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Rodrigues P, Bangali H, Ali E, Nauryzbaevish AS, Hjazi A, Fenjan MN, Alawadi A, Alsaalamy A, Alasheqi MQ, Mustafa YF. The mechanistic role of NAT10 in cancer: Unraveling the enigmatic web of oncogenic signaling. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 253:154990. [PMID: 38056132 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10), a versatile enzyme, has gained considerable attention as a significant player in the complex realm of cancer biology. Its enigmatic role in tumorigenesis extends across a wide array of cellular processes, impacting cell growth, differentiation, survival, and genomic stability. Within the intricate network of oncogenic signaling, NAT10 emerges as a crucial agent in multiple cancer types, such as breast, lung, colorectal, and leukemia. This compelling research addresses the intricate complexity of the mechanistic role of NAT10 in cancer development. By elucidating its active participation in essential physiological processes, we investigate the regulatory role of NAT10 in cell cycle checkpoints, coordination of chromatin remodeling, and detailed modulation of the delicate balance between apoptosis and cell survival. Perturbations in NAT10 expression and function have been linked to oncogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance in a variety of cancer types. Furthermore, the bewildering interactions between NAT10 and key oncogenic factors, such as p53 and c-Myc, are deciphered, providing profound insights into the molecular underpinnings of cancer pathogenesis. Equally intriguing, the paradoxical role of NAT10 as a potential tumor suppressor or oncogene is influenced by context-dependent factors and the cellular microenvironment. This study explores the fascinating interplay of genetic changes, epigenetic changes, and post-translational modifications that shape the dual character of NAT10, revealing the delicate balance between cancer initiation and suppression. Taken together, this overview delves deeply into the enigmatic role of NAT10 in cancer, elucidating its multifaceted roles and its complex interplay with oncogenic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Rodrigues
- Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Al-Faraa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Harun Bangali
- Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, Al-Faraa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eyhab Ali
- College of Chemistry, Al-Zahraa University for Women, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Abdreshov Serik Nauryzbaevish
- Institute of Genetics and Physiology SC MSHE RK, Laboratory of Physiology Lymphatic System, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Ahmed Hjazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed N Fenjan
- College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Alawadi
- College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Iraq; College of Technical Engineering, the Islamic University of Babylon, Iraq
| | - Ali Alsaalamy
- College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Al-Muthanna 66002, Iraq
| | | | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41001, Iraq
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2
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Mourkioti I, Polyzou A, Veroutis D, Theocharous G, Lagopati N, Gentile E, Stravokefalou V, Thanos DF, Havaki S, Kletsas D, Panaretakis T, Logothetis CJ, Stellas D, Petty R, Blandino G, Papaspyropoulos A, Gorgoulis VG. A GATA2-CDC6 axis modulates androgen receptor blockade-induced senescence in prostate cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:187. [PMID: 37507762 PMCID: PMC10386253 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02769-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is a major cause of cancer morbidity and mortality in men worldwide. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has proven effective in early-stage androgen-sensitive disease, but prostate cancer gradually develops into an androgen-resistant metastatic state in the vast majority of patients. According to our oncogene-induced model for cancer development, senescence is a major tumor progression barrier. However, whether senescence is implicated in the progression of early-stage androgen-sensitive to highly aggressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains poorly addressed. METHODS Androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and -independent (C4-2B and PC-3) cells were treated or not with enzalutamide, an Androgen Receptor (AR) inhibitor. RNA sequencing and pathway analyses were carried out in LNCaP cells to identify potential senescence regulators upon treatment. Assessment of the invasive potential of cells and senescence status following enzalutamide treatment and/or RNAi-mediated silencing of selected targets was performed in all cell lines, complemented by bioinformatics analyses on a wide range of in vitro and in vivo datasets. Key observations were validated in LNCaP and C4-2B mouse xenografts. Senescence induction was assessed by state-of-the-art GL13 staining by immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy. RESULTS We demonstrate that enzalutamide treatment induces senescence in androgen-sensitive cells via reduction of the replication licensing factor CDC6. Mechanistically, we show that CDC6 downregulation is mediated through endogenous activation of the GATA2 transcription factor functioning as a CDC6 repressor. Intriguingly, GATA2 levels decrease in enzalutamide-resistant cells, leading to CDC6 stabilization accompanied by activation of Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) markers and absence of senescence. We show that CDC6 loss is sufficient to reverse oncogenic features and induce senescence regardless of treatment responsiveness, thereby identifying CDC6 as a critical determinant of prostate cancer progression. CONCLUSIONS We identify a key GATA2-CDC6 signaling axis which is reciprocally regulated in enzalutamide-sensitive and -resistant prostate cancer environments. Upon acquired resistance, GATA2 repression leads to CDC6 stabilization, with detrimental effects in disease progression through exacerbation of EMT and abrogation of senescence. However, bypassing the GATA2-CDC6 axis by direct inhibition of CDC6 reverses oncogenic features and establishes senescence, thereby offering a therapeutic window even after acquiring resistance to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Mourkioti
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Polyzou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Veroutis
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Theocharous
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nefeli Lagopati
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Emanuela Gentile
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Vasiliki Stravokefalou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris-Foivos Thanos
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Havaki
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Kletsas
- Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Ageing, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Theocharis Panaretakis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Christopher J Logothetis
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dimitris Stellas
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Russell Petty
- Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Department of Research, Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.
| | - Angelos Papaspyropoulos
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
- Faculty Institute for Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
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3
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Ma N, Liu H, Wu Y, Yao M, Zhang B. Inhibition of N-Acetyltransferase 10 Suppresses the Progression of Prostate Cancer through Regulation of DNA Replication. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126573. [PMID: 35743017 PMCID: PMC9223896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer suppression through the inhibition of N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) by its specific inhibitor Remodelin has been demonstrated in a variety of human cancers. Here, we report the inhibitory effects of Remodelin on prostate cancer (PCa) cells and the possible associated mechanisms. The prostate cancer cell lines VCaP, LNCaP, PC3, and DU145 were used. The in vitro proliferation, migration, and invasion of cells were measured by a cell proliferation assay, colony formation, wound healing, and Transwell assays, respectively. In vivo tumor growth was analyzed by transplantation into nude mice. The inhibition of NAT10 by Remodelin not only suppressed growth, migration, and invasion in vitro, but also the in vivo cancer growth of prostate cancer cells. The involvement of NAT10 in DNA replication was assessed by EdU labeling, DNA spreading, iPOND, and ChIP-PCR assays. The inhibition of NAT10 by Remodelin slowed DNA replication. NAT10 was detected in the prereplication complex, and it could also bind to DNA replication origins. Furthermore, the interaction between NAT10 and CDC6 was analyzed by Co-IP. The altered expression of NAT10 was measured by immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting. Remodelin markedly reduced the levels of CDC6 and AR. The expression of NAT10 could be altered under either castration or noncastration conditions, and Remodelin still suppressed the growth of in vitro-induced castration-resistant prostate cancers. The analysis of a TCGA database revealed that the overexpression of NAT10, CDC6, and MCM7 in prostate cancers were correlated with the Gleason score and node metastasis. Our data demonstrated that Remodelin, an inhibitor of NAT10, effectively inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells under either no castration or castration conditions, likely by impairing DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bo Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-82802627
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Alternative polyadenylation: An untapped source for prostate cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets? Asian J Urol 2021; 8:407-415. [PMID: 34765448 PMCID: PMC8566364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To review alternative polyadenylation (APA) as a mechanism of gene regulation and consider potential roles for APA in prostate cancer (PCa) biology and treatment. Methods An extensive review of mRNA polyadenylation, APA, and PCa literature was performed. This review article introduces APA and its association with human disease, outlines the mechanisms and components of APA, reviews APA in cancer biology, and considers whether APA may contribute to PCa progression and/or produce novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for PCa. Results Eukaryotic mRNA 3′-end cleavage and polyadenylation play a critical role in gene expression. Most human genes encode more than one polyadenylation signal, and produce more than one transcript isoform, through APA. Polyadenylation can occur throughout the gene body to generate transcripts with differing 3′-termini and coding sequence. Differences in 3′-untranslated regions length can modify post-transcriptional gene regulation by microRNAs and RNA binding proteins, and alter mRNA stability, translation efficiency, and subcellular localization. Distinctive APA patterns are associated with human diseases, tissue origins, and changes in cellular proliferation rate and differentiation state. APA events may therefore generate unique mRNA biomarkers or therapeutic targets in certain cancer types or phenotypic states. Conclusions The full extent of cancer-associated and tissue-specific APA events have yet to be defined, and the mechanisms and functional consequences of APA in cancer remain incompletely understood. There is evidence that APA is active in PCa, and that it may be an untapped resource for PCa biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
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5
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Gao Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, Peng Y, Yuan B, Fu Y, Qi X, Zhu Q, Cao T, Zhang S, Yin L, Li X. UHRF1 promotes androgen receptor-regulated CDC6 transcription and anti-androgen receptor drug resistance in prostate cancer through KDM4C-Mediated chromatin modifications. Cancer Lett 2021; 520:172-183. [PMID: 34265399 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The UHRF1 and CDC6, oncogenes play critical roles in therapeutic resistance. In the present study, we found that UHRF1 mediates androgen receptor (AR)-regulated CDC6 transcription in prostate cancer cells. In prostate cancer tissues and cell lines, levels of UHRF1 and CDC6 were simultaneously upregulated, and this was associated with worse survival. UHRF1 silencing significantly promoted the cytotoxicity and anti-prostate cancer efficacy of bicalutamide in mouse xenografts by inhibiting CDC6 gene expression. UHRF1 promoted AR-regulated CDC6 transcription by binding to the CCAAT motif near the androgen response element (ARE) in the CDC6 promoter. We further found that UHRF1 promoted androgen-dependent chromatin occupancy of AR protein by recruiting the H3K9me2/3-specific demethyltransferase KDM4C and modifying the intense heterochromatin status. Altogether, we found for the first time that UHRF1 promotes AR-regulated CDC6 transcription through a novel chromatin modification mechanism and contributes to anti-AR drug resistance in prostate cancer. Targeting AR and UHRF1 simultaneously may be a novel and promising therapeutic modality for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxue Gao
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Yijun Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Changsha Medical University, China
| | - Youhong Liu
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Yuchong Peng
- Center for Clinical Precision Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Bowen Yuan
- Department of Pathology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Yuxin Fu
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Xuli Qi
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Qianling Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Tuoyu Cao
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Songwei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, China
| | - Linglong Yin
- School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Xiong Li
- Center for Clinical Precision Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China; School of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, China.
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6
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Ganguly S, Naik D, Muskara A, Mian OY. The Nexus of Endocrine Signaling and Cancer: How Steroid Hormones Influence Genomic Stability. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6015749. [PMID: 33260197 PMCID: PMC7707372 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine-driven malignancies, including breast and prostate cancer, are among the most common human cancers. The relationship between sex steroid hormones (eg, androgen, estrogen, and progesterone), their cognate receptors, and genomic stability lie at the center of endocrine-driven cancer development, progression, and therapeutic resistance. A variety of direct and indirect mechanisms have been described that link steroid hormone signaling to the loss of genomic integrity that drives early carcinogenesis. These effects are often enriched within endocrine receptor cistromes, accounting for the high proportion of mutations and rearrangements in the region of hormone response elements. In other cases, the effects are generalized and rely on a complex array of genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic interactions. Both androgen and estrogen receptors directly modulate the DNA damage response by trans-activating DNA damage response genes and redirecting the cellular repair machinery in the wake of genotoxic stress. Here we review the key mechanistic underpinnings of the relationship between sex steroid hormone receptors and genomic stability. In addition, we summarize emerging research in this area and discuss important implications for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Divya Naik
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Andrew Muskara
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Omar Y Mian
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH
- Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
- Correspondence: Omar Y. Mian, MD, PhD, Department of Translational Hematology & Oncology Research (THOR), Cleveland Clinic, Taussig Cancer Center, 9500 Euclid Ave., CA50, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. E-mail:
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Testosterone-loaded GM1 micelles targeted to the intracellular androgen receptor for the specific induction of genomic androgen signaling. Int J Pharm 2020; 591:119985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Hjorth-Jensen K, Maya-Mendoza A, Dalgaard N, Sigurðsson JO, Bartek J, Iglesias-Gato D, Olsen JV, Flores-Morales A. SPOP promotes transcriptional expression of DNA repair and replication factors to prevent replication stress and genomic instability. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:9484-9495. [PMID: 30124983 PMCID: PMC6182143 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in SPOP, the gene most frequently point-mutated in primary prostate cancer, are associated with a high degree of genomic instability and deficiency in homologous recombination repair of DNA but the underlying mechanisms behind this defect are currently unknown. Here we demonstrate that SPOP knockdown leads to spontaneous replication stress and impaired recovery from replication fork stalling. We show that this is associated with reduced expression of several key DNA repair and replication factors including BRCA2, ATR, CHK1 and RAD51. Consequently, SPOP knockdown impairs RAD51 foci formation and activation of CHK1 in response to replication stress and compromises recovery from replication fork stalling. An SPOP interactome analysis shows that wild type (WT) SPOP but not mutant SPOP associates with multiple proteins involved in transcription, mRNA splicing and export. Consistent with the association of SPOP with transcription, splicing and RNA export complexes, the decreased expression of BRCA2, ATR, CHK1 and RAD51 occurs at the level of transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Hjorth-Jensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Translational Cancer Research Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Nanna Dalgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Translational Cancer Research Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jón O Sigurðsson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Genome Integrity Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diego Iglesias-Gato
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Translational Cancer Research Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper V Olsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amilcar Flores-Morales
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Translational Cancer Research Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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The Role of RB in Prostate Cancer Progression. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:301-318. [PMID: 31900914 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The RB tumor suppressor is one of the most commonly deleted/mutated genes in human cancers. In prostate cancer specifically, mutation of RB is most frequently observed in aggressive, metastatic disease. As one of the earliest tumor suppressors to be identified, the molecular functions of RB that are lost in tumor development have been studied for decades. Earlier work focused on the canonical RB pathway connecting mitogenic signaling to the cell cycle via Cyclin/CDK inactivation of RB, thereby releasing the E2F transcription factors. More in-depth analysis revealed that RB-E2F complexes regulate cellular processes beyond proliferation. Most recently, "non-canonical" roles for RB function have been expanded beyond its E2F interactions, which may play a particular role in advanced prostate cancer. For example, in mouse models of prostate cancer, loss of RB has been shown to induce lineage plasticity, which enables resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. This increased understanding of the potential downstream functions of RB in prostate cancer may lead the way to identifying therapeutic vulnerabilities in cells following RB loss.
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10
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Kim YH, Byun YJ, Kim WT, Jeong P, Yan C, Kang HW, Kim YJ, Lee SC, Moon SK, Choi YH, Yun SJ, Kim WJ. CDC6 mRNA Expression Is Associated with the Aggressiveness of Prostate Cancer. J Korean Med Sci 2018; 33:e303. [PMID: 30450027 PMCID: PMC6236078 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell division cycle 6 (CDC6) is an essential regulator of DNA replication and plays important roles in the activation and maintenance of the checkpoint mechanisms in the cell cycle. CDC6 has been associated with oncogenic activities in human cancers; however, the clinical significance of CDC6 in prostate cancer (PCa) remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated whether the CDC6 mRNA expression level is a diagnostic and prognostic marker in PCa. METHODS The study subjects included 121 PCa patients and 66 age-matched benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) patients. CDC6 expression was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical (IH) staining, and then compared according to the clinicopathological characteristics of PCa. RESULTS CDC6 mRNA expression was significantly higher in PCa tissues than in BPH control tissues (P = 0.005). In addition, CDC6 expression was significantly higher in patients with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels (> 20 ng/mL), a high Gleason score, and advanced stage than in those with low PSA levels, a low Gleason score, and earlier stage, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that high expression of CDC6 was significantly associated with advanced stage (≥ T3b) (odds ratio [OR], 3.005; confidence interval [CI], 1.212-7.450; P = 0.018) and metastasis (OR, 4.192; CI, 1.079-16.286; P = 0.038). Intense IH staining for CDC6 was significantly associated with a high Gleason score and advanced tumor stage including lymph node metastasis stage (linear-by-linear association, P = 0.044 and P = 0.003, respectively). CONCLUSION CDC6 expression is associated with aggressive clinicopathological characteristics in PCa. CDC6 may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker in PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Hwan Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young Joon Byun
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Won Tae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Pildu Jeong
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Chunri Yan
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical College, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Ho Won Kang
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Yong-June Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sang-Cheol Lee
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Yung-Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Oriental Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Seok Joong Yun
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
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11
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Karanika S, Karantanos T, Li L, Wang J, Park S, Yang G, Zuo X, Song JH, Maity SN, Manyam GC, Broom B, Aparicio AM, Gallick GE, Troncoso P, Corn PG, Navone N, Zhang W, Li S, Thompson TC. Targeting DNA Damage Response in Prostate Cancer by Inhibiting Androgen Receptor-CDC6-ATR-Chk1 Signaling. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1970-1981. [PMID: 28228262 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle 6 (CDC6), an androgen receptor (AR) target gene, is implicated in regulating DNA replication and checkpoint mechanisms. CDC6 expression is increased during prostate cancer (PCa) progression and positively correlates with AR in PCa tissues. AR or CDC6 knockdown, together with AZD7762, a Chk1/2 inhibitor, results in decreased TopBP1-ATR-Chk1 signaling and markedly increased ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) phosphorylation, a biomarker of DNA damage, and synergistically increases treatment efficacy. Combination treatment with the AR signaling inhibitor enzalutamide (ENZ) and the Chk1/2 inhibitor AZD7762 demonstrates synergy with regard to inhibition of AR-CDC6-ATR-Chk1 signaling, ATM phosphorylation induction, and apoptosis in VCaP (mutant p53) and LNCaP-C4-2b (wild-type p53) cells. CDC6 overexpression significantly reduced ENZ- and AZD7762-induced apoptosis. Additive or synergistic therapeutic activities are demonstrated in AR-positive animal xenograft models. These findings have important clinical implications, since they introduce a therapeutic strategy for AR-positive, metastatic, castration-resistant PCa, regardless of p53 status, through targeting AR-CDC6-ATR-Chk1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Karanika
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Theodoros Karantanos
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Likun Li
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sanghee Park
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xuemei Zuo
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jian H Song
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sankar N Maity
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ganiraju C Manyam
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA
| | - Bradley Broom
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230, USA
| | - Ana M Aparicio
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gary E Gallick
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Patricia Troncoso
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul G Corn
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nora Navone
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shuhua Li
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Timothy C Thompson
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Chen F, Shen C, Wang X, Wang H, Liu Y, Yu C, Lv J, He J, Wen Z. Identification of genes and pathways in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by bioinformatics analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:63738-63749. [PMID: 28969025 PMCID: PMC5609957 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a metastatic malignant tumor originating from nasopharyngeal epithelium. Lacking or nonspecific symptoms of patients with early stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma have significantly reduced the accuracy of diagnosing and predicting nasopharyngeal carcinoma development. This study aimed to identify gene signatures of nasopharyngeal carcinoma and uncover potential mechanisms. Two gene expression profiles (GSE12452 and GSE13597) containing 56 nasopharyngeal carcinoma samples and 13 normal control samples were analyzed to identify the differentially expressed genes. In total, 179 up-regulated genes and 238 down-regulated genes were identified. Functional and pathway enrichment analysis showed that up-regulated genes were significantly involved in cell cycle, oocyte meiosis, DNA replication and p53 signaling pathway, while down-regulated genes were enriched in Huntington's disease,metabolic pathways. Subsequently, the top 10 hub genes, TOP2A (topoisomerase (DNA) II alpha), CDK1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1), CCNB1 (cyclin B1), PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), MAD2L1 (mitotic arrest deficient 2 like 1), BUB1 (budding uninhibited by benzimidazoles 1 homolog), CCNB2 (cyclin B2), AURKA (aurora kinase A), CCNA2 (cyclin A2), CDC6 (cell division cycle 6 homolog), were identified from protein-protein interaction network. Furthermore, Module analysis revealed that the ten hub genes except TOP2A were belonged to module 1, indicating the upregulation of these hub genes associated molecular pathways in nasopharyngeal carcinoma might activate nasopharyngeal carcinoma pathogenesis. In conclusion, this study indicated that the identified differentially expressed genes and hub genes enrich our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which could eventually translate into additional biomarkers to facilitate the early diagnosis and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congxiang Shen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huigang Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Chaosheng Yu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jieyu Lv
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Jiangmen, China
| | - Jingjing He
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhong Wen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Wu Z, Guo W, Xie Y, Zhou S. Juvenile Hormone Activates the Transcription of Cell-division-cycle 6 (Cdc6) for Polyploidy-dependent Insect Vitellogenesis and Oogenesis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5418-27. [PMID: 26728459 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.698936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although juvenile hormone (JH) is known to prevent insect larval metamorphosis and stimulate adult reproduction, the molecular mechanisms of JH action in insect reproduction remain largely unknown. Earlier, we reported that the JH-receptor complex, composed of methoprene-tolerant and steroid receptor co-activator, acts on mini-chromosome maintenance (Mcm) genes Mcm4 and Mcm7 to promote DNA replication and polyploidy for the massive vitellogenin (Vg) synthesis required for egg production in the migratory locust (Guo, W., Wu, Z., Song, J., Jiang, F., Wang, Z., Deng, S., Walker, V. K., and Zhou, S. (2014) PLoS Genet. 10, e1004702). In this study we have investigated the involvement of cell-division-cycle 6 (Cdc6) in JH-dependent vitellogenesis and oogenesis, as Cdc6 is essential for the formation of prereplication complex. We demonstrate here that Cdc6 is expressed in response to JH and methoprene-tolerant, and Cdc6 transcription is directly regulated by the JH-receptor complex. Knockdown of Cdc6 inhibits polyploidization of fat body and follicle cells, resulting in the substantial reduction of Vg expression in the fat body as well as severely impaired oocyte maturation and ovarian growth. Our data indicate the involvement of Cdc6 in JH pathway and a pivotal role of Cdc6 in JH-mediated polyploidization, vitellogenesis, and oogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxia Wu
- From the School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingtian Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 30012, China, and
| | - Shutang Zhou
- State Key laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
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15
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Expression Analysis of Genes Involved in the RB/E2F Pathway in Astrocytic Tumors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137259. [PMID: 26317630 PMCID: PMC4552853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytic gliomas, which are derived from glial cells, are considered the most common primary neoplasias of the central nervous system (CNS) and are histologically classified as low grade (I and II) or high grade (III and IV). Recent studies have shown that astrocytoma formation is the result of the deregulation of several pathways, including the RB/E2F pathway, which is commonly deregulated in various human cancers via genetic or epigenetic mechanisms. On the basis of the assumption that the study of the mechanisms controlling the INK4/ARF locus can help elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of astrocytic tumors, identify diagnostic and prognostic markers, and help select appropriate clinical treatments, the present study aimed to evaluate and compare methylation patterns using bisulfite sequencing PCR and evaluate the gene expression profile using real-time PCR in the genes CDKN2A, CDKN2B, CDC6, Bmi-1, CCND1, and RB1 in astrocytic tumors. Our results indicate that all the evaluated genes are not methylated independent of the tumor grade. However, the real-time PCR results indicate that these genes undergo progressive deregulation as a function of the tumor grade. In addition, the genes CDKN2A, CDKN2B, and RB1 were underexpressed, whereas CDC6, Bmi-1, and CCND1 were overexpressed; the increase in gene expression was significantly associated with decreased patient survival. Therefore, we propose that the evaluation of the expression levels of the genes involved in the RB/E2F pathway can be used in the monitoring of patients with astrocytomas in clinical practice and for the prognostic indication of disease progression.
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16
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Kashkin K, Chernov I, Stukacheva E, Monastyrskaya G, Uspenskaya N, Kopantzev E, Sverdlov E. Cancer specificity of promoters of the genes controlling cell proliferation. J Cell Biochem 2015; 116:299-309. [PMID: 25187488 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Violation of proliferation control is a common feature of cancer cells. We put forward the hypothesis that promoters of genes involved in the control of cell proliferation should possess intrinsic cancer specific activity. We cloned promoter regions of CDC6, POLD1, CKS1B, MCM2, and PLK1 genes into pGL3 reporter vector and studied their ability to drive heterologous gene expression in transfected cancer cells of different origin and in normal human fibroblasts. Each promoter was cloned in short (335-800 bp) and long (up to 2.3 kb) variants to cover probable location of core and whole promoter regulatory elements. Cloned promoters were significantly more active in cancer cells than in normal fibroblasts that may indicate their cancer specificity. Both versions of CDC6 promoters were shown to be most active while the activities of others were close to that of BIRC5 gene (survivin) gene promoter. Long and short variants of each cloned promoter demonstrated very similar cancer specificity with the exception of PLK1-long promoter that was substantially more specific than its short variant and other promoters under study. The data indicate that most of the important cis-regulatory transcription elements responsible for intrinsic cancer specificity are located in short variants of the promoters under study. CDC6 short promoter may serve as a promising candidate for transcription targeted cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Kashkin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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17
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Fu M, Li Z, Tan T, Guo W, Xie N, Liu Q, Zhu H, Xie X, Lei H. Akt/eNOS signaling pathway mediates inhibition of endothelial progenitor cells by palmitate-induced ceramide. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H11-7. [PMID: 25380816 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00503.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Palmitate (PA) impairs endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the suppressive function of PA remains largely unknown. Ceramide, a free fatty acid metabolite, mediates multiple cellular signals. We hypothesized that ceramide acts as an intermediate molecule to mediate inhibition of EPCs by PA. We first demonstrated that PA could inhibit the attachment, migration, and tube formation of EPCs through suppression of the Akt/endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) signaling pathway. In addition, we observed that PA could induce ceramide accumulation in EPCs. To test whether the accumulation of ceramide causes EPC dysfunction, the ceramide synthesis inhibitors myriocin and fumonisin B1 were used. We that found both inhibitors could effectively abolish PA-mediated EPC inhibition. Furthermore, the ceramide deacylation inhibitor N-oleoylethanolamine could augment the inhibitory effect of PA on EPCs, indicating that it is ceramide, not its metabolites, that mediates the suppression of EPCs by PA. We have previously shown that Akt/eNOS phosphorylation was reduced after PA treatment, which, in turn, hampered the normal bioavailability of NO, leading to impaired functions of EPCs. To test the role for ceramide in this process, a clinically used NO donor, sodium nitroprusside, was used. We found that sodium nitroprusside could rescue the suppressive effects of ceramide on EPCs, suggesting that ceramide-mediated EPC inhibition might be through reduction of NO production. Taken together, our findings indicated that ceramide-induced reduction of NO might be the molecular mechanism for PA-mediated EPC inhibition; thus, targeting either ceramide or NO production might be an effective means for improvement of EPC functions in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghuan Fu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Division of General Surgery, Chenzhou First People′s Hospital, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Tao Tan
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Weixin Guo
- Guangdong Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical sciences, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Nanzi Xie
- Division of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital and Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Xiaoyun Xie
- Division of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital and Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Lei
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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18
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Stromal cell-derived factor-1α attenuates oleate-induced acute lung injury in rabbits. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:191-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Kosaka T, Yasumizu Y, Miyazaki Y, Miyajima A, Kikuchi E, Oya M. Potent increased risk of the initiation of DNA replication in human prostate cancer with the use of 5α-reductase inhibitors. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL UROLOGY 2014; 2:136-44. [PMID: 25374915 PMCID: PMC4219299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical studies have raised the clinically important question of the relationship between dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and prostate cancer (PCa) progression. The significance of DHT or 5α-reductase inhibitors (5ARI) in PCa development and progression has not yet been fully characterized. The aim of this study was to determine whether the initiation of DNA replication was influenced by DHT in PCa. Three cell lines were used. LNCaP: a human PCa cell line that exhibits androgen-dependent proliferation, C4-2: a human PCa cell line that exhibits androgen-independent proliferation, and C4-2AT6: a castration resistant prostate cancer cell line. Two 5ARIs, finasteride and dutasteride, were used. We examined the mRNA expression of the components of pre-replication complex (Pre-RC), CDC6, CDT1, and MCM2-7. DHT induced cell proliferation of LNCaP accompanied by significantly increased CDC6, CDT1, and MCM2-7 expression. In contrast to LNCaP, DHT inhibited cell proliferation in C4-2AT6 cells accompanied by decreased expression of CDC6, CDT1, and MCM2-7. These reverse effects resemble the effects of 5ARIs in Pre-RC. Treatment with finasteride or dutasteride inhibited CDC6 expression in LNCaP, but both 5ARIs induced CDC6 expression in C4-2 and C4-2AT6 cells.These results indicate that DHT showed reversal effects on PCa cell proliferation among prostate cancer cells based on androgen-dependence, accompanied by regulation of the initiation of DNA replication. 5ARIs may modulate the DNA replication system in someaggressive PCa through up-regulation of CDC6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yota Yasumizu
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Miyazaki
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Akira Miyajima
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eiji Kikuchi
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Liu Y, Gong Z, Sun L, Li X. FOXM1 and androgen receptor co-regulate CDC6 gene transcription and DNA replication in prostate cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1839:297-305. [PMID: 24583551 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CDC6 is a key component of the DNA replication initiation machinery, and its transcription is regulated by E2F or androgen receptor (AR) alone or in combination in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Through both overexpression and knockdown approaches, we found that in addition to its effects on the E2F pathway, the cell proliferation specific transcription factor FOXM1 stimulated CDC6 transcription in cooperation with AR. We have identified a forkhead box motif in the CDC6 proximal promoter that is occupied by FOXM1 and is sufficient to drive FOXM1-regulated transcription. Indirectly, FOXM1 elevated AR protein levels and AR dependent transcription. Furthermore, FOXM1 and AR proteins physically interact. Using synchronized cultures, we observed that CDC6 expression is elevated near S phase of the cell cycle, at a time coinciding with elevated FOXM1 and AR expression and CDC6 promoter occupancy by both AR and FOXM1 proteins. Androgen increased the binding of AR protein to CDC6 promoter, and AR and FOXM1 knockdown decreased AR binding. These results provided new evidence for the regulatory mechanism of aberrant CDC6 oncogene transcription by FOXM1 and AR, two highly expressed transcription factors in PCa cells. Functionally, the cooperation of FOXM1 and AR accelerated DNA synthesis and cell proliferation by affecting CDC6 gene expression. Furthermore, siomycin A, a proteasome inhibitor known to inhibit FOXM1 expression and activity, inhibited PCa cell proliferation and its effect was additive to that of bicalutamide, an antiandrogen commonly used to treat PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhong Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, People's Republic of China.
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Ruan J, Liu N, Ouyang H, Yang S, Li K. Spatiotemporal control of porcine p65RHD expression by advanced Tet-On system in PIEC cells helps regulate NFкB activity. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:1753-61. [PMID: 24443222 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
NFкB transcription activation leads to malfunction of endothelial cells, which is the main reason for pig xenograft rejection. Overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of porcine NFκB p65 (pp65RHD) could inhibit NFкB activation in endothelial cells. This study presents an advanced tetracycline-regulated system for pp65RHD spatiotemporal expression in porcine iliac endothelial cell line. In this system, an endothelial specific promoter ICAM-2 is used to improve pTet-On and internal ribosome entry site as well as enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) elements are used to facilitate the result observation in pTRE-Tight. Through transfection and drug selection, we obtained 7 single cell clones containing the advanced Tet-On system, in which pp65RHD expression is under tight regulated by doxycycline and can be visualized easily through EGFP. The distribution of induced pp65RHD was verified by immunocytochemical assays test. Then, NFкB activity was tested. Luciferase reporter assays showed that NFкB activity in two clones was influenced by the Dox-induced pp65RHD expression, but other clones weren't influenced. Therefore, we picked up 2 cell clones from the uninfluenced clones for further investigation by immunocytochemical assays and RT-PCR detection. The final results supported the overexpression of pp65RHD in one clone could successfully inhibit NFкB activity. The success of pp65RHD spatiotemporal expression system is helpful to regulate NFкB activity and conquer cell-mediated immunity and could be used for preparation of transgenic pig, contributing to xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxue Ruan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
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22
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CHEN SANSAN, WAN PEI, DING WEN, LI FEI, HE CHENGWU, CHEN PENGLIANG, LI HONGWEI, HU ZHIMING, TAN WANLONG, LI JINLONG. Norcantharidin inhibits DNA replication and induces mitotic catastrophe by degrading initiation protein Cdc6. Int J Mol Med 2013; 32:43-50. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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23
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Jin F, Irshad S, Yu W, Belakavadi M, Chekmareva M, Ittmann MM, Abate-Shen C, Fondell JD. ERK and AKT signaling drive MED1 overexpression in prostate cancer in association with elevated proliferation and tumorigenicity. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:736-47. [PMID: 23538858 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
MED1 is a key coactivator of the androgen receptor (AR) and other signal-activated transcription factors. Whereas MED1 is overexpressed in prostate cancer cell lines and is thought to coactivate distinct target genes involved in cell-cycle progression and castration-resistant growth, the underlying mechanisms by which MED1 becomes overexpressed and its oncogenic role in clinical prostate cancer have remained unclear. Here, we report that MED1 is overexpressed in the epithelium of clinically localized human prostate cancer patients, which correlated with elevated cellular proliferation. In a Nkx3.1:Pten mutant mouse model of prostate cancer that recapitulates the human disease, MED1 protein levels were markedly elevated in the epithelium of both invasive and castration-resistant adenocarcinoma prostate tissues. Mechanistic evidence showed that hyperactivated ERK and/or AKT signaling pathways promoted MED1 overexpression in prostate cancer cells. Notably, ectopic MED1 overexpression in prostate cancer xenografts significantly promoted tumor growth in nude mice. Furthermore, MED1 expression in prostate cancer cells promoted the expression of a number of novel genes involved in inflammation, cell proliferation, and survival. Together, these findings suggest that elevated MED1 is a critical molecular event associated with prostate oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, UMDNJ, 683 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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24
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Zou Y, Mi J, Wang W, Lu J, Zhao W, Liu Z, Hu H, Yang Y, Gao X, Jiang B, Shao C, Gong Y. CUL4B promotes replication licensing by up-regulating the CDK2-CDC6 cascade. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 200:743-56. [PMID: 23479742 PMCID: PMC3601365 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201206065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CUL4B up-regulates CDK2 by repressing miR-372 and miR-373, leading to increased phosphorylation and stabilization of CDC6, thus promoting replication licensing. Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) participate in the regulation of diverse cellular processes including cell cycle progression. Mutations in the X-linked CUL4B, a member of the cullin family, cause mental retardation and other developmental abnormalities in humans. Cells that are deficient in CUL4B are severely selected against in vivo in heterozygotes. Here we report a role of CUL4B in the regulation of replication licensing. Strikingly, CDC6, the licensing factor in replication, was positively regulated by CUL4B and contributed to the loading of MCM2 to chromatin. The positive regulation of CDC6 by CUL4B depends on CDK2, which phosphorylates CDC6, protecting it from APCCDH1-mediated degradation. Thus, aside being required for cell cycle reentry from quiescence, CDK2 also contributes to pre-replication complex assembly in G1 phase of cycling cells. Interestingly, the up-regulation of CDK2 by CUL4B is achieved via the repression of miR-372 and miR-373, which target CDK2. Our findings thus establish a CUL4B–CDK2–CDC6 cascade in the regulation of DNA replication licensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Zou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology and Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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25
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Murthy S, Wu M, Bai VU, Hou Z, Menon M, Barrack ER, Kim SH, Reddy GPV. Role of androgen receptor in progression of LNCaP prostate cancer cells from G1 to S phase. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56692. [PMID: 23437213 PMCID: PMC3577675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role in the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. However, its mechanism of action in proliferation remains unknown. An understanding of the mechanism of AR action in proliferation may lead to the development of effective strategies for the treatment of prostate cancer. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study we report that pulse treatment of synchronized LNCaP cells with Casodex, an AR-antagonist, for 4 hours in mid-G1 phase was sufficient to prevent cells from entering S phase. Since the assembly of pre-replication complex (pre-RC) in G1 is required for the progression of cells from G1 to S phase, the effect of Casodex during mid-G1 suggested that the role of AR in proliferation might be to regulate the assembly of pre-RC. To test this possibility, we investigated the interaction between AR and Cdc6, an essential component of pre-RC in LNCaP cells. AR co-localized and co-immunoprecipitated with Cdc6, and Casodex treatment disrupted this interaction. AR-immunoprecipitate (AR-IP) also contained cyclin E and cyclin A, which play a critical role in pre-RC assembly and cell cycle entry into S phase, and DNA polymerase-α, PCNA, and ribonucleotide reductase, which are essential for the initiation of DNA synthesis. In addition, in cells in S phase, AR co-sedimented with components of the DNA replication machinery of cells that entered S phase. Conclusions/Significance Together, these observations suggest a novel role of AR as a component of the pre-RC to exert control over progression of LNCaP cells from G1 to S phase through a mechanism that is independent of its role as a transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Murthy
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Min Wu
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - V. Uma Bai
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zizheng Hou
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Mani Menon
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Evelyn R. Barrack
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sahn-Ho Kim
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - G. Prem-Veer Reddy
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Qu F, Cui X, Hong Y, Wang J, Li Y, Chen L, Liu Y, Gao Y, Xu D, Wang Q. MicroRNA-185 suppresses proliferation, invasion, migration, and tumorigenicity of human prostate cancer cells through targeting androgen receptor. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 377:121-30. [PMID: 23417242 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1576-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that androgen receptor (AR) is involved in the progression of prostate cancer (CaP) by several mechanisms. However, how AR is regulated has not been fully understood. In this study, miR-185 was found to be down-regulated in clinical CaP samples. Targets prediction revealed that AR had putative complementary sequences to miR-185, which was confirmed by the following dual luciferase reporter assay. Overexpression of miR-185 could reduce the expression of AR protein but not mRNA in LNCaP cells. The proliferation of LNCaP cells was inhibited by overexpression of miR-185. Cell cycle analysis revealed cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. The invasive and migration abilities of cells could also be suppressed by miR-185. Furthermore, miR-185 inhibited tumorigenicity in a CaP xenografts model. CDC6, one target of AR and an important regulatory molecule for cell cycle, was found to be down-regulated by overexpression of miR-185. Our findings suggest that miR-185 could function as a tumor-suppressor gene in CaP by directly targeting AR, and act as a potential therapeutic target for CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajun Qu
- Department of Urinary Surgery of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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27
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Sarkar S, Brautigan DL, Parsons SJ, Larner JM. Androgen receptor degradation by the E3 ligase CHIP modulates mitotic arrest in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2012; 33:26-33. [PMID: 23246967 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) has a vital role in the onset and progression of prostate cancer by promoting G1-S progression, possibly by functioning as a licensing factor for DNA replication. We here report that low dose 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), an endogenous estrogen metabolite, induces mitotic arrest in prostate cancer cells involving activation of the E3 ligase CHIP (C-terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein) and degradation of the AR. Depletion of the AR by small interfering RNA (siRNA) eliminates 2-ME-induced arrest and introducing AR into PC3-M cells confers 2-ME-induced mitotic arrest. Knockdown of CHIP or MDM2 (mouse homolog of double minute 2 protein) individually or in combination reduced AR degradation and abrogated M phase arrest induced by 2-ME. Our data link AR degradation via ubiquitination to mitotic arrest. Targeting the AR by activating E3 ligases such as CHIP represents a novel strategy for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sarkar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - D L Brautigan
- 1] Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA [2] Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - S J Parsons
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - J M Larner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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28
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Fernández-Morales B, Pavón L, Calés C. CDC6 expression is regulated by lineage-specific transcription factor GATA1. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:3055-66. [PMID: 22871742 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
GATA1 is a hematopoietic transcription factor essential for expression of most genes encoding erythro-megakaryocytic proteins, i.e., globins and platelet glycoproteins. A role for GATA1 as a cell proliferation regulator has been proposed, as some of its bona fide targets comprise global regulators, such as c-KIT or c-MYC, or cell cycle factors, i.e., CYCLIN D or p21CIP1. In this study, we describe that GATA1 directly regulates the expression of replication licensing factor CDC6. Using reporter transactivation, electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we show that GATA1 stimulates CDC6 transcription by binding to a canonical binding site located within a 166bp enhancer region upstream CDC6 promoter. This evolutionary conserved GATA binding site conforms to recently described chromatin occupancy rules, i.e., preferred bases within core WGATAR (TGATAA), 5' and 3' flanking bases (GGTGATAAGG) and distance to the transcription initiation site. We also found adjacent conserved binding sites for ubiquitously expressed transcription factor CP2, needed for GATA activity on CDC6 enhancer. Our results add to the growing evidence for GATA1 acting as a direct transcriptional regulator of the cell cycle machinery, thus linking cell proliferation control and specific gene expression programs during lineage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Fernández-Morales
- Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Schiewer MJ, Augello MA, Knudsen KE. The AR dependent cell cycle: mechanisms and cancer relevance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 352:34-45. [PMID: 21782001 PMCID: PMC3641823 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer cells are exquisitely dependent on androgen receptor (AR) activity for proliferation and survival. As these functions are critical targets of therapeutic intervention for human disease, it is imperative to delineate the mechanisms by which AR engages the cell cycle engine. More than a decade of research has revealed that elegant intercommunication between AR and the cell cycle machinery governs receptor-dependent cellular proliferation, and that perturbations in this process occur frequently in human disease. Here, AR-cell cycle interplay and associated cancer relevance will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Schiewer
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Michael A. Augello
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Karen E. Knudsen
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Corresponding author at: Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 S 10th St., BLSB 1008, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. Tel.: +1 215 503 8574 (office)/+1 215 503 8573 (lab). (K.E. Knudsen)
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30
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Jääskeläinen T, Makkonen H, Visakorpi T, Kim J, Roeder RG, Palvimo JJ. Histone H2B ubiquitin ligases RNF20 and RNF40 in androgen signaling and prostate cancer cell growth. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 350:87-98. [PMID: 22155569 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Since data-mining from the Oncomine database revealed that expression of histone H2B K120 monoubiquitin (H2Bub1) ligase RNF20 is decreased in metastatic prostate cancer, we elucidated the effect of RNF20 and its homolog RNF40 on androgen receptor (AR)-dependent transcription and prostate cancer cell growth. Both RNF20 and RNF40 were able to functionally and physically interact with the AR and modulate its transcriptional activity in intact cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses showed that the androgen induction of FKBP51 and PSA in LNCaP prostate cancer cells is accompanied with a dynamic increase in the H2Bub1 within the transcribed regions of these loci. Interestingly, depletion of RNF20 or RNF40 strongly retarded the growth of LNCaP cells, which was however unlikely to be due to altered androgen signaling, but due to decreased expression of several cell cycle promoters. Collectively, our results suggest that RNF20 and RNF40, either via ubiquitylation of H2B or other targets, are coupled to the proliferation of prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Jääskeläinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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31
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Jin F, Claessens F, Fondell JD. Regulation of androgen receptor-dependent transcription by coactivator MED1 is mediated through a newly discovered noncanonical binding motif. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:858-70. [PMID: 22102282 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.304519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor (NR) activation by cognate ligand generally involves allosteric realignment of C-terminal α-helices thus generating a binding surface for coactivators containing canonical LXXLL α-helical motifs. The androgen receptor (AR) is uncommon among NRs in that ligand triggers an intramolecular interaction between its N- and C-terminal domains (termed the N/C interaction) and that coactivators can alternatively bind to surfaces in the AR N-terminal or hinge regions. The evolutionary conserved Mediator complex plays a key coregulatory role in steroid hormone-dependent transcription and is chiefly targeted to NRs via the LXXLL-containing MED1 subunit. Whereas MED1 has been demonstrated to serve as a key transcriptional coactivator for AR, the mechanisms by which AR recruits MED1 have remained unclear. Here we show that MED1 binds to a distinct AR N-terminal region termed transactivation unit-1 (Tau-1) via two newly discovered noncanonical α-helical motifs located between MED1 residues 505 and 537. Neither of the two MED1 LXXLL motifs is required for AR binding, whereas loss of the intramolecular AR N/C interaction decreases MED1 binding. We further demonstrate that mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation of MED1 enhances the AR-MED1 interaction in prostate cancer cells. In sum, our findings reveal a novel AR-coactivator binding mechanism that may have clinical implications for AR activity in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Jin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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32
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Schütz SV, Schrader AJ, Zengerling F, Genze F, Cronauer MV, Schrader M. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β counteracts ligand-independent activity of the androgen receptor in castration resistant prostate cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25341. [PMID: 21980429 PMCID: PMC3183056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to generate genomic signals, the androgen receptor (AR) has to be transported into the nucleus upon androgenic stimuli. However, there is evidence from in vitro experiments that in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells the AR is able to translocate into the nucleus in a ligand-independent manner. The recent finding that inhibition of the glycogen-synthase-kinase 3β (GSK-3β) induces a rapid nuclear export of the AR in androgen-stimulated prostate cancer cells prompted us to analyze the effects of a GSK-3β inhibition in the castration-resistant LNCaP sublines C4-2 and LNCaP-SSR. Both cell lines exhibit high levels of nuclear AR in the absence of androgenic stimuli. Exposure of these cells to the maleimide SB216763, a potent GSK-3β inhibitor, resulted in a rapid nuclear export of the AR even under androgen-deprived conditions. Moreover, the ability of C4-2 and LNCaP-SSR cells to grow in the absence of androgens was diminished after pharmacological inhibition of GSK-3β in vitro. The ability of SB216763 to modulate AR signalling and function in CRPC in vivo was additionally demonstrated in a modified chick chorioallantoic membrane xenograft assay after systemic delivery of SB216763. Our data suggest that inhibition of GSK-3β helps target the AR for export from the nucleus thereby diminishing the effects of mislocated AR in CRPC cells. Therefore, inhibition of GSK-3β could be an interesting new strategy for the treatment of CRPC.
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33
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Feng H, Cheng ASL, Tsang DP, Li MS, Go MY, Cheung YS, Zhao GJ, Ng SS, Lin MC, Yu J, Lai PB, To KF, Sung JJY. Cell cycle-related kinase is a direct androgen receptor-regulated gene that drives β-catenin/T cell factor-dependent hepatocarcinogenesis. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3159-75. [PMID: 21747169 DOI: 10.1172/jci45967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. It is more prevalent in men than women. Related to this, recent genetic studies have revealed a causal role for androgen receptor (AR) in hepatocarcinogenesis, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we used genome-wide location and functional analyses to identify a critical mediator of AR signaling - cell cycle-related kinase (CCRK) - that drives hepatocarcinogenesis via a signaling pathway dependent on β-catenin and T cell factor (TCF). Ligand-bound AR activated CCRK transcription and protein expression via direct binding to the androgen-responsive element of the CCRK promoter in human HCC cell lines. In vitro analyses showed that CCRK was critical in human cell lines for AR-induced cell cycle progression, hepatocellular proliferation, and malignant transformation. Ectopic expression of CCRK in immortalized human liver cells activated β-catenin/TCF signaling to stimulate cell cycle progression and to induce tumor formation, as shown in both xenograft and orthotopic models. Conversely, knockdown of CCRK decreased HCC cell growth, and this could be rescued by constitutively active β-catenin or TCF. In primary human HCC tissue samples, AR, CCRK, and β-catenin were concordantly overexpressed in the tumor cells. Furthermore, CCRK overexpression correlated with the tumor staging and poor overall survival of patients. Our results reveal a direct AR transcriptional target, CCRK, that promotes hepatocarcinogenesis through the upregulation of β-catenin/TCF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Feng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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34
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Thorne JL, Maguire O, Doig CL, Battaglia S, Fehr L, Sucheston LE, Heinaniemi M, O'Neill LP, McCabe CJ, Turner BM, Carlberg C, Campbell MJ. Epigenetic control of a VDR-governed feed-forward loop that regulates p21(waf1/cip1) expression and function in non-malignant prostate cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:2045-56. [PMID: 21088000 PMCID: PMC3064804 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In non-malignant RWPE-1 prostate epithelial cells signaling by the nuclear receptor Vitamin D Receptor (VDR, NR1I1) induces cell cycle arrest through targets including CDKN1A (encodes p21(waf1/cip1)). VDR dynamically induced individual histone modification patterns at three VDR binding sites (R1, 2, 3) on the CDKN1A promoter. The magnitude of these modifications was specific to each phase of the cell cycle. For example, H3K9ac enrichment occurred rapidly only at R2, whereas parallel accumulation of H3K27me3 occurred at R1; these events were significantly enriched in G1 and S phase cells, respectively. The epigenetic events appeared to allow VDR actions to combine with p53 to enhance p21(waf1/cip1) activation further. In parallel, VDR binding to the MCM7 gene induced H3K9ac enrichment associated with rapid mRNA up-regulation to generate miR-106b and consequently regulate p21(waf1/cip1) expression. We conclude that VDR binding site- and promoter-specific patterns of histone modifications combine with miRNA co-regulation to form a VDR-regulated feed-forward loop to control p21(waf1/cip1) expression and cell cycle arrest. Dissection of this feed-forward loop in a non-malignant prostate cell system illuminates mechanisms of sensitivity and therefore possible resistance in prostate and other VDR responsive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Thorne
- Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK.
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35
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Battaglia S, Maguire O, Thorne JL, Hornung LB, Doig CL, Liu S, Sucheston LE, Bianchi A, Khanim FL, Gommersall LM, Coulter HSO, Rakha S, Giddings I, O'Neill LP, Cooper CS, McCabe CJ, Bunce CM, Campbell MJ. Elevated NCOR1 disrupts PPARalpha/gamma signaling in prostate cancer and forms a targetable epigenetic lesion. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1650-60. [PMID: 20466759 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of anti-proliferative responsiveness in prostate cancer cell lines toward ligands for vitamin D receptor, retinoic acid receptors/retinoid X receptors and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)alpha/gamma may entail underlying epigenetic events, as ligand insensitivity reflects significantly altered messenger RNA expression of corepressors and histone-modifying enzymes. Expression patterns were dependent on phases of the cell cycle and associated with repressed basal gene expression of vitamin D receptor and PPARalpha/gamma target genes, for example CDKN1A [encodes p21((waf1/cip1))]. Elevated nuclear corepressor 1 (NCOR1) and nuclear corepressor 2/silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor protein levels were detected in prostate cancer cell lines compared with non-malignant counterparts. Knockdown of the corepressor NCOR1 significantly elevated basal expression of a cohort of target genes, including CDKN1A. Both chemical [histone deacetylases inhibitor (HDACi)] and NCOR1 knockdown targeting enhanced anti-proliferative sensitivity toward PPARalpha/gamma ligands in prostate cancer cell lines. Pursuing PPARalpha/gamma signaling, microarray approaches were undertaken to identify pathways and genes regulated uniquely by a combination of PPARalpha/gamma activation and HDAC inhibition. Again, HDACi and knockdown approaches demonstrated that elevated NCOR1 expression and activity distorted PPARalpha/gamma gene targets centered on, for example cell cycle control, including CDKN1A and TGFBRAP1. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction validation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays both confirmed that elevated NCOR1 disrupted the ability of PPARalpha/gamma to regulate key target genes (CDKN1A and TGFBRAP1). Interrogation of these relationships in prostate cancer samples using principal component and partial correlation analyses established significant interdependent relationships between NCOR1-PPARalpha/gamma and representative target genes, independently of androgen receptor expression. Therefore, we conclude that elevated NCOR1 distorts the actions of PPARalpha/gamma selectively and generates a potential epigenetic lesion with diagnostic and prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Battaglia
- Institute of Biomedical Research, Wolfson Drive, University of Birmingham Medical School, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
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36
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Abstract
The biological action of androgenic male sex steroid hormones in prostate tissue is mediated by the androgen receptor, a nuclear transcription factor. The transcriptional program of androgenic signaling in the prostate consists of thousands of gene targets whose products play a role in almost all cellular functions, including cellular proliferation, survival, lipid metabolism, and differentiation. This review will provide a summary of the most recent data regarding androgen-regulated target genes and modulation of androgen receptor activity, especially with regard to androgen-dependent and castration-recurrent prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R Lamont
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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37
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Kojima C, Zhang Y, Zimmer WE. Intronic DNA elements regulate androgen-dependent expression of the murine Nkx3.1 gene. Gene Expr 2010; 15:89-102. [PMID: 21526719 PMCID: PMC6043830 DOI: 10.3727/105221611x12973615737622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nkx3.1 is a well-conserved homeobox gene that is involved in development, differentiation and maintenance of prostate epithelial cells. Nkx3.1 expression is induced by androgen in prostate epithelia and, as such, our interest is to understand the mechanism(s) for this androgen-dependent expression in normal epithelial cells. In this report, we show that the region of DNA sequence 2.7 kilobases in front of the mouse Nkx3.1 gene drives enhanced transcription in prostate epithelia cells; however, this segment was not capable of androgen-directed regulation. Among the multiple, potential androgen response elements (AREs) identified by scanning sequences near and within the gene, two sequences within the intron of the murine Nkx3.1 gene were demonstrated to confer androgen-dependent transcription in reporter gene transfection experiments. Each of the elements, termed ARE A and ARE B, contained a 6-base pair core sequence, TGTTCT, that has been described as an androgen receptor half-site binding sequence, separated by 498 base pairs of DNA. Both of the intronic half-sites bind activated androgen receptor from a variety of sources, albeit with different apparent affinities. This region of the Nkx3.1 gene demonstrates a high degree of conservation among diverse species and mutagenesis experiments demonstrated that both elements are required for androgen stimulation. Taken together, our study shows that androgen-dependent transcription of the mouse Nkx3.1 gene is conferred through a noncanonical element within the intron of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinatsu Kojima
- *Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- *Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Warren E. Zimmer
- *Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
- †Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, USA
- ‡Faculty of Genetics, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, USA
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