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Murcha MW, Kubiszewski-Jakubiak S, Teixeira PF, Gügel IL, Kmiec B, Narsai R, Ivanova A, Megel C, Schock A, Kraus S, Berkowitz O, Glaser E, Philippar K, Maréchal-Drouard L, Soll J, Whelan J. Plant-Specific Preprotein and Amino Acid Transporter Proteins Are Required for tRNA Import into Mitochondria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:2471-2490. [PMID: 27789739 PMCID: PMC5129730 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A variety of eukaryotes, in particular plants, do not contain the required number of tRNAs to support the translation of mitochondria-encoded genes and thus need to import tRNAs from the cytosol. This study identified two Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) proteins, Tric1 and Tric2 (for tRNA import component), which on simultaneous inactivation by T-DNA insertion lines displayed a severely delayed and chlorotic growth phenotype and significantly reduced tRNA import capacity into isolated mitochondria. The predicted tRNA-binding domain of Tric1 and Tric2, a sterile-α-motif at the C-terminal end of the protein, was required to restore tRNA uptake ability in mitochondria of complemented plants. The purified predicted tRNA-binding domain binds the T-arm of the tRNA for alanine with conserved lysine residues required for binding. T-DNA inactivation of both Tric proteins further resulted in an increase in the in vitro rate of in organello protein synthesis, which was mediated by a reorganization of the nuclear transcriptome, in particular of genes encoding a variety of proteins required for mitochondrial gene expression at both the transcriptional and translational levels. The characterization of Tric1/2 provides mechanistic insight into the process of tRNA import into mitochondria and supports the theory that the tRNA import pathway resulted from the repurposing of a preexisting protein import apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika W Murcha
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (M.W.M., S.K.-J., A.I.);
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden (P.F.T., B.K., E.G.);
- Department Biology 1-Botany, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., K.P., J.S.);
- Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., J.S.);
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., O.B., J.W.);
- Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (K.P.); and
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France (L.M.-D., C.M.)
| | - Szymon Kubiszewski-Jakubiak
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (M.W.M., S.K.-J., A.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden (P.F.T., B.K., E.G.)
- Department Biology 1-Botany, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., K.P., J.S.)
- Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., J.S.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., O.B., J.W.)
- Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (K.P.); and
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France (L.M.-D., C.M.)
| | - Pedro F Teixeira
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (M.W.M., S.K.-J., A.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden (P.F.T., B.K., E.G.)
- Department Biology 1-Botany, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., K.P., J.S.)
- Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., J.S.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., O.B., J.W.)
- Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (K.P.); and
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France (L.M.-D., C.M.)
| | - Irene L Gügel
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (M.W.M., S.K.-J., A.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden (P.F.T., B.K., E.G.)
- Department Biology 1-Botany, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., K.P., J.S.)
- Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., J.S.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., O.B., J.W.)
- Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (K.P.); and
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France (L.M.-D., C.M.)
| | - Beata Kmiec
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (M.W.M., S.K.-J., A.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden (P.F.T., B.K., E.G.)
- Department Biology 1-Botany, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., K.P., J.S.)
- Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., J.S.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., O.B., J.W.)
- Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (K.P.); and
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France (L.M.-D., C.M.)
| | - Reena Narsai
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (M.W.M., S.K.-J., A.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden (P.F.T., B.K., E.G.)
- Department Biology 1-Botany, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., K.P., J.S.)
- Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., J.S.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., O.B., J.W.)
- Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (K.P.); and
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France (L.M.-D., C.M.)
| | - Aneta Ivanova
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (M.W.M., S.K.-J., A.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden (P.F.T., B.K., E.G.)
- Department Biology 1-Botany, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., K.P., J.S.)
- Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., J.S.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., O.B., J.W.)
- Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (K.P.); and
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France (L.M.-D., C.M.)
| | - Cyrille Megel
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (M.W.M., S.K.-J., A.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden (P.F.T., B.K., E.G.)
- Department Biology 1-Botany, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., K.P., J.S.)
- Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., J.S.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., O.B., J.W.)
- Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (K.P.); and
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France (L.M.-D., C.M.)
| | - Annette Schock
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (M.W.M., S.K.-J., A.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden (P.F.T., B.K., E.G.)
- Department Biology 1-Botany, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., K.P., J.S.)
- Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., J.S.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., O.B., J.W.)
- Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (K.P.); and
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France (L.M.-D., C.M.)
| | - Sabrina Kraus
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (M.W.M., S.K.-J., A.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden (P.F.T., B.K., E.G.)
- Department Biology 1-Botany, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., K.P., J.S.)
- Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., J.S.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., O.B., J.W.)
- Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (K.P.); and
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France (L.M.-D., C.M.)
| | - Oliver Berkowitz
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (M.W.M., S.K.-J., A.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden (P.F.T., B.K., E.G.)
- Department Biology 1-Botany, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., K.P., J.S.)
- Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., J.S.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., O.B., J.W.)
- Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (K.P.); and
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France (L.M.-D., C.M.)
| | - Elzbieta Glaser
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (M.W.M., S.K.-J., A.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden (P.F.T., B.K., E.G.)
- Department Biology 1-Botany, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., K.P., J.S.)
- Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., J.S.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., O.B., J.W.)
- Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (K.P.); and
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France (L.M.-D., C.M.)
| | - Katrin Philippar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (M.W.M., S.K.-J., A.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden (P.F.T., B.K., E.G.)
- Department Biology 1-Botany, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., K.P., J.S.)
- Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., J.S.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., O.B., J.W.)
- Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (K.P.); and
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France (L.M.-D., C.M.)
| | - Laurence Maréchal-Drouard
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (M.W.M., S.K.-J., A.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden (P.F.T., B.K., E.G.)
- Department Biology 1-Botany, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., K.P., J.S.)
- Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., J.S.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., O.B., J.W.)
- Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (K.P.); and
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France (L.M.-D., C.M.)
| | - Jürgen Soll
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (M.W.M., S.K.-J., A.I.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden (P.F.T., B.K., E.G.)
- Department Biology 1-Botany, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., K.P., J.S.)
- Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., J.S.)
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., O.B., J.W.)
- Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (K.P.); and
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France (L.M.-D., C.M.)
| | - James Whelan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia (M.W.M., S.K.-J., A.I.);
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden (P.F.T., B.K., E.G.);
- Department Biology 1-Botany, Biocenter Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152 Planegg, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., K.P., J.S.);
- Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany (I.L.G., A.S., S.K., J.S.);
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, Department of Animal, Plant, and Soil Science, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia (R.N., O.B., J.W.);
- Center for Human and Molecular Biology, Plant Biology, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany (K.P.); and
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg cedex, France (L.M.-D., C.M.)
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von Ameln S, Wang G, Boulouiz R, Rutherford M, Smith G, Li Y, Pogoda HM, Nürnberg G, Stiller B, Volk A, Borck G, Hong J, Goodyear R, Abidi O, Nürnberg P, Hofmann K, Richardson G, Hammerschmidt M, Moser T, Wollnik B, Koehler C, Teitell M, Barakat A, Kubisch C. A mutation in PNPT1, encoding mitochondrial-RNA-import protein PNPase, causes hereditary hearing loss. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 91:919-27. [PMID: 23084290 PMCID: PMC3487123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of nuclear-encoded RNAs has to be imported into mitochondria for the proper replication and transcription of the mitochondrial genome and, hence, for proper mitochondrial function. Polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase or PNPT1) is one of the very few components known to be involved in this poorly characterized process in mammals. At the organismal level, however, the effect of PNPase dysfunction and impaired mitochondrial RNA import are unknown. By positional cloning, we identified a homozygous PNPT1 missense mutation (c.1424A>G predicting the protein substitution p.Glu475Gly) of a highly conserved PNPase residue within the second RNase-PH domain in a family affected by autosomal-recessive nonsyndromic hearing impairment. In vitro analyses in bacteria, yeast, and mammalian cells showed that the identified mutation results in a hypofunctional protein leading to disturbed PNPase trimerization and impaired mitochondrial RNA import. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong PNPase staining in the murine cochlea, including the sensory hair cells and the auditory ganglion neurons. In summary, we show that a component of the mitochondrial RNA-import machinery is specifically required for auditory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon von Ameln
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Geng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Redouane Boulouiz
- Department of Genetics, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 20100 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mark A. Rutherford
- InnerEarLab, Department of Otolaryngology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Geoffrey M. Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Pogoda
- Institute for Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gudrun Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Barbara Stiller
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander E. Volk
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Guntram Borck
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jason S. Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Omar Abidi
- Department of Genetics, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 20100 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Kay Hofmann
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Guy P. Richardson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Matthias Hammerschmidt
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Tobias Moser
- InnerEarLab, Department of Otolaryngology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Carla M. Koehler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael A. Teitell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, California NanoSystems Institute and Center for Cell Control, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Abdelhamid Barakat
- Department of Genetics, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 20100 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Christian Kubisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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