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He Y, Shao Y, Zhou Z, Li T, Gao Y, Liu X, Yuan G, Yang G, Zhang L, Li F. MORC2 regulates RBM39-mediated CDK5RAP2 alternative splicing to promote EMT and metastasis in colon cancer. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:530. [PMID: 39048555 PMCID: PMC11269669 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinogenesis and progression are associated with aberrant alternative splicing, yet its molecular mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Here, we find that Microrchidia family CW-type zinc finger 2 (MORC2) binds to RRM1 domain of RNA binding motif protein 39 (RBM39), and RBM39 interacts with site 1 of pre-CDK5RAP2 exon 32 via its UHM domain, resulting in a splicing switch of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 regulatory subunit associated protein 2 (CDK5RAP2) L to CDK5RAP2 S. CDK5RAP2 S promotes invasion of colorectal cancer cells in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, CDK5RAP2 S specifically recruits the PHD finger protein 8 to promote Slug transcription by removing repressive histone marks at the Slug promoter. Moreover, CDK5RAP2 S, but not CDK5RAP2 L, is essential for the promotion of epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by MORC2 or RBM39. Importantly, high protein levels of MORC2, RBM39 and Slug are strongly associated with metastasis and poor clinical outcomes of colorectal cancer patients. Taken together, our findings uncover a novel mechanism by which MORC2 promotes colorectal cancer metastasis, through RBM39-mediated pre-CDK5RAP2 alternative splicing and highlight the MORC2/RBM39/CDK5RAP2 axis as a potential therapeutic target for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin He
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of the PRC and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of the PRC, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Yangguang Shao
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of the PRC and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of the PRC, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China.
| | - Zhihui Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of the PRC and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of the PRC, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of the PRC and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of the PRC, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Yunling Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of the PRC and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of the PRC, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of the PRC and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of the PRC, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Gang Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of the PRC and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of the PRC, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Gaoxiang Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of the PRC and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of the PRC, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of the PRC and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of the PRC, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of the PRC and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of the PRC, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110122, China.
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2
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Zhang S, Guo A, Wang H, Liu J, Dong C, Ren J, Wang G. Oncogenic MORC2 in cancer development and beyond. Genes Dis 2024; 11:861-873. [PMID: 37692502 PMCID: PMC10491978 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microrchidia CW-type zinc finger 2 (MORC2) is a member of the MORC superfamily of nuclear proteins. Growing evidence has shown that MORC2 not only participates in gene transcription and chromatin remodeling but also plays a key in human disease and tumor development by regulating the expression of downstream oncogenes or tumor suppressors. The present review provides an updated overview of MORC2 in the aspect of cancer hallmark and therapeutic resistance and summarizes its upstream regulators and downstream target genes. This systematic review may provide a favorable theoretical basis for emerging players of MORC2 in tumor development and new insight into the potential clinical application of basic science discoveries in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Ayao Guo
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Chenshuang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Junyi Ren
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
| | - Guiling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, China
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3
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Nohesara S, Abdolmaleky HM, Thiagalingam S. Potential for New Therapeutic Approaches by Targeting Lactate and pH Mediated Epigenetic Dysregulation in Major Mental Diseases. Biomedicines 2024; 12:457. [PMID: 38398057 PMCID: PMC10887322 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence have shown that lactate-mediated pH alterations in the brains of patients with neuropsychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia (SCZ), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and autism may be attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction and changes in energy metabolism. While neuronal activity is associated with reduction in brain pH, astrocytes are responsible for rebalancing the pH to maintain the equilibrium. As lactate level is the main determinant of brain pH, neuronal activities are impacted by pH changes due to the binding of protons (H+) to various types of proteins, altering their structure and function in the neuronal and non-neuronal cells of the brain. Lactate and pH could affect diverse types of epigenetic modifications, including histone lactylation, which is linked to histone acetylation and DNA methylation. In this review, we discuss the importance of pH homeostasis in normal brain function, the role of lactate as an essential epigenetic regulatory molecule and its contributions to brain pH abnormalities in neuropsychiatric diseases, and shed light on lactate-based and pH-modulating therapies in neuropsychiatric diseases by targeting epigenetic modifications. In conclusion, we attempt to highlight the potentials and challenges of translating lactate-pH-modulating therapies to clinics for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Nohesara
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Hamid Mostafavi Abdolmaleky
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sam Thiagalingam
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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4
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Zhao K, Wang X, Jin Y, Zhu X, Zhou T, Yu Y, Ji X, Chang Y, Luo J, Ni X, Guo Y, Yu D. LncRNA ZNF674-AS1 drives cell growth and inhibits cisplatin-induced pyroptosis via up-regulating CA9 in neuroblastoma. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:5. [PMID: 38177154 PMCID: PMC10766958 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a challenging pediatric extracranial solid tumor characterized by a poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy. Identifying targets to enhance chemotherapy sensitivity in NB is of utmost importance. Increasing evidence implicates long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in cancer, but their functional roles remain largely unexplored. Here, we analyzed our RNA sequencing data and identified the upregulated lncRNA ZNF674-AS1 in chemotherapy non-responsive NB patients. Elevated ZNF674-AS1 expression is associated with poor prognosis and high-risk NB. Importantly, targeting ZNF674-AS1 expression in NB cells suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Further functional studies have revealed that ZNF674-AS1 constrains cisplatin sensitivity by suppressing pyroptosis and promoting cell proliferation. Moreover, ZNF674-AS1 primarily relies on CA9 to fulfill its functions on cisplatin resistance. High CA9 levels were associated with high-risk NB and predicted poor patient outcomes. Mechanistically, ZNF674-AS1 directly interacted with the RNA binding protein IGF2BP3 to enhance the stability of CA9 mRNA by binding with CA9 transcript, leading to elevated CA9 expression. As a novel regulator of CA9, IGF2BP3 positively upregulated CA9 expression. Together, these results expand our understanding of the cancer-associated function of lncRNAs, highlighting the ZNF674-AS1/IGF2BP3/CA9 axis as a constituting regulatory mode in NB tumor growth and cisplatin resistance. These insights reveal the pivotal role of ZNF674-AS1 inhibition in recovering cisplatin sensitivity, thus providing potential therapeutic targets for NB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunming Zhao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yaqiong Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yongbo Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Ji
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yan Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Luo
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xin Ni
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China.
| | - Yongli Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China.
| | - Dianke Yu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 266071, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
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5
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Müller I, Helin K. Keep quiet: the HUSH complex in transcriptional silencing and disease. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:11-22. [PMID: 38216658 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The human silencing hub (HUSH) complex is an epigenetic repressor complex whose role has emerged as an important guardian of genome integrity. It protects the genome from exogenous DNA invasion and regulates endogenous retroelements by recruiting histone methyltransferases catalyzing histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) and additional proteins involved in chromatin compaction. In particular, its regulation of transcriptionally active LINE1 retroelements, by binding to and neutralizing LINE1 transcripts, has been well characterized. HUSH is required for mouse embryogenesis and is associated with disease, in particular cancer. Here we provide insights into the structural and biochemical features of the HUSH complex. Furthermore, we discuss the molecular mechanisms by which the HUSH complex is recruited to specific genomic regions and how it silences transcription. Finally, we discuss the role of HUSH complex members in mammalian development, antiretroviral immunity, and diseases such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Müller
- Cell Biology Program and Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristian Helin
- Cell Biology Program and Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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6
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Thomas L, Chutani N, R K, Nair AS, Yellapu NK, Karyala P, Pakala SB. Microrchidia 2/histone deacetylase 1 complex regulates E-cadherin gene expression and function. Biochem J 2023; 480:1675-1691. [PMID: 37815456 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Although Microrchidia 2 (MORC2) is widely overexpressed in human malignancies and linked to cancer cell proliferation, metabolism, and metastasis, the mechanism of action of MORC2 in cancer cell migration and invasion is yet undeciphered. Here, we identified for the first time that MORC2, a chromatin remodeler, regulates E-cadherin expression and, subsequently regulates breast cancer cell migration and invasion. We observed a negative correlation between the expression levels of MORC2 and E-cadherin in breast cancer. Furthermore, the overexpression of MORC2 resulted in decreased expression levels of E-cadherin. In addition, co-immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that MORC2 interacts with HDAC1 and gets recruited onto the E-cadherin promoter to inhibit its transcription, thereby suppress its expression. Consequently, knockdown of HDAC1 in MORC2-overexpressing cells led to reduced cancer cell migration and invasion. Interestingly, we noticed that MORC2-regulated glucose metabolism via c-Myc, and LDHA, also modulates the expression of E-cadherin. Collectively, these results demonstrate for the first time a mechanistic role for MORC2 as an upstream regulator of E-cadherin expression and its associated functions in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz Thomas
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Mangalam, Tirupati 517 507, India
| | - Namita Chutani
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Mangalam, Tirupati 517 507, India
| | - Krishna R
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695 014, India
| | - Asha S Nair
- Cancer Research Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala 695 014, India
| | - Nanda Kumar Yellapu
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Centre, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, U.S.A
| | - Prashanthi Karyala
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life and Allied Health Sciences, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru 560054, India
| | - Suresh B Pakala
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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7
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Chutani N, Ragula S, Syed K, Pakala SB. Novel Insights into the Role of Chromatin Remodeler MORC2 in Cancer. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1527. [PMID: 37892209 PMCID: PMC10605154 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A newly discovered chromatin remodeler, MORC2, is a Microrchidia (MORC) family member. MORC2 acts as a chromatin remodeler by binding to the DNA and changing chromatin conformation using its ATPase domain. MORC2 is highly expressed in a variety of human cancers. It controls diverse signaling pathways essential for cancer development through its target genes and interacting partners. MORC2 promotes cancer cells' growth, invasion, and migration by regulating the expression of genes involved in these processes. MORC2 is localized primarily in the nucleus and is also found in the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, MORC2 interacts with adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-citrate lyase (ACLY) to promote lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis in cancer. In the nucleus, MORC2 interacts with the transcription factor c-Myc to control the transcription of genes involved in glucose metabolism to drive cancer cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, MORC2 recruits on to the promoters of tumor suppressor genes to repress their transcription and expression to promote oncogenesis. In addition to its crucial function in oncogenesis, it plays a vital role in DNA repair. Overall, this review concisely summarizes the current knowledge about MORC2-regulated molecular pathways involved in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Chutani
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Mangalam, Tirupati 517 507, India;
| | - Sandhya Ragula
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India;
| | - Khajamohiddin Syed
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa;
| | - Suresh B. Pakala
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa;
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8
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Zhao P, Ning J, Huang J, Wei B, Wang Z, Huang X. High Expression of MORC2 is Associated with Poor Clinical Outcomes and Immune Infiltrates in Colon Adenocarcinoma. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:4595-4615. [PMID: 37850194 PMCID: PMC10577261 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s420715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Microrchidia 2 (MORC2) is a universally expressed molecule that has recently been identified as a chromatin modulator and elevated in many malignancies. However, its prognostic value and immunological role of MORC2 in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) have never been illustrated. Methods The clinical parameters and MORC2 expression datasets of COAD patients were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Cancer and adjacent tissue specimens from surgically resected COAD patients were collected, and quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect MORC2 expression. Differentially expressed genes related to MORC2 were discovered and used for functional enrichment analysis. The diagnostic and prognostic values of MORC2 in COAD were conducted using receiver operating characteristics (ROC), Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis, PrognoScan, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) public databases and nomograms. Eventually, the association of MORC2 with tumor microenvironment was analyzed by using TIMER and GSVA package of R (v3.6.3). Results MORC2 expression was upregulated in COAD tissues, and the RT-qPCR results further verified the reliability of our differential analysis at the transcriptional level. Additionally, higher expression of MORC2 was correlated to a poor prognosis for COAD patients. MORC2 was an independent prognostic factor for COAD and could be a diagnostic factor for early COAD. Furthermore, MORC2 expression was positively correlated with immune cells such as NK cells, TFH cells and so on. Conclusion The findings demonstrated that overexpression of MORC2 was correlated with worse prognosis and immune infiltrates of COAD. MORC2 can serve as a reliable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and a target of immunotherapy for COAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhuang Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics and Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajia Ning
- Department of Geriatrics and Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Geriatrics and Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Binqian Wei
- Department of Geriatrics and Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Geriatrics and Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Huang
- Department of Geriatrics and Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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9
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Chahine Z, Gupta M, Lenz T, Hollin T, Abel S, Banks CAS, Saraf A, Prudhomme J, Florens L, Le Roch KG. PfMORC protein regulates chromatin accessibility and transcriptional repression in the human malaria parasite, P. falciparum. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.11.557253. [PMID: 37745554 PMCID: PMC10515874 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.11.557253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The environmental challenges the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, faces during its progression into its various lifecycle stages warrant the use of effective and highly regulated access to chromatin for transcriptional regulation. Microrchidia (MORC) proteins have been implicated in DNA compaction and gene silencing across plant and animal kingdoms. Accumulating evidence has shed light into the role MORC protein plays as a transcriptional switch in apicomplexan parasites. In this study, using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing tool along with complementary molecular and genomics approaches, we demonstrate that PfMORC not only modulates chromatin structure and heterochromatin formation throughout the parasite erythrocytic cycle, but is also essential to the parasite survival. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) experiments suggest that PfMORC binds to not only sub-telomeric regions and genes involved in antigenic variation but is also most likely a key modulator of stage transition. Protein knockdown experiments followed by chromatin conformation capture (Hi-C) studies indicate that downregulation of PfMORC induces the collapse of the parasite heterochromatin structure leading to its death. All together these findings confirm that PfMORC plays a crucial role in chromatin structure and gene regulation, validating this factor as a strong candidate for novel antimalarial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Chahine
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - M Gupta
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - T Lenz
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - T Hollin
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - S Abel
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - CAS Banks
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - A Saraf
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - J Prudhomme
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
| | - L Florens
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - KG Le Roch
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
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10
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Rotermund A, Brandt S, Staege MS, Luetzkendorf J, Mueller LP, Mueller T. Differential CMS-Related Expression of Cell Surface Carbonic Anhydrases IX and XII in Colorectal Cancer Models-Implications for Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065797. [PMID: 36982873 PMCID: PMC10056265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated carbonic anhydrases IX (CAIX) and XII (CAXII) have long been in the spotlight as potential new targets for anti-cancer therapy. Recently, CAIX/CAXII specific inhibitor SLC-0111 has passed clinical phase I study and showed differential response among patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC can be classified into four different consensus molecular subgroups (CMS) showing unique expression patterns and molecular traits. We questioned whether there is a CMS-related CAIX/CAXII expression pattern in CRC predicting response. As such, we analyzed transcriptomic data of tumor samples for CA9/CA12 expression using Cancertool. Protein expression pattern was examined in preclinical models comprising cell lines, spheroids and xenograft tumors representing the CMS groups. Impact of CAIX/CAXII knockdown and SLC-0111 treatment was investigated in 2D and 3D cell culture. The transcriptomic data revealed a characteristic CMS-related CA9/CA12 expression pattern with pronounced co-expression of both CAs as a typical feature of CMS3 tumors. Protein expression in spheroid- and xenograft tumor tissue clearly differed, ranging from close to none (CMS1) to strong CAIX/CAXII co-expression in CMS3 models (HT29, LS174T). Accordingly, response to SLC-0111 analyzed in the spheroid model ranged from no (CMS1) to clear (CMS3), with moderate in CMS2 and mixed in CMS4. Furthermore, SLC-0111 positively affected impact of single and combined chemotherapeutic treatment of CMS3 spheroids. In addition, combined CAIX/CAXII knockdown and more effective treatment with SLC-0111 reduced clonogenic survival of CMS3 modelling single cells. In conclusion, the preclinical data support the clinical approach of targeted CAIX/CAXII inhibition by showing linkage of expression with response and suggest that patients with CMS3-classified tumors would most benefit from such treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Rotermund
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Hematology/Oncology), Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Sarah Brandt
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Hematology/Oncology), Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Martin S Staege
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Jana Luetzkendorf
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Hematology/Oncology), Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Lutz P Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Hematology/Oncology), Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Department of Internal Medicine IV (Hematology/Oncology), Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany
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11
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Jacquier A, Ribault S, Mendes M, Lacoste N, Risson V, Carras J, Latour P, Nadaj-Pakleza A, Stojkovic T, Schaeffer L. Expanding the phenotypic variability of MORC2 gene mutations: From Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease to late-onset pure motor neuropathy. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:1898-1908. [PMID: 35904125 PMCID: PMC10087860 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
MORC2 gene encodes a ubiquitously expressed nuclear protein involved in chromatin remodeling, DNA repair, and transcriptional regulation. Heterozygous mutations in MORC2 gene have been associated with a spectrum of disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT2Z), spinal muscular atrophy-like with or without cerebellar involvement, and a developmental syndrome associated with impaired growth, craniofacial dysmorphism and axonal neuropathy (DIGFAN syndrome). Such variability in clinical manifestations associated with the increasing number of variants of unknown significance detected by next-generation sequencing constitutes a serious diagnostic challenge. Here we report the characterization of an in vitro model to evaluate the pathogenicity of variants of unknown significance based on MORC2 overexpression in a neuroblastoma cell line SH-EP or cortical neurons. Likewise, we show that MORC2 mutants affect survival and trigger apoptosis over time in SH-EP cell line. Furthermore, overexpression in primary cortical neurons increases apoptotic cell death and decreases neurite outgrowth. Altogether, these approaches establish the pathogenicity of two new variants p.Gly444Arg and p.His446Gln in three patients from two families. These new mutations in MORC2 gene are associated with autosomal dominant CMT and with adult late onset proximal motor neuropathy, further increasing the spectrum of clinical manifestations associated with MORC2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Jacquier
- PGNM, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Lyon1-CNRS UMR5261-INSERM U1315, Lyon, France.,Centre de Biotechnologie Cellulaire, CBC Biotec, CHU de Lyon-HCL groupement Est, Bron, France
| | - Shams Ribault
- PGNM, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Lyon1-CNRS UMR5261-INSERM U1315, Lyon, France.,Service de Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - Michel Mendes
- Service de Neurologie, Centro Hospitalar Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nicolas Lacoste
- PGNM, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Lyon1-CNRS UMR5261-INSERM U1315, Lyon, France
| | - Valérie Risson
- PGNM, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Lyon1-CNRS UMR5261-INSERM U1315, Lyon, France
| | - Julien Carras
- PGNM, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Lyon1-CNRS UMR5261-INSERM U1315, Lyon, France.,Centre de Biotechnologie Cellulaire, CBC Biotec, CHU de Lyon-HCL groupement Est, Bron, France
| | - Philippe Latour
- PGNM, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Lyon1-CNRS UMR5261-INSERM U1315, Lyon, France.,Unité fonctionnelle de neurogénétique moléculaire, CHU de Lyon-HCL groupement Est, Bron, France
| | - Aleksandra Nadaj-Pakleza
- Centre de Référence des maladies Neuromusculaires Nord/Est/Ile-de-France, Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tanya Stojkovic
- Institut de Myologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Schaeffer
- PGNM, Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Lyon1-CNRS UMR5261-INSERM U1315, Lyon, France.,Centre de Biotechnologie Cellulaire, CBC Biotec, CHU de Lyon-HCL groupement Est, Bron, France
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12
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Jacquier A, Roubille S, Lomonte P, Schaeffer L. Microrchidia CW-Type Zinc Finger 2, a Chromatin Modifier in a Spectrum of Peripheral Neuropathies. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:896854. [PMID: 35722617 PMCID: PMC9203694 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.896854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microrchidia CW-type zinc finger 2 (MORC2) gene encodes a protein expressed in all tissues and enriched in the brain. MORC2 protein is composed of a catalytic ATPase domain, three coil-coiled domains allowing dimerization or protein complex interaction, a zinc-finger CW domain allowing DNA interaction, and a CHROMO-like (CHRromatin Organization Modifier) domain. Recently, de novo or dominantly inherited heterozygous mutations have been associated with a spectrum of disorders affecting the peripheral nervous system such as the Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, spinal muscular atrophy-like phenotype disorder, or a neurodevelopmental syndrome associated with developmental delay, impaired growth, dysmorphic facies, and axonal neuropathy (DIGFAN). In this review, we detail the various mutations of MORC2 and their consequences on clinical manifestations. Possible genotype-phenotype correlations as well as intra and inter-family variability are discussed. MORC2 molecular functions such as transcriptional modulation, DNA damage repair, and lipid metabolism are then reviewed. We further discuss the impact of MORC2 mutations on the epigenetic landscape in the neuromuscular system and hypothesize probable pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the phenotypic variability observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Jacquier
- INMG-Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, Bron, France
| | - Simon Roubille
- INMG-Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Lomonte
- INMG-Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Lyon, France
- *Correspondence: Patrick Lomonte,
| | - Laurent Schaeffer
- INMG-Pathophysiology and Genetics of Neuron and Muscle, CNRS UMR 5261, INSERM U1315, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Est, Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Est, Bron, France
- Laurent Schaeffer,
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13
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Chutani N, Singh AK, Kadumuri RV, Pakala SB, Chavali S. Structural and Functional Attributes of Microrchidia Family of Chromatin Remodelers. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167664. [PMID: 35659506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin remodelers affect the spatio-temporal dynamics of global gene-expression by structurally modulating and/or reorganizing the chromatin. Microrchidia (MORC) family is a relatively new addition to the four well studied families of chromatin remodeling proteins. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the structural aspects of human MORCs as well as their epigenetic functions. From a molecular and systems-level perspective, we explore their participation in phase-separated structures, possible influence on various biological processes through protein-protein interactions, and potential extra-nuclear roles. We describe how dysregulation/dysfunction of MORCs can lead to various pathological conditions. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of undertaking integrated efforts to obtain a holistic understanding of the various biological roles of MORCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Chutani
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517 507, Andhra Pradesh, India. https://twitter.com/ChutaniNamita
| | - Anjali Kumari Singh
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517 507, Andhra Pradesh, India. https://twitter.com/anjali_k_s
| | - Rajashekar Varma Kadumuri
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517 507, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Suresh B Pakala
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517 507, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Sreenivas Chavali
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati 517 507, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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14
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Zhang J, Yang Y, Dong Y, Liu C. Microrchidia family CW‑type zinc finger 2 promotes the proliferation, invasion, migration and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition of glioma by regulating PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling via binding to N‑myc downstream regulated gene 1 promoter. Int J Mol Med 2021; 49:16. [PMID: 34913078 PMCID: PMC8711590 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.5071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is a common malignant tumor of the central nervous system with high incidence and mortality. The present study aimed to investigate the role of Microrchidia family CW‑type zinc finger 2 (MORC2) in the development of glioma. Firstly, MORC2 expression was detected in several glioma cell lines (U251, SHG44, LN229 and T98G). Following MORC2 silencing, cell proliferation was evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay and the expression of proliferation‑related proteins was assessed via immunofluorescence staining or western blotting. Cell invasion and migration were assessed using transwell and wound healing assays, respectively. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were employed to determine the expression of epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT)‑associated proteins. The protein expression of N‑myc downstream regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) and PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling was determined with western blot analysis. Then, the luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay were employed to evaluate the binding between MORC2 and NDRG1 promoter. Subsequently, cellular functional experiments were performed to assess the effects of NDRG1 on the progression of glioma after NDRG1 and MORC2 overexpression. In addition, tumor‑bearing experiments were conducted using a U251 tumor‑bearing nude mice model to detect tumor growth. The expression of proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin‑dependent kinase 2 and cyclin E1), migration [matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP9], EMT (E‑cadherin, N‑cadherin and Vimentin) and PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling proteins in tumor tissues was examined with immunohistochemistry assay or western blotting. Results revealed that MORC2 was notably unregulated in glioma cells compared with the normal human astrocyte. Loss‑function of MORC2 inhibited the proliferation, invasion, migration and EMT of glioma cells. Importantly, MORC2 silencing upregulated NDRG1 expression and inactivated PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling. Additionally, the luciferase reporter‑ and ChIP assays confirmed that MORC2 could bind to the NDRG1 promoter. NDRG1 upregulation suppressed the progression of glioma and these effects were partially reversed by MORC2 overexpression. Results of tumor‑bearing experiments suggested that gain‑function of NDRG1 inhibited tumor growth and downregulated the expression of proliferation, migration and EMT‑related proteins in tumorous tissue in U251 tumor‑bearing mice, which was partially counteracted after MORC2 overexpression. In addition, MORC2 overexpression abrogated the inhibitory effect of NDRG1 on PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling. In summary, MORC2 promoted the progression of glioma by inactivation of PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling via binding to NDRG1 promoter, providing a novel and potent target for the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Yunna Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Yipeng Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Cang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
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15
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MORC protein family-related signature within human disease and cancer. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1112. [PMID: 34839357 PMCID: PMC8627505 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04393-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The microrchidia (MORC) family of proteins is a highly conserved nuclear protein superfamily, whose members contain common domain structures (GHKL-ATPase, CW-type zinc finger and coiled-coil domain) yet exhibit diverse biological functions. Despite the advancing research in previous decades, much of which focuses on their role as epigenetic regulators and in chromatin remodeling, relatively little is known about the role of MORCs in tumorigenesis and pathogenesis. MORCs were first identified as epigenetic regulators and chromatin remodelers in germ cell development. Currently, MORCs are regarded as disease genes that are involved in various human disorders and oncogenes in cancer progression and are expected to be the important biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment. A new paradigm of expanded MORC family function has raised questions regarding the regulation of MORCs and their biological role at the subcellular level. Here, we systematically review the progress of researching MORC members with respect to their domain architectures, diverse biological functions, and distribution characteristics and discuss the emerging roles of the aberrant expression or mutation of MORC family members in human disorders and cancer development. Furthermore, the illustration of related mechanisms of the MORC family has made MORCs promising targets for developing diagnostic tools and therapeutic treatments for human diseases, including cancers.
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16
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Frongia I, Rizzi S, Baga M, Ceteroni LM, Spagnoli C, Salerno GG, Frattini D, Kaare M, Pisani F, Fusco C. Infantile-Onset Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease With Pyramidal Features and White Matter Abnormalities Due to a De novo MORC2 Gene Variant: A Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature. Front Neurol 2021; 12:718808. [PMID: 34630290 PMCID: PMC8493287 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.718808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) is the most frequent group of inherited neuropathies and includes several heterogeneous phenotypes. Over 80 causative genes have been described so far. Variants in the microrchidia family CW-type zinc finger 2 (MORC2) gene have been described in several axonal polyneuropathy (CMT2) patients with childhood or adult onset. Occasionally more complex phenotypes with delayed milestones, severe hypotonia, intellectual disability, dystonic postures, pyramidal signs, and neuroimaging abnormalities have been reported. Case Presentation: We report on a patient with a de novo MORC2 gene variant (c.1181A>G p.Tyr394Cys) with a history of developmental delay, axial hypotonia, progressive gait disorder with dystonic features, and intentional tremor. At the age of 8 years, he showed bilateral pyramidal signs (clonus, increased tendon reflexes, and Babinski sign) and bilateral pes cavus. The first neuroimaging performed at the age of 3 years demonstrated white matter abnormalities in the posterior periventricular zone, in the frontal lobes bilaterally and at the midbrain, stable during childhood and adolescence. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) were negative until the age of 15 years, when a sensory axonal neuropathy appeared. The association between pyramidal signs and neuropathy due to the MORC2 gene variant is increasingly being highlighted, although a neuroradiological correlate is evident only in about half of the cases. Longitudinal nerve conduction velocity (NCV) are helpful to identify late-onset features and provide useful information for diagnosis in patients with rare neurogenetic disorders. Conclusions: Characterization of complex neurological disorders is important to delineate the expanding phenotypic spectrum of MORC2-related disease, to confirm if possible the pathogenicity of the variants and to deepen the genotype–phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Frongia
- Struttura Complessa di Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Susanna Rizzi
- Struttura Complessa di Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Margherita Baga
- Struttura Complessa di Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Laura Maria Ceteroni
- Struttura Complessa di Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Carlotta Spagnoli
- Struttura Complessa di Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Grazia Gabriella Salerno
- Struttura Complessa di Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Daniele Frattini
- Struttura Complessa di Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Pisani
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Medicine and Surgery Department, Neuroscience Section, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Fusco
- Struttura Complessa di Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Dipartimento Materno-Infantile, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale - Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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17
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MORC2 Interactome: Its Involvement in Metabolism and Cancer. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:507-514. [PMID: 34471435 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00812-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microrchidia 2 (MORC2) is an emerging chromatin modifier with a role in chromatin remodeling and epigenetic regulation. MORC2 is found to be upregulated in most cancers, playing a significant role in tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis. Recent studies have demonstrated that MORC2 is a scaffolding protein, which interacts with the proteins involved in DNA repair, chromatin remodeling, lipogenesis, and glucose metabolism. In this review, we discuss the domain architecture and cellular and subcellular localization of MORC2. Further, we highlight MORC2-specific interacting partners involved in metabolic reprogramming and other pathological functions such as cancer progression and metastasis.
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18
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Xing Y, Li Y, Hu B, Han F, Zhao X, Zhang H, Li Y, Li D, Li J, Jin F, Li F. PAK5-mediated AIF phosphorylation inhibits its nuclear translocation and promotes breast cancer tumorigenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1315-1327. [PMID: 33867848 PMCID: PMC8040471 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.58102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although p21 activated kinase 5 (PAK5) is related to the progression of multiple cancers, its biological function in breast cancer remains unclear. Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a vital apoptosis factor in mitochondria, which can be released from mitochondria and enter the nucleus, causing caspase-independent apoptosis. In this study, we reveal that PAK5 inhibits apoptosis by preventing the nuclear translocation of AIF. PAK5 inhibits the release of AIF from mitochondria in breast cancer cells by decreasing the mitochondria membrane permeability and increasing the membrane potential. Furthermore, PAK5 phosphorylates AIF at Thr281 site to inhibit the formation of AIF/importin α3 complex, leading to decrease AIF nuclear translocation. Functionally, we demonstrate that PAK5-mediated AIF phosphorylation promotes the proliferation of breast cancer cells and accelerates the growth of breast cancer in vivo. Significantly, PAK5 and AIF expression in breast cancer are positively correlated with poor patient prognosis. PAK5 expression is negatively correlated with AIF nuclear translocation. These results suggest that PAK5-AIF signaling pathway may play an essential role in mammary tumorigenesis, providing a new therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xing
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of National Health Commission of the PRC, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education of the PRC, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of National Health Commission of the PRC, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education of the PRC, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Bingtao Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of National Health Commission of the PRC, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education of the PRC, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Fuyi Han
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of National Health Commission of the PRC, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education of the PRC, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of National Health Commission of the PRC, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education of the PRC, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of National Health Commission of the PRC, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education of the PRC, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanshu Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of National Health Commission of the PRC, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education of the PRC, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Danni Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiabin Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of National Health Commission of the PRC, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education of the PRC, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Unit of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, 110001 Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of National Health Commission of the PRC, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education of the PRC, China Medical University, No.77, Puhe Road, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
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19
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Guddeti RK, Thomas L, Kannan A, Karyala P, Pakala SB. The chromatin modifier MORC2 affects glucose metabolism by regulating the expression of lactate dehydrogenase A through a feed forward loop with c-Myc. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:1289-1302. [PMID: 33626175 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microrchidia family CW-type zinc finger 2 (MORC2) is a recently identified chromatin modifier with an emerging role in cancer metastasis. However, its role in glucose metabolism, a hallmark of malignancy, remains to be explored. We found that MORC2 is a glucose-inducible gene and a target of c-Myc. Our meta-analysis revealed that MORC2 expression is positively correlated with the expression of enzymes involved in glucose metabolism in breast cancer patients. Furthermore, overexpression of MORC2 in MCF-7 and BT-549 cells augmented the expression and activity of a key glucose metabolism enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA). Conversely, selective knockdown of MORC2 by siRNA markedly decreased LDHA expression and activity and in turn reduced cancer cell migration. Collectively, these findings provide evidence that MORC2, a glucose-inducible gene, modulates the migration of breast cancer cells through the MORC2-c-Myc-LDHA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohith Kumar Guddeti
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, India
| | - Liz Thomas
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, India
| | - Anbarasu Kannan
- Department of Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
| | - Prashanthi Karyala
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Academy Degree College Autonomous, Bengaluru, India
| | - Suresh B Pakala
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, India
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20
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Shen T, Li Y, Liang S, Chen Z. XBP1 negatively regulates CENPF expression via recruiting ATF6α to the promoter during ER stress. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:459. [PMID: 32973403 PMCID: PMC7507253 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Centromere protein F (CENPF) is a key component of the kinetochore complex involved in mitosis, cell differentiation and cellular response to stresses. However, the alteration of CENPF in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has not been well described. In the present study, we investigate CENPF regulation in response to ER stress. Methods Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to determine CENPF expression under ER stress. Luciferase activity analysis was performed to investigate the promoter regions contributing to CENPF transcription in response to TG. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and ChIP Re-IP assays were used to determine if X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) and/or activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α) bind in the CENPF promoter region. Cell apoptosis and proliferation were analyzed using TUNEL, cell growth and clonogenic assays. Results CENPF expression is dramatically reduced under ER stress induced by thapsigargin (TG), brefeldin A (BFA), or tunicamycin (TM) and this downregulation of CENPF expression was dependent on XBP1 and ATF6α. Luciferase activity analysis of the truncated CENPF promoter indicates that regions from bases - 679 to - 488 and from - 241 to - 78 in the CENPF promoter were sensitive to TG treatment. Additionally, ChIP and ChIP Re-IP assays reveal that XBP1 and ATF6α were assembled on the same regions of CENPF promoter. Notably, we identify two XBP1 binding sequences at positions - 567 and - 192, to which XBP1 binding was enhanced by TG. Finally, CENPF overexpression inhibits cell apoptosis and promotes cell proliferation in response to ER stress. Conclusion In summary, these results demonstrate that ER stress plays a crucial role in CENPF expression, and XBP1 may up-regulate DNA-binding affinities after TG treatment to the promoter of CENPF. These findings may contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanism of CENPF regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122 People's Republic of China.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Zhiguang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004 People's Republic of China
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21
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Fukuda K, Shinkai Y. SETDB1-Mediated Silencing of Retroelements. Viruses 2020; 12:E596. [PMID: 32486217 PMCID: PMC7354471 DOI: 10.3390/v12060596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SETDB1 (SET domain bifurcated histone lysine methyltransferase 1) is a protein lysine methyltransferase and methylates histone H3 at lysine 9 (H3K9). Among other H3K9 methyltransferases, SETDB1 and SETDB1-mediated H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) play pivotal roles for silencing of endogenous and exogenous retroelements, thus contributing to genome stability against retroelement transposition. Furthermore, SETDB1 is highly upregulated in various tumor cells. In this article, we describe recent advances about how SETDB1 activity is regulated, how SETDB1 represses various types of retroelements such as L1 and class I, II, and III endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) in concert with other epigenetic factors such as KAP1 and the HUSH complex and how SETDB1-mediated H3K9 methylation can be maintained during replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Fukuda
- Cellular Memory Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shinkai
- Cellular Memory Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan
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22
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Sancho P, Bartesaghi L, Miossec O, García-García F, Ramírez-Jiménez L, Siddell A, Åkesson E, Hedlund E, Laššuthová P, Pascual-Pascual SI, Sevilla T, Kennerson M, Lupo V, Chrast R, Espinós C. Characterization of molecular mechanisms underlying the axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy caused by MORC2 mutations. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:1629-1644. [PMID: 30624633 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in MORC2 lead to an axonal form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) neuropathy type 2Z. To date, 31 families have been described with mutations in MORC2, indicating that this gene is frequently involved in axonal CMT cases. While the genetic data clearly establish the causative role of MORC2 in CMT2Z, the impact of its mutations on neuronal biology and their phenotypic consequences in patients remains to be clarified. We show that the full-length form of MORC2 is highly expressed in both embryonic and adult human neural tissues and that Morc2 expression is dynamically regulated in both the developing and the maturing murine nervous system. To determine the effect of the most common MORC2 mutations, p.S87L and p.R252W, we used several in vitro cell culture paradigms. Both mutations induced transcriptional changes in patient-derived fibroblasts and when expressed in rodent sensory neurons. These changes were more pronounced and accompanied by abnormal axonal morphology, in neurons expressing the MORC2 p.S87L mutation, which is associated with a more severe clinical phenotype. These data provide insight into the neuronal specificity of the mutated MORC2-mediated phenotype and highlight the importance of neuronal cell models to study the pathophysiology of CMT2Z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sancho
- Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - Luca Bartesaghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olivia Miossec
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francisco García-García
- Unit of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - Laura Ramírez-Jiménez
- Department of Genomics and Translational Genetics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - Anna Siddell
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Elisabet Åkesson
- Division of Neurodegeneration, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,The R&D Unit, Stiftelsen Stockholms Sjukhemm, 14152, Sweden
| | - Eva Hedlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petra Laššuthová
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, DNA Laboratory, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Teresa Sevilla
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, and CIBER of Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marina Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Concord NSW, Australia
| | - Vincenzo Lupo
- Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.,Department of Genomics and Translational Genetics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA & IIS-La Fe Rare Diseases Joint Units, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
| | - Roman Chrast
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmen Espinós
- Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.,Department of Genomics and Translational Genetics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA & IIS-La Fe Rare Diseases Joint Units, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Valencia, Spain
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23
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Li T, Li Y, Liu T, Hu B, Li J, Liu C, Liu T, Li F. Mitochondrial PAK6 inhibits prostate cancer cell apoptosis via the PAK6-SIRT4-ANT2 complex. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:2571-2586. [PMID: 32194820 PMCID: PMC7052886 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: P21-activated kinase 6 (PAK6) is a member of the class II PAKs family, which is a conserved family of serine/threonine kinases. Although the effects of PAK6 on many malignancies, especially in prostate cancer, have been studied for a long time, the role of PAK6 in mitochondria remains unknown. Methods: The expression of PAK6, SIRT4 and ANT2 in prostate cancer and adjacent non-tumor tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. Immunofuorescence and immunoelectron microscopy were used to determine the subcellular localization of PAK6. Immunoprecipitation, immunofuorescence and ubiquitination assays were performed to determine how PAK6 regulates SIRT4, how SIRT4 regulates ANT2, and how PAK6 regulates ANT2. Flow cytometry detection and xenograft models were used to evaluate the impact of ANT2 mutant expression on the prostate cancer cell cycle and apoptosis regulation. Results: The present study revealed that the PAK6-SIRT4-ANT2 complex is involved in mitochondrial apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. It was found that PAK6 is mainly located in the mitochondrial inner membrane, in which PAK6 promotes SIRT4 ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. Furthermore, SIRT4 deprives the ANT2 acetylation at K105 to promote its ubiquitination degradation. Hence, PAK6 adjusts the acetylation level of ANT2 through the PAK6-SIRT4-ANT2 pathway, in order to regulate the stability of ANT2. Meanwhile, PAK6 directly phosphorylates ANT2 atT107 to inhibit the apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Therefore, the phosphorylation and deacetylation modifications of ANT2 are mutually regulated, leading to tumor growth in vivo. Consistently, these clinical prostate cancer tissue evaluations reveal that PAK6 is positively correlated with ANT2 expression, but negatively correlated with SIRT4. Conclusion: These present findings suggest the pivotal role of the PAK6-SIRT4-ANT2 complex in the apoptosis of prostate cancer. This complex could be a potential biomarker for the treatment and prognosis of prostate cancer.
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24
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Shen T, Li Y, Chen Z, Liang S, Qiu Y, Zhu L, Ba G, Lu G, Qiu L. Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) negatively regulates Polo-like kinase 4 expression via recruiting C/EBPβ to the upstream-promoter during ER stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194488. [PMID: 31926341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) is a member of the serine/threonine protein kinase family involved in cell-cycle regulation and cellular response to stresses. However, the alteration of PLK4 in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has not been well described. In the present study, we focused on the regulation of PLK4 regulation in response to ER stress. PLK4 expression was dramatically reduced under ER stress induced by brefeldin A (BFA), tunicamycin (TM), or thapsigargin (TG) and down regulation of PLK4 expression was dependent on activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ). Luciferase activity analysis of the truncated PLK4 promoter indicated that region from -1343 to -1250 of the PLK4 promoter was sensitive to BFA or TG. Additionally, ChIP and ChIP Re-IP assays showed that ATF6 and C/EBPβ were assembled on the same region of Plk4 promoter. Notably, we identified one C/EBPβ responsive element at position -1284, to which ATF6 or C/EBPβ binding was enhanced by BFA or TG under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Finally, overexpression of PLK4 inhibits apoptosis and promotes cell proliferation in response to ER stress. In summary, these results demonstrated that ER stress plays a crucial role in PLK4 expression. ATF6 may upregulate DNA-binding affinities after BFA treatment, via recruiting C/EBPβ to the upstream promoter of PLK4. These findings may contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanism of PLK4 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, 110122, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China; Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Zhiguang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic China
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, 110122, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, 110122, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Gen Ba
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic China
| | - Guangwei Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic China
| | - Lian Qiu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, People's Republic China
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25
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Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Mouse versus Human. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010246. [PMID: 31905844 PMCID: PMC6982145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to human carbonic anhydrase IX (hCA IX) that has been extensively studied with respect to its molecular and functional properties as well as regulation and expression, the mouse ortholog has been investigated primarily in relation to tissue distribution and characterization of CA IX-deficient mice. Thus, no data describing transcriptional regulation and functional properties of the mouse CA IX (mCA IX) have been published so far, despite its evident potential as a biomarker/target in pre-clinical animal models of tumor hypoxia. Here, we investigated for the first time, the transcriptional regulation of the Car9 gene with a detailed description of its promoter. Moreover, we performed a functional analysis of the mCA IX protein focused on pH regulation, cell-cell adhesion, and migration. Finally, we revealed an absence of a soluble extracellular form of mCA IX and provided the first experimental evidence of mCA IX presence in exosomes. In conclusion, though the protein characteristics of hCA IX and mCA IX are highly similar, and the transcription of both genes is predominantly governed by hypoxia, some attributes of transcriptional regulation are specific for either human or mouse and as such, could result in different tissue expression and data interpretation.
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26
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Geng N, Zhang W, Li Y, Li F. Aspartyl Aminopeptidase Suppresses Proliferation, Invasion, and Stemness of Breast Cancer Cells via Targeting CD44. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:2178-2185. [PMID: 31228326 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although involved in diverse cancer processes, the function of aspartyl aminopeptidase (DNPEP) in breast cancer remains elusive. Here, we reported that DNPEP is significantly downregulated in breast cancer tissues. Overexpression of DNPEP resulted in decreased breast cancer cells proliferation, migration, and invasion, while DNPEP knockdown had the opposite effect. Interestingly, we showed that the reduced DNPEP levels were correlated with the elevated cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) levels in breast cancer. DNPEP promoted CD44 ubiquitin-proteasome-independent degradation, which is dependent on the hydrolase activity of DNPEP. Ectopic DNPEP expression significantly suppressed the stemness properties of breast cancer cells. These results shed light on the prospect of DNPEP in manipulating breast cancer progression. Anat Rec, 302:2178-2185, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxi Geng
- Department of Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Cell Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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27
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Geng N, Li Y, Zhang W, Wang F, Wang X, Jin Z, Xing Y, Li D, Zhang H, Li Y, Li X, Cheng M, Jin F, Li F. A PAK5-DNPEP-USP4 axis dictates breast cancer growth and metastasis. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:1139-1151. [PMID: 31219614 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although clinically associated with the progression of multiple cancers, the biological function of p21-activated kinase 5 (PAK5) in breast cancer remains largely unknown. Here, we reveal that the PAK5-aspartyl aminopeptidase (DNPEP)-ubiquitin-specific protease 4 (USP4) axis is involved in breast cancer progression. We show that PAK5 interacts with and phosphorylates DNPEP at serine 119. Functionally, we demonstrate that DNPEP overexpression suppresses breast cancer cell proliferation and invasion and restricts breast cancer growth and metastasis in mice. Furthermore, we identify USP4 as a downstream target of the PAK5-DNPEP pathway; DNPEP mediates USP4 downregulation. Importantly, we verify that DNPEP expression is frequently downregulated in breast cancer tissues and is negatively correlated with PAK5 and USP4 expression. PAK5 decreases DNPEP abundance via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Consistently, analyses of clinical breast cancer specimens revealed significantly increased PAK5 and USP4 levels and an association between higher PAK5 and USP4 expression and worse breast cancer patient survival. These findings suggest a pivotal role for PAK5-elicited signaling in breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxi Geng
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Unit of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Zining Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Unit of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yao Xing
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Danni Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanshu Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Maosheng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Unit of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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28
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Zhang W, Feng Y, Guo Q, Guo W, Xu H, Li X, Yi F, Guan Y, Geng N, Wang P, Cao L, O'Rourke BP, Jo J, Kwon J, Wang R, Song X, Lee IH, Cao L. SIRT1 modulates cell cycle progression by regulating CHK2 acetylation-phosphorylation. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:482-496. [PMID: 31209362 PMCID: PMC7206007 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Both the stress-response protein, SIRT1, and the cell cycle checkpoint kinase, CHK2, play critical roles in aging and cancer via the modulation of cellular homeostasis and the maintenance of genomic integrity. However, the underlying mechanism linking the two pathways remains elusive. Here, we show that SIRT1 functions as a modifier of CHK2 in cell cycle control. Specifically, SIRT1 interacts with CHK2 and deacetylates it at lysine 520 residue, which suppresses CHK2 phosphorylation, dimerization, and thus activation. SIRT1 depletion induces CHK2 hyperactivation-mediated cell cycle arrest and subsequent cell death. In vivo, genetic deletion of Chk2 rescues the neonatal lethality of Sirt1−/− mice, consistent with the role of SIRT1 in preventing CHK2 hyperactivation. Together, these results suggest that CHK2 mediates the function of SIRT1 in cell cycle progression, and may provide new insights into modulating cellular homeostasis and maintaining genomic integrity in the prevention of aging and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanling Feng
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiqiang Guo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Wendong Guo
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongde Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Fei Yi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yi Guan
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Nanxi Geng
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Pingyuan Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Longyue Cao
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Brian P O'Rourke
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Juhyeon Jo
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science Office #106, Science building C, Ewha Womans University 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Jiyun Kwon
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science Office #106, Science building C, Ewha Womans University 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Ruihong Wang
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
| | - In Hye Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science Office #106, Science building C, Ewha Womans University 52, Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03760, South Korea.
| | - Liu Cao
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
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29
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Zanni G, Nardella M, Barresi S, Bellacchio E, Niceta M, Ciolfi A, Pro S, D'Arrigo S, Tartaglia M, Bertini E. De novo p.T362R mutation in MORC2 causes early onset cerebellar ataxia, axonal polyneuropathy and nocturnal hypoventilation. Brain 2019; 140:e34. [PMID: 28402445 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ginevra Zanni
- Department of Neurosciences, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Nardella
- Department of Neurosciences, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabina Barresi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marcello Niceta
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciolfi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Pro
- Department of Neurosciences, Unit of Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Arrigo
- Developmental Neurology Division, IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Department of Neurosciences, Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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30
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Liu J, Shao Y, He Y, Ning K, Cui X, Liu F, Wang Z, Li F. MORC2 promotes development of an aggressive colorectal cancer phenotype through inhibition of NDRG1. Cancer Sci 2018; 110:135-146. [PMID: 30407715 PMCID: PMC6317918 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
MORC2 (microrchidia family CW‐type zinc finger 2) is a newly identified chromatin remodeling protein that functions in diverse biological processes including gene transcription. NDRG1 is a metastasis suppressor and a prognostic biomarker for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the relationship between MORC2 and NDRG1 transcriptional regulation and the roles of MORC2 in CRC remain elusive. Here, we showed that MORC2 downregulated NDRG1 mRNA, protein levels, and promoter activity in CRC cells. We also found that MORC2 bound to the −446 to −213 bp region of the NDRG1 promoter. Mechanistically, histone deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) was involved in NDRG1 transcriptional regulation. MORC2 was able to interact with SIRT1 and inhibit NDRG1 promoter activity cumulatively with SIRT1. MORC2 overexpression led to a decrease of H3Ac and H4Ac of the NDRG1 promoter. Importantly, we showed that NDRG1 was essential in MORC2‐mediated promotion of CRC cell migration and invasion in vitro, as well as lung metastasis of CRC cells in vivo. Moreover, MORC2 expression correlated negatively with NDRG1 expression in CRC patients. High expression of MORC2 was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.019) and poor pTNM stage (P = 0.02) and the expression of MORC2 correlated with poor prognosis in colon cancer patients. Our findings thus contribute to the knowledge of the regulatory mechanism of MORC2 in downregulating NDRG1, and suggest MORC2 as a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of the PRC, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of the PRC, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yangguang Shao
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of the PRC, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of the PRC, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuxin He
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of the PRC, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of the PRC, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ke Ning
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of the PRC, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of the PRC, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi Cui
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of the PRC, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of the PRC, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Furong Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of the PRC, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of the PRC, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Health Commission of the PRC, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education of the PRC, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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31
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Ding QS, Zhang L, Wang BC, Zeng Z, Zou XQ, Cao PB, Zhou GM, Tang M, Wu L, Wu LL, Yu HG, Guo Y, Zhou FX. Aberrant high expression level of MORC2 is a common character in multiple cancers. Hum Pathol 2018; 76:58-67. [PMID: 29555576 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Fukuda K, Okuda A, Yusa K, Shinkai Y. A CRISPR knockout screen identifies SETDB1-target retroelement silencing factors in embryonic stem cells. Genome Res 2018; 28:846-858. [PMID: 29728365 PMCID: PMC5991520 DOI: 10.1101/gr.227280.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), the expression of provirus and endogenous retroelements is epigenetically repressed. Although many cellular factors involved in retroelement silencing have been identified, the complete molecular mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR screen to advance our understanding of retroelement silencing in mESCs. The Moloney murine leukemia virus (MLV)–based retroviral vector MSCV-GFP, which is repressed by the SETDB1/TRIM28 pathway in mESCs, was used as a reporter provirus, and we identified more than 80 genes involved in this process. In particular, ATF7IP and the BAF complex components are linked with the repression of most of the SETDB1 targets. We characterized two factors, MORC2A and RESF1, of which RESF1 is a novel molecule in retroelement silencing. Although both factors are recruited to repress provirus, their roles in repression are different. MORC2A appears to function dependent on repressive epigenetic modifications, while RESF1 regulates repressive epigenetic modifications associated with SETDB1. Our genome-wide CRISPR screen cataloged genes which function at different levels in silencing of SETDB1-target retroelements and provides a useful resource for further molecular studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Fukuda
- Cellular Memory Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okuda
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane Hidaka Saitama 350-1241, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yusa
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Yoichi Shinkai
- Cellular Memory Laboratory, Cluster for Pioneering Research, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Pan Z, Ding Q, Guo Q, Guo Y, Wu L, Wu L, Tang M, Yu H, Zhou F. MORC2, a novel oncogene, is upregulated in liver cancer and contributes to proliferation, metastasis and chemoresistance. Int J Oncol 2018; 53:59-72. [PMID: 29620211 PMCID: PMC5958890 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microrchidia 2 (MORC2) is important in DNA damage repair and lipogenesis, however, the clinical and functional role of MORC2 in liver cancer remains to be fully elucidated. The aim the present study was to clarify the role of MORC2 in liver cancer. Expression profile analysis, immunohistochemical staining, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and western blot analysis were performed to evaluate the levels of MORC2 in liver cancer patient specimens and cell lines; subsequently the expression of MORC2 was suppressed or increased in liver cancer cells and the effects of MORC2 on the cancerous transformation of liver cancer cells were examined in vitro and in vivo. MORC2 was upregulated in liver cancer tissues, and the upregulation was associated with certain clinicopathologic features of patients with liver cancer. MORC2 knockdown caused marked inhibition of liver cancer cell proliferation and clonogenicity, whereas the overexpression of MORC2 substantially promoted liver cancer cell proliferation. In addition, the knockdown of MORC2 inhibited the migratory and invasive ability of liver cancer cells, whereas increased migration and invasion rates were observed in cells with ectopic expression of MORC2. In a model of nude mice, the overexpression of MORC2 promoted tumorigenicity and markedly enhanced pulmonary metastasis of liver cancer. Furthermore, MORC2 regulated apoptosis and its expression level had an effect on the sensitivity of liver cancer cells to doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin. Mechanically, MORC2 modulated the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, possibly in a p53-dependent manner, and its dysregulation also resulted in the abnormal activation of the Hippo pathway. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the present study confirmed that MORC2 was a novel oncogene in liver cancer. These results provide useful insight into the mechanism underlying the tumorigenesis and progression of liver cancer, and offers clues into potential novel liver cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qianshan Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Qian Guo
- Hepatic Disease Institute, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430061, P.R. China
| | - Yong Guo
- College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guanxi 541004, P.R. China
| | - Lianlian Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Meng Tang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Honggang Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Fuxiang Zhou
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Clinical Cancer Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Innate responses to gene knockouts impact overlapping gene networks and vary with respect to resistance to viral infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E3230-E3237. [PMID: 29559532 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720464115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Analyses of the levels of mRNAs encoding IFIT1, IFI16, RIG-1, MDA5, CXCL10, LGP2, PUM1, LSD1, STING, and IFNβ in cell lines from which the gene encoding LGP2, LSD1, PML, HDAC4, IFI16, PUM1, STING, MDA5, IRF3, or HDAC 1 had been knocked out, as well as the ability of these cell lines to support the replication of HSV-1, revealed the following: (i) Cell lines lacking the gene encoding LGP2, PML, or HDAC4 (cluster 1) exhibited increased levels of expression of partially overlapping gene networks. Concurrently, these cell lines produced from 5 fold to 12 fold lower yields of HSV-1 than the parental cells. (ii) Cell lines lacking the genes encoding STING, LSD1, MDA5, IRF3, or HDAC 1 (cluster 2) exhibited decreased levels of mRNAs of partially overlapping gene networks. Concurrently, these cell lines produced virus yields that did not differ from those produced by the parental cell line. The genes up-regulated in cell lines forming cluster 1, overlapped in part with genes down-regulated in cluster 2. The key conclusions are that gene knockouts and subsequent selection for growth causes changes in expression of multiple genes, and hence the phenotype of the cell lines cannot be ascribed to a single gene; the patterns of gene expression may be shared by multiple knockouts; and the enhanced immunity to viral replication by cluster 1 knockout cell lines but not by cluster 2 cell lines suggests that in parental cells, the expression of innate resistance to infection is specifically repressed.
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Wang T, Qin ZY, Wen LZ, Guo Y, Liu Q, Lei ZJ, Pan W, Liu KJ, Wang XW, Lai SJ, Sun WJ, Wei YL, Liu L, Guo L, Chen YQ, Wang J, Xiao HL, Bian XW, Chen DF, Wang B. Epigenetic restriction of Hippo signaling by MORC2 underlies stemness of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:2086-2100. [PMID: 29555977 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Hippo signaling pathway is a key regulator of stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, and organ size. While alterations in Hippo signaling are causally linked to uncontrolled cell growth and a broad range of malignancies, genetic mutations in the Hippo pathway are uncommon and it is unclear how the tumor suppressor function of the Hippo pathway is disrupted in human cancers. Here, we report a novel epigenetic mechanism of Hippo inactivation in the context of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We identify a member of the microrchidia (MORC) protein family, MORC2, as an inhibitor of the Hippo pathway by controlling upstream Hippo regulators, neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) and kidney and brain protein (KIBRA). Mechanistically, MORC2 forms a complex with DNA methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A) at the promoters of NF2 and KIBRA, leading to their DNA hyper-methylation and transcriptional repression. As a result, NF2 and KIBRA are crucial targets of MORC2 to regulate confluence-induced activation of Hippo signaling and contact inhibition of cell growth under both physiological and pathological conditions. The MORC2-NF2/KIBRA axis is critical for maintaining self-renewal, sorafenib resistance, and oncogenicity of HCC cells in vitro and in nude mice. Furthermore, MORC2 expression is elevated in HCC tissues, associated with stem-like properties of cancer cells, and disease progression in patients. Collectively, MORC2 promotes cancer stemness and tumorigenesis by facilitating DNA methylation-dependent silencing of Hippo signaling and could be a potential molecular target for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhong-Yi Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang-Zhi Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeng-Jie Lei
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Second Military Medical University (Navy Medical University), 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai-Jun Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing-Wei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Shu-Jie Lai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen-Jing Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Ling Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-Qin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua-Liang Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiu-Wu Bian
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400038, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong-Feng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 400042, Chongqing, China.
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Neuropathic MORC2 mutations perturb GHKL ATPase dimerization dynamics and epigenetic silencing by multiple structural mechanisms. Nat Commun 2018; 9:651. [PMID: 29440755 PMCID: PMC5811534 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in MORC2 cause neuropathies including spinal muscular atrophy and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. We recently identified MORC2 as an effector of epigenetic silencing by the human silencing hub (HUSH). Here we report the biochemical and cellular activities of MORC2 variants, alongside crystal structures of wild-type and neuropathic forms of a human MORC2 fragment comprising the GHKL-type ATPase module and CW-type zinc finger. This fragment dimerizes upon binding ATP and contains a hinged, functionally critical coiled-coil insertion absent in other GHKL ATPases. We find that dimerization and DNA binding of the MORC2 ATPase module transduce HUSH-dependent silencing. Disease mutations change the dynamics of dimerization by distinct structural mechanisms: destabilizing the ATPase-CW module, trapping the ATP lid, or perturbing the dimer interface. These defects lead to the modulation of HUSH function, thus providing a molecular basis for understanding MORC2-associated neuropathies.
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Shi B, Xue J, Zhou J, Kasowitz SD, Zhang Y, Liang G, Guan Y, Shi Q, Liu M, Sha J, Huang X, Wang PJ. MORC2B is essential for meiotic progression and fertility. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007175. [PMID: 29329290 PMCID: PMC5785033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The microrchidia (MORC) family proteins are chromatin-remodelling factors and function in diverse biological processes such as DNA damage response and transposon silencing. Here, we report that mouse Morc2b encodes a functional germ cell-specific member of the MORC protein family. Morc2b arose specifically in the rodent lineage through retrotransposition of Morc2a during evolution. Inactivation of Morc2b leads to meiotic arrest and sterility in both sexes. Morc2b-deficient spermatocytes and oocytes exhibit failures in chromosomal synapsis, blockades in meiotic recombination, and increased apoptosis. Loss of MORC2B causes mis-regulated expression of meiosis-specific genes. Furthermore, we find that MORC2B interacts with MORC2A, its sequence paralogue. Our results demonstrate that Morc2b, a relatively recent gene, has evolved an essential role in meiosis and fertility. In sexually reproducing organisms, meiosis, a process unique to germ cells, produces haploid gametes. Abnormalities in meiosis can lead to infertility, loss of pregnancy, or genetic diseases such as Down syndrome. The meiotic processes are tightly regulated by a large number of genes including many meiosis-specific ones. The majority of meiosis-specific factors are conserved, however, species-specific factors have evolved. Here we report functional studies of a rodent lineage–specific gene named Morc2b. Morc2b belongs to a family of chromatin-remodelling factors. Morc2b is specifically expressed in germ cells. Disruption of Morc2b causes meiotic arrest and infertility in both sexes. Notably, MORC2B regulates the expression of a number of meiosis-specific genes. Interestingly, MORC2B interacts with its sequence homologue MORC2A. These functional studies have uncovered a new protein complex in the regulation of key meiotic processes and suggested the presence of continued selection pressure for evolution of new meiosis-specific factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jiangyang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Reproduction and Genetics, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Seth D. Kasowitz
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yuanwei Zhang
- USTC-SJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,Anhui, China
| | - Guanxiang Liang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yongjuan Guan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Qinghua Shi
- USTC-SJH Joint Center for Human Reproduction and Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei,Anhui, China
| | - Mingxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahao Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (PJW)
| | - P. Jeremy Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XH); (PJW)
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Shen T, Li Y, Chen Z, Liang S, Guo Z, Wang P, Wu Q, Ba G, Fu Q. CHOP negatively regulates Polo-like kinase 2 expression via recruiting C/EBPα to the upstream-promoter in human osteosarcoma cell line during ER stress. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 89:207-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Chromatin remodeling protein MORC2 promotes breast cancer invasion and metastasis through a PRD domain-mediated interaction with CTNND1. Oncotarget 2017; 8:97941-97954. [PMID: 29228664 PMCID: PMC5716704 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MORC family CW-type zinc finger 2 (MORC2) is a newly identified chromatin remodeling protein with emerging roles in the regulation of DNA damage response and gene transcription, but its mechanistic role in breast cancer development and progression remains unexplored. Here, we show that MORC2 promoted breast cancer invasion and metastasis and these effects depended on a proline-rich domain (PRD) within its carboxy-terminal region spanning residues 601–734. Induced expression of wild-type MORC2 did not significantly affect cell proliferation and cell-cycle progression, but promoted breast cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro and metastatic lung colonization in vivo. The PRD domain was dispensable for the protein stability and subcellular localization of MORC2, but depletion of the PRD domain substantially suppressed MORC2-mediated migration, invasion, and metastasis. Proteomic and biochemical analyses further demonstrated that wild-type MORC2, but not PRD deletion mutant, interacted with catenin delta 1 (CTNND1), a cadherin-associated protein that participates in tumor invasion and metastasis. Moreover, knockdown of endogenous CTNND1 by short hairpin RNAs suppressed the migratory and invasive potential of MORC2-expressing cells. Taken together, these results suggest that MORC2 promotes breast cancer invasion and metastasis through its PRD domain-mediated interaction with CTNND1.
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PAK4 regulates G6PD activity by p53 degradation involving colon cancer cell growth. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2820. [PMID: 28542136 PMCID: PMC5520749 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) is overexpressed in different cancers and promotes proliferation of cancer cells. Reprogramming of glucose metabolism is found in most cancer cells which in turn supports rapid proliferation. However, the relationship between PAK4 and glucose metabolism in cancer cells has not been explored. In this study, we reported that PAK4 promoted glucose intake, NADPH production and lipid biosynthesis, leading to an increased proliferation of colon cancer cells. Mechanistically, PAK4 interacted with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), a rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway and increased G6PD activity via enhancing Mdm2-mediated p53 ubiquitination degradation. In addition, we demonstrated a close positive correlation between PAK4 and G6PD expression in colon cancer specimens. Furthermore, expression of PAK4 or G6PD was positively correlated with an aggressive phenotype of clinical colon cancer. These findings revealed a novel glucose metabolism-related mechanism of PAK4 in promoting colon cancer cell growth, suggesting that PAK4 and/or G6PD blockage might be a potential therapeutic strategy for colon cancer.
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Manohar M, Choi HW, Manosalva P, Austin CA, Peters JE, Klessig DF. Plant and Human MORC Proteins Have DNA-Modifying Activities Similar to Type II Topoisomerases, but Require One or More Additional Factors for Full Activity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:87-100. [PMID: 27992291 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-16-0208-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate one or more mechanisms through which microrchidia (MORC) proteins impact immunity, epigenetic gene silencing, and DNA modifications, the enzymatic activities of plant MORCs were characterized. Previously, we showed that plant MORC1s have ATPase and DNA endonuclease activities. Here, we demonstrate that plant MORCs have topoisomerase type II (topo II)-like activities, as they i) covalently bind DNA, ii) exhibit DNA-stimulated ATPase activity, iii) relax or nick supercoiled DNA, iv) catenate DNA, and v) decatenante kinetoplast DNA. Mutational analysis of tomato SlMORC1 suggests that a K loop-like sequence is required to couple DNA binding to ATPase stimulation as well as for efficient SlMORC1's DNA relaxation and catenation activities and in planta suppression of INF1-induced cell death, which is related to immunity. Human MORCs were found to exhibit the same topo II-like DNA modification activities as their plant counterparts. In contrast to typical topo IIs, SlMORC1 appears to require one or more accessory factors to complete some of its enzymatic activities, since addition of tomato extracts were needed for ATP-dependent, efficient conversion of supercoiled DNA to nicked/relaxed DNA and catenanes and for formation of topoisomer intermediates. Both plant and human MORCs bind salicylic acid; this suppresses their decatenation but not relaxation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Caroline A Austin
- 2 Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, NE2 4HH, U.K.; and
| | - Joseph E Peters
- 3 Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, U.S.A
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Koch A, Kang HG, Steinbrenner J, Dempsey DA, Klessig DF, Kogel KH. MORC Proteins: Novel Players in Plant and Animal Health. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1720. [PMID: 29093720 PMCID: PMC5651269 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microrchidia (MORC) proteins comprise a family of proteins that have been identified in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They are defined by two hallmark domains: a GHKL-type ATPase and an S5 fold. MORC proteins in plants were first discovered via a genetic screen for Arabidopsis mutants compromised for resistance to a viral pathogen. Subsequent studies expanded their role in plant immunity and revealed their involvement in gene silencing and transposable element repression. Emerging data suggest that MORC proteins also participate in pathogen-induced chromatin remodeling and epigenetic gene regulation. In addition, biochemical analyses recently demonstrated that plant MORCs have topoisomerase II (topo II)-like DNA modifying activities that may be important for their function. Interestingly, animal MORC proteins exhibit many parallels with their plant counterparts, as they have been implicated in disease development and gene silencing. In addition, human MORCs, like plant MORCs, bind salicylic acid and this inhibits some of their topo II-like activities. In this review, we will focus primarily on plant MORCs, although relevant comparisons with animal MORCs will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Koch
- Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Institute for Phytopathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hong-Gu Kang
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States
| | - Jens Steinbrenner
- Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Institute for Phytopathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Daniel F. Klessig
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Daniel F. Klessig
| | - Karl-Heinz Kogel
- Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Institute for Phytopathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Karl-Heinz Kogel
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Hong G, Qiu H, Wang C, Jadhav G, Wang H, Tickner J, He W, Xu J. The Emerging Role of MORC Family Proteins in Cancer Development and Bone Homeostasis. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:928-934. [PMID: 27791268 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Microrchidia (MORC or MORC family CW-type zinc finger protein), a highly conserved nuclear protein superfamily, is an interesting new player in signaling-dependent chromatin remodeling and epigenetic regulation. MORC family proteins consist of MORC1, MORC2, MORC3, and MORC4 which display common structural determinants such as CW-type zinc finger and coiled-coil domains. They also exhibit unique structural motifs and tissue-specific expression profiles. MORC1 was first discovered as a key regulator for male meiosis and spermatogenesis. Accumulating biochemical and functional analyses unveil MORC proteins as key regulators for cancer development. More recently, using an ENU mutagenesis mouse model, MORC3 was found to play a role in regulating bone and calcium homeostasis. Here we discuss recent research progress on the emerging role of MORC proteins in cancer development and bone metabolism. Unravelling the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which MORC proteins carry out their functions in a tissue specific manner are important subjects for future investigation. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 928-934, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoju Hong
- The National Key Discipline and the Orthopedic Laboratory, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,School of Pathology Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Heng Qiu
- School of Pathology Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Pathology Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Gaurav Jadhav
- School of Pathology Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Haibin Wang
- The National Key Discipline and the Orthopedic Laboratory, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jennifer Tickner
- School of Pathology Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wei He
- The National Key Discipline and the Orthopedic Laboratory, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiake Xu
- The National Key Discipline and the Orthopedic Laboratory, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,School of Pathology Laboratory Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Schottmann G, Wagner C, Seifert F, Stenzel W, Schuelke M. MORC2 mutation causes severe spinal muscular atrophy-phenotype, cerebellar atrophy, and diaphragmatic paralysis. Brain 2016; 139:e70. [PMID: 27794525 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Schottmann
- 1 Department of Neuropaediatrics and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin-Berlin, Germany
| | - Christiane Wagner
- 2 Sana Klinikum Lichtenberg, Department of Neuropaediatrics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Seifert
- 1 Department of Neuropaediatrics and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin-Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Stenzel
- 3 Institute of Neuropathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Schuelke
- 1 Department of Neuropaediatrics and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin-Berlin, Germany
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Zhao X, Li X, Hu Z, Liu L, Xie Y, Tian T, Man J, Wang J, Zi X, Xia K, Tang B, Wei X, Zhang R. MORC2 mutations in a cohort of Chinese patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2. Brain 2016; 139:e56. [PMID: 27329773 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- 1 Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- 1 Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- 2 National Key Lab of Medical Genetics of China, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Liu
- 1 Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongzhi Xie
- 1 Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | | | - Juan Wang
- 1 Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohong Zi
- 1 Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kun Xia
- 2 National Key Lab of Medical Genetics of China, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- 4 Department of Neurology, The Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Ruxu Zhang
- 1 Department of Neurology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Zhang Q, Song Y, Chen W, Wang X, Miao Z, Cao L, Li F, Wang G. By recruiting HDAC1, MORC2 suppresses p21 Waf1/Cip1 in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:16461-70. [PMID: 26098774 PMCID: PMC4599282 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microrchidia (MORC) family CW-type zinc-finger 2 (MORC2) regulates chromatin remodeling during the DNA-damage response, represses gene transcription, promotes lipogenesis. Here, we found that MORC2 down-regulated p21 by recruiting HDAC1 to the p21 promoter, in a p53-independent manner. MORC2-mediated down-regulation of p21 in turn promoted cell cycle progression in gastric cancer cells. Furthermore, MORC2 expression correlated negatively with p21 expression in gastric tumors in patients. We suggest that MORC2 may be a potential therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanyan Song
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhifeng Miao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guiling Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Hyun YS, Hong YB, Choi BO, Chung KW. Clinico-genetics in Korean Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2Z with MORC2 mutations. Brain 2016; 139:e40. [PMID: 27105897 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young Se Hyun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
| | - Young Bin Hong
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Centre and Neuroscience Centre, Samsung Medical Centre, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung-Ok Choi
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Centre and Neuroscience Centre, Samsung Medical Centre, Seoul, Korea Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Centre, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Tech, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Wha Chung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Korea
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48
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PAK1-mediated MORC2 phosphorylation promotes gastric tumorigenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:9877-86. [PMID: 25888627 PMCID: PMC4496403 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, microrchidia (MORC) family CW-type zinc-finger 2 (MORC2), has been found to be involved in p21-activated kinase1 (PAK1) pathway to maintain genomic integrity. Here, we explore its novel role in cancer. We demonstrate that PAK1-mediated MORC2 phosphorylation promotes cell cycle progression, defective phosphorylation of MORC2-S677A results in attenuated cell proliferation and tumorigenicity of gastric cancer cells, which is significantly enhanced in overexpression of phospho-mimic MORC2-S677E form, suggesting the importance of MORC2 phosphorylation in tumorigenesis. More importantly, phosphorylation of MORC2 correlates positively with PAK1 expression in clinical gastric cancer. Furthermore, high expression of PAK1 and phosphorylation of MORC2 appear to be associated with poor prognosis of clinical gastric cancer. Collectively, these findings revealed a novel function of MORC2 phosphorylation in promoting gastric cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenesis in vivo, suggesting that blocking PAK1-mediated MORC2 phosphorylation might be a potential therapeutic strategy for gastric tumorigenesis.
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Albulym OM, Kennerson ML, Harms MB, Drew AP, Siddell AH, Auer-Grumbach M, Pestronk A, Connolly A, Baloh RH, Zuchner S, Reddel SW, Nicholson GA. MORC2 mutations cause axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease with pyramidal signs. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:419-27. [PMID: 26659848 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use linkage analysis and whole exome sequencing to identify the genetic mutation in a multigenerational Australian family with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2 (CMT2) and pyramidal signs. METHODS Genome-wide linkage analysis was performed to map the locus. Whole exome sequencing was undertaken on selected individuals (3 affected, 1 normal), and segregation analysis and mutation screening were carried out using high-resolution melt analysis. The GEM.app database was queried to identify additional families with mutations. RESULTS Significant linkage (2-point LOD score ≥ +3) and haplotype analysis mapped a new locus for CMT2 and pyramidal signs to a 6.6Mb interval on chromosome 22q12.1-q12.3. Whole exome sequencing identified a novel mutation (p.R252W) in the microrchidia CW-type zinc finger 2 (MORC2) gene mapping within the linkage region. The mutation fully segregated with the disease phenotype in the family. Screening additional families and querying unsolved CMT2 exomes, we identified the p.R252W mutation in 2 unrelated early onset CMT2 families and a second mutation p.E236G in 2 unrelated CMT2 families. Both the mutations occurred at highly conserved amino acid residues and were absent in the normal population. INTERPRETATION We have identified a new locus in which MORC2 mutations are the likely pathogenic cause of CMT2 and pyramidal signs in these families. MORC2 encodes the human CW-type zinc finger 2 protein, which is a chromatin modifier involved in the regulation of DNA repair as well as gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obaid M Albulym
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marina L Kennerson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew B Harms
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Alexander P Drew
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anna H Siddell
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Alan Pestronk
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Anne Connolly
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Robert H Baloh
- Department of Neurology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephan Zuchner
- Dr John T. MacDonald Department of Human Genetics and John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Stephen W Reddel
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
| | - Garth A Nicholson
- Northcott Neuroscience Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia
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50
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Li Y, Ke Q, Shao Y, Zhu G, Li Y, Geng N, Jin F, Li F. GATA1 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells through PAK5 oncogenic signaling. Oncotarget 2015; 6:4345-56. [PMID: 25726523 PMCID: PMC4414194 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key process in tumor metastatic cascade that is characterized by the loss of cell-cell junctions, resulting in the acquisition of migratory and invasive properties. E-cadherin is a major component of intercellular junctions and the reduction or loss of its expression is a hallmark of EMT. Transcription factor GATA1 has a critical anti-apoptotic role in breast cancer, but its function for metastasis has not been investigated. Here, we found that GATA1, as a novel E-cadherin repressor, promotes EMT in breast cancer cells. GATA1 binds to E-cadherin promoter, down-regulates E-cadherin expression, disrupts intercellular junction and promotes metastasis of breast cancer cell in vivo. Moreover, GATA1 is a new substrate of p21-activated kinase 5 (PAK5), which is phosphorylated on serine 161 and 187 (S161 and S187). GATA1 recruits HDAC3/4 to E-cadherin promoter, which is reduced by GATA1 S161A S187A mutant. These data indicate that phosphorylated GATA1 recruits more HDAC3/4 to promote transcriptional repression of E-cadherin, leading to the EMT of breast cancer cells. Our findings provide insights into the novel function of GATA1, contributing to a better understanding of the EMT, indicating that GATA1 and its phosphorylation may play an important role in the metastasis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Ke
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yangguang Shao
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ge Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanshu Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nanxi Geng
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Unit of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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