stalled forks to the release of small DNA fragments into the cytoplasm, activating the cGAS-STING pathway. DNA damage and fork repair comes therefore at a price, which is the activation of an inflammatory response that has both positive and negative impacts on the fate of stressed cells. These new findings have broad implications for the etiology of interferonopathies and for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Técher
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Pasero
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
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16
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Ellison V, Annor GK, Freedman C, Xiao G, Lundine D, Freulich E, Prives C, Bargonetti J. Frame-shift mediated reduction of gain-of-function p53 R273H and deletion of the R273H C-terminus in breast cancer cells result in replication-stress sensitivity. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1128-1146. [PMID: 34136083 PMCID: PMC8202772 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently documented that gain-of-function (GOF) mutant p53 (mtp53) R273H in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells interacts with replicating DNA and PARP1. The missense R273H GOF mtp53 has a mutated central DNA binding domain that renders it unable to bind specifically to DNA, but maintains the capacity to interact tightly with chromatin. Both the C-terminal domain (CTD) and oligomerization domain (OD) of GOF mtp53 proteins are intact and it is unclear whether these regions of mtp53 are responsible for chromatin-based DNA replication activities. We generated MDA-MB-468 cells with CRISPR-Cas9 edited versions of the CTD and OD regions of mtp53 R273H. These included a frame-shift mtp53 R273Hfs387, which depleted mtp53 protein expression; mtp53 R273HΔ381-388, which had a small deletion within the CTD; and mtp53 R273HΔ347-393, which had both the OD and CTD regions truncated. The mtp53 R273HΔ347-393 existed exclusively as monomers and disrupted the chromatin interaction of mtp53 R273H. The CRISPR variants proliferated more slowly than the parental cells and mt53 R273Hfs387 showed the most extreme phenotype. We uncovered that after thymidine-induced G1/S synchronization, but not hydroxyurea or aphidicholin, R273Hfs387 cells displayed impairment of S-phase progression while both R273HΔ347-393 and R273HΔ381-388 displayed only moderate impairment. Moreover, reduced chromatin interaction of MCM2 and PCNA in mtp53 depleted R273Hfs387 cells post thymidine-synchronization revealed delayed kinetics of replisome assembly underscoring the slow S-phase progression. Taken together our findings show that the CTD and OD domains of mtp53 R273H play critical roles in mutant p53 GOF that pertain to processes associated with DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Ellison
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - George K. Annor
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- The Graduate Center Biology and Biochemistry Programs, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clara Freedman
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gu Xiao
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Devon Lundine
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- The Graduate Center Biology and Biochemistry Programs, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elzbieta Freulich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jill Bargonetti
- The Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- The Graduate Center Biology and Biochemistry Programs, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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