1
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Oluwasanmi A, Lindsay S, Curtis A, Perrie Y, Hoskins C. Chain length impact on the retro Diels-Alder mediated release of gemcitabine from hybrid nanoparticles towards pancreatic cancer therapy. Int J Pharm 2023; 644:123304. [PMID: 37572860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Previously reported gold coated iron oxide nanoparticles (Au-IONP's) have demonstrated their effectiveness as drug delivery vehicles for gemcitabine conjugated to a thermally labile Diels-Alder linker containing a chain of 4 carbon atoms (TTLD4) for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Heat generated via laser irradiation of Au-IONPs facilitated retro Diels-Alder mediated release in a burst release profile where approximately half of all total release over 180 min occurred within the first 5 min. Two analogues of TTLD4, which differ only in linker chain length (TTLD3 & TTLD6) were synthesised and conjugated to Au-IONP's. Heat-mediated release of gemcitabine at 45 °C over 180 min from these formulations was confirmed to be based on linker length, which was 94%, 76% and 45% for TTLD3, TTLD4 and TTLD6, respectively. Drug loading of the Diels-Alder linkers in a 5:1 Drug/Au-IONP w/w ratio appears to favour those containing an even number of carbons TTLD4 (76%) & TTLD6 (57%) over TTLD3 (25%), possibly due to the linker likely being positioned perpendicular to the Au-IONP surface because of the 120 °C-C bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu Oluwasanmi
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Sarah Lindsay
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Anthony Curtis
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Clare Hoskins
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK.
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2
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Basran K, Bujalska A, Karimi A, Luedtke NW. Formal [4 + 2] Cycloadditions of Maleimides on Duplex DNA. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:977-982. [PMID: 37290129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Near-quantitative DNA bioconjugation and detailed mechanistic investigations of reactions involving 5-(vinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (VdU) and maleimides are reported. According to accelerated reaction rates in solvents with increasing polarity and trends in product stereochemistry, VdU-maleimide reactions proceed via a formal [4 + 2] stepwise cycloaddition. In contrast, 5-(1,3-butadienyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (BDdU) reacts with maleimides in a concerted [4 + 2] Diels-Alder cycloaddition. VdU-maleimide reactions enable high-yielding bioconjugation of duplex DNA in vitro (>90%) as well as metabolic labeling experiments in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleena Basran
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Anna Bujalska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ashkan Karimi
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Nathan W Luedtke
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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3
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Bujalska A, Basran K, Luedtke NW. [4+2] and [2+4] cycloaddition reactions on single- and double-stranded DNA: a dual-reactive nucleoside. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:698-701. [PMID: 35755194 PMCID: PMC9175100 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00062h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report dual reactivity of diene-modified duplex DNA containing 5-(1,3-butadienyl)-2'-deoxyuridine “BDdU”. Regular-electron demand [4+2] cycloaddition proceeded upon addition of a maleimide, whereas inversed-electron demand [2+4] cycloaddition occurred upon addition...
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bujalska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Kaleena Basran
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. West Montréal Québec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Nathan W Luedtke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke St. West Montréal Québec H3A 0B8 Canada
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4
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Gupta M, Singha M, Rasale DB, Zhou Z, Bhandari S, Beasley S, Sakr J, Parker SM, Spitale RC. Mutually Orthogonal Bioconjugation of Vinyl Nucleosides for RNA Metabolic Labeling. Org Lett 2021; 23:7183-7187. [PMID: 34496205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report a strategy for the orthogonal conjugation of the vinyl nucleosides, 5-vinyluridine (5-VU) and 2-vinyladenosine (2-VA), via selective reactivity with maleimide and tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), respectively. The orthogonality was investigated using density functional theory (DFT) and confirmed by reactions with vinyl nucleosides. Further, these chemistries were used to modify RNA for fluorescent cell imaging. These reactions allow for the expanded use of RNA metabolic labeling to study nascent RNA expression within different RNA populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrityunjay Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Monika Singha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Dnyaneshwar B Rasale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Zehao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Srijana Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Samantha Beasley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jasmine Sakr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Shane M Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Robert C Spitale
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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5
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Ravasco JMJM, Gomes RFA. Recent Advances on Diels-Alder-Driven Preparation of Bio-Based Aromatics. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3047-3053. [PMID: 34058082 PMCID: PMC8453924 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of high value-added chemicals from renewable resources is a crucial approach towards a sustainable economy. One prominent alternative to the production of petroleum-based chemicals from fossil resources is through the sequential Diels-Alder/aromatization reactions of biomass-derived furan platforms. This Concept is focused on the recent boom in bio-based furan DA strategies for aromatization of bio-based platform chemicals, particularly that of furfurals, ranging from indirect use and activation strategies to recent examples of direct DA reaction of these electron-withdrawing biomass-derived furans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao M. J. M. Ravasco
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LisbonAvenida Professor Gama Pinto1649-003LisbonPortugal
| | - Rafael F. A. Gomes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa)Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of LisbonAvenida Professor Gama Pinto1649-003LisbonPortugal
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6
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Oluwasanmi A, Hoskins C. Potential use of the Diels-Alder reaction in biomedical and nanomedicine applications. Int J Pharm 2021; 604:120727. [PMID: 34029667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Diels-Alder reaction and its retro breakdown has garnered increasing research focus due to several of its advantageous properties including, atomic conservation, reversibility, and substituent retention. This is especially true in biomedical application and nanomedicine development which display a preference for rapid, efficient, and clean "click" chemistry reactions allowing for delivery of active ingredients and subsequent release upon temperature elevation. There are multiple variations on the Diels-Alder reaction based around substitution position and materials being coupled which can affect the temperature threshold for and rate of the retro reaction reversal. Hence, the Diels-Alder reaction offers a simple coupling reaction for active ingredients with tailorable release. In this review the incorporation of the Diels-Alder chemistries and linkers within the biomedical and nanomedicine field will be discussed, as well as its use in future potential technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeolu Oluwasanmi
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK
| | - Clare Hoskins
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, UK.
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7
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Wang J, Shang J, Xiang Y, Tong A. General Method for Post-Synthetic Modification of Oligonucleotides Based on Oxidative Amination of 4-Thio-2'-deoxyuridine. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:721-728. [PMID: 33730486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized oligonucleotides (ONs) are widely applied as target binding molecules for biosensing and regulators for gene expression. Numerous efforts have been focused on developing facile methods for preparing these useful ONs carrying diverse modifications. Herein, we present a general method for postsynthetic modification of ONs via oxidative amination of 4-thio-2'-deoxyuridine (4SdU). 4SdU-containing ON can be derived by both alkyl and aromatic amines. Using this approach, ONs are successfully attached with alkyne/azide, biotin and dansylamide moieties, and these as-prepared ONs possess the expected biorthogonal reactivity, streptavidin affinity and fluorescent property, respectively. Furthermore, we also directly install fluorophores to the ON nucleobase based on oxidative amination of 4SdU, and these fluorophores exhibit distinct luminescence behaviors before and after conjugation. We believe our method will be a versatile strategy for constructing various functionalized ONs used in a wide range of nucleic acid applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiachen Shang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Aijun Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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8
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Patil NA. Conjugation Approaches for Peptide-Mediated Delivery of Oligonucleotides Therapeutics. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch21131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Krell K, Harijan D, Ganz D, Doll L, Wagenknecht HA. Postsynthetic Modifications of DNA and RNA by Means of Copper-Free Cycloadditions as Bioorthogonal Reactions. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:990-1011. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Krell
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dennis Harijan
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dorothée Ganz
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Larissa Doll
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Organic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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10
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Lossouarn A, Renault K, Bailly L, Frisby A, Le Nahenec-Martel P, Renard PY, Sabot C. Maleimide-based metal-free ligation with dienes: a comparative study. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:3874-3887. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00403k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Maleimide-based Diels–Alder strategies for bioconjugation are compared in terms of dienes accessibility and stability, reactions rates, as well as products isolation and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Axel Frisby
- Normandie Univ
- CNRS
- UNIROUEN
- INSA Rouen
- 76000 Rouen
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11
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Ivancová I, Leone DL, Hocek M. Reactive modifications of DNA nucleobases for labelling, bioconjugations, and cross-linking. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 52:136-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Montgomery JE, Donnelly JA, Fanning SW, Speltz TE, Shangguan X, Coukos JS, Greene GL, Moellering RE. Versatile Peptide Macrocyclization with Diels-Alder Cycloadditions. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16374-16381. [PMID: 31523967 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclization can improve bioactive peptide ligands through preorganization of molecular topology, leading to improvement of pharmacologic properties like binding affinity, cell permeability, and metabolic stability. Here we demonstrate that Diels-Alder [4 + 2] cycloadditions can be harnessed for peptide macrocyclization and stabilization within a range of peptide scaffolds and chemical environments. Diels-Alder cyclization of diverse diene-dienophile reactive pairs proceeds rapidly, in high yield and with tunable stereochemical preferences on solid-phase or in aqueous solution. This reaction can be applied alone or in concert with other stabilization chemistries, such as ring-closing olefin metathesis, to stabilize loop, turn, and α-helical secondary structural motifs. NMR and molecular dynamics studies of model loop peptides confirmed preferential formation of endo cycloadduct stereochemistry, imparting significant structural rigidity to the peptide backbone that resulted in augmented protease resistance and increased biological activity of a Diels-Alder cyclized (DAC) RGD peptide. Separately, we demonstrated the stabilization of DAC α-helical peptides derived from the ERα-binding protein SRC2. We solved a 2.25 Å cocrystal structure of one DAC helical peptide bound to ERα, which unequivocally corroborated endo stereochemistry of the resulting Diels-Alder adduct, and confirmed that the unique architecture of stabilizing motifs formed with this chemistry can directly contribute to target binding. These data establish Diels-Alder cyclization as a versatile approach to stabilize diverse protein structural motifs under a range of chemical environments.
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13
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Reisacher U, Groitl B, Strasser R, Cserép GB, Kele P, Wagenknecht HA. Triazine-Modified 7-Deaza-2'-deoxyadenosines: Better Suited for Bioorthogonal Labeling of DNA by PCR than 2'-Deoxyuridines. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1773-1780. [PMID: 31117344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
6-Ethynyl-1,2,4-triazine is a small bioorthogonally reactive group we applied for fluorescent labeling of oligonucleotides by Diels-Alder reactions with inverse electron demand. We synthetically attached this functional group to the 7-position of 7-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate and to the 5-position of 2'-deoxyuridine triphosphate. Both modified nucleotide triphosphates were used in comparison for primer extension experiments (PEX) and PCR amplification to finally yield multilabeled oligonucleotides by the postsynthetic reaction with a highly reactive bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne-rhodamine conjugate. These experiments show that 6-ethynyl-1,2,4-triazine is much better tolerated by the DNA polymerase when attached to the 7-position of 7-deaza-2'-deoxyadenosine in comparison to the attachment at the 5-position of 2'-deoxyuridine. This became evident both by PAGE analysis of the PCR products and real-time kinetic observation of DNA polymerase activity during primer extension using switchSENSE. Generally, our results imply that bioorthogonal labeling strategies are better suited for 7-deaza-2'-adenosines than conventional and available 2'-deoxyuridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Reisacher
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Institute of Organic Chemistry , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Bastian Groitl
- Dynamic Biosensors GmbH, Lochhamer Straße 15 , 82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | - Ralf Strasser
- Dynamic Biosensors GmbH, Lochhamer Straße 15 , 82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | - Gergely B Cserép
- Chemical Biology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar tudósok krt. 2 , 1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Péter Kele
- Chemical Biology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar tudósok krt. 2 , 1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Institute of Organic Chemistry , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
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14
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Ito Y, Matsuo M, Yamamoto K, Yamashita W, Osawa T, Hari Y. Post-synthetic modification of oligonucleotides containing 5-trifluoromethylpyrimidine bases. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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St. Amant AH, Lemen D, Florinas S, Mao S, Fazenbaker C, Zhong H, Wu H, Gao C, Christie RJ, Read de Alaniz J. Tuning the Diels–Alder Reaction for Bioconjugation to Maleimide Drug-Linkers. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2406-2414. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andre H. St. Amant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Daniel Lemen
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Stelios Florinas
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Shenlan Mao
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | | | - Haihong Zhong
- Oncology Research, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Herren Wu
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Changshou Gao
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - R. James Christie
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
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16
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Krömer M, Bártová K, Raindlová V, Hocek M. Synthesis of Dihydroxyalkynyl and Dihydroxyalkyl Nucleotides as Building Blocks or Precursors for Introduction of Diol or Aldehyde Groups to DNA for Bioconjugations. Chemistry 2018; 24:11890-11894. [PMID: 29790604 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
(3,4-Dihydroxybut-1-ynyl)uracil, -cytosine and -7-deazaadenine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) were prepared by direct aqueous Sonogashira cross-coupling of halogenated dNTPs with dihydroxybut-1-yne and converted to 3,4-dihydroxybutyl dNTPs through catalytic hydrogenation. Sodium periodate oxidative cleavage of dihydroxybutyl-dUTP gave the desired aliphatic aldehyde-linked dUTP, whereas the oxidative cleavage of the corresponding deazaadenine dNTP gave a cyclic aminal. All dihydroxyalkyl or -alkynyl dNTPs and the formylethyl-dUTP were good substrates for DNA polymerases and were used for synthesis of diol- or aldehyde-linked DNA. The aldehyde linked DNA was used for the labelling or bioconjugations through hydrazone formation or reductive aminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matouš Krömer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 12843, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Bártová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 12843, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Raindlová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 12843, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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17
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Suzol S, Howlader AH, Wen Z, Ren Y, Laverde EE, Garcia C, Liu Y, Wnuk SF. Pyrimidine Nucleosides with a Reactive (β-Chlorovinyl)sulfone or (β-Keto)sulfone Group at the C5 Position, Their Reactions with Nucleophiles and Electrophiles, and Their Polymerase-Catalyzed Incorporation into DNA. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:4276-4288. [PMID: 29732453 PMCID: PMC5928487 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed chlorosulfonylation of 5-ethynylpyrimidine nucleosides provided (E)-5-(β-chlorovinyl)sulfones A, which undergo nucleophilic substitution with amines or thiols affording B. The treatment of vinyl sulfones A with ammonia followed by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the intermediary β-sulfonylvinylamines gave 5-(β-keto)sulfones C. The latter reacts with electrophiles, yielding α-carbon-alkylated or -sulfanylated analogues D. The 5'-triphosphates of A and C were incorporated into double-stranded DNA, using open and one-nucleotide gap substrates, by human or Escherichia coli DNA-polymerase-catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sazzad
H. Suzol
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - A. Hasan Howlader
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Zhiwei Wen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Yaou Ren
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Eduardo E. Laverde
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Carol Garcia
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Stanislaw F. Wnuk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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18
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Botha F, Slavíčková M, Pohl R, Hocek M. Copper-mediated arylsulfanylations and arylselanylations of pyrimidine or 7-deazapurine nucleosides and nucleotides. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:10018-10022. [PMID: 27722411 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01917j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of 5-arylsulfanyl- or 5-arylselanylpyrimidine and 7-arylsulfanyl- or 7-arylselanyl-7-deazapurine nucleosides and nucleotides were developed by the Cu-mediated sulfanylations or selanylations of the corresponding 5-iodopyrimidine or 7-iodo-7-deazapurine nucleosides or nucleotides with diaryldisulfides or -diselenides. The reactions were also applicable for direct modifications of 2'-deoxycytidine triphosphate and the resulting 5-arylsulfanyl or 5-arylselanyl-dCTP served as substrates for the polymerase synthesis of modified DNA bearing arylsulfanyl or arylselanyl groups in the major groove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Botha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Michaela Slavíčková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences and IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic. and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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19
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Naik A, Alzeer J, Triemer T, Bujalska A, Luedtke NW. Chemoselective Modification of Vinyl DNA by Triazolinediones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anu Naik
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Jawad Alzeer
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Therese Triemer
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Anna Bujalska
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Nathan W. Luedtke
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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20
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Naik A, Alzeer J, Triemer T, Bujalska A, Luedtke NW. Chemoselective Modification of Vinyl DNA by Triazolinediones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10850-10853. [PMID: 28561928 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the post-synthetic modification of nucleic acids was developed that involves mixing a phenyl triazolinedione (PTAD) derivative with DNA containing a vinyl nucleobase. The resulting reactions proceeded through step-wise mechanisms, giving either a formal [4+2] cycloaddition product, or, depending on the context of nucleobase, PTAD addition along with solvent trapping to give a secondary alcohol in water. Catalyst-free addition between PTAD and the terminal alkene of 5-vinyl-2'-deoxyuridine (VdU) was exceptionally fast, with a second-order rate constant of 2×103 m-1 s-1 . PTAD derivatives selectively reacted with VdU-containing oligonucleotides in a conformation-selective manner, with higher yields observed for G-quadruplex versus duplex DNA. These results demonstrate a new strategy for copper-free bioconjugation of DNA that can potentially be used to probe nucleic acid conformations in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Naik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jawad Alzeer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Therese Triemer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Bujalska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathan W Luedtke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Wen Z, Suzol SH, Peng J, Liang Y, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Liekens S, Wnuk SF. Antiviral and Cytostatic Evaluation of 5-(1-Halo-2-sulfonylvinyl)- and 5-(2-Furyl)uracil Nucleosides. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 350. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201700023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Florida International University; Miami FL USA
| | - Sazzad H. Suzol
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Florida International University; Miami FL USA
| | - Jufang Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Florida International University; Miami FL USA
| | - Yong Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Florida International University; Miami FL USA
| | - Robert Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Sandra Liekens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research; KU Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Stanislaw F. Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Florida International University; Miami FL USA
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22
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Röthlisberger P, Levi-Acobas F, Hollenstein M. New synthetic route to ethynyl-dUTP: A means to avoid formation of acetyl and chloro vinyl base-modified triphosphates that could poison SELEX experiments. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:897-900. [PMID: 28089700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine is a common base-modified nucleoside analogue that has served in various applications including selection experiments for potent aptamers and in biosensing. The synthesis of the corresponding triphosphates involves a mild acidic deprotection step. Herein, we show that this deprotection leads to the formation of other nucleoside analogs which are easily converted to triphosphates. The modified nucleoside triphosphates are excellent substrates for numerous DNA polymerases under both primer extension and PCR conditions and could thus poison selection experiments by blocking sites that need to be further modified. The formation of these nucleoside analogs can be circumvented by application of a new synthetic route that is described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Röthlisberger
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR3523 Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Fabienne Levi-Acobas
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR3523 Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Marcel Hollenstein
- Laboratory for Bioorganic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France; CNRS UMR3523 Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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23
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Matyašovský J, Perlíková P, Malnuit V, Pohl R, Hocek M. 2-Substituted dATP Derivatives as Building Blocks for Polymerase-Catalyzed Synthesis of DNA Modified in the Minor Groove. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15856-15859. [PMID: 27879047 PMCID: PMC6680173 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
2'-Deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) derivatives bearing diverse substituents (Cl, NH2 , CH3 , vinyl, ethynyl, and phenyl) at position 2 were prepared and tested as substrates for DNA polymerases. The 2-phenyl-dATP was not a substrate for DNA polymerases, but the dATPs bearing smaller substituents were good substrates in primer-extension experiments, producing DNA substituted in the minor groove. The vinyl-modified DNA was applied in thiol-ene addition and the ethynyl-modified DNA was applied in a CuAAC click reaction to form DNA labelled with fluorescent dyes in the minor groove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ján Matyašovský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Perlíková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vincent Malnuit
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 12843, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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24
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Matyašovský J, Perlíková P, Malnuit V, Pohl R, Hocek M. 2-Substituted dATP Derivatives as Building Blocks for Polymerase-Catalyzed Synthesis of DNA Modified in the Minor Groove. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ján Matyašovský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Perlíková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Vincent Malnuit
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Czech Academy of Sciences; Flemingovo nam. 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Hlavova 8 12843 Prague 2 Czech Republic
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25
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Merkel M, Arndt S, Ploschik D, Cserép GB, Wenge U, Kele P, Wagenknecht HA. Scope and Limitations of Typical Copper-Free Bioorthogonal Reactions with DNA: Reactive 2′-Deoxyuridine Triphosphates for Postsynthetic Labeling. J Org Chem 2016; 81:7527-38. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Merkel
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefanie Arndt
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Damian Ploschik
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gergely B. Cserép
- Chemical
Biology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre
for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok
krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ulrike Wenge
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Péter Kele
- Chemical
Biology Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre
for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok
krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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26
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Olszewska A, Pohl R, Brázdová M, Fojta M, Hocek M. Chloroacetamide-Linked Nucleotides and DNA for Cross-Linking with Peptides and Proteins. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2089-94. [PMID: 27479485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotides, 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), and DNA probes bearing reactive chloroacetamido group linked to nucleobase (cytosine or 7-deazadaenine) through a propargyl tether were prepared and tested in cross-linking with cysteine- or histidine-containing peptides and proteins. The chloroacetamide-modifed dNTPs proved to be good substrates for DNA polymerases in the enzymatic synthesis of modified DNA probes. Modified nucleotides and DNA reacted efficiently with cysteine and cysteine-containing peptides, whereas the reaction with histidine was sluggish and low yielding. The modified DNA efficiently cross-linked with p53 protein through alkylation of cysteine and showed potential for cross-linking with histidine (in C277H mutant of p53).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Olszewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center , Flemingovo namesti 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center , Flemingovo namesti 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Brázdová
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences , Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Fojta
- Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences , Kralovopolska 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University , Kamenice 753/5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center , Flemingovo namesti 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague , Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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27
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Liang Y, Suzol SH, Wen Z, Artiles AG, Mathivathanan L, Raptis RG, Wnuk SF. Uracil Nucleosides with Reactive Group at C5 Position: 5-(1-Halo-2-sulfonylvinyl)uridine Analogues. Org Lett 2016; 18:1418-21. [PMID: 26933954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The transition-metal-catalyzed or radical-mediated halosulfonylation of 5-ethynyluridine provided (E)-(1-halo-2-tosylvinyl)uridines. These (β-halo)vinyl sulfones undergo efficient stereoselective addition-elimination with amines or thiols to provide Z-β-aminovinyl or E-β-thiovinyl sulfones tethered to the C5 position of the uracil ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Sazzad H Suzol
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Zhiwei Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Alain G Artiles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Logesh Mathivathanan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Raphael G Raptis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Stanislaw F Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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28
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Dadová J, Cahová H, Hocek M. Polymerase Synthesis of Base-Modified DNA. MODIFIED NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27111-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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29
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Dadová J, Vrábel M, Adámik M, Brázdová M, Pohl R, Fojta M, Hocek M. Azidopropylvinylsulfonamide as a New Bifunctional Click Reagent for Bioorthogonal Conjugations: Application for DNA–Protein Cross‐Linking. Chemistry 2015; 21:16091-102. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Dadová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Milan Vrábel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Matej Adámik
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno (Czech Republic)
| | - Marie Brázdová
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno (Czech Republic)
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
| | - Miroslav Fojta
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno (Czech Republic)
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno (Czech Republic)
| | - Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610 Prague 6 (Czech Republic)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague 2 (Czech Republic)
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30
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Merkel M, Peewasan K, Arndt S, Ploschik D, Wagenknecht HA. Copper-Free Postsynthetic Labeling of Nucleic Acids by Means of Bioorthogonal Reactions. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1541-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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31
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Brun O, Elduque X, Pedroso E, Grandas A. On-Resin Conjugation of Diene-Polyamides and Maleimides via Diels-Alder Cycloaddition. J Org Chem 2015; 80:6093-101. [PMID: 25985351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The reaction between maleimides and resin-linked diene-polyamides allows the latter to be used in the preparation of conjugates. Conjugation takes place by reacting the insoluble, hydrophobic diene component either with water-soluble dienophiles or with dienophiles requiring mixtures of water and organic solvents. Experimental conditions can be adjusted to furnish the target conjugate in good yield with no need of adding large excesses of soluble reagent. In case protected maleimides are used, maleimide deprotection and Diels-Alder cycloaddition can be simultaneously carried out to render conjugates with different linking positions. On-resin conjugation is followed by an acidic treatment that removes the polyamide protecting groups with no harm to the cycloadduct, in contrast with the unreacted diene that is indeed degraded under these conditions. Cycloadducts incorporating suitable functional groups can undergo subsequent additional conjugation reactions in solution to furnish double conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Brun
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química and IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Elduque
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química and IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Pedroso
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química and IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Grandas
- Departament de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Química and IBUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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32
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Busskamp H, Batroff E, Niederwieser A, Abdel-Rahman OS, Winter RF, Wittmann V, Marx A. Efficient labelling of enzymatically synthesized vinyl-modified DNA by an inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 50:10827-9. [PMID: 25089682 DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04332d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Many applications in biotechnology and molecular biology rely on modified nucleotides. Here, we present an approach for the postsynthetic labelling of enzymatically synthesized vinyl-modified DNA by Diels-Alder reaction with inverse electron demand using a tetrazine. Labelling proceeds very efficiently and supersedes several known approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Busskamp
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstrasse 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.
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33
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34
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Arndt S, Wagenknecht HA. "Photoclick" postsynthetic modification of DNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:14580-2. [PMID: 25359534 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A new DNA building block bearing a push-pull-substituted diaryltetrazole linked to the 5-position of 2'-deoxyuridine through an aminopropynyl group was synthesized. The accordingly modified oligonucleotide allows postsynthetic labeling with a maleimide-modified sulfo-Cy3 dye, N-methylmaleimide, and methylmethacrylate as dipolarophiles by irradiation at 365 nm (LED). The determined rate constant of (23±7) M(-1) s(-1) is remarkably high with respect to other copper-free bioorthogonal reactions and comparable with the copper-catalyzed cycloaddition between azides and acetylenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Arndt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe (Germany)
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35
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Hocek M. Synthesis of base-modified 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates and their use in enzymatic synthesis of modified DNA for applications in bioanalysis and chemical biology. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9914-21. [PMID: 25321948 DOI: 10.1021/jo5020799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) either by classical triphosphorylation of nucleosides or by aqueous cross-coupling reactions of halogenated dNTPs is discussed. Different enzymatic methods for synthesis of modified oligonucleotides and DNA by polymerase incorporation of modified nucleotides are summarized, and the applications in redox or fluorescent labeling, as well as in bioconjugations and modulation of interactions of DNA with proteins, are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center , Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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36
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Preparation of ferrocene-functionalized gold nanoparticles by primer extension reaction on the particle surface. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2661-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Lercher L, McGouran JF, Kessler BM, Schofield CJ, Davis BG. DNA modification under mild conditions by Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling for the generation of functional probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10553-8. [PMID: 23943570 PMCID: PMC3823066 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201304038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Quick and clean: A method for Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling to iododeoxyuridine (IdU) in DNA is described. Key to the reactivity is the choice of the ligand and the buffer. A covalent [Pd]-DNA intermediate was isolated and characterized. Photocrosslinking probes were generated to trap proteins that bind to epigenetic DNA modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lercher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Joanna F McGouran
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular PhysiologyRoosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ (UK)
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Henry Wellcome Building for Molecular PhysiologyRoosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ (UK)
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA (UK)
| | - Benjamin G Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research LaboratoryMansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA (UK)
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38
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Dadová J, Vidláková P, Pohl R, Havran L, Fojta M, Hocek M. Aqueous Heck cross-coupling preparation of acrylate-modified nucleotides and nucleoside triphosphates for polymerase synthesis of acrylate-labeled DNA. J Org Chem 2013; 78:9627-37. [PMID: 23992435 DOI: 10.1021/jo4011574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous-phase Heck coupling methodology was developed for direct attachment of butyl acrylate to 5-iodoracil, 5-iodocytosine, 7-iodo-7-deazaadenine, and 7-iodo-7-deazaguanine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-O-monophosphates (dNMPs) and 5'-O-triphosphates (dNTPs) and compared with the classical approach of phosphorylation of the corresponding modified nucleosides. The 7-substituted 7-deazapurine nucleotides (dA(BA)MP, dA(BA)TP, dG(BA)MP, and dG(BA)TP) were prepared by the direct Heck coupling of nucleotides in good yields (35-55%), whereas the pyrimidine nucleotides reacted poorly and the corresponding BA-modified dNTPs were prepared by triphosphorylation of the modified nucleosides. The acrylate-modified dN(BA)TPs (N = A, C, and U) were good substrates for DNA polymerases and were used for enzymatic synthesis of acrylate-modified DNA by primer extension, whereas dG(BA)TP was an inhibitor of polymerases. The butyl acrylate group was found to be a useful redox label giving a strong reduction peak at -1.3 to -1.4 V in cyclic voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Dadová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center , Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Lercher L, McGouran JF, Kessler BM, Schofield CJ, Davis BG. DNA Modification under Mild Conditions by Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling for the Generation of Functional Probes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201304038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Dadová J, Orság P, Pohl R, Brázdová M, Fojta M, Hocek M. Vinylsulfonamide and Acrylamide Modification of DNA for Cross-linking with Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:10515-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201303577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Dadová J, Orság P, Pohl R, Brázdová M, Fojta M, Hocek M. Vinylsulfonamide and Acrylamide Modification of DNA for Cross-linking with Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201303577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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42
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Burns JR, Stulz E, Howorka S. Self-assembled DNA nanopores that span lipid bilayers. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:2351-6. [PMID: 23611515 DOI: 10.1021/nl304147f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology excels at rationally designing bottom-up structures that can functionally replicate naturally occurring proteins. Here we describe the design and generation of a stable DNA-based nanopore that structurally mimics the amphiphilic nature of protein pores and inserts into bilayers to support a steady transmembrane flow of ions. The pore carries an outer hydrophobic belt comprised of small chemical alkyl groups which mask the negatively charged oligonucleotide backbone. This modification overcomes the otherwise inherent energetic mismatch to the hydrophobic environment of the membrane. By merging the fields of nanopores and DNA nanotechnology, we expect that the small membrane-spanning DNA pore will help open up the design of entirely new molecular devices for a broad range of applications including sensing, electric circuits, catalysis, and research into nanofluidics and controlled transmembrane transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Burns
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Structural Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, England, United Kingdom
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Cheng Y, Peng H, Chen W, Ni N, Ke B, Dai C, Wang B. Rapid and specific post-synthesis modification of DNA through a biocompatible condensation of 1,2-aminothiols with 2-cyanobenzothiazole. Chemistry 2013; 19:4036-4042. [PMID: 23447494 PMCID: PMC3918485 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Post-synthesis modification of DNA is an important way of functionalizing DNA molecules. Herein, we describe a method that first enzymatically incorporates a cyanobenzothiazole (CBT)-modified thymidine. The side-chain handle CBT can undergo a rapid and site-specific cyclization reaction with 1,2-aminothiols to afford DNA functionalization in aqueous solution. Another key advantage of this method is the formation of a single stereo/regioisomer in the process, which allows for precise control of DNA modification to yield a single component for aptamer selection work and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098
| | - Hanjing Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098
| | - Weixuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098
| | - Nanting Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098
| | - Bowen Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098
| | - Chaofeng Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4098, Atlanta, GA 30302-4098
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44
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Construction of DNA-templated nanoparticle assemblies using click DNA ligation. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 41:884-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Reiner JE, Balijepalli A, Robertson JWF, Campbell J, Suehle J, Kasianowicz JJ. Disease Detection and Management via Single Nanopore-Based Sensors. Chem Rev 2012; 112:6431-51. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300381m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Reiner
- Department of Physics, Virginia
Commonwealth University, 701 W. Grace Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284,
United States
| | - Arvind Balijepalli
- Physical
Measurement Laboratory,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
20899-8120, United States
- Laboratory of Computational Biology,
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Rockville, Maryland 20852,
United States
| | - Joseph W. F. Robertson
- Physical
Measurement Laboratory,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
20899-8120, United States
| | - Jason Campbell
- Physical
Measurement Laboratory,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
20899-8120, United States
| | - John Suehle
- Physical
Measurement Laboratory,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
20899-8120, United States
| | - John J. Kasianowicz
- Physical
Measurement Laboratory,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
20899-8120, United States
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Raindlová V, Pohl R, Klepetářová B, Havran L, Šimková E, Horáková P, Pivoňková H, Fojta M, Hocek M. Synthesis of Hydrazone-Modified Nucleotides and Their Polymerase Incorporation onto DNA for Redox Labeling. Chempluschem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201200056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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47
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Raindlová V, Pohl R, Hocek M. Synthesis of aldehyde-linked nucleotides and DNA and their bioconjugations with lysine and peptides through reductive amination. Chemistry 2012; 18:4080-7. [PMID: 22337599 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
5-(5-Formylthienyl)-, 5-(4-formylphenyl)- and 5-(2-fluoro-5-formylphenyl)cytosine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside mono- (dC(R)MP) and triphosphates (dC(R)TP) were prepared by aqueous Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of 5-iodocytosine nucleotides with the corresponding formylarylboronic acids. The dC(R)TPs were excellent substrates for DNA polymerases and were incorporated into DNA by primer extension or PCR. Reductive aminations of the model dC(R)MPs with lysine or lysine-containing tripeptide were studied and optimized. In aqueous phosphate buffer (pH 6.7) the yields of the reductive aminations with tripeptide III were up to 25 %. Bioconjugation of an aldehyde-containing DNA with a lysine-containing tripeptide was achieved through reductive amination in yields of up to 90 % in aqueous phosphate buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Raindlová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Kalachova L, Pohl R, Hocek M. Synthesis of nucleoside mono- and triphosphates bearing oligopyridine ligands, their incorporation into DNA and complexation with transition metals. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 10:49-55. [PMID: 22071986 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob06359f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Modified nucleoside mono- (dA(R)MPs and dC(R)MPs) and triphosphates (dA(R)TPs and dC(R)TPs) bearing bipyridine or terpyridine ligands attached via acetylene linker were prepared by single-step aqueous-phase Sonogashira cross-coupling of 7-iodo-7-deaza-dAMP or -dATP, and 5-iodo-dCMP or -dCTP with the corresponding bipyridine- or terpyridine-linked acetylenes. The modified dN(R)TPs were successfully incorporated into the oligonucleotides by primer extension experiment (PEX) using different DNA polymerases and the PEX products were used for post-synthetic complexation with Fe(2+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubica Kalachova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Gilead & IOCB Research Center, Flemingovo nam. 2, CZ-16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Kielkowski P, Macíčková-Cahová H, Pohl R, Hocek M. Transient and Switchable (Triethylsilyl)ethynyl Protection of DNA against Cleavage by Restriction Endonucleases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201102898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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50
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Kielkowski P, Macíčková-Cahová H, Pohl R, Hocek M. Transient and Switchable (Triethylsilyl)ethynyl Protection of DNA against Cleavage by Restriction Endonucleases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:8727-30. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201102898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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