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Martinez-Heredia V, Blackwell D, Sebastian S, Pearson T, Mok GF, Mincarelli L, Utting C, Folkes L, Poeschl E, Macaulay I, Mayer U, Münsterberg A. Absence of the primary cilia formation gene Talpid3 impairs muscle stem cell function. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1121. [PMID: 37925530 PMCID: PMC10625638 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSC) are crucial for tissue homoeostasis and repair after injury. Following activation, they proliferate to generate differentiating myoblasts. A proportion of cells self-renew, re-enter the MuSC niche under the basal lamina outside the myofiber and become quiescent. Quiescent MuSC have a primary cilium, which is disassembled upon cell cycle entry. Ex vivo experiments suggest cilia are important for MuSC self-renewal, however, their requirement for muscle regeneration in vivo remains poorly understood. Talpid3 (TA3) is essential for primary cilia formation and Hedgehog (Hh) signalling. Here we use tamoxifen-inducible conditional deletion of TA3 in MuSC (iSC-KO) and show that regeneration is impaired in response to cytotoxic injury. Depletion of MuSC after regeneration suggests impaired self-renewal, also consistent with an exacerbated phenotype in TA3iSC-KO mice after repeat injury. Single cell transcriptomics of MuSC progeny isolated from myofibers identifies components of several signalling pathways, which are deregulated in absence of TA3, including Hh and Wnt. Pharmacological activation of Wnt restores muscle regeneration, while purmorphamine, an activator of the Smoothened (Smo) co-receptor in the Hh pathway, has no effect. Together, our data show that TA3 and primary cilia are important for MuSC self-renewal and pharmacological treatment can efficiently restore muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Martinez-Heredia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Barcelona Institute for Science & Technology, Center for Genome Regulation CRG, Dr Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Danielle Blackwell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute (ACHRI), University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sujith Sebastian
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Clinical Biotechnology Center, NHSBS, Bath, UK
| | - Timothy Pearson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Gi Fay Mok
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Laura Mincarelli
- The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Saffron Walden, CB10 1RQ, UK
| | | | - Leighton Folkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Ernst Poeschl
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Iain Macaulay
- The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Ulrike Mayer
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
| | - Andrea Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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2
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Ibarra-Soria X, Thierion E, Mok GF, Münsterberg AE, Odom DT, Marioni JC. A transcriptional and regulatory map of mouse somite maturation. Dev Cell 2023; 58:1983-1995.e7. [PMID: 37499658 PMCID: PMC10563765 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian body plan is shaped by rhythmic segmentation of mesoderm into somites, which are transient embryonic structures that form down each side of the neural tube. We have analyzed the genome-wide transcriptional and chromatin dynamics occurring within nascent somites, from early inception of somitogenesis to the latest stages of body plan establishment. We created matched gene expression and open chromatin maps for the three leading pairs of somites at six time points during mouse embryonic development. We show that the rate of somite differentiation accelerates as development progresses. We identified a conserved maturation program followed by all somites, but somites from more developed embryos concomitantly switch on differentiation programs from derivative cell lineages soon after segmentation. Integrated analysis of the somitic transcriptional and chromatin activities identified opposing regulatory modules controlling the onset of differentiation. Our results provide a powerful, high-resolution view of the molecular genetics underlying somitic development in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Ibarra-Soria
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK.
| | - Elodie Thierion
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Gi Fay Mok
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andrea E Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Duncan T Odom
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK; DKFZ, Division of Regulatory Genomics and Cancer Evolution B270, Im Neunheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
| | - John C Marioni
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK; European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.
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Grocott T, Lozano-Velasco E, Mok GF, Münsterberg AE. The Pax6 master control gene initiates spontaneous retinal development via a self-organising Turing network. Development 2020; 147:dev185827. [PMID: 33214222 PMCID: PMC7774904 DOI: 10.1242/dev.185827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how complex organ systems are assembled from simple embryonic tissues is a major challenge. Across the animal kingdom a great diversity of visual organs are initiated by a 'master control gene' called Pax6, which is both necessary and sufficient for eye development. Yet precisely how Pax6 achieves this deeply homologous function is poorly understood. Using the chick as a model organism, we show that vertebrate Pax6 interacts with a pair of morphogen-coding genes, Tgfb2 and Fst, to form a putative Turing network, which we have computationally modelled. Computer simulations suggest that this gene network is sufficient to spontaneously polarise the developing retina, establishing the first organisational axis of the eye and prefiguring its further development. Our findings reveal how retinal self-organisation may be initiated independently of the highly ordered tissue interactions that help to assemble the eye in vivo These results help to explain how stem cell aggregates spontaneously self-organise into functional eye-cups in vitro We anticipate these findings will help to underpin retinal organoid technology, which holds much promise as a platform for disease modelling, drug development and regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Grocott
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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McColl J, Mok GF, Lippert AH, Ponjavic A, Muresan L, Münsterberg A. 4D imaging reveals stage dependent random and directed cell motion during somite morphogenesis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12644. [PMID: 30139994 PMCID: PMC6107556 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Somites are paired embryonic segments that form in a regular sequence from unsegmented mesoderm during vertebrate development. Although transient structures they are of fundamental importance as they generate cell lineages of the musculoskeletal system in the trunk such as cartilage, tendon, bone, endothelial cells and skeletal muscle. Surprisingly, very little is known about cellular dynamics underlying the morphological transitions during somite differentiation. Here, we address this by examining cellular rearrangements and morphogenesis in differentiating somites using live multi-photon imaging of transgenic chick embryos, where all cells express a membrane-bound GFP. We specifically focussed on the dynamic cellular changes in two principle regions within the somite, the medial and lateral domains, to investigate extensive morphological transformations. Furthermore, by using quantitative analysis and cell tracking, we capture for the first time a directed movement of dermomyotomal progenitor cells towards the rostro-medial domain of the dermomyotome, where skeletal muscle formation initiates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James McColl
- 0000 0001 1092 7967grid.8273.eSchool of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK ,0000000121885934grid.5335.0Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
| | - Gi Fay Mok
- 0000 0001 1092 7967grid.8273.eSchool of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Anna H. Lippert
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
| | - Aleks Ponjavic
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
| | - Leila Muresan
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre (CAIC), Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3DY UK
| | - Andrea Münsterberg
- 0000 0001 1092 7967grid.8273.eSchool of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ UK
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Mok GF, Lozano-Velasco E, Maniou E, Viaut C, Moxon S, Wheeler G, Münsterberg A. miR-133-mediated regulation of the Hedgehog pathway orchestrates embryo myogenesis. Development 2018; 145:dev.159657. [PMID: 29802149 PMCID: PMC6031409 DOI: 10.1242/dev.159657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal myogenesis serves as a paradigm to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying exquisitely regulated cell fate decisions in developing embryos. The evolutionarily conserved miR-133 family of microRNAs is expressed in the myogenic lineage, but how it acts remains incompletely understood. Here, we performed genome-wide differential transcriptomics of miR-133 knockdown (KD) embryonic somites, the source of vertebrate skeletal muscle. These analyses, performed in chick embryos, revealed extensive downregulation of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway components: patched receptors, Hedgehog interacting protein and the transcriptional activator Gli1. By contrast, Gli3, a transcriptional repressor, was de-repressed and confirmed as a direct miR-133 target. Phenotypically, miR-133 KD impaired myotome formation and growth by disrupting proliferation, extracellular matrix deposition and epithelialization. Together, these observations suggest that miR-133-mediated Gli3 silencing is crucial for embryonic myogenesis. Consistent with this idea, we found that activation of Shh signalling by either purmorphamine, or KD of Gli3 by antisense morpholino, rescued the miR-133 KD phenotype. Thus, we identify a novel Shh/myogenic regulatory factor/miR-133/Gli3 axis that connects epithelial morphogenesis with myogenic fate specification. Summary: Here, using chick embryos, we showed that post-transcriptional silencing of the Gli3 repressor by miR-133 is required to stably establish the myogenic programme in early somites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Fay Mok
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Estefania Lozano-Velasco
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Eirini Maniou
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Camille Viaut
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Simon Moxon
- The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Grant Wheeler
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andrea Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Mok GF, Lozano-Velasco E, Münsterberg A. microRNAs in skeletal muscle development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 72:67-76. [PMID: 29102719 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental process during both embryo development and stem cell differentiation is the control of cell lineage determination. In developing skeletal muscle, many of the diffusible signaling molecules, transcription factors and more recently non-coding RNAs that contribute to this process have been identified. This has facilitated advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the control of cell fate choice. Here we will review the role of non-coding RNAs, in particular microRNAs (miRNAs), in embryonic muscle development and differentiation, and in satellite cells of adult muscle, which are essential for muscle growth and regeneration. Some of these short post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression are restricted to skeletal muscle, but their expression can also be more widespread. In addition, we discuss a few examples of long non-coding RNAs, which are numerous but much less well understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Fay Mok
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Estefania Lozano-Velasco
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andrea Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Mok GF, McColl J, Lippert A, Ponjavic A, Muresan L, Münsterberg A. 4D visualisation and analysis of somite morphogenesis in live embryos using multi-photon microscopy. Mech Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2017.04.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Mok GF, Mohammed RH, Sweetman D. Expression of myogenic regulatory factors in chicken embryos during somite and limb development. J Anat 2015; 227:352-60. [PMID: 26183709 PMCID: PMC4560569 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of the myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), Myf5, MyoD, myogenin (Mgn) and MRF4 have been analysed during the development of chicken embryo somites and limbs. In somites, Myf5 is expressed first in somites and paraxial mesoderm at HH stage 9 followed by MyoD at HH stage 12, and Mgn and MRF4 at HH stage 14. In older somites, Myf5 and MyoD are also expressed in the ventrally extending myotome prior to Mgn and MRF4 expression. In limb muscles a similar temporal sequence is observed with Myf5 expression detected first in forelimbs at HH stage 22, MyoD at HH stage 23, Mgn at HH stage 24 and MRF4 at HH stage 30. This report describes the precise time of onset of expression of each MRF in somites and limbs during chicken embryo development, and provides a detailed comparative timeline of MRF expression in different embryonic muscle groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Fay Mok
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
| | | | - Dylan Sweetman
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, UK
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Mok GF, Cardenas R, Anderton H, Campbell KHS, Sweetman D. Interactions between FGF18 and retinoic acid regulate differentiation of chick embryo limb myoblasts. Dev Biol 2014; 396:214-23. [PMID: 25446536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
During limb development Pax3 positive myoblasts delaminate from the hypaxial dermomyotome of limb level somites and migrate into the limb bud where they form the dorsal and ventral muscle masses. Only then do they begin to differentiate and express markers of myogenic commitment and determination such as Myf5 and MyoD. However the signals regulating this process remain poorly characterised. We show that FGF18, which is expressed in the distal mesenchyme of the limb bud, induces premature expression of both Myf5 and MyoD and that blocking FGF signalling also inhibits endogenous MyoD expression. This expression is mediated by ERK MAP kinase but not PI3K signalling. We also show that retinoic acid (RA) can inhibit the myogenic activity of FGF18 and that blocking RA signalling allows premature induction of MyoD by FGF18 at HH19. We propose a model where interactions between FGF18 in the distal limb and retinoic acid in the proximal limb regulate the timing of myogenic gene expression during limb bud development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Fay Mok
- Division of Animal Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ryan Cardenas
- Division of Animal Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Helen Anderton
- Division of Animal Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Keith H S Campbell
- Division of Animal Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Dylan Sweetman
- Division of Animal Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK.
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Goljanek-Whysall K, Mok GF, Fahad Alrefaei A, Kennerley N, Wheeler GN, Münsterberg A. myomiR-dependent switching of BAF60 variant incorporation into Brg1 chromatin remodeling complexes during embryo myogenesis. Development 2014; 141:3378-87. [PMID: 25078649 PMCID: PMC4199139 DOI: 10.1242/dev.108787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Myogenesis involves the stable commitment of progenitor cells followed by the execution of myogenic differentiation, processes that are coordinated by myogenic regulatory factors, microRNAs and BAF chromatin remodeling complexes. BAF60a, BAF60b and BAF60c are structural subunits of the BAF complex that bind to the core ATPase Brg1 to provide functional specificity. BAF60c is essential for myogenesis; however, the mechanisms regulating the subunit composition of BAF/Brg1 complexes, in particular the incorporation of different BAF60 variants, are not understood. Here we reveal their dynamic expression during embryo myogenesis and uncover the concerted negative regulation of BAF60a and BAF60b by the muscle-specific microRNAs (myomiRs) miR-133 and miR-1/206 during somite differentiation. MicroRNA inhibition in chick embryos leads to increased BAF60a or BAF60b levels, a concomitant switch in BAF/Brg1 subunit composition and delayed myogenesis. The phenotypes are mimicked by sustained BAF60a or BAF60b expression and are rescued by morpholino knockdown of BAF60a or BAF60b. This suggests that myomiRs contribute to select BAF60c for incorporation into the Brg1 complex by specifically targeting the alternative variants BAF60a and BAF60b during embryo myogenesis, and reveals that interactions between tissue-specific non-coding RNAs and chromatin remodeling factors confer robustness to mesodermal lineage determination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gi Fay Mok
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | | | - Niki Kennerley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Grant N Wheeler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Andrea Münsterberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Abstract
The development and differentiation of vertebrate skeletal muscle provide an important paradigm to understand the inductive signals and molecular events controlling differentiation of specific cell types. Recent findings show that a core transcriptional network, initiated by the myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs; MYF5, MYOD, myogenin and MRF4), is activated by separate populations of cells in embryos in response to various signalling pathways. This review will highlight how cells from multiple distinct starting points can converge on a common set of regulators to generate skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Fay Mok
- Division of Animal Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
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