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Ravishankar S, Baldelli V, Angeletti C, Raffaelli N, Landini P, Rossi E. Fluoropyrimidines affect de novo pyrimidine synthesis impairing biofilm formation in Escherichia coli. Biofilm 2024; 7:100180. [PMID: 38370152 PMCID: PMC10869245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2024.100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Antivirulence agents are considered a promising strategy to treat bacterial infections. Fluoropyrimidines possess antivirulence and antibiofilm activity against Gram-negative bacteria; however, their mechanism of action is yet unknown. Consistent with their known antibiofilm activity, fluoropyrimidines, particularly 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), impair curli-dependent surface adhesion by Escherichia coli MG1655 via downregulation of curli fimbriae gene transcription. Curli inhibition requires fluoropyrimidine conversion into fluoronucleotides and is not mediated by c-di-GMP or the ymg-rcs envelope stress response axis, previously suggested as the target of fluorouracil antibiofilm activity in E. coli. In contrast, 5-FC hampered the transcription of curli activators RpoS and stimulated the expression of Fis, a curli repressor affected by nucleotide availability. This last observation suggested a possible perturbation of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis by 5-FC: indeed, exposure to 5-FC resulted in a ca. 2-fold reduction of UMP intracellular levels while not affecting ATP. Consistently, expression of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis genes carB and pyrB was upregulated in the presence of 5-FC. Our results suggest that the antibiofilm activity of fluoropyrimidines is mediated, at least in part, by perturbation of the pyrimidine nucleotide pool. We screened a genome library in search of additional determinants able to counteract the effects of 5-FC. We found that a DNA fragment encoding the unknown protein D8B36_18,480 and the N-terminal domain of the penicillin-binding protein 1b (PBP1b), involved in peptidoglycan synthesis, could restore curli production in the presence of 5-FC. Deletion of the PBP1b-encoding gene mrcB, induced csgBAC transcription, while overexpression of the gene encoding the D8B36_18,480 protein obliterated its expression, possibly as part of a coordinated response in curli regulation with PBP1b. While the two proteins do not appear to be direct targets of 5-FC, their involvement in curli regulation suggests a connection between peptidoglycan biosynthesis and curli production, which might become even more relevant upon pyrimidine starvation and reduced availability of UDP-sugars needed in cell wall biosynthesis. Overall, our findings link the antibiofilm activity of fluoropyrimidines to the redirection of at least two global regulators (RpoS, Fis) by induction of pyrimidine starvation. This highlights the importance of the de novo pyrimidines biosynthesis pathway in controlling virulence mechanisms in different bacteria and makes the pathway a potential target for antivirulence strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlo Angeletti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Italy
| | - Nadia Raffaelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Italy
| | - Paolo Landini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Rossi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Gao S, Wang Y, Yuan S, Zuo J, Jin W, Shen Y, Grenier D, Yi L, Wang Y. Cooperation of quorum sensing and central carbon metabolism in the pathogenesis of Gram-positive bacteria. Microbiol Res 2024; 282:127655. [PMID: 38402726 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS), an integral component of bacterial communication, is essential in coordinating the collective response of diverse bacterial pathogens. Central carbon metabolism (CCM), serving as the primary metabolic hub for substances such as sugars, lipids, and amino acids, plays a crucial role in the life cycle of bacteria. Pathogenic bacteria often utilize CCM to regulate population metabolism and enhance the synthesis of specific cellular structures, thereby facilitating in adaptation to the host microecological environment and expediting infection. Research has demonstrated that QS can both directly or indirectly affect the CCM of numerous pathogenic bacteria, thus altering their virulence and pathogenicity. This article reviews the interplay between QS and CCM in Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, details the molecular mechanisms by which QS modulates CCM, and lays the groundwork for investigating bacterial pathogenicity and developing innovative infection treatment drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Shuo Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Jing Zuo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Wenjie Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Yamin Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Daniel Grenier
- Groupe de Recherche en Écologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Li Yi
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China; College of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China.
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Zuo J, Quan Y, Li J, Li Y, Song D, Li X, Wang Y, Yi L, Wang Y. Tackling Antibiotic Resistance: Exploring 5-Fluorouracil as a Promising Antimicrobial Strategy for the Treatment of Streptococcus suis Infection. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1286. [PMID: 38731290 PMCID: PMC11083182 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is a zoonotic pathogen with a global distribution, which causes serious diseases in both humans and animals and economic losses in the swine industry. As antibiotic resistance increases, there is an urgent imperative to explore novel antibacterial alternatives. In the present study, we selected the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a candidate drug to treat S. suis infections. The results showed that various pathogens, especially S. suis, are more sensitive to 5-FU. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of 5-FU is relatively low. Extensive in vitro assays demonstrated the pronounced bacteriostatic and bactericidal efficacy of 5-FU against susceptible and multidrug-resistant S. suis strains. Its mechanisms of action include damage to the bacterial cell walls and membranes, resulting in the leakage of intracellular components, and the inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS), leading to a depletion of deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) pools, ultimately causing thymine-less death and lethal DNA damage in bacteria. Gene-knockout experiments further showed that 5-FU played a role by inhibiting the thyA gene-encoding thymidine synthase. Finally, we determined that S. suis infections can be alleviated by 5-FU in the mouse infection model. This study emphasizes the antibacterial potential of 5-FU against S. suis and provides evidence for its targeting of bacterial membrane damage and DNA damage. In summary, 5-FU can control S. suis infection and is expected to become a new alternative to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zuo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Q.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China;
| | - Yingying Quan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Q.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China;
| | - Jinpeng Li
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China;
- Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Q.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China;
| | - Dong Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Q.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China;
| | - Xingping Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Q.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China;
| | - Yuxin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Q.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China;
| | - Li Yi
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China;
- College of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Yang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China; (J.Z.); (Y.Q.); (Y.L.); (D.S.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
- Henan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Detection and Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Luoyang 471003, China;
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Sekar A, Gil D, Tierney P, McCanne M, Daesety V, Trendafilova D, Muratoglu OK, Oral E. Synergistic use of anti-inflammatory ketorolac and gentamicin to target staphylococcal biofilms. J Transl Med 2024; 22:102. [PMID: 38273276 PMCID: PMC10809490 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04871-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While antibiotics remain our primary tools against microbial infection, increasing antibiotic resistance (inherent and acquired) is a major detriment to their efficacy. A practical approach to maintaining or reversing the efficacy of antibiotics is the use of other commonly used therapeutics, which show synergistic antibacterial action with antibiotics. Here, we investigated the extent of antibacterial synergy between the antibiotic gentamicin and the anti-inflammatory ketorolac regarding the dynamics of biofilm growth, the rate of acquired resistance, and the possible mechanism of synergy. METHODS Control (ATCC 12600, ATCC 35984) and clinical strains (L1101, L1116) of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis with varying antibiotic susceptibility profiles were used in this study to simulate implant-material associated low-risk and high-risk biofilms in vitro. The synergistic action of gentamicin sulfate (GS) and ketorolac tromethamine (KT), against planktonic staphylococcal strains were determined using the fractional inhibitory concentration measurement assay. Nascent (6 h) and established (24 h) biofilms were grown on 316L stainless steel plates and the synergistic biofilm eradication activity was determined and characterized using adherent bacteria count, minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) measurement for GS, visualization by live/dead imaging, scanning electron microscopy, gene expression of biofilm-associated genes, and bacterial membrane fluidity assessment. RESULTS Gentamicin-ketorolac (GS-KT) combination demonstrated synergistic antibacterial action against planktonic Staphylococci. Control and clinical strains showed distinct biofilm growth dynamics and an increase in biofilm maturity was shown to confer further resistance to gentamicin for both 'low-risk' and 'high-risk' biofilms. The addition of ketorolac enhanced the antibiofilm activity of gentamicin against acquired resistance in staphylococcal biofilms. Mechanistic studies revealed that the synergistic action of gentamicin-ketorolac interferes with biofilm morphology and subverts bacterial stress response altering bacterial physiology, membrane dynamics, and biofilm properties. CONCLUSION The results of this study have a significant impact on the local administration of antibiotics and other therapeutic agents commonly used in the prevention and treatment of orthopaedic infections. Further, these results warrant the study of synergy for the concurrent or sequential administration of non-antibiotic drugs for antimicrobial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Sekar
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Dmitry Gil
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Peyton Tierney
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Madeline McCanne
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Vikram Daesety
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | | | - Orhun K Muratoglu
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Ebru Oral
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, USA.
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Pai L, Patil S, Liu S, Wen F. A growing battlefield in the war against biofilm-induced antimicrobial resistance: insights from reviews on antibiotic resistance. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1327069. [PMID: 38188636 PMCID: PMC10770264 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1327069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are a common survival strategy employed by bacteria in healthcare settings, which enhances their resistance to antimicrobial and biocidal agents making infections difficult to treat. Mechanisms of biofilm-induced antimicrobial resistance involve reduced penetration of antimicrobial agents, increased expression of efflux pumps, altered microbial physiology, and genetic changes in the bacterial population. Factors contributing to the formation of biofilms include nutrient availability, temperature, pH, surface properties, and microbial interactions. Biofilm-associated infections can have serious consequences for patient outcomes, and standard antimicrobial therapies are often ineffective against biofilm-associated bacteria, making diagnosis and treatment challenging. Novel strategies, including antibiotics combination therapies (such as daptomycin and vancomycin, colistin and azithromycin), biofilm-targeted agents (such as small molecules (LP3134, LP3145, LP4010, LP1062) target c-di-GMP), and immunomodulatory therapies (such as the anti-PcrV IgY antibodies which target Type IIIsecretion system), are being developed to combat biofilm-induced antimicrobial resistance. A multifaceted approach to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention is necessary to address this emerging problem in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Pai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Pediatric Research Institute, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sandip Patil
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Pediatric Research Institute, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sixi Liu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feiqiu Wen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Pediatric Research Institute, Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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6
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Uddin MJ, Overkleeft HS, Lentz CS. Activity-Based Protein Profiling in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Reveals the Broad Reactivity of a Carmofur-Derived Probe. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300473. [PMID: 37552008 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Activity-based protein profiling is a powerful chemoproteomic technique to detect active enzymes and identify targets and off-targets of drugs. Here, we report the use of carmofur- and activity-based probes to identify biologically relevant enzymes in the bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Carmofur is an anti-neoplastic prodrug of 5-fluorouracil and also has antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity. Carmofur probes were originally designed to target human acid ceramidase, a member of the NTN hydrolase family with an active-site cysteine nucleophile. Here, we first profiled the targets of a fluorescent carmofur probe in live S. aureus under biofilm-promoting conditions and in liquid culture, before proceeding to target identification by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Treatment with a carmofur-biotin probe led to enrichment of 20 enzymes from diverse families awaiting further characterization, including the NTN hydrolase-related IMP cyclohydrolase PurH. However, the probe preferentially labeled serine hydrolases, thus displaying a reactivity profile similar to that of carbamates. Our results suggest that the electrophilic N-carbamoyl-5-fluorouracil scaffold could potentially be optimized to achieve selectivity towards diverse enzyme families. The observed promiscuous reactivity profile suggests that the clinical use of carmofur presumably leads to inactivation of a number human and microbial enzymes, which could lead to side effects and/or contribute to therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jalal Uddin
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, 9019, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hermen S Overkleeft
- Department of Bioorganic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christian S Lentz
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, 9019, Tromsø, Norway
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7
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Sekar A, Gil D, Tierney PA, McCanne M, Daesety V, Trendafilova D, Muratoglu OK, Oral E. Synergistic use of anti-inflammatory ketorolac and gentamicin to target staphylococcal biofilms. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3471646. [PMID: 37961705 PMCID: PMC10635368 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3471646/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Background While antibiotics remain our primary tools against microbial infection, increasing antibiotic resistance (inherent and acquired) is a major detriment to their efficacy. A practical approach to maintaining or reversing the efficacy of antibiotics is the use of other commonly used therapeutics, which show synergistic antibacterial action with antibiotics. Here, we investigated the extent of antibacterial synergy between the antibiotic gentamicin and the anti-inflammatory ketorolac regarding the dynamics of biofilm growth, the rate of acquired resistance, and the possible mechanism of synergy. Methods Control (ATCC 12600, ATCC 35984) and clinical strains (L1101, L1116) of S. aureus and S. epidermidis with varying antibiotic susceptibility profiles were used in this study to simulate implant-material associated low-risk and high-risk biofilms in vitro. The synergistic action of gentamicin sulfate (GS) and ketorolac tromethamine (KT), against planktonic staphylococcal strains were determined using the fractional inhibitory concentration measurement assay. Nascent (6hr) and established (24hr) biofilms were grown on 316 stainless steel plates and the synergistic biofilm eradication activity was determined and characterized using adherent bacteria count, MBEC measurement for GS, gene expression of biofilm-associated genes, visualization by live/dead imaging, scanning electron microscopy, and bacterial membrane fluidity assessment. Results Gentamicin-ketorolac combination demonstrated synergistic antibacterial action against planktonic Staphylococci. Control and clinical strains showed distinct biofilm growth dynamics and an increase in biofilm maturity was shown to confer further resistance to gentamicin for both 'low-risk' and 'high-risk' biofilms. The addition of ketorolac enhanced the antibiofilm activity of gentamicin against acquired resistance in staphylococcal biofilms. Mechanistic studies revealed that the synergistic action of gentamicin-ketorolac interferes with biofilm morphology and subverts bacterial stress response altering bacterial physiology, membrane dynamics, and biofilm properties. Conclusion The results of this study have a significant impact on the local administration of antibiotics and other therapeutic agents commonly used in the prevention and treatment of orthopaedic infections. Further, these results warrant the study of synergy for the concurrent or sequential administration of non-antibiotic drugs for antimicrobial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Sekar
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, U.S.A
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University; Boston, U.S.A
| | - Dmitry Gil
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, U.S.A
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University; Boston, U.S.A
| | - Peyton Anne Tierney
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, U.S.A
| | - Madeline McCanne
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, U.S.A
| | - Vikram Daesety
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, U.S.A
| | - Darina Trendafilova
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, U.S.A
| | - Orhun K Muratoglu
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, U.S.A
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University; Boston, U.S.A
| | - Ebru Oral
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, U.S.A
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University; Boston, U.S.A
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Gadar K, McCarthy RR. Using next generation antimicrobials to target the mechanisms of infection. NPJ ANTIMICROBIALS AND RESISTANCE 2023; 1:11. [PMID: 38686217 PMCID: PMC11057201 DOI: 10.1038/s44259-023-00011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The remarkable impact of antibiotics on human health is being eroded at an alarming rate by the emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens. There is a recognised consensus that new strategies to tackle infection are urgently needed to limit the devasting impact of antibiotic resistance on our global healthcare infrastructure. Next generation antimicrobials (NGAs) are compounds that target bacterial virulence factors to disrupt pathogenic potential without impacting bacterial viability. By disabling the key virulence factors required to establish and maintain infection, NGAs make pathogens more vulnerable to clearance by the immune system and can potentially render them more susceptible to traditional antibiotics. In this review, we discuss the developing field of NGAs and how advancements in this area could offer a viable standalone alternative to traditional antibiotics or an effective means to prolong antibiotic efficacy when used in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Gadar
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH United Kingdom
| | - Ronan R. McCarthy
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH United Kingdom
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Francis D, Veeramanickathadathil Hari G, Koonthanmala Subash A, Bhairaddy A, Joy A. The biofilm proteome of Staphylococcus aureus and its implications for therapeutic interventions to biofilm-associated infections. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 138:327-400. [PMID: 38220430 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major healthcare concern due to its ability to inflict life-threatening infections and evolve antibiotic resistance at an alarming pace. It is frequently associated with hospital-acquired infections, especially device-associated infections. Systemic infections due to S. aureus are difficult to treat and are associated with significant mortality and morbidity. The situation is worsened by the ability of S. aureus to form social associations called biofilms. Biofilms embed a community of cells with the ability to communicate with each other and share resources within a polysaccharide or protein matrix. S. aureus establish biofilms on tissues and conditioned abiotic surfaces. Biofilms are hyper-tolerant to antibiotics and help evade host immune responses. Biofilms exacerbate the severity and recalcitrance of device-associated infections. The development of a biofilm involves various biomolecules, such as polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids, contributing to different structural and functional roles. Interconnected signaling pathways and regulatory molecules modulate the expression of these molecules. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular biology of biofilm development would help to devise effective anti-biofilm therapeutics. Although bactericidal agents, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages and nano-conjugated anti-biofilm agents have been employed with varying levels of success, there is still a requirement for effective and clinically viable anti-biofilm therapeutics. Proteins that are expressed and utilized during biofilm formation, constituting the biofilm proteome, are a particularly attractive target for anti-biofilm strategies. The proteome can be explored to identify potential anti-biofilm drug targets and utilized for rational drug discovery. With the aim of uncovering the biofilm proteome, this chapter explores the mechanism of biofilm formation and its regulation. Furthermore, it explores the antibiofilm therapeutics targeted against the biofilm proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Francis
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, India.
| | | | | | - Anusha Bhairaddy
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, India
| | - Atheene Joy
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, India
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Di Bonaventura G, Lupetti V, Di Giulio A, Muzzi M, Piccirilli A, Cariani L, Pompilio A. Repurposing High-Throughput Screening Identifies Unconventional Drugs with Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa under Experimental Conditions Relevant to Cystic Fibrosis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0035223. [PMID: 37306577 PMCID: PMC10433973 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00352-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common pathogen infecting cystic fibrosis (CF) lungs, causing acute and chronic infections. Intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance allow P. aeruginosa to colonize and persist despite antibiotic treatment, making new therapeutic approaches necessary. Combining high-throughput screening and drug repurposing is an effective way to develop new therapeutic uses for drugs. This study screened a drug library of 3,386 drugs, mostly FDA approved, to identify antimicrobials against P. aeruginosa under physicochemical conditions relevant to CF-infected lungs. Based on the antibacterial activity, assessed spectrophotometrically against the prototype RP73 strain and 10 other CF virulent strains, and the toxic potential evaluated toward CF IB3-1 bronchial epithelial cells, five potential hits were selected for further analysis: the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant ebselen, the anticancer drugs tirapazamine, carmofur, and 5-fluorouracil, and the antifungal tavaborole. A time-kill assay showed that ebselen has the potential to cause rapid and dose-dependent bactericidal activity. The antibiofilm activity was evaluated by viable cell count and crystal violet assays, revealing carmofur and 5-fluorouracil as the most active drugs in preventing biofilm formation regardless of the concentration. In contrast, tirapazamine and tavaborole were the only drugs actively dispersing preformed biofilms. Tavaborole was the most active drug against CF pathogens other than P. aeruginosa, especially against Burkholderia cepacia and Acinetobacter baumannii, while carmofur, ebselen, and tirapazamine were particularly active against Staphylococcus aureus and B. cepacia. Electron microscopy and propidium iodide uptake assay revealed that ebselen, carmofur, and tirapazamine significantly damage cell membranes, with leakage and cytoplasm loss, by increasing membrane permeability. IMPORTANCE Antibiotic resistance makes it urgent to design new strategies for treating pulmonary infections in CF patients. The repurposing approach accelerates drug discovery and development, as the drugs' general pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and toxicological properties are already well known. In the present study, for the first time, a high-throughput compound library screening was performed under experimental conditions relevant to CF-infected lungs. Among 3,386 drugs screened, the clinically used drugs from outside infection treatment ebselen, tirapazamine, carmofur, 5-fluorouracil, and tavaborole showed, although to different extents, anti-P. aeruginosa activity against planktonic and biofilm cells and broad-spectrum activity against other CF pathogens at concentrations not toxic to bronchial epithelial cells. The mode-of-action studies revealed ebselen, carmofur, and tirapazamine targeted the cell membrane, increasing its permeability with subsequent cell lysis. These drugs are strong candidates for repurposing for treating CF lung P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Bonaventura
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Veronica Lupetti
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandra Piccirilli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Lisa Cariani
- Microbiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Pompilio
- Department of Medical, Oral, and Biotechnological Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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11
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Ferrando R, Mitchell SG, Atrián-Blasco E, Cerrada E. Antibacterial properties of phosphine gold(I) complexes with 5-fluorouracil. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37448318 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01159c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
New gold(I) complexes with coordination to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), an anticancer drug with antibacterial properties, have been synthesised and characterised, and are the first reported examples of 5-FU-Au compounds. These new complexes show high solution stability, even in the presence of a cysteine derivative, and so were evaluated as antibacterial compounds against model Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. All the complexes show excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive B. subtilis, most of them improving the activity of 5-FU alone. Furthermore, these new complexes are also active against Gram-negative E. coli, where [Au(5-FU)(PTA)], the complex with the smallest phosphane, is the most bactericidal, 32 times more active than 5-FU on its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ferrando
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
| | - Scott G Mitchell
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Atrián-Blasco
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain.
| | - Elena Cerrada
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea-ISQCH, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
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12
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Qu C, Su X, Hu J, Li Z, Liu Y, Wang L. A New Method for the Treatment of Sebaceous Cyst: Surgical Resection of Cyst Contents Combined With Low Injection of 5-Fluorouracil. J Craniofac Surg 2023; 34:1611-1612. [PMID: 37410584 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000009160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chunan Qu
- Department of Cicatrix Minimally Invasive Treatment Center, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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13
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Grzywa R, Łupicka-Słowik A, Sieńczyk M. IgYs: on her majesty's secret service. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1199427. [PMID: 37377972 PMCID: PMC10291628 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1199427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been an increasing interest in using Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) antibodies as an alternative to "classical" antimicrobials. Unlike traditional antibiotics, they can be utilized on a continual basis without leading to the development of resistance. The veterinary IgY antibody market is growing because of the demand for minimal antibiotic use in animal production. IgY antibodies are not as strong as antibiotics for treating infections, but they work well as preventative agents and are natural, nontoxic, and easy to produce. They can be administered orally and are well tolerated, even by young animals. Unlike antibiotics, oral IgY supplements support the microbiome that plays a vital role in maintaining overall health, including immune system function. IgY formulations can be delivered as egg yolk powder and do not require extensive purification. Lipids in IgY supplements improve antibody stability in the digestive tract. Given this, using IgY antibodies as an alternative to antimicrobials has garnered interest. In this review, we will examine their antibacterial potential.
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14
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Sadeeshkumar H, Balaji A, Sutherland AG, Mootien S, Anthony KG, Breaker RR. Screening for small molecule inhibitors of SAH nucleosidase using an SAH riboswitch. Anal Biochem 2023; 666:115047. [PMID: 36682579 PMCID: PMC11149561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to the emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens, it is imperative to identify new targets for antibiotic drug discovery. The S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) nucleosidase enzyme is a promising target for antimicrobial drug development due to its critical functions in multiple bacterial processes including recycling of toxic byproducts of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-mediated reactions and producing the precursor of the universal quorum sensing signal, autoinducer-2 (AI-2). Riboswitches are structured RNA elements typically used by bacteria to precisely monitor and respond to changes in essential bacterial processes, including metabolism. Natural riboswitches fused to a reporter gene can be exploited to detect changes in metabolism or in physiological signaling. We performed a high-throughput screen (HTS) using an SAH-riboswitch controlled β-galactosidase reporter gene in Escherichia coli to discover small molecules that inhibit SAH recycling. We demonstrate that the assay strategy using SAH riboswitches to detect the effects of SAH nucleosidase inhibitors can quickly identify compounds that penetrate the barriers of Gram-negative bacterial cells and perturb pathways involving SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Sadeeshkumar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8103, USA
| | - Aparaajita Balaji
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8103, USA
| | | | | | - Karen G Anthony
- L2 Diagnostics, LLC, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Ronald R Breaker
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8103, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8103, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8103, USA.
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15
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Bai YB, Shi MY, Wang WW, Wu LY, Bai YT, Li B, Zhou XZ, Zhang JY. Novel quorum sensing inhibitor Echinatin as an antibacterial synergist against Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1003692. [PMID: 36386683 PMCID: PMC9663819 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1003692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A new antibacterial strategy based on inhibiting bacterial quorum sensing (QS) has emerged as a promising method of attenuating bacterial pathogenicity and preventing bacterial resistance to antibiotics. In this study, we screened Echinatin (Ech) with high-efficiency anti-QS from 13 flavonoids through the AI-2 bioluminescence assay. Additionally, crystal violet (CV) staining combined with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to evaluate the effect of anti-biofilm against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Further, the antibacterial synergistic effect of Ech and marketed antibiotics were measured by broth dilution and Alamar Blue Assay. It was found that Ech interfered with the phenotype of QS, including biofilm formation, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, and motility, without affecting bacterial growth and metabolic activity. Moreover, qRT-PCR exhibited that Ech significantly reduced the expression of QS-regulated genes (luxS, pfs, lsrB, lsrK, lsrR, flhC, flhD, fliC, csgD, and stx2). More important, Ech with currently marketed colistin antibiotics (including colistin B and colistin E) showed significantly synergistically increased antibacterial activity in overcoming antibiotic resistance of E. coli. In summary, these results suggested the potent anti-QS and novel antibacterial synergist candidate of Ech for treating E. coli infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Bin Bai
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meng-Yan Shi
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ling-Yu Wu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ting Bai
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xu-Zheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ji-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China,Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China,*Correspondence: Ji-Yu Zhang,
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16
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Santajit S, Sookrung N, Indrawattana N. Quorum Sensing in ESKAPE Bugs: A Target for Combating Antimicrobial Resistance and Bacterial Virulence. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101466. [PMID: 36290370 PMCID: PMC9598666 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A clique of Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. (ESKAPE) bugs is the utmost causative agent responsible for multidrug resistance in hospital settings. These microorganisms employ a type of cell-cell communication termed 'quorum sensing (QS) system' to mediate population density and synchronously control the genes that modulate drug resistance and pathogenic behaviors. In this article, we focused on the present understanding of the prevailing QS system in ESKAPE pathogens. Basically, the QS component consisted of an autoinducer synthase, a ligand (e.g., acyl homoserine lactones/peptide hormones), and a transcriptional regulator. QS mediated expression of the bacterial capsule, iron acquisition, adherence factors, synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) biosynthesis, motility, as well as biofilm development allow bacteria to promote an antimicrobial-resistant population that can escape the action of traditional drugs and endorse a divergent virulence production. The increasing prevalence of these harmful threats to infection control, as well as the urgent need for effective antimicrobial strategies to combat them, serve to highlight the important anti-QS strategies developed to address the difficulty of treating microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirijan Santajit
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Tropical Pathobiology, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Biomedical Research Incubator Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Nitaya Indrawattana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2-354-9100 (ext. 1598)
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17
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Sahoo A, Swain SS, Panda SK, Hussain T, Panda M, Rodrigues CF. In Silico Identification of Potential Insect Peptides against Biofilm-Producing Staphylococcus aureus. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200494. [PMID: 36198620 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus (SA) strains are frequently found in medical environments, from surgical/ wound sites, medical devices. These biofilms reduce the efficacy of applied antibiotics during the treatment of several infections, such as cystic fibrosis, endocarditis, or urinary tract infections. Thus, the development of potential therapeutic agents to destroy the extra protective biofilm layers or to inhibit the biofilm-producing enzymes is urgently needed. Advanced and cost-effective bioinformatics tools are advantageous in locating and speeding up the selection of antibiofilm candidates. Based on the potential drug characteristics, we have selected one-hundred thirty-three antibacterial peptides derived from insects to assess for their antibiofilm potency via molecular docking against five putative biofilm formation and regulated target enzymes: the staphylococcal accessory regulator A or SarA (PDB ID: 2FRH), 4,4'-diapophytoene synthase or CrtM (PDB ID: 2ZCQ), clumping factor A or ClfA (PDB ID: 1N67) and serine-aspartate repeat protein C or SdrC (PDB ID: 6LXH) and sortase A or SrtA (PDB ID: 1T2W) of SA bacterium. In this study, molecular docking was performed using HPEPDOCK and HDOCK servers, and molecular interactions were examined using BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer-2019. The docking score (kcal/mol) range of five promising antibiofilm peptides against five targets was recorded as follows: diptericin A (-215.52 to -303.31), defensin (-201.11 to -301.92), imcroporin (-212.08 to -287.64), mucroporin (-228.72 to -286.76), apidaecin II (-203.90 to -280.20). Among these five, imcroporin and mucroporin were 13 % each, while defensin contained only 1 % of positive net charged residues (Arg+Lys) projected through ProtParam and NetWheels tools. Similarly, imcroporin, mucroporin and apidaecin II were 50 %, while defensin carried 21.05 % of hydrophobic residues predicted by the tool PEPTIDE. 2.0. Most of the peptides exhibited potential characteristics to inhibit S. aureus-biofilm formation via disrupting the cell membrane and cytoplasmic integrity. In summary, the proposed hypothesis can be considered a cost-effective platform for selecting the most promising bioactive drug candidates within a limited timeframe with a greater chance of success in experimental and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaka Sahoo
- Department of Skin & VD, Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751023 1, India
| | - Shasank S Swain
- Division of Microbiology and NCDs, ICMR-, Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Sujogya K Panda
- Center of Environment Climate Change and Public Health, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar, 751004, Odisha, India
| | - Tahziba Hussain
- Division of Microbiology and NCDs, ICMR-, Regional Medical Research Center, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Maitreyee Panda
- Department of Skin & VD, Institute of Medical Sciences & SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751023 1, India
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- TOXRUN-Toxicology Research Unit, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário - CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal.,LEPABE-Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.,AliCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
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18
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Ramakrishnan R, Singh AK, Singh S, Chakravortty D, Das D. Enzymatic Dispersion of Biofilms: An Emerging Biocatalytic Avenue to Combat Biofilm-Mediated Microbial Infections. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102352. [PMID: 35940306 PMCID: PMC9478923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance by pathogenic microbes has emerged as a matter of great concern to mankind. Microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi employ multiple defense mechanisms against drugs and the host immune system. A major line of microbial defense is the biofilm, which comprises extracellular polymeric substances that are produced by the population of microorganisms. Around 80% of chronic bacterial infections are associated with biofilms. The presence of biofilms can increase the necessity of doses of certain antibiotics up to 1000-fold to combat infection. Thus, there is an urgent need for strategies to eradicate biofilms. Although a few physicochemical methods have been developed to prevent and treat biofilms, these methods have poor efficacy and biocompatibility. In this review, we discuss the existing strategies to combat biofilms and their challenges. Subsequently, we spotlight the potential of enzymes, in particular, polysaccharide degrading enzymes, for biofilm dispersion, which might lead to facile antimicrobial treatment of biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Ramakrishnan
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Simran Singh
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Debasis Das
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
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19
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Loke MF, Yadav I, Lim TK, van der Maarel JRC, Sham LT, Chow VT. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Mouse Coronavirus Inhibit Biofilm Formation by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063291. [PMID: 35328711 PMCID: PMC8950232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of co-infections or superinfections with bacterial pathogens in COVID-19 patients is associated with poor outcomes, including increased morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that SARS-CoV-2 and its components interact with the biofilms generated by commensal bacteria, which may contribute to co-infections. This study employed crystal violet staining and particle-tracking microrheology to characterize the formation of biofilms by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus that commonly cause secondary bacterial pneumonia. Microrheology analyses suggested that these biofilms were inhomogeneous soft solids, consistent with their dynamic characteristics. Biofilm formation by both bacteria was significantly inhibited by co-incubation with recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 subunit and both S1 + S2 subunits, but not with S2 extracellular domain nor nucleocapsid protein. Addition of spike S1 and S2 antibodies to spike protein could partially restore bacterial biofilm production. Furthermore, biofilm formation in vitro was also compromised by live murine hepatitis virus, a related beta-coronavirus. Supporting data from LC-MS-based proteomics of spike-biofilm interactions revealed differential expression of proteins involved in quorum sensing and biofilm maturation, such as the AI-2E family transporter and LuxS, a key enzyme for AI-2 biosynthesis. Our findings suggest that these opportunistic pathogens may egress from biofilms to resume a more virulent planktonic lifestyle during coronavirus infections. The dispersion of pathogens from biofilms may culminate in potentially severe secondary infections with poor prognosis. Further detailed investigations are warranted to establish bacterial biofilms as risk factors for secondary pneumonia in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun Fai Loke
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (M.F.L.); (L.-T.S.)
| | - Indresh Yadav
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore; (I.Y.); (J.R.C.v.d.M.)
| | - Teck Kwang Lim
- Protein and Proteomics Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore;
| | - Johan R. C. van der Maarel
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore; (I.Y.); (J.R.C.v.d.M.)
| | - Lok-To Sham
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (M.F.L.); (L.-T.S.)
| | - Vincent T. Chow
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore; (M.F.L.); (L.-T.S.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Cattò C, Villa F, Cappitelli F. Understanding the Role of the Antioxidant Drug Erdosteine and Its Active Metabolite on Staphylococcus aureus Methicillin Resistant Biofilm Formation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121922. [PMID: 34943025 PMCID: PMC8698571 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing numbers of researches have suggested that some drugs with reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mechanisms of action modulate biofilm formation of some pathogenic strains. However, the full contribution of ROS to biofilm development is still an open question. In this paper, the correlations between the antioxidant drug Erdosteine (Er) and its active Metabolite I (Met I), ROS and biofilm development of two strains of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus are presented. Experiments revealed that Er and Met I at 2 and 5 mg/L increased up to three orders of magnitude the number of biofilm-dwelling cells, while the content of ROS within the biofilms was reduced above the 87%, with a major effect of Met I in comparison to Er. Comparative proteomics showed that, 5 mg/L Met I modified the expression of 30% and 65% of total proteins in the two strains respectively. Some proteins involved in cell replication were upregulated, and a nitric oxide-based mechanism is assumed to modulate the biofilm development by changing quorum sensitive pathways. Additionally, several proteins involved in virulence were downregulated in the presence of Met I, suggesting that treated cells, despite being greater in number, might have lost part of their virulence.
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