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He H, Wang H, Chen X, Zhong Y, Huang XR, Ma RCW, Wang C, Lan HY. Treatment for type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy by targeting Smad3 signaling. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:200-217. [PMID: 38164169 PMCID: PMC10750285 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.87820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
TGF-β/Smad3 signaling plays a critical role in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN), but treatment by specifically targeting Smad3 remains unexplored. To develop a new Smad3-targeted therapy for T2D and T2DN, we treated db/db mice at the pre-diabetic or established diabetic stage with a pharmacological Smad3 inhibitor SIS3. The therapeutic effect and mechanisms of anti-Smad3 treatment on T2D and T2DN were investigated. We found that anti-Smad3 treatment on pre-diabetic db/db mice largely attenuated both T2D and T2DN by markedly reducing blood glucose levels, and inhibiting the elevated serum creatinine, microalbuminuria, and renal fibrosis and inflammation. Unexpectedly, although SIS3 treatment on the established diabetic db/db mice inhibited T2DN but did not significantly improve T2D. Mechanistically, we uncovered that inhibition of T2DN in SIS3-treated db/db mice was associated with effectively restoring the balance of TGF-β/Smad signaling by inhibiting Smad3 while increasing Smad7, thereby suppressing Smad3-mediated renal fibrosis and NF-κB-driven renal inflammation via lncRNA Erbb4-IR and LRN9884-dependent mechanisms. We also revealed that inhibition of islet β cell injury by preventing the loss of islet Pax 6 could be the mechanism through which the pre-diabetic treatment, rather than the late SIS3 treatment on db/db mice significantly improved the T2D phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, 519000, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; and Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, and Departments of Nephrology and Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Honglian Wang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; and Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, and Departments of Nephrology and Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xiaocui Chen
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; and Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, and Departments of Nephrology and Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Yu Zhong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; and Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, and Departments of Nephrology and Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Xiao Ru Huang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; and Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, and Departments of Nephrology and Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Ronald CW Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; and Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, and Departments of Nephrology and Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, 519000, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, 519000, China
| | - Hui-Yao Lan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; and Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory on Immunological and Genetic Kidney Diseases, and Departments of Nephrology and Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
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Mohebichamkhorami F, Fattahi R, Niknam Z, Aliashrafi M, Khakpour Naeimi S, Gilanchi S, Zali H. Periodontal ligament stem cells as a promising therapeutic target for neural damage. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:273. [PMID: 35729595 PMCID: PMC9210648 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The damaged neuronal cells of adult mammalian lack the regenerative ability to replace the neuronal connections. Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) are the promising source for neuroregenerative applications that can improve the injured microenvironment of the damaged neural system. They provide neuronal progenitors and neurotrophic, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory factors. In this study, we aimed to comprehensively explore the various neuronal differentiation potentials of PDLSCs for application in neural regeneration therapy. MAIN TEXT PDLSCs have superior potential to differentiate into various neural-like cells through a dedifferentiation stage followed by differentiation process without need for cell division. Diverse combination of nutritional factors can be used to induce the PDLSCs toward neural lineage. PDLSCs when coupled with biomaterials could have significant implications for neural tissue repair. PDLSCs can be a new clinical research target for Alzheimer's disease treatment, multiple sclerosis and cerebral ischemia. Moreover, PDLSCs have beneficial effects on retinal ganglion cell regeneration and photoreceptor survival. PDLSCs can be a great source for the repair of injured peripheral nerve through the expression of several neural growth factors and differentiation into Schwann cells. CONCLUSION In conclusion, these cells are an appealing source for utilizing in clinical treatment of the neuropathological disorders. Although significant in vitro and in vivo investigations were carried out in order for neural differentiation evaluation of these cells into diverse types of neurons, more preclinical and clinical studies are needed to elucidate their therapeutic potential for neural diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Mohebichamkhorami
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Fattahi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Niknam
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Aliashrafi
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Samira Gilanchi
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hakimeh Zali
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zosen D, Austdal LPE, Bjørnstad S, Lumor JS, Paulsen RE. Antiepileptic drugs lamotrigine and valproate differentially affect neuronal maturation in the developing chick embryo, yet with PAX6 as a potential common mediator. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2022; 90:107057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.107057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Autoregulation of Pax6 in neuronal cells is mediated by Pax6(5a), Pax6(ΔPD), SPARC, and p53. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:3271-3279. [PMID: 35103896 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07164-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pax6, a multifunctional protein and a transcriptional regulator is critical for optimal functioning of neuronal cells. It is known that alternatively spliced Pax6 isoforms and co-expressed interacting proteins mediate cell/tissue specific autoregulation of Pax6, however, underlying mechanism(s) are poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS We used Neuro-2a cells to explore the mechanism of autoregulation of Pax6 in neuronal cells whereas NIH/3T3 cells were used as control. We first studied the transcript expression of the three Pax6 isoforms: Pax6, Pax6(5a), and Pax6(ΔPD); and the two co-expressed Pax6-interacting partners: SPARC and p53 in normal and overexpressed conditions, through the semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Further, we used the luciferase reporter assay to study the binding and transactivation of the three Pax6 isoforms: Pax6, Pax6(5a), and Pax6(ΔPD) to their respective promoters: P0, P1, and Pα; followed by that of the two co-expressed Pax6-interacting partners: SPARC and p53 to the Pax6-P1 promoter. Expression and distribution of Pax6, Pax6(5a) and Pax6(ΔPD), their binding to Pax6-promoters (P0, P1, and Pα) and transactivation were modulated in transfected Neuro-2a cells. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that autoregulation of Pax6 in neuronal cells is driven by a promoter dependent mechanism which is mediated by spliced variants [Pax6(5a) and Pax6(ΔPD)] and interacting proteins (SPARC and p53) of Pax6.
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Filla MS, Meyer KK, Faralli JA, Peters DM. Overexpression and Activation of αvβ3 Integrin Differentially Affects TGFβ2 Signaling in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081923. [PMID: 34440692 PMCID: PMC8394542 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies from our laboratory have suggested that activation of αvβ3 integrin-mediated signaling could contribute to the fibrotic-like changes observed in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and glucocorticoid-induced glaucoma. To determine how αvβ3 integrin signaling could be involved in this process, RNA-Seq analysis was used to analyze the transcriptomes of immortalized trabecular meshwork (TM) cell lines overexpressing either a control vector or a wild type (WT) or a constitutively active (CA) αvβ3 integrin. Compared to control cells, hierarchical clustering, PANTHER pathway and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of cells overexpressing WT-αvβ3 integrin or CA-αvβ3 integrin resulted in a significant differential expression of genes encoding for transcription factors, adhesion and cytoskeleton proteins, extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, cytokines and GTPases. Cells overexpressing a CA-αvβ3 integrin also demonstrated an enrichment for genes encoding proteins found in TGFβ2, Wnt and cadherin signaling pathways all of which have been implicated in POAG pathogenesis. These changes were not observed in cells overexpressing WT-αvβ3 integrin. Our results suggest that activation of αvβ3 integrin signaling in TM cells could have significant impacts on TM function and POAG pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Filla
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.S.F.); (K.K.M.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Kristy K. Meyer
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.S.F.); (K.K.M.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Jennifer A. Faralli
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.S.F.); (K.K.M.); (J.A.F.)
| | - Donna M. Peters
- Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; (M.S.F.); (K.K.M.); (J.A.F.)
- Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-608-262-4626
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Motizuki M, Koinuma D, Yokoyama T, Itoh Y, Omata C, Miyazono K, Saitoh M, Miyazawa K. TGF-β-induced cell motility requires downregulation of ARHGAPs to sustain Rac1 activity. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100545. [PMID: 33741342 PMCID: PMC8079281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling promotes cancer progression. In particular, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by TGF-β is considered crucial to the malignant phenotype of cancer cells. Here, we report that the EMT-associated cellular responses induced by TGF-β are mediated by distinct signaling pathways that diverge at Smad3. By expressing chimeric Smad1/Smad3 proteins in SMAD3 knockout A549 cells, we found that the β4 region in the Smad3 MH1 domain is essential for TGF-β-induced cell motility, but is not essential for other EMT-associated responses including epithelial marker downregulation. TGF-β was previously reported to enhance cell motility by activating Rac1 via phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Intriguingly, TGF-β-dependent signaling mediated by Smad3's β4 region causes the downregulation of multiple mRNAs that encode GTPase activating proteins that target Rac1 (ARHGAPs), thereby attenuating Rac1 inactivation. Therefore, two independent pathways downstream of TGF-β type I receptor contribute cooperatively to sustained Rac1 activation, thereby leading to enhanced cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuyoshi Motizuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Daizo Koinuma
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yuka Itoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Chiho Omata
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kohei Miyazono
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Saitoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan; Center for Medical Education and Science, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Keiji Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
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Grocott T, Lozano-Velasco E, Mok GF, Münsterberg AE. The Pax6 master control gene initiates spontaneous retinal development via a self-organising Turing network. Development 2020; 147:dev185827. [PMID: 33214222 PMCID: PMC7774904 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how complex organ systems are assembled from simple embryonic tissues is a major challenge. Across the animal kingdom a great diversity of visual organs are initiated by a 'master control gene' called Pax6, which is both necessary and sufficient for eye development. Yet precisely how Pax6 achieves this deeply homologous function is poorly understood. Using the chick as a model organism, we show that vertebrate Pax6 interacts with a pair of morphogen-coding genes, Tgfb2 and Fst, to form a putative Turing network, which we have computationally modelled. Computer simulations suggest that this gene network is sufficient to spontaneously polarise the developing retina, establishing the first organisational axis of the eye and prefiguring its further development. Our findings reveal how retinal self-organisation may be initiated independently of the highly ordered tissue interactions that help to assemble the eye in vivo These results help to explain how stem cell aggregates spontaneously self-organise into functional eye-cups in vitro We anticipate these findings will help to underpin retinal organoid technology, which holds much promise as a platform for disease modelling, drug development and regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Grocott
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Wormstone IM, Wormstone YM, Smith AJO, Eldred JA. Posterior capsule opacification: What's in the bag? Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 82:100905. [PMID: 32977000 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cataract, a clouding of the lens, is the most common cause of blindness in the world. It has a marked impact on the wellbeing and productivity of individuals and has a major economic impact on healthcare providers. The only means of treating cataract is by surgical intervention. A modern cataract operation generates a capsular bag, which comprises a proportion of the anterior capsule and the entire posterior capsule. The bag remains in situ, partitions the aqueous and vitreous humours, and in the majority of cases, houses an intraocular lens (IOL). The production of a capsular bag following surgery permits a free passage of light along the visual axis through the transparent intraocular lens and thin acellular posterior capsule. Lens epithelial cells, however, remain attached to the anterior capsule, and in response to surgical trauma initiate a wound-healing response that ultimately leads to light scatter and a reduction in visual quality known as posterior capsule opacification (PCO). There are two commonly-described forms of PCO: fibrotic and regenerative. Fibrotic PCO follows classically defined fibrotic processes, namely hyperproliferation, matrix contraction, matrix deposition and epithelial cell trans-differentiation to a myofibroblast phenotype. Regenerative PCO is defined by lens fibre cell differentiation events that give rise to Soemmerring's ring and Elschnig's pearls and becomes evident at a later stage than the fibrotic form. Both fibrotic and regenerative forms of PCO contribute to a reduction in visual quality in patients. This review will highlight the wealth of tools available for PCO research, provide insight into our current knowledge of PCO and discuss putative management of PCO from IOL design to pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Wormstone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
| | - Y M Wormstone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - A J O Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - J A Eldred
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Abstract
Mutations in human PAX6 gene are associated with various congenital eye malformations including aniridia, foveal hypoplasia, and congenital nystagmus. These various phenotypes may depend on the mutation spectrums that can affect DNA-binding affinity, although this hypothesis is debatable. We screened PAX6 mutations in two unrelated patients with congenital nystagmus, and measured DNA-binding affinity through isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). To elucidate phenotypic differences according to DNA-binding affinity, we also compared DNA-binding affinity among the previously reported PAX6 missense mutations within the linker region between two subdomains of the paired domain (PD). We identified two novel mutations of PAX6 gene: c.214 G > T (p.Gly72Cys) and c.249_250delinsCGC (p.Val84Alafs*8). Both were located within the linker region between the two subdomains of the PD. ITC measurement revealed that the mutation p.Val84Alafs*8 had no DNA-binding affinity, while the p.Gly72Cys mutation showed a decreased binding affinity (Kd = 0.58 μM) by approximately 1.4 times compared to the wild type-PAX6 (Kd = 0.41 μM). We also found that there was no close relationship between DNA-binding affinity and phenotypic differences. Our results suggest that the DNA-binding affinity alone might be insufficient to determine PAX6-related phenotypes, and that other modifier genes or environmental factors might affect phenotypes of the PAX6 gene.
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Fan Q, Gayen M, Singh N, Gao F, He W, Hu X, Tsai LH, Yan R. The intracellular domain of CX3CL1 regulates adult neurogenesis and Alzheimer's amyloid pathology. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1891-1903. [PMID: 31209068 PMCID: PMC6683996 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20182238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-anchored CX3CL1 is best known to exert its signaling function through binding its receptor CX3CR1. This study demonstrates a novel function that CX3CL1 exerts. CX3CL1 is sequentially cleaved by α-, β-, and γ-secretase, and the released CX3CL1 intracellular domain (CX3CL1-ICD) would translocate into the cell nucleus to alter gene expression due to this back-signaling function. Amyloid deposition and neuronal loss were significantly reduced when membrane-anchored CX3CL1 C-terminal fragment (CX3CL1-ct) was overexpressed in Alzheimer's 5xFAD mouse model. The reversal of neuronal loss in 5xFAD can be attributed to increased neurogenesis by CX3CL1-ICD, as revealed by morphological and unbiased RNA-sequencing analyses. Mechanistically, this CX3CL1 back-signal likely enhances developmental and adult neurogenesis through the TGFβ2/3-Smad2/3 pathway and other genes important for neurogenesis. Induction of CX3CL1 back-signaling may not only be a promising novel mechanism to replenish neuronal loss but also for reducing amyloid deposition for Alzheimer's treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Fan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
| | - Manoshi Gayen
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Neeraj Singh
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Fan Gao
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Wanxia He
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Xiangyou Hu
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT
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Qian Z, Zhang Q, Hu Y, Zhang T, Li J, Liu Z, Zheng H, Gao Y, Jia W, Hu A, Li B, Hao J. Investigating the mechanism by which SMAD3 induces PAX6 transcription to promote the development of non-small cell lung cancer. Respir Res 2018; 19:262. [PMID: 30594196 PMCID: PMC6311080 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0948-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the function of SMAD3 (SMAD family member 3) in regulating PAX6 (paired box 6) in non-small cell lung cancer. Methods First, qRT-PCR was employed to detect SMAD3 expression in cancer tissues along with normal tissues and four cell lines, including BEAS-2B, H125, HCC827 and A549 cells. SMAD3 was knocked down by small interference RNA (siRNA), and then its expression was determined via qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. The correlation between SMAD3 and PAX6 was determined by double luciferase reporter experiments and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Cell viability was evaluated by CCK-8 and colony forming assays, while cell migration and invasion were detected by Transwell analysis. Results SMAD3 and PAX6 were upregulated in lung cancer tissues and cancer cells. Knocking down SMAD3 and PAX6 by transfection with siRNAs specifically suppressed the expression of SMAD3 and PAX6 mRNA and protein levels. SMAD3 could promote PAX6 transcriptional activity by binding to its promoter. Reduced expression of SMAD3 led to the downregulation of PAX6 mRNA and protein levels along with decreased cell migration, invasion, proliferation and viability in A549 and HCC827 cells. PAX6 overexpression altered the si-SMAD3-induced inhibition of cell migration, invasion, proliferation and viability in A549 and HCC827 cells. Additionally, PAX6 knockdown alone also repressed the cell migration, invasion, proliferation and viability of the cell lines. Conclusions SMAD3 promotes the progression of non-small cell lung cancer by upregulating PAX6 expression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-018-0948-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Qian
- Department of General Medicine, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University & Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, No.9 Yard, Beiguan Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Qiankun Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of General Medicine, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University & Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, No.9 Yard, Beiguan Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Tongmei Zhang
- Department of General Medicine, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University & Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, No.9 Yard, Beiguan Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of General Medicine, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University & Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, No.9 Yard, Beiguan Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Zan Liu
- Department of General Medicine, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University & Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, No.9 Yard, Beiguan Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Hua Zheng
- Department of General Medicine, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University & Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, No.9 Yard, Beiguan Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of General Medicine, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University & Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, No.9 Yard, Beiguan Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Wenyun Jia
- Department of General Medicine, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University & Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, No.9 Yard, Beiguan Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Aimin Hu
- Department of General Medicine, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University & Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, No.9 Yard, Beiguan Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China
| | - Baolan Li
- Department of General Medicine, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University & Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, No.9 Yard, Beiguan Street, Tongzhou District, Beijing, 101149, China.
| | - Jiqing Hao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230022, Anhui, China.
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Kaur G, Li CG, Chantry A, Stayner C, Horsfield J, Eccles MR. SMAD proteins directly suppress PAX2 transcription downstream of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) signalling in renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:26852-26867. [PMID: 29928489 PMCID: PMC6003550 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical TGF-β1 signalling promotes tumor progression by facilitating invasion and metastasis, whereby release of TGF-β1, by (for example) infiltrating immune cells, induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). PAX2, a member of the Paired box family of transcriptional regulators, is normally expressed during embryonic development, including in the kidney, where it promotes mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET). PAX2 expression is silenced in many normal adult tissues. However, in contrast, PAX2 is expressed in several cancer types, including kidney, prostate, breast, and ovarian cancer. While multiple studies have implicated TGF-β superfamily members in modulating expression of Pax genes during embryonic development, few have investigated direct regulation of Pax gene expression by TGF-β1. Here we have investigated direct regulation of PAX2 expression by TGF-β1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CC-RCC) cell lines. Treatment of PAX2-expressing 786-O and A498 CC-RCC cell lines with TGF-β1 resulted in inhibition of endogenous PAX2 mRNA and protein expression, as well as expression from transiently transfected PAX2 promoter constructs; this inhibition was abolished in the presence of expression of the inhibitory SMAD, SMAD7. Using ChIP-PCR we showed TGF-β1 treatment induced SMAD3 protein phosphorylation in 786-O cells, and direct SMAD3 binding to the human PAX2 promoter, which was inhibited by SMAD7 over-expression. Overall, these data suggest that canonical TGF-β signalling suppresses PAX2 transcription in CC-RCC cells due to the direct binding of SMAD proteins to the PAX2 promoter. These studies improve our understanding of tumor progression and epithelial to mesenchyme transition (EMT) in CC-RCC and in other PAX2-expressing cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Kaur
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Caiyun Grace Li
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Chantry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Cherie Stayner
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Julia Horsfield
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael R. Eccles
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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13
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Abstract
Paired box protein 6 (PAX6) is a master regulator of the eye development. Over the last past two decades, our understanding of eye development, especially the molecular function of PAX6, has focused on transcriptional control of the Pax6 expression. However, other regulatory mechanisms for gene expression, including alternative splicing (AS), have been understudied in the eye development. Recent findings suggest that two PAX6 isoforms generated by AS of Pax6 pre-mRNA may play previously underappreciated role(s) during eye development, especially, the corneal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Woo Park
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau , Macau, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau , Macau, China
| | - Ren-He Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau , Macau, China
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14
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Cvekl A, Zhang X. Signaling and Gene Regulatory Networks in Mammalian Lens Development. Trends Genet 2017; 33:677-702. [PMID: 28867048 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ocular lens development represents an advantageous system in which to study regulatory mechanisms governing cell fate decisions, extracellular signaling, cell and tissue organization, and the underlying gene regulatory networks. Spatiotemporally regulated domains of BMP, FGF, and other signaling molecules in late gastrula-early neurula stage embryos generate the border region between the neural plate and non-neural ectoderm from which multiple cell types, including lens progenitor cells, emerge and undergo initial tissue formation. Extracellular signaling and DNA-binding transcription factors govern lens and optic cup morphogenesis. Pax6, c-Maf, Hsf4, Prox1, Sox1, and a few additional factors regulate the expression of the lens structural proteins, the crystallins. Extensive crosstalk between a diverse array of signaling pathways controls the complexity and order of lens morphogenetic processes and lens transparency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Cvekl
- Departments of Genetics and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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15
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Wang D, Wang E, Liu K, Xia CH, Li S, Gong X. Roles of TGFβ and FGF signals during growth and differentiation of mouse lens epithelial cell in vitro. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7274. [PMID: 28779082 PMCID: PMC5544739 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07619-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling pathways play important roles in the proliferation and differentiation of lens epithelial cells (LECs) during development. Low dosage bFGF promotes cell proliferation while high dosage induces differentiation. TGFβ signaling regulates LEC proliferation and differentiation as well, but also promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transitions that lead to cataracts. Thus far, it has been difficult to recapitulate the features of germinative LECs in vitro. Here, we have established a LEC culture protocol that uses SB431542 (SB) compound to inhibit TGFβ/Smad activation, and found that SB treatment promoted mouse LEC proliferation, maintained LECs’ morphology and distinct markers including N-cadherin, c-Maf, Prox1, and αA-, αB-, and β-crystallins. In contrast, low-dosage bFGF was unable to sustain those markers and, combined with SB, altered LECs’ morphology and β-crystallin expression. We further found that Matrigel substrate coatings greatly increased cell proliferation and uniquely affected β-crystallin expression. Cultured LECs retained the ability to differentiate into γ-crystallin-positive lentoids by high-dosage bFGF treatment. Thus, a suppression of TGFβ/Smad signaling in vitro is critical to maintaining characteristic features of mouse LECs, especially expression of the key transcription factors c-Maf and Prox1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, California, 94720, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Eddie Wang
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Kelsey Liu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Chun-Hong Xia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Xiaohua Gong
- School of Optometry and Vision Science Program, University of California Berkeley, California, 94720, USA.
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16
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Austdal LPE, Bjørnstad S, Mathisen GH, Aden PK, Mikkola I, Paulsen RE, Rakkestad KE. Glucocorticoid Effects on Cerebellar Development in a Chicken Embryo Model: Exploring Changes in PAX6 and Metalloproteinase-9 After Exposure to Dexamethasone. J Neuroendocrinol 2016; 28. [PMID: 27791298 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The developing cerebellum is vulnerable to effects of glucocorticoids and cerebellar dysfunction is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g. autism). Transcription factor PAX6 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) are critical for normal cerebellar development and are highly expressed in migrating neurones. Alterations in MMP-9 and PAX6 are associated with altered cerebellar development. In the present study, we characterised the growth rate and development of the cortical layers, and further investigated how the levels of PAX6 and MMP-9, as well as glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), change in the cerebellum during the foetal period [embryonic day (E)12-21] in chicken, which corresponds to the human perinatal period. Dexamethasone (DEX) was administered in ovo at E13 and E16, aiming to investigate how prenatal exposure to glucocorticoids interferes with normal development. DEX reduced foetal and cerebellar weight at E17 in a dose-dependent manner linked to a reduced level of PCNA and, over time, down-regulation of GR. We report that promoter activity of PAX6 and MMP-9 increased as a result of GR-stimulation in vitro. Prenatal DEX increased the protein level of PAX6 in a transient manner. PAX6 is reduced in mature granule neurones, and this occurred earlier in embryos exposed to DEX than in non-exposed controls. DEX exposure also led to a slow-onset down-regulation of MMP-9. Taken together, these findings indicate that excess prenatal glucocorticoid stimulation disturbs normal development of the cerebellum through mechanisms associated with reduced proliferation and accelerated maturation where PAX6 and MMP-9 play important roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P E Austdal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - S Bjørnstad
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - G H Mathisen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - P K Aden
- Department of Neurosciences for Children, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - I Mikkola
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - R E Paulsen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - K E Rakkestad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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17
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Kayastha F, Johar K, Gajjar D, Arora A, Madhu H, Ganatra D, Vasavada A. Andrographolide suppresses epithelial mesenchymal transition by inhibition of MAPK signalling pathway in lens epithelial cells. J Biosci 2016; 40:313-24. [PMID: 25963259 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-015-9513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs) may contribute to the development of posterior capsular opacification (PCO), which leads to visual impairment. Andrographolide has been shown to have therapeutic potential against various cancers. However, its effect on human LECs is still unknown. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of andrographolide on EMT induced by growth factors in the fetal human lens epithelial cell line (FHL 124). Initially the LECs were treated with growth factors (TGF-beta 2 and bFGF) to induce EMT. Subsequently these EMT-induced cells were treated with andrographolide at 100 and 500 nM concentrations for 24 h. Our results showed that FHL 124 cells treated with growth factors had a significant decrease in protein and m-RNA levels of epithelial markers pax6 and E-Cadherin. After administering andrographolide, these levels significantly increased. It was noticed that EMT markers alpha-SMA, fibronectin and collagen IV significantly decreased after treatment with andrographolide when compared to the other group. Treatment with andrographolide significantly inhibited phosphorylation of ERK and JNK. Cell cycle analysis showed that andrographolide did not arrest cells at G0/G1 or G2/M at tested concentrations. Our findings suggest that andrographolide helps sustain epithelial characteristics by modulating EMT markers and inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway in LECs. Hence it can prove to be useful in curbing EMT-mediated PCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forum Kayastha
- Iladevi Cataract and IOL Research Centre, Gurukul road, Memnagar, Ahmedabad 380 052, India
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18
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Cvekl A, Callaerts P. PAX6: 25th anniversary and more to learn. Exp Eye Res 2016; 156:10-21. [PMID: 27126352 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The DNA-binding transcription factor PAX6 was cloned 25 years ago by multiple teams pursuing identification of human and mouse eye disease causing genes, cloning vertebrate homologues of pattern-forming regulatory genes identified in Drosophila, or abundant eye-specific transcripts. Since its discovery in 1991, genetic, cellular, molecular and evolutionary studies on Pax6 mushroomed in the mid 1990s leading to the transformative thinking regarding the genetic program orchestrating both early and late stages of eye morphogenesis as well as the origin and evolution of diverse visual systems. Since Pax6 is also expressed outside of the eye, namely in the central nervous system and pancreas, a number of important insights into the development and function of these organs have been amassed. In most recent years, genome-wide technologies utilizing massively parallel DNA sequencing have begun to provide unbiased insights into the regulatory hierarchies of specification, determination and differentiation of ocular cells and neurogenesis in general. This review is focused on major advancements in studies on mammalian eye development driven by studies of Pax6 genes in model organisms and future challenges to harness the technology-driven opportunities to reconstruct, step-by-step, the transition from naïve ectoderm, neuroepithelium and periocular mesenchyme/neural crest cells into the three-dimensional architecture of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Cvekl
- The Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA; The Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Patrick Callaerts
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Developmental Genetics, K.U. Leuven, VIB, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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19
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Genotype-phenotype correlation of PAX6 gene mutations in aniridia. Hum Genome Var 2016; 3:15052. [PMID: 27081561 PMCID: PMC4760117 DOI: 10.1038/hgv.2015.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the genotype-phenotype correlation of the PAX6 gene in aniridia. We clinically examined 5 families and 16 sporadic patients with aniridia. We performed chromosomal analysis and PCR analysis of the PAX6 gene using patient genomic DNA. Chromosomal analysis demonstrated deletions at 11p13 in one allele in four sporadic patients. Seven nonsense mutations, two frameshifts (two insertions), four splice junction errors and two missense mutations were found, and all were heterozygous. The iris phenotype ranged from total to normal in each patient, and the characteristic phenotypes, including cataract, glaucoma or optic nerve hypoplasia, varied widely even among members of the same family. Foveal hypoplasia was detected in all patients except for one. No obvious genotype-phenotype correlation was identified; however, the aniridia phenotype between the two eyes in each patient was quite similar in all patients. Because PAX6 regulates numerous downstream genes and its expression is regulated by several factors during eye development, the aniridia phenotype may be complex even in family members. However, because PAX6 regulation, resulting from both paternal and maternal alleles associated with PAX6, is considered to be roughly similar in both eyes of each patient, the aniridia phenotype may be similar in both eyes of each patient.
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20
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Berndt AJE, Tang JCY, Ridyard MS, Lian T, Keatings K, Allan DW. Gene Regulatory Mechanisms Underlying the Spatial and Temporal Regulation of Target-Dependent Gene Expression in Drosophila Neurons. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005754. [PMID: 26713626 PMCID: PMC4694770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal differentiation often requires target-derived signals from the cells they innervate. These signals typically activate neural subtype-specific genes, but the gene regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. Highly restricted expression of the FMRFa neuropeptide in Drosophila Tv4 neurons requires target-derived BMP signaling and a transcription factor code that includes Apterous. Using integrase transgenesis of enhancer reporters, we functionally dissected the Tv4-enhancer of FMRFa within its native cellular context. We identified two essential but discrete cis-elements, a BMP-response element (BMP-RE) that binds BMP-activated pMad, and a homeodomain-response element (HD-RE) that binds Apterous. These cis-elements have low activity and must be combined for Tv4-enhancer activity. Such combinatorial activity is often a mechanism for restricting expression to the intersection of cis-element spatiotemporal activities. However, concatemers of the HD-RE and BMP-RE cis-elements were found to independently generate the same spatiotemporal expression as the Tv4-enhancer. Thus, the Tv4-enhancer atypically combines two low-activity cis-elements that confer the same output from distinct inputs. The activation of target-dependent genes is assumed to 'wait' for target contact. We tested this directly, and unexpectedly found that premature BMP activity could not induce early FMRFa expression; also, we show that the BMP-insensitive HD-RE cis-element is activated at the time of target contact. This led us to uncover a role for the nuclear receptor, seven up (svp), as a repressor of FMRFa induction prior to target contact. Svp is normally downregulated immediately prior to target contact, and we found that maintaining Svp expression prevents cis-element activation, whereas reducing svp gene dosage prematurely activates cis-element activity. We conclude that the target-dependent FMRFa gene is repressed prior to target contact, and that target-derived BMP signaling directly activates FMRFa gene expression through an atypical gene regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. E. Berndt
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan C. Y. Tang
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States America
| | - Marc S. Ridyard
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tianshun Lian
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kathleen Keatings
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Douglas W. Allan
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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21
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Lens Development and Crystallin Gene Expression. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 134:129-67. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Transforming growth factor-β1 signaling represses testicular steroidogenesis through cross-talk with orphan nuclear receptor Nur77. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104812. [PMID: 25140527 PMCID: PMC4139307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor- β1 (TGF-β1) has been reported to inhibit luteinizing hormone (LH) mediated-steroidogenesis in testicular Leydig cells. However, the mechanism by which TGF-β1 controls the steroidogenesis in Leydig cells is not well understood. Here, we investigated the possibility that TGF-β1 represses steroidogenesis through cross-talk with the orphan nuclear receptor Nur77. Nur77, which is induced by LH/cAMP signaling, is one of major transcription factors that regulate the expression of steroidogenic genes in Leydig cells. TGF-β1 signaling inhibited cAMP-induced testosterone production and the expression of steroidogenic genes such as P450c17, StAR and 3β-HSD in mouse Leydig cells. Further, TGF-β1/ALK5 signaling repressed cAMP-induced and Nur77-activated promoter activity of steroidogenic genes. In addition, TGF-β1/ALK5-activated Smad3 repressed Nur77 transactivation of steroidogenic gene promoters by interfering with Nur77 binding to DNA. In primary Leydig cells isolated from Tgfbr2flox/flox Cyp17iCre mice, TGF-β1-mediated repression of cAMP-induced steroidogenic gene expression was significantly less than that in primary Leydig cells from Tgfbr2flox/flox mice. Taken together, these results suggest that TGF-β1/ALK5/Smad3 signaling represses the expression of steroidogenic genes via the suppression of Nur77 transactivation in testicular Leydig cells. These findings may provide a molecular mechanism involved in the TGF-β1-mediated repression of testicular steroidogenesis.
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23
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Liu J, Wang L, Su Z, Wu W, Cai X, Li D, Hou J, Pei D, Pan G. A reciprocal antagonism between miR‐376c and TGF‐β signaling regulates neural differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. FASEB J 2014; 28:4642-56. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-249342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Linli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Zhenghui Su
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiujuan Cai
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Di Li
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Jundi Hou
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Duanqing Pei
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Guangjin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSouth China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative MedicineGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and HealthChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
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Yamben IF, Rachel RA, Shatadal S, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Warming S, Griep AE. Scrib is required for epithelial cell identity and prevents epithelial to mesenchymal transition in the mouse. Dev Biol 2013; 384:41-52. [PMID: 24095903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The integrity and function of epithelial tissues depend on the establishment and maintenance of defining characteristics of epithelial cells, cell-cell adhesion and cell polarity. Disruption of these characteristics can lead to the loss of epithelial identity through a process called epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which can contribute to pathological conditions such as tissue fibrosis and invasive cancer. In invertebrates, the epithelial polarity gene scrib plays a critical role in establishing and maintaining cell adhesion and polarity. In this study we asked if the mouse homolog, Scrib, is required for establishment and/or maintenance of epithelial identity in vivo. To do so, we conditionally deleted Scrib in the head ectoderm tissue that gives rise to both the ocular lens and the corneal epithelium. Deletion of Scrib in the lens resulted in a change in epithelial cell shape from cuboidal to flattened and elongated. Early in the process, the cell adhesion protein, E-cadherin, and apical polarity protein, ZO-1, were downregulated and the myofibroblast protein, αSMA, was upregulated, suggesting EMT was occurring in the Scrib deficient lenses. Correlating temporally with the upregulation of αSMA, Smad3 and Smad4, TGFβ signaling intermediates, accumulated in the nucleus and Snail, a TGFβ target and transcriptional repressor of the gene encoding E-cadherin, was upregulated. Pax6, a lens epithelial transcription factor required to maintain lens epithelial cell identity also was downregulated. Loss of Scrib in the corneal epithelium also led to molecular changes consistent with EMT, suggesting that the effect of Scrib deficiency was not unique to the lens. Together, these data indicate that mammalian Scrib is required to maintain epithelial identity and that loss of Scrib can culminate in EMT, mediated, at least in part, through TGFβ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idella F Yamben
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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25
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Das F, Ghosh-Choudhury N, Bera A, Dey N, Abboud HE, Kasinath BS, Choudhury GG. Transforming growth factor β integrates Smad 3 to mechanistic target of rapamycin complexes to arrest deptor abundance for glomerular mesangial cell hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:7756-7768. [PMID: 23362262 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.455782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In many renal diseases, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-stimulated canonical Smad 3 and noncanonical mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) promote increased protein synthesis and mesangial cell hypertrophy. The cellular underpinnings involving these signaling molecules to regulate mesangial cell hypertrophy are not fully understood. Deptor has recently been identified as an mTOR interacting protein and functions as an endogenous inhibitor of the kinase activity for both TORC1 and TORC2. Prolonged incubation of mesangial cells with TGFβ reduced the levels of deptor concomitant with an increase in TORC1 and TORC2 activity. Sustained TGFβ activation was required to inhibit association of deptor with mTOR, whereas rapid activation had no effect. Using the mTOR inhibitor PP242, we found that TGFβ-induced both early and sustained activation of TORC1 and TORC2 was necessary for deptor suppression. PP242-induced reversal of deptor suppression by TGFβ was associated with a significant inhibition of TGFβ-stimulated protein synthesis and hypertrophy. Interestingly, expression of siRNA against Smad 3 or Smad 7, which blocks TGFβ receptor-specific Smad 3 signaling, prevented TGFβ-induced suppression of deptor abundance and TORC1/2 activities. Furthermore, overexpression of Smad 3 decreased deptor expression similar to TGFβ stimulation concomitant with increased TORC1 and TORC2 activities. Finally, knockdown of deptor reversed Smad 7-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis and mesangial cell hypertrophy induced by TGFβ. These data reveal the requirement of both early and late activation of mTOR for TGFβ-induced protein synthesis. Our results support that TGFβ-stimulated Smad 3 acts as a key node to instill a feedback loop between deptor down-regulation and TORC1/2 activation in driving mesangial cell hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falguni Das
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Nandini Ghosh-Choudhury
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Veterans Affairs Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Amit Bera
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Nirmalya Dey
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Hanna E Abboud
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Veterans Affairs Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Balakuntalam S Kasinath
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Veterans Affairs Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Goutam Ghosh Choudhury
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Veterans Affairs Research, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229.
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Shi F, Fan Y, Zhang L, Meng L, Zhi H, Hu H, Lin A. The expression of Pax6 variants is subject to posttranscriptional regulation in the developing mouse eyelid. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53919. [PMID: 23326536 PMCID: PMC3542254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pax6 is a pivotal transcription factor that plays a role during early eye morphogenesis, but its expression and function in eyelid development remain unknown. In this study, the expression patterns of Pax6 mRNA and protein were examined in the developing mouse eyelid at embryonic days 14.5, 15.5, and 16.5. The function of Pax6 in eyelid development was determined by comparing it to that in the eyes-open-at-birth mutant mouse. In the normally developing eyelid, Pax6 and Pax6(5a) mRNA levels were low at E14.5, increased at E15.5, and then declined at E16.5, accompanied by a change in the Pax6/Pax6(5a) ratio. Pax6 protein was mainly located in the mesenchyme and conjunctiva. It was expressed at low levels in the epidermis at E14.5, severely reduced at E15.5, but re-expressed in the keratinocyte cells of the periderm at E16.5. In contrast, Pax6 and the Pax6/Pax6(5a) ratio were considerably higher with strong nuclear expression in the mutant at E15.5. Next, we examined the relationship of Pax6 to epidermal cell proliferation, migration, and the associated signalling pathways. The Pax6 protein in the developing eyelid was negatively correlated with epidermal cell proliferation but not migration, and it is in contrast to the activation of the EGFR-ERK pathway. Our in vivo data suggest that Pax6 expression and the Pax6/Pax6(5a) ratio are at relatively low levels in the eyelid, and acting as a transcription factor, Pax6 is required for the initiation of eyelid formation and for differential development of the keratinised cells in the closed eyelid. The Pax6 protein is likely to be controlled by the EGFR-ERK pathways. An abnormal increase in Pax6 expression and the Pax6/Pax6(5a) ratio due to alteration of the pathway activity could suppress epidermal cell proliferation leading to the eyes-open-at-birth defect. This study offers insight into the function of the Pax6 protein in eyelid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yannan Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Laiguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huifang Zhi
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (AL); (HH)
| | - Aixin Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (AL); (HH)
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Hong S, Kim HY, Kim J, Ha HT, Kim YM, Bae E, Kim TH, Lee KC, Kim SJ. Smad7 protein induces interferon regulatory factor 1-dependent transcriptional activation of caspase 8 to restore tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3560-70. [PMID: 23255602 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.400408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Smad7 has been known as a negative regulator for the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway through feedback regulation. However, Smad7 has been suspected to have other biological roles through the regulation of gene transcription. By screening differentially regulated genes, we found that the caspase 8 gene was highly up-regulated in Smad7-expressing cells. Smad7 was able to activate the caspase 8 promoter through recruitment of the interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) transcription factor to the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) site. Interaction of Smad7 on the caspase 8 promoter was confirmed with electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiment. Interestingly, Smad7 did not directly interact with the ISRE site, but it increased the binding activity of IRF1 with ISRE. These results support that Smad7 recruits IRF1 protein on the caspase 8 promoter and functions as a transcriptional coactivator. To confirm the biological significance of caspase 8 up-regulation, we tested tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated cell death assay in breast cancer cells. Smad7 in apoptosis-resistant MCF7 cells markedly sensitized the cells to TRAIL-induced cell death by restoring the caspase cascade. Furthermore, restoration of caspase 8-mediated apoptosis pathway repressed the tumor growth in the xenograft model. In conclusion, we suggest a novel role for Smad7 as a transcriptional coactivator for caspase 8 through the interaction with IRF1 in regulation of the cell death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suntaek Hong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, 406-840, Republic of Korea.
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Shaham O, Menuchin Y, Farhy C, Ashery-Padan R. Pax6: a multi-level regulator of ocular development. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:351-76. [PMID: 22561546 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Eye development has been a paradigm for the study of organogenesis, from the demonstration of lens induction through epithelial tissue morphogenesis, to neuronal specification and differentiation. The transcription factor Pax6 has been shown to play a key role in each of these processes. Pax6 is required for initiation of developmental pathways, patterning of epithelial tissues, activation of tissue-specific genes and interaction with other regulatory pathways. Herein we examine the data accumulated over the last few decades from extensive analyses of biochemical modules and genetic manipulation of the Pax6 gene. Specifically, we describe the regulation of Pax6's expression pattern, the protein's DNA-binding properties, and its specific roles and mechanisms of action at all stages of lens and retinal development. Pax6 functions at multiple levels to integrate extracellular information and execute cell-intrinsic differentiation programs that culminate in the specification and differentiation of a distinct ocular lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Shaham
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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29
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Pax6 interacts with SPARC and TGF-β in murine eyes. Mol Vis 2012; 18:951-6. [PMID: 22539874 PMCID: PMC3335779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To understand the mechanism of the function of paired box 6 (Pax6), a master regulator of eye development and functions, Pax6-interacting proteins were studied. It is presumed that the interaction of Pax6 with proteins in terms of morphogenesis and the maintenance of the functional anatomy of the eyes cannot be ignored. The interaction of Pax6 with matricellular protein and transforming growth factors (TGFs) is explored and presented in this report. METHODS Co-localization was studied through fluorescence microscopy. The physical interaction of Pax6 interacting proteins was explored through co-immunoprecipitation assay of samples from murine eyes. RESULTS It was interesting to observe the co-localization and physical interaction of Pax6, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) in murine eyes. CONCLUSIONS The interaction of Pax6, TGF-β, and SPARC in murine eyes indicates that Pax6 function is regulated through TGF-β, and SPARC influences the shuttling of Pax6 via the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway.
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Grocott T, Johnson S, Bailey AP, Streit A. Neural crest cells organize the eye via TGF-β and canonical Wnt signalling. Nat Commun 2011; 2:265. [PMID: 21468017 PMCID: PMC3104559 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the lens and retina arise from different embryonic tissues raising the question of how they are aligned to form a functional eye. Neural crest cells are crucial for this process: in their absence, ectopic lenses develop far from the retina. Here we show, using the chick as a model system, that neural crest-derived transforming growth factor-βs activate both Smad3 and canonical Wnt signalling in the adjacent ectoderm to position the lens next to the retina. They do so by controlling Pax6 activity: although Smad3 may inhibit Pax6 protein function, its sustained downregulation requires transcriptional repression by Wnt-initiated β-catenin. We propose that the same neural crest-dependent signalling mechanism is used repeatedly to integrate different components of the eye and suggest a general role for the neural crest in coordinating central and peripheral parts of the sensory nervous system. In the developing eye, the lens and retina are derived from different embryonic tissues, and how these two structures develop next to each other is of interest. In this study, the authors show that transforming growth factor-β secreted by neural crest cells is critical for the positioning of the lens next to the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Grocott
- Department of Craniofacial Development, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 9RT, UK
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Podkolodnaya OA, Yarkova EE, Demenkov PS, Konovalova OS, Ivanisenko VA, Kolchanov NA. Application of the ANDCell computer system to reconstruction and analysis of associative networks describing potential relationships between myopia and glaucoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079059711010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Various types of neurons and glia are generated following a precise spatial and temporal order during neurogenesis. The mechanisms that control this sequential generation of neuronal and glial cell types from the same progenitor population are not well understood. Growth differentiation factor 11 (Gdf11) belongs to the TGF-β family of proteins and is expressed transiently in newly born neurons adjacent to the progenitor domain in the developing spinal cord. We examined the phenotypes of Gdf11(-/-) mouse embryos and found that without Gdf11, neuronal differentiation in the spinal cord progresses at a slower rate. Higher progenitor proliferation rate, along with a delay in gliogenesis, is also observed in Gdf11(-/-) spinal cord but only after the peak of Gdf11 expression, indicating that Gdf11 can cause long-lasting changes in progenitor properties. These changes can be preserved in vitro, as neurospheres derived from Gdf11(-/-) and wild-type littermates at a stage after, but not before the onset of Gdf11 expression, exhibit differences in proliferation and differentiation potential. Moreover, these changes in progenitor properties can be induced in vitro by the addition of Gdf11. We also demonstrate that the effects of Gdf11 on progenitor cells are associated with its ability to upregulate p57(Kip2) and p27(Kip1) while downregulating Pax6 expression. These results support a model in which Gdf11 secreted by newly born neurons in the developing spinal cord facilitates the temporal progression of neurogenesis by acting as a positive feedback signal on the progenitor cells to promote cell cycle exit and decrease proliferation ability, thus changing their differentiation potential.
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Tripathi R, Mishra R. Interaction of Pax6 with SPARC and p53 in Brain of Mice Indicates Smad3 Dependent Auto-regulation. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 41:397-403. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ng TK, Lam CY, Lam DSC, Chiang SWY, Tam POS, Wang DY, Fan BJ, Yam GHF, Fan DSP, Pang CP. AC and AG dinucleotide repeats in the PAX6 P1 promoter are associated with high myopia. Mol Vis 2009; 15:2239-48. [PMID: 19907666 PMCID: PMC2774452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The PAX6 gene, located at the reported myopia locus MYP7 on chromosome 11p13, was postulated to be associated with myopia development. This study investigated the association of PAX6 with high myopia in 379 high myopia patients and 349 controls. METHODS High myopia patients had refractive errors of -6.00 diopters or greater and axial length longer than 26 mm. Control subjects had refractive errors less than -1.00 diopter and axial length shorter than 24 mm. The P1 promoter, all coding sequences, and adjacent splice-site regions of the PAX6 gene were screened in all study subjects by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing. PAX6 P1 promoter-luciferase constructs with variable AC and AG repeat lengths were prepared and transfected into human ARPE-19 cells prior to assaying for their transcriptional activities. RESULTS No sequence alterations in the coding or splicing regions showed an association with high myopia. Two dinucleotide repeats, (AC)(m) and (AG)(n), in the P1 promoter region were found to be highly polymorphic and significantly associated with high myopia. Higher repeat numbers were observed in high myopia patients for both (AC)(m) (empirical p = 0.013) and (AG)(n) (empirical p = 0.012) dinucleotide polymorphisms, with a 1.327-fold increased risk associated with the (AG)(n) repeat (empirical p = 0.016; 95% confidence interval: 1.059-1.663). Luciferase-reporter analysis showed elevated transcription activity with increasing individual (AC)(m) and (AG)(n) and combined (AC)(m)(AG)(n) repeat lengths. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed an association between high myopia and AC and AG dinucleotide repeat lengths in the PAX6 P1 promoter, indicating the involvement of PAX6 in the pathogenesis of high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Kin Ng
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R
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Qin H, Chan MWY, Liyanarachchi S, Balch C, Potter D, Souriraj IJ, Cheng ASL, Agosto-Perez FJ, Nikonova EV, Yan PS, Lin HJ, Nephew KP, Saltz JH, Showe LC, Huang THM, Davuluri RV. An integrative ChIP-chip and gene expression profiling to model SMAD regulatory modules. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2009; 3:73. [PMID: 19615063 PMCID: PMC2724489 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-3-73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The TGF-β/SMAD pathway is part of a broader signaling network in which crosstalk between pathways occurs. While the molecular mechanisms of TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway have been studied in detail, the global networks downstream of SMAD remain largely unknown. The regulatory effect of SMAD complex likely depends on transcriptional modules, in which the SMAD binding elements and partner transcription factor binding sites (SMAD modules) are present in specific context. Results To address this question and develop a computational model for SMAD modules, we simultaneously performed chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by microarray analysis (ChIP-chip) and mRNA expression profiling to identify TGF-β/SMAD regulated and synchronously coexpressed gene sets in ovarian surface epithelium. Intersecting the ChIP-chip and gene expression data yielded 150 direct targets, of which 141 were grouped into 3 co-expressed gene sets (sustained up-regulated, transient up-regulated and down-regulated), based on their temporal changes in expression after TGF-β activation. We developed a data-mining method driven by the Random Forest algorithm to model SMAD transcriptional modules in the target sequences. The predicted SMAD modules contain SMAD binding element and up to 2 of 7 other transcription factor binding sites (E2F, P53, LEF1, ELK1, COUPTF, PAX4 and DR1). Conclusion Together, the computational results further the understanding of the interactions between SMAD and other transcription factors at specific target promoters, and provide the basis for more targeted experimental verification of the co-regulatory modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxia Qin
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Wolf LV, Yang Y, Wang J, Xie Q, Braunger B, Tamm ER, Zavadil J, Cvekl A. Identification of pax6-dependent gene regulatory networks in the mouse lens. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4159. [PMID: 19132093 PMCID: PMC2612750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lineage-specific DNA-binding transcription factors regulate development by activating and repressing particular set of genes required for the acquisition of a specific cell type. Pax6 is a paired domain and homeodomain-containing transcription factor essential for development of central nervous, olfactory and visual systems, as well as endocrine pancreas. Haploinsufficiency of Pax6 results in perturbed lens development and homeostasis. Loss-of-function of Pax6 is incompatible with lens lineage formation and results in abnormal telencephalic development. Using DNA microarrays, we have identified 559 genes expressed differentially between 1-day old mouse Pax6 heterozygous and wild type lenses. Of these, 178 (31.8%) were similarly increased and decreased in Pax6 homozygous embryonic telencephalon [Holm PC, Mader MT, Haubst N, Wizenmann A, Sigvardsson M, Götz M (2007) Loss- and gain-of-function analyses reveals targets of Pax6 in the developing mouse telencephalon. Mol Cell Neurosci 34: 99–119]. In contrast, 381 (68.2%) genes were differently regulated between the lens and embryonic telencephalon. Differential expression of nine genes implicated in lens development and homeostasis: Cspg2, Igfbp5, Mab21l2, Nrf2f, Olfm3, Spag5, Spock1, Spon1 and Tgfb2, was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR, with five of these genes: Cspg2, Mab21l2, Olfm3, Spag5 and Tgfb2, identified as candidate direct Pax6 target genes by quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation (qChIP). In Mab21l2 and Tgfb2 promoter regions, twelve putative individual Pax6-binding sites were tested by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) with recombinant Pax6 proteins. This led to the identification of two and three sites in the respective Mab21l2 and Tgfb2 promoter regions identified by qChIPs. Collectively, the present studies represent an integrative genome-wide approach to identify downstream networks controlled by Pax6 that control mouse lens and forebrain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise V. Wolf
- The Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ying Yang
- The Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jinhua Wang
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Qing Xie
- The Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Barbara Braunger
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ernst R. Tamm
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jiri Zavadil
- NYU Cancer Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ales Cvekl
- The Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Frost V, Grocott T, Eccles MR, Chantry A. Self-RegulatedPaxGene Expression and Modulation by the TGFβ Superfamily. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 43:371-91. [DOI: 10.1080/10409230802486208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Osumi N, Shinohara H, Numayama-Tsuruta K, Maekawa M. Concise review: Pax6 transcription factor contributes to both embryonic and adult neurogenesis as a multifunctional regulator. Stem Cells 2008; 26:1663-72. [PMID: 18467663 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pax6 is a highly conserved transcription factor among vertebrates and is important in various developmental processes in the central nervous system (CNS), including patterning of the neural tube, migration of neurons, and formation of neural circuits. In this review, we focus on the role of Pax6 in embryonic and postnatal neurogenesis, namely, production of new neurons from neural stem/progenitor cells, because Pax6 is intensely expressed in these cells from the initial stage of CNS development and in neurogenic niches (the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle) throughout life. Pax6 is a multifunctional player regulating proliferation and differentiation through the control of expression of different downstream molecules in a highly context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Osumi
- Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Center for Translational and Advanced Animal Research, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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Gargioli C, Giambra V, Santoni S, Bernardini S, Frezza D, Filoni S, Cannata SM. The lens-regenerating competence in the outer cornea and epidermis of larval Xenopus laevis is related to pax6 expression. J Anat 2008; 212:612-20. [PMID: 18430088 PMCID: PMC2409091 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
After lentectomy, larval Xenopus laevis can regenerate a new lens by transdifferentiation of the outer cornea and pericorneal epidermis (lentogenic area). This process is promoted by retinal factor(s) accumulated into the vitreous chamber. To understand the molecular basis of the lens-regenerating competence (i.e. the capacity to respond to the retinal factor forming a new lens) in the outer cornea and epidermis, we analysed the expression of otx2, pax6, sox3, pitx3, prox1, betaB1-cry (genes all involved in lens development) by Real-time RT-PCR in the cornea and epidermis fragments dissected from donor larvae. The same fragments were also implanted into the vitreous chamber of host larvae to ascertain their lens-regenerating competence using specific anti-lens antibodies. The results demonstrate that there is a tight correlation between lens-regenerating competence and pax6 expression. In fact, (1) pax6 is the only one of the aforesaid genes to be expressed in the lentogenic area; (2) pax6 expression is absent in head epidermis outside the lentogenic area and in flank epidermis, both incapable of transdifferentiating into lens after implantation into the vitreous chamber; (3) in larvae that have undergone eye transplantation under the head or flank epidermis, pax6 re-expression was observed only in the head epidermis covering the transplanted eye. This is consistent with the fact that only the head epidermis reacquires the lens-regenerating competence after eye transplantation, forming a lens following implantation into the vitreous chamber; and (4) in larvae that have undergone removal of the eye, the epidermis covering the orbit maintained pax6 expression. This is consistent with the fact that after the eye enucleation the lentogenic area maintains the lens-regenerating competence, giving rise to a lens after implantation into the vitreous chamber. Moreover, we observed that misexpression of pax6 is sufficient to promote the acquisition of the lens-regenerating competence in flank epidermis. In fact, flank epidermis fragments dissected from pax6 RNA injected embryos could form lenses when implanted into the vitreous chamber. The data indicate for the first time that pax6 is a pivotal factor of lens-regenerating competence in the outer cornea and epidermis of larval X. laevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Gargioli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, S. Raffaele Biomedical Park FoundationRome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Giambra
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Via della Ricerca ScientificaRome, Italy
| | - Sara Santoni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Via della Ricerca ScientificaRome, Italy
| | - Sergio Bernardini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Via della Ricerca ScientificaRome, Italy
| | - Domenico Frezza
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Via della Ricerca ScientificaRome, Italy
| | - Sergio Filoni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Via della Ricerca ScientificaRome, Italy
| | - Stefano M Cannata
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Via della Ricerca ScientificaRome, Italy
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Zelenka PS, Arpitha P. Coordinating cell proliferation and migration in the lens and cornea. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007; 19:113-24. [PMID: 18035561 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Migration is a complex process for epithelial tissues, because the epithelium must move as an intact sheet to preserve its barrier function. The requirement for structural integrity is met by coupling cell-to-matrix and cell-to-cell adhesion at the cellular level, and by coordinating cell proliferation and cell migration in the tissue as a whole. Proliferation is suppressed at the migrating cell front, allowing cells in this region to remain tightly packed while advancing rapidly. At the same time, proliferation is enhanced in a region behind the advancing cell front to expand the epithelial cell sheet. This review considers the extracellular signals and intracellular signaling pathways that regulate these processes in the lens and corneal epithelium, with emphasis on the commonalities that link these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Zelenka
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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