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Su B, Lim D, Qi C, Zhang Z, Wang J, Zhang F, Dong C, Feng Z. VPA mediates bidirectional regulation of cell cycle progression through the PPP2R2A-Chk1 signaling axis in response to HU. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:114. [PMID: 36781846 PMCID: PMC9925808 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell cycle checkpoint kinases play a pivotal role in protecting against replicative stress. In this study, valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), was found to promote breast cancer MCF-7 cells to traverse into G2/M phase for catastrophic injury by promoting PPP2R2A (the B-regulatory subunit of Phosphatase PP2A) to facilitate the dephosphorylation of Chk1 at Ser317 and Ser345. By contrast, VPA protected normal 16HBE cells from HU toxicity through decreasing PPP2R2A expression and increasing Chk1 phosphorylation. The effect of VPA on PPP2R2A was at the post-transcription level through HDAC1/2. The in vitro results were affirmed in vivo. Patients with lower PPP2R2A expression and higher pChk1 expression showed significantly worse survival. PPP2R2A D197 and N181 are essential for PPP2R2A-Chk1 signaling and VPA-mediated bidirectional effect on augmenting HU-induced tumor cell death and protecting normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyu Su
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - David Lim
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Chenyang Qi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongwei Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Junxiao Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fengmei Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhihui Feng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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2
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Regulation of BRCA1 stability through the tandem UBX domains of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase 1. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6732. [PMID: 36347866 PMCID: PMC9643514 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34612-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) have evolved to acquire various additional domains. These domains allow ARSs to communicate with other cellular proteins in order to promote non-translational functions. Vertebrate cytoplasmic isoleucyl-tRNA synthetases (IARS1s) have an uncharacterized unique domain, UNE-I. Here, we present the crystal structure of the chicken IARS1 UNE-I complexed with glutamyl-tRNA synthetase 1 (EARS1). UNE-I consists of tandem ubiquitin regulatory X (UBX) domains that interact with a distinct hairpin loop on EARS1 and protect its neighboring proteins in the multi-synthetase complex from degradation. Phosphomimetic mutation of the two serine residues in the hairpin loop releases IARS1 from the complex. IARS1 interacts with BRCA1 in the nucleus, regulates its stability by inhibiting ubiquitylation via the UBX domains, and controls DNA repair function.
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3
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Fa P, Qiu Z, Wang QE, Yan C, Zhang J. A Novel Role for RNF126 in the Promotion of G2 Arrest via Interaction With 14-3-3σ. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2022; 112:542-553. [PMID: 34563636 PMCID: PMC8748417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair are important for cell survival after exogenous DNA damage. Both rapid blockage of G2 to M phase transition in the cell cycle and the maintenance of relatively slow G2 arrest are critical to protect cells from lethal ionizing radiation (IR). Checkpoint kinase 1 is pivotal in blocking the transition from G2 to M phases in response to IR. The 14-3-3σ protein is important for IR-induced G2 arrest maintenance in which p53-dependent 14-3-3σ transcription is involved. It has been demonstrated that Ring finger protein 126 (RNF126), an E3 ligase, is required to upregulate checkpoint kinase 1 expression. Thus, our goal was to study the role of RNF126 in the G2/M phase checkpoint. METHODS AND MATERIALS The transition from G2 to M phases and G2 accumulation in response to IR were determined by flow cytometry through staining with phospho-histone H3 (pS10) antibody and propidium iodide, respectively. The interaction of RNF126 and 14-3-3σ was determined by GST-pulldown and coimmunoprecipitation assays. The stability of RNF126 and 14-3-3σ was determined by cycloheximide-based stability assay and ubiquitination detection by coimmunoprecipitation. The sequestering of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 and cyclin B1 from the nucleus was determined by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS RNF126 knockdown had no impact on the IR-induced transient blockage of G2 to M but impaired IR-induced G2 arrest maintenance in cells with or without wild-type p53. Mechanistically, RNF126 binds 14-3-3σ and prevents both proteins from ubiquitination-mediated degradation. Last, RNF126 is required for enforcing the cytoplasmic sequestration of cyclin B1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 proteins in response to IR. CONCLUSIONS RNF126 promotes G2 arrest via interaction with 14-3-3σ in response to IR. Our study revealed a novel role for RNF126 in promoting G2 arrest, providing a new target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyan Fa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine, OH, USA
| | - Zhaojun Qiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine, OH, USA
| | - Qi-En Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine, OH, USA
| | - Chunhong Yan
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University James Comprehensive Cancer Center and College of Medicine, OH, USA,Corresponding author: Junran Zhang,
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Ding C, Su B, Li Q, Ding W, Liu G, Cai Z, Zhang F, Lim D, Feng Z. Histone deacetylase inhibitor 2-hexyl-4-pentynoic acid enhances hydroxyurea therapeutic effect in triple-negative breast cancer cells. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 873:503422. [PMID: 35094806 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2021.503422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treatment has only limited effect, and it causes a significant number of deaths. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) are emerging as promising anti-tumor agents in many types of cancers. We thus hypothesized that 2-hexyl-4-pentynoic acid (HPTA), a novel HDACi, could sensitize TNBC to hydroxyurea (HU, a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor). In the present study, we investigated the effect of HPTA, alone or in combination with HU on cell survival, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), key homologous recombination (HR) repair proteins and cell cycle progression in MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231 human TNBC cell lines. HPTA and HU synergistically inhibited the survival of TNBC cell lines and resulted in the accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). HPTA can sensitize TNBC cells to HU by inhibiting replication protein A2 (RPA2) hyperphosphorylation-mediated HR repair, and lessen cell accumulation in S-phase by inhibiting ATR-CHK1 signaling pathway. Taken together, our data suggested that HPTA enhances HU therapeutic effect by blocking the HR repair and regulating cell cycle progression in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxia Ding
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, The Public Health School, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, China
| | - Benyu Su
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, The Public Health School, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, China
| | | | - Wenwen Ding
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, The Public Health School, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, China
| | - Guochao Liu
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, The Public Health School, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, China
| | - Zuchao Cai
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, The Public Health School, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, China
| | - Fengmei Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, The Public Health School, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, China
| | - David Lim
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia; Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zhihui Feng
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, The Public Health School, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, China.
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5
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Simoneau A, Xiong R, Zou L. The trans cell cycle effects of PARP inhibitors underlie their selectivity toward BRCA1/2-deficient cells. Genes Dev 2021; 35:1271-1289. [PMID: 34385259 PMCID: PMC8415318 DOI: 10.1101/gad.348479.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Simoneau et al. investigated why PARPi is more effective than other DNA-damaging drugs when used to treat BRCA1/2-deficient tumors. They show that PARPi induces DSBs progressively through trans-cell-cycle ssDNA gaps, and BRCA1/2-deficient cells fail to slow down and repair DSBs over multiple cell cycles, explaining the unique efficacy of PARPi in BRCA1/2-deficient cells. PARP inhibitor (PARPi) is widely used to treat BRCA1/2-deficient tumors, but why PARPi is more effective than other DNA-damaging drugs is unclear. Here, we show that PARPi generates DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) predominantly in a trans cell cycle manner. During the first S phase after PARPi exposure, PARPi induces single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) gaps behind DNA replication forks. By trapping PARP on DNA, PARPi prevents the completion of gap repair until the next S phase, leading to collisions of replication forks with ssDNA gaps and a surge of DSBs. In the second S phase, BRCA1/2-deficient cells are unable to suppress origin firing through ATR, resulting in continuous DNA synthesis and more DSBs. Furthermore, BRCA1/2-deficient cells cannot recruit RAD51 to repair collapsed forks. Thus, PARPi induces DSBs progressively through trans cell cycle ssDNA gaps, and BRCA1/2-deficient cells fail to slow down and repair DSBs over multiple cell cycles, explaining the unique efficacy of PARPi in BRCA1/2-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Simoneau
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Rosalinda Xiong
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Lee Zou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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6
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Waisertreiger I, Barlow J. Fragile site instability: measuring more than breaks. Oncoscience 2020; 7:60-67. [PMID: 33195735 PMCID: PMC7640903 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome instability is not only a hallmark of cancer, it is necessary for its initiation and evolution, and naturally accumulates as cells age. Replication stress is a potent source of genome instability found in many tumor types [1]. Chromosomal fragile sites are genomic loci highly prone to DNA damage specifically from replication stress and are frequently mutated in cancer [2-4]2-4]. While tracking the origin of individual mutations has proved challenging, measuring DNA damage and repair at endogenous sites can offer key insights into understanding the etiology of cancer. In the past 15 years, the causal link between replication stress, oncogene activation, and tumor initiation and evolution has become increasingly clear [1, 5-9]. Replication-associated damage accumulates at early stages of tumorigenesis and may promote further transformation. Studying the causes and consequences of fragile site instability can offer a window into the earliest stages of carcinogenesis [10-13]. In particular, fragile site studies will help us understand the molecular underpinnings influencing the frequency of DNA breakage, successful repair processes suppressing genome instability, and unsuccessful repair leading to mutations and chromosome rearrangements. Of these, measuring successful repair is the most challenging as it leaves little evidence behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Waisertreiger
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Barlow
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics & Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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7
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Koustas E, Karamouzis MV, Sarantis P, Schizas D, Papavassiliou AG. Inhibition of c-MET increases the antitumour activity of PARP inhibitors in gastric cancer models. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10420-10431. [PMID: 32686903 PMCID: PMC7521333 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide. Activation of c‐MET increases tumour cell survival through the initiation of the DNA damage repair pathway. PARP is an essential key in the DNA damage repair pathway. The primary role of PARP is to detect and initiate an immediate cellular response to single‐strand DNA breaks. Tumours suppressor genes such as BRCA1/2 are closely associated with the DNA repair pathway. In BRCA1/2 mutations or deficiency status, cells are more likely to develop additional genetic alterations and chromosomal instability and can lead to cancer. In this study, we investigate the role of c‐MET and PARP inhibition in a gastric cancer model. We exploited functional in vitro and in vivo experiments to assess the antitumour potential of co‐inhibition of c‐MET (SU11274) and PARP (NU1025). This leads to a reduction of gastric cancer cells viability, especially after knockdown of BRCA1/2 through apoptosis and induction of γ‐Η2ΑΧ. Moreover, in AGS xenograft models, the combinatorial treatment of NU1025 plus SU11274 reduced tumour growth and triggers apoptosis. Collectively, our data may represent a new therapeutic approach for GC thought co‐inhibition of c‐MET and PARP, especially for patients with BRCA1/2 deficiency tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Koustas
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis V Karamouzis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,First Department of Internal Medicine, 'Laiko' General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Sarantis
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Schizas
- First Department of Surgery, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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8
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Wang H, Cao Q, Zhao Q, Arfan M, Liu W. Mechanisms used by DNA MMR system to cope with Cadmium-induced DNA damage in plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125614. [PMID: 31883478 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is found widely in soil and is severely toxic for plants, causing oxidative damage in plant cells because of its heavy metal characteristics. The DNA damage response (DDR) is triggered in plants to cope with the Cd stress. The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system known for its mismatch repair function determines DDR, as mispairs are easily generated by a translesional synthesis under Cd-induced genomic instability. Cd-induced mismatches are recognized by three heterodimeric complexes including MutSα (MSH2/MSH6), MutSβ (MSH2/MSH3), and MutSγ (MSH2/MSH7). MutLα (MLH1/PMS1), PCNA/RFC, EXO1, DNA polymerase δ and DNA ligase participate in mismatch repair in turn. Meanwhile, ATR is preferentially activated by MSH2 to trigger DDR including the regulation of the cell cycle, endoreduplication, cell death, and recruitment of other DNA repair, which enhances plant tolerance to Cd. However, plants with deficient MutS will bypass MMR-mediated DDR and release the multiple-effect MLH1 from requisition of the MMR system, which leads to weak tolerance to Cd in plants. In this review, we systematically illustrate how the plant DNA MMR system works in a Cd-induced DDR, and how MMR genes regulate plant tolerance to Cd. Additionally, we also reviewed multiple epigenetic regulation systems acting on MMR genes under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetong Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Urban Integrated Pest Management and Ecological Security, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, PR China.
| | - Qijiang Cao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Urban Integrated Pest Management and Ecological Security, College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, PR China.
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Agricultural College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, PR China.
| | - Muhammad Arfan
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
| | - Wan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, PR China.
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9
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Misenko SM, Patel DS, Her J, Bunting SF. DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint defects in a mouse model of 'BRCAness' are partially rescued by 53BP1 deletion. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:881-891. [PMID: 29620483 PMCID: PMC6056228 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1456295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
'BRCAness' is a term used to describe cancer cells that behave similarly to tumors with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. The BRCAness phenotype is associated with hypersensitivity to chemotherapy agents including PARP inhibitors, which are a promising class of recently-licensed anti-cancer treatments. This hypersensitivity arises because of a deficiency in the homologous recombination (HR) pathway for DNA double-strand break repair. To gain further insight into how genetic modifiers of HR contribute to the BRCAness phenotype, we created a new mouse model of BRCAness by generating mice that are deficient in BLM helicase and the Exo1 exonuclease, which are involved in the early stages of HR. We find that cells lacking BLM and Exo1 exhibit a BRCAness phenotype, with diminished HR, and hypersensitivity to PARP inhibitors. We further tested how 53BP1, an important regulator of HR, affects repair efficiency in our BRCAness model. We find that deletion of 53BP1 can relieve several of the repair deficiencies observed in cells lacking BLM and Exo1, just as it does in cells lacking BRCA1. These results substantiate the importance of BRCAness as a concept for classification of cancer cases, and further clarify the role of 53BP1 in regulation of DNA repair pathway choice in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Misenko
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Dharm S. Patel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Joonyoung Her
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Samuel F. Bunting
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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10
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Hu WL, Jin L, Xu A, Wang YF, Thorne RF, Zhang XD, Wu M. GUARDIN is a p53-responsive long non-coding RNA that is essential for genomic stability. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:492-502. [DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0066-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Mihailidou C, Karamouzis MV, Schizas D, Papavassiliou AG. Co-targeting c-Met and DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs): Therapeutic strategies in BRCA-mutated gastric carcinomas. Biochimie 2017; 142:135-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Qiu Z, Oleinick NL, Zhang J. ATR/CHK1 inhibitors and cancer therapy. Radiother Oncol 2017; 126:450-464. [PMID: 29054375 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The cell cycle checkpoint proteins ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated-and-Rad3-related kinase (ATR) and its major downstream effector checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) prevent the entry of cells with damaged or incompletely replicated DNA into mitosis when the cells are challenged by DNA damaging agents, such as radiation therapy (RT) or chemotherapeutic drugs, that are the major modalities to treat cancer. This regulation is particularly evident in cells with a defective G1 checkpoint, a common feature of cancer cells, due to p53 mutations. In addition, ATR and/or CHK1 suppress replication stress (RS) by inhibiting excess origin firing, particularly in cells with activated oncogenes. Those functions of ATR/CHK1 make them ideal therapeutic targets. ATR/CHK1 inhibitors have been developed and are currently used either as single agents or paired with radiotherapy or a variety of genotoxic chemotherapies in preclinical and clinical studies. Here, we review the status of the development of ATR and CHK1 inhibitors. We also discuss the potential mechanisms by which ATR and CHK1 inhibition induces cell killing in the presence or absence of exogenous DNA damaging agents, such as RT and chemotherapeutic agents. Lastly, we discuss synthetic lethality interactions between the inhibition of ATR/CHK1 and defects in other DNA damage response (DDR) pathways/genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojun Qiu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Nancy L Oleinick
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.
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13
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Gachechiladze M, Škarda J, Soltermann A, Joerger M. RAD51 as a potential surrogate marker for DNA repair capacity in solid malignancies. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1286-1294. [PMID: 28477336 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Targeting deficient mechanisms of cellular DNA repair still represents the basis for the treatment of the majority of solid tumors, and increased DNA repair capacity is a hallmark mechanism of resistance not only to DNA-damaging treatments such as cytotoxic drugs and radiotherapy, but also to small molecule targeted drugs such as inhibitors of poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). Hence, there is substantial medical need for potent and convenient biomarkers of individual response to DNA-targeted treatment in personalized cancer care. RAD51 is a highly conserved protein that catalyzes DNA repair via homologous recombination, a major DNA repair pathway which directly modulates cellular sensitivity to DNA-damaging treatments. The clinical and biological significance of RAD51 protein expression is still under investigation. Pre-clinical studies consistently show the important role of nuclear RAD51 immunoreactivity in chemo- and radioresistance. Validating data from clinical trials however is limited at present, and some clinical studies show controversial results. This review gives a comprehensive overview on the current knowledge about the prognostic and predictive value of RAD51 protein expression and genetic variability in patients with solid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Gachechiladze
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Translational and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Škarda
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Translational and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alex Soltermann
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Joerger
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital, St.Gallen, Switzerland
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14
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Liu G, Wang H, Zhang F, Tian Y, Tian Z, Cai Z, Lim D, Feng Z. The Effect of VPA on Increasing Radiosensitivity in Osteosarcoma Cells and Primary-Culture Cells from Chemical Carcinogen-Induced Breast Cancer in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051027. [PMID: 28489060 PMCID: PMC5454939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored whether valproic acid (VPA, a histone deacetylase inhibitor) could radiosensitize osteosarcoma and primary-culture tumor cells, and determined the mechanism of VPA-induced radiosensitization. The working system included osteosarcoma cells (U2OS) and primary-culture cells from chemical carcinogen (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in rats; and clonogenic survival, immunofluorescence, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for chromosome aberrations, and comet assays were used in this study. It was found that VPA at the safe or critical safe concentration of 0.5 or 1.0 mM VPA could result in the accumulation of more ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DNA double strand breaks, and increase the cell radiosensitivity. VPA-induced radiosensitivity was associated with the inhibition of DNA repair activity in the working systems. In addition, the chromosome aberrations including chromosome breaks, chromatid breaks, and radial structures significantly increased after the combination treatment of VPA and IR. Importantly, the results obtained by primary-culture cells from the tissue of chemical carcinogen-induced breast cancer in rats further confirmed our findings. The data in this study demonstrated that VPA at a safe dose was a radiosensitizer for osteosarcoma and primary-culture tumor cells through suppressing DNA-double strand breaks repair function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guochao Liu
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Fengmei Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Youjia Tian
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Zhujun Tian
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Zuchao Cai
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - David Lim
- Flinders Rural Health South Australia, Victor Harbor, SA 5211, Australia.
| | - Zhihui Feng
- Department of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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15
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Loss of BRCA1 or BRCA2 markedly increases the rate of base substitution mutagenesis and has distinct effects on genomic deletions. Oncogene 2016; 36:746-755. [PMID: 27452521 PMCID: PMC5096687 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes increase the risk of cancer. Owing to their function in homologous recombination repair, much research has focused on the unstable genomic phenotype of BRCA1/2 mutant cells manifest mainly as large-scale rearrangements. We used whole-genome sequencing of multiple isogenic chicken DT40 cell clones to precisely determine the consequences of BRCA1/2 loss on all types of genomic mutagenesis. Spontaneous base substitution mutation rates increased sevenfold upon the disruption of either BRCA1 or BRCA2, and the arising mutation spectra showed strong and specific correlation with a mutation signature associated with BRCA1/2 mutant tumours. To model endogenous alkylating damage, we determined the mutation spectrum caused by methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), and showed that MMS also induces more base substitution mutations in BRCA1/2-deficient cells. Spontaneously arising and MMS-induced insertion/deletion mutations and large rearrangements were also more common in BRCA1/2 mutant cells compared with the wild-type control. A difference in the short deletion phenotypes of BRCA1 and BRCA2 suggested distinct roles for the two proteins in the processing of DNA lesions, as BRCA2 mutants contained more short deletions, with a wider size distribution, which frequently showed microhomology near the breakpoints resembling repair by non-homologous end joining. An increased and prolonged gamma-H2AX signal in MMS-treated BRCA1/2 cells suggested an aberrant processing of stalled replication forks as the cause of increased mutagenesis. The high rate of base substitution mutagenesis demonstrated by our experiments is likely to significantly contribute to the oncogenic effect of the inactivation of BRCA1 or BRCA2.
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16
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Huh MS, Ivanochko D, Hashem LE, Curtin M, Delorme M, Goodall E, Yan K, Picketts DJ. Stalled replication forks within heterochromatin require ATRX for protection. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2220. [PMID: 27171262 PMCID: PMC4917659 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Expansive growth of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is a prerequisite to the temporal waves of neuronal differentiation that generate the six-layered neocortex, while also placing a heavy burden on proteins that regulate chromatin packaging and genome integrity. This problem is further reflected by the growing number of developmental disorders caused by mutations in chromatin regulators. ATRX gene mutations cause a severe intellectual disability disorder (α-thalassemia mental retardation X-linked (ATRX) syndrome; OMIM no. 301040), characterized by microcephaly, urogenital abnormalities and α-thalassemia. Although the ATRX protein is required for the maintenance of repetitive DNA within heterochromatin, how this translates to disease pathogenesis remain poorly understood and was a focus of this study. We demonstrate that Atrx(FoxG1Cre) forebrain-specific conditional knockout mice display poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (Parp-1) hyperactivation during neurogenesis and generate fewer late-born Cux1- and Brn2-positive neurons that accounts for the reduced cortical size. Moreover, DNA damage, induced Parp-1 and Atm activation is elevated in progenitor cells and contributes to their increased level of cell death. ATRX-null HeLa cells are similarly sensitive to hydroxyurea-induced replication stress, accumulate DNA damage and proliferate poorly. Impaired BRCA1-RAD51 colocalization and PARP-1 hyperactivation indicated that stalled replication forks are not efficiently protected. DNA fiber assays confirmed that MRE11 degradation of stalled replication forks was rampant in the absence of ATRX or DAXX. Indeed, fork degradation in ATRX-null cells could be attenuated by treatment with the MRE11 inhibitor mirin, or exacerbated by inhibiting PARP-1 activity. Taken together, these results suggest that ATRX is required to limit replication stress during cellular proliferation, whereas upregulation of PARP-1 activity functions as a compensatory mechanism to protect stalled forks, limiting genomic damage, and facilitating late-born neuron production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Huh
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - D Ivanochko
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - L E Hashem
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - M Curtin
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - M Delorme
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - E Goodall
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - K Yan
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - D J Picketts
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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17
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Cantor SB, Nayak S. FANCJ at the FORK. Mutat Res 2016; 788:7-11. [PMID: 26926912 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon B Cantor
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, UMASS Memorial Cancer Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
| | - Sumeet Nayak
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, UMASS Memorial Cancer Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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18
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Kan C, Zhang J. BRCA1 Mutation: A Predictive Marker for Radiation Therapy? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 93:281-93. [PMID: 26383678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
DNA repair, in particular, DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, is essential for the survival of both normal and cancer cells. An elaborate repair mechanism has been developed in cells to efficiently repair the damaged DNA. The pathways predominately involved in DSB repair are homologous recombination and classic nonhomologous end-joining, although the alternative NHEJ pathway, a third DSB repair pathway, could also be important in certain contexts. The protein of BRCA1 encoded by the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 regulates all DSB repair pathways. Given that DSBs represent the most biologically significant lesions induced by ionizing radiation and that impaired DSB repair leads to radiation sensitivity, it has been expected that cancer patients with BRCA1 mutations should benefit from radiation therapy. However, the clinical data have been conflicting and inconclusive. We provide an overview about the current status of the data regarding BRCA1 deficiency and radiation therapy sensitivity in both experimental models and clinical investigations. In addition, we discuss a strategy to potentiate the effects of radiation therapy by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors, the pharmacologic drugs being investigated as monotherapy for the treatment of patients with BRCA1/2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Kan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.
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19
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Wu Y, Lee SH, Williamson EA, Reinert BL, Cho JH, Xia F, Jaiswal AS, Srinivasan G, Patel B, Brantley A, Zhou D, Shao L, Pathak R, Hauer-Jensen M, Singh S, Kong K, Wu X, Kim HS, Beissbarth T, Gaedcke J, Burma S, Nickoloff JA, Hromas RA. EEPD1 Rescues Stressed Replication Forks and Maintains Genome Stability by Promoting End Resection and Homologous Recombination Repair. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005675. [PMID: 26684013 PMCID: PMC4684289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication fork stalling and collapse is a major source of genome instability leading to neoplastic transformation or cell death. Such stressed replication forks can be conservatively repaired and restarted using homologous recombination (HR) or non-conservatively repaired using micro-homology mediated end joining (MMEJ). HR repair of stressed forks is initiated by 5’ end resection near the fork junction, which permits 3’ single strand invasion of a homologous template for fork restart. This 5’ end resection also prevents classical non-homologous end-joining (cNHEJ), a competing pathway for DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. Unopposed NHEJ can cause genome instability during replication stress by abnormally fusing free double strand ends that occur as unstable replication fork repair intermediates. We show here that the previously uncharacterized Exonuclease/Endonuclease/Phosphatase Domain-1 (EEPD1) protein is required for initiating repair and restart of stalled forks. EEPD1 is recruited to stalled forks, enhances 5’ DNA end resection, and promotes restart of stalled forks. Interestingly, EEPD1 directs DSB repair away from cNHEJ, and also away from MMEJ, which requires limited end resection for initiation. EEPD1 is also required for proper ATR and CHK1 phosphorylation, and formation of gamma-H2AX, RAD51 and phospho-RPA32 foci. Consistent with a direct role in stalled replication fork cleavage, EEPD1 is a 5’ overhang nuclease in an obligate complex with the end resection nuclease Exo1 and BLM. EEPD1 depletion causes nuclear and cytogenetic defects, which are made worse by replication stress. Depleting 53BP1, which slows cNHEJ, fully rescues the nuclear and cytogenetic abnormalities seen with EEPD1 depletion. These data demonstrate that genome stability during replication stress is maintained by EEPD1, which initiates HR and inhibits cNHEJ and MMEJ. The cell itself damages its own DNA throughout the cell cycle as a result of oxidative metabolism, and this damage creates barriers for replication fork progression. Thus, DNA replication is not a smooth and continuous process, but rather one of stalls and restarts. Therefore, proper replication fork restart is crucial to maintain the integrity of the cell’s genome, and preventing its own death or immortalization. To restart after stalling, the replication fork subverts a DNA repair pathway termed homologous recombination. Using any other pathway for fork repair will result in an unstable genome. How the homologous recombination repair pathway is initiated at the replication fork is not well defined. In this study we demonstrate the previously uncharacterized EEPD1 protein is a novel gatekeeper for the initiation of this fork repair pathway. EEPD1 promotes 5’ end resection, the initial step of homologous recombination, which also prevents alternative fork repair pathways that lead to unstable chromosomes. Thus, EEPD1 protects the integrity of the cell genome by promoting the safe homologous recombination fork repair pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehan Wu
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Suk-Hee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Williamson
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Brian L. Reinert
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Ju Hwan Cho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Fen Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Aruna Shanker Jaiswal
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gayathri Srinivasan
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Bhavita Patel
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexis Brantley
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daohong Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Lijian Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Rupak Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Martin Hauer-Jensen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Sudha Singh
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kimi Kong
- Department of Craniofacial Regeneration, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xaiohua Wu
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hyun-Suk Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Timothy Beissbarth
- Department of Medical Statistics, and General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jochen Gaedcke
- Department of Medical Statistics, and General, Visceral, and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandeep Burma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jac A. Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JAN); (RAH)
| | - Robert A. Hromas
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JAN); (RAH)
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20
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Wang Y, Deng O, Feng Z, Du Z, Xiong X, Lai J, Yang X, Xu M, Wang H, Taylor D, Yan C, Chen C, Difeo A, Ma Z, Zhang J. RNF126 promotes homologous recombination via regulation of E2F1-mediated BRCA1 expression. Oncogene 2015; 35:1363-72. [PMID: 26234677 PMCID: PMC4740281 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RNF126 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The deletion of RNF126 gene was observed in a wide range of human cancers and is correlated with improved disease-free and overall survival. These data highlights the clinical relevance of RNF126 in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. However, the specific functions of RNF126 remain largely unknown. Homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA double-strand break repair is important for tumor suppression and cancer therapy resistance. Here, we demonstrate that RNF126 facilitates HR by promoting the expression of BRCA1, in a manner independent of its E3 ligase activity but depending on E2F1, a well-known transcription factor of BRCA1 promoter. In support of this result, RNF126 promotes transactivation of BRCA1 promoter by directly binding to E2F1. Most importantly, an RNF126 mutant lacking 11 amino acids that is responsible for the interaction with E2F1 has a dominant-negative effect on BRCA1 expression and HR by suppressing E2F1-mediated transactivation of BRCA1 promoter and blocking the enrichment of E2F1 on BRCA1 promoter. Lastly, RNF126 depletion leads to the increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR) and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition. Collectively, our results suggest a novel role of RNF126 in promoting HR-mediated repair through positive regulation on BRCA1 expression by direct interaction with E2F1. This study not only offers novel insights into our current understanding of the biological functions of RNF126 but also provides a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - O Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Z Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Z Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - X Xiong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J Lai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, QuanZhou, Fujian, China
| | - X Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - M Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - H Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - C Yan
- GRU Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - C Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - A Difeo
- General Medical Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Z Ma
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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21
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Dong C, Zhang F, Luo Y, Wang H, Zhao X, Guo G, Powell SN, Feng Z. p53 suppresses hyper-recombination by modulating BRCA1 function. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 33:60-9. [PMID: 26162908 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Both p53 and BRCA1 are tumor suppressors and are involved in a number of cellular processes including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, transcriptional regulation, and DNA damage repair. Some studies have suggested that the association of BRCA1 and p53 is required for transcriptional regulation of genes involved in cell replication and DNA repair pathways. However, the relationship between the two proteins in molecular mechanisms of DNA repair is still not clear. Therefore, we sought to determine whether there is a functional link between p53 and BRCA1 in DNA repair. Firstly, using a plasmid recombination substrate, pDR-GFP, integrated into the genome of breast cancer cell line MCF7, we have demonstrated that p53 suppressed Rad51-mediated hyper-recombinational repair by two independent cell models of HPV-E6 induced p53 inactivation and p53 knockdown assay. Our study further indicated that p53 mediated homologous recombination (HR) through inhibiting BRCA1 over-function via mechanism of transcription regulation in response to DNA repair. Since it was found p53 and BRCA1 existed in a protein complex, indicating both proteins may be associated at post-transcriptional level. Moreover, defective p53-induced hyper-recombination was associated with cell radioresistance and chromosomal stability, strongly supporting the involvement of p53 in the inhibition of hyper-recombination, which led to genetic stability and cellular function in response to DNA damage. In addition, it was found that p53 loss rescued BRCA1 deficiency via recovering HR and chromosomal stability, suggesting that p53 is also involved in the HR-inhibition independently of BRCA1. Thus, our data indicated that p53 was involved in inhibiting recombination by both BRCA1-dependent and -independent mechanisms, and there is a functional link between p53-suppression and BRCA1-promotion in regulation of HR activity at transcription level and possible post-transcription level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Dong
- Department of Environment and Health, School of public health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Fengmei Zhang
- Department of Environment and Health, School of public health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Yue Luo
- Department of Environment and Health, School of public health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Environment and Health, School of public health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Xipeng Zhao
- Department of Environment and Health, School of public health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Gongshe Guo
- The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250033, China
| | - Simon N Powell
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Zhihui Feng
- Department of Environment and Health, School of public health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China.
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22
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Chatterjee P, Choudhary GS, Alswillah T, Xiong X, Heston WD, Magi-Galluzzi C, Zhang J, Klein EA, Almasan A. The TMPRSS2-ERG Gene Fusion Blocks XRCC4-Mediated Nonhomologous End-Joining Repair and Radiosensitizes Prostate Cancer Cells to PARP Inhibition. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:1896-906. [PMID: 26026052 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to genotoxic agents, such as ionizing radiation (IR), produces DNA damage, leading to DNA double-strand breaks (DSB); IR toxicity is augmented when the DNA repair is impaired. We reported that radiosensitization by a PARP inhibitor (PARPi) was highly prominent in prostate cancer cells expressing the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion protein. Here, we show that TMPRSS2-ERG blocks nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair by inhibiting DNA-PKcs. VCaP cells, which harbor TMPRSS2-ERG and PC3 cells that stably express it, displayed γH2AX and 53BP1 foci constitutively, indicating persistent DNA damage that was absent if TMPRSS2-ERG was depleted by siRNA in VCaP cells. The extent of DNA damage was enhanced and associated with TMPRSS2-ERG's ability to inhibit DNA-PKcs function, as indicated by its own phosphorylation (Thr2609, Ser2056) and that of its substrate, Ser1778-53BP1. DNA-PKcs deficiency caused by TMPRSS2-ERG destabilized critical NHEJ components on chromatin. Thus, XRCC4 was not recruited to chromatin, with retention of other NHEJ core factors being reduced. DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation was restored to the level of parental cells when TMPRSS2-ERG was depleted by siRNA. Following IR, TMPRSS2-ERG-expressing PC3 cells had elevated Rad51 foci and homologous recombination (HR) activity, indicating that HR compensated for defective NHEJ in these cells, hence addressing why TMPRSS2-ERG alone did not lead to radiosensitization. However, the presence of TMPRSS2-ERG, by inhibiting NHEJ DNA repair, enhanced PARPi-mediated radiosensitization. IR in combination with PARPi resulted in enhanced DNA damage in TMPRSS2-ERG-expressing cells. Therefore, by inhibiting NHEJ, TMPRSS2-ERG provides a synthetic lethal interaction with PARPi in prostate cancer patients expressing TMPRSS2-ERG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Chatterjee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Gaurav S Choudhary
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Ohio
| | | | - Xiahui Xiong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Warren D Heston
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Cristina Magi-Galluzzi
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. Robert J. Tomisch Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Eric A Klein
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alexandru Almasan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
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23
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Xiong X, Du Z, Wang Y, Feng Z, Fan P, Yan C, Willers H, Zhang J. 53BP1 promotes microhomology-mediated end-joining in G1-phase cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:1659-70. [PMID: 25586219 PMCID: PMC4330367 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative non-homologous end joining (alt-NHEJ) was originally identified as a backup repair mechanism in the absence of classical NHEJ (c-NHEJ) factors but recent studies have demonstrated that alt-NHEJ is active even when c-NHEJ as well as homologous recombination is available. The functions of 53BP1 in NHEJ processes are not well understood. Here, we report that 53BP1 promotes DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair and genomic stability not only in c-NHEJ-proficient but also -deficient human G1-phase cells. Using an array of repair substrates we show that these effects of 53BP1 are correlated with a promotion of microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ), a subtype of alt-NHEJ, in G1-phase. Consistent with a specific role in MMEJ we confirm that 53BP1 status does not affect c-NHEJ. 53BP1 supports sequence deletion during MMEJ consistent with a putative role in facilitating end-resection. Interestingly, promotion of MMEJ by 53BP1 in G1-phase cells is only observed in the presence of functional BRCA1. Depletion of both 53BP1 and BRCA1 increases repair needing microhomology usage and augments loss of DNA sequence, suggesting that MMEJ is a highly regulated DSB repair process. Together, these findings significantly expand our understanding of the cell-cycle-dependent roles of 53BP1 in DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiahui Xiong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, BRB 323, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zhanwen Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, BRB 323, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, BRB 323, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Zhihui Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, BRB 323, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Pan Fan
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Chunhong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Regents University, 1410 Laney Walker Blvd., CN-2134, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Henning Willers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, BRB 323, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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24
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Prado F. Homologous recombination maintenance of genome integrity during DNA damage tolerance. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e957039. [PMID: 27308329 PMCID: PMC4905194 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.957039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The DNA strand exchange protein Rad51 provides a safe mechanism for the repair of DNA breaks using the information of a homologous DNA template. Homologous recombination (HR) also plays a key role in the response to DNA damage that impairs the advance of the replication forks by providing mechanisms to circumvent the lesion and fill in the tracks of single-stranded DNA that are generated during the process of lesion bypass. These activities postpone repair of the blocking lesion to ensure that DNA replication is completed in a timely manner. Experimental evidence generated over the last few years indicates that HR participates in this DNA damage tolerance response together with additional error-free (template switch) and error-prone (translesion synthesis) mechanisms through intricate connections, which are presented here. The choice between repair and tolerance, and the mechanism of tolerance, is critical to avoid increased mutagenesis and/or genome rearrangements, which are both hallmarks of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Prado
- Departamento de Biología Molecular; Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER) ; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) ; Seville, Spain
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25
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Wei N, Shi Y, Truong LN, Fisch KM, Xu T, Gardiner E, Fu G, Hsu YSO, Kishi S, Su AI, Wu X, Yang XL. Oxidative stress diverts tRNA synthetase to nucleus for protection against DNA damage. Mol Cell 2014; 56:323-332. [PMID: 25284223 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase (TyrRS) is known for its essential aminoacylation function in protein synthesis. Here we report a function for TyrRS in DNA damage protection. We found that oxidative stress, which often downregulates protein synthesis, induces TyrRS to rapidly translocate from the cytosol to the nucleus. We also found that angiogenin mediates or potentiates this stress-induced translocalization. The nuclear-localized TyrRS activates transcription factor E2F1 to upregulate the expression of DNA damage repair genes such as BRCA1 and RAD51. The activation is achieved through direct interaction of TyrRS with TRIM28 to sequester this vertebrate-specific epigenetic repressor and its associated HDAC1 from deacetylating and suppressing E2F1. Remarkably, overexpression of TyrRS strongly protects against UV-induced DNA double-strand breaks in zebrafish, whereas restricting TyrRS nuclear entry completely abolishes the protection. Therefore, oxidative stress triggers an essential cytoplasmic enzyme used for protein synthesis to translocate to the nucleus to protect against DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wei
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yi Shi
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lan N Truong
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kathleen M Fisch
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tao Xu
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elisabeth Gardiner
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Guangsen Fu
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yun-Shiuan Olivia Hsu
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shuji Kishi
- Department of Metabolism and Aging, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Andrew I Su
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiang-Lei Yang
- Departments of Chemical Physiology and Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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26
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Pefani DE, Latusek R, Pires I, Grawenda AM, Yee KS, Hamilton G, van der Weyden L, Esashi F, Hammond EM, O’Neill E. RASSF1A-LATS1 signalling stabilizes replication forks by restricting CDK2-mediated phosphorylation of BRCA2. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:962-71, 1-8. [PMID: 25218637 PMCID: PMC4861244 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genomic instability is a key hallmark of cancer leading to tumour heterogeneity and therapeutic resistance. BRCA2 has a fundamental role in error-free DNA repair but also sustains genome integrity by promoting RAD51 nucleofilament formation at stalled replication forks. CDK2 phosphorylates BRCA2 (pS3291-BRCA2) to limit stabilizing contacts with polymerized RAD51; however, how replication stress modulates CDK2 activity and whether loss of pS3291-BRCA2 regulation results in genomic instability of tumours are not known. Here we demonstrate that the Hippo pathway kinase LATS1 interacts with CDK2 in response to genotoxic stress to constrain pS3291-BRCA2 and support RAD51 nucleofilaments, thereby maintaining genomic fidelity during replication stalling. We also show that LATS1 forms part of an ATR-mediated response to replication stress that requires the tumour suppressor RASSF1A. Importantly, perturbation of the ATR-RASSF1A-LATS1 signalling axis leads to genomic defects associated with loss of BRCA2 function and contributes to genomic instability and 'BRCA-ness' in lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Latusek
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Dept. of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Isabel Pires
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Dept. of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anna M. Grawenda
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Dept. of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Karen S. Yee
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Dept. of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Garth Hamilton
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Dept. of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Fumiko Esashi
- Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Ester M. Hammond
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Dept. of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Eric O’Neill
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute, Dept. of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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27
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Liu T, Huang J. Quality control of homologous recombination. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3779-97. [PMID: 24858417 PMCID: PMC11114062 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1649-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous and endogenous genotoxic agents, such as ionizing radiation and numerous chemical agents, cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which are highly toxic and lead to genomic instability or tumorigenesis if not repaired accurately and efficiently. Cells have over evolutionary time developed certain repair mechanisms in response to DSBs to maintain genomic integrity. Major DSB repair mechanisms include non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination (HR). Using sister homologues as templates, HR is a high-fidelity repair pathway that can rejoin DSBs without introducing mutations. However, HR execution without appropriate guarding may lead to more severe gross genome rearrangements. Here we review current knowledge regarding the factors and mechanisms required for accomplishment of accurate HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
| | - Jun Huang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang China
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28
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Woditschka S, Evans L, Duchnowska R, Reed LT, Palmieri D, Qian Y, Badve S, Sledge G, Gril B, Aladjem MI, Fu H, Flores NM, Gökmen-Polar Y, Biernat W, Szutowicz-Zielińska E, Mandat T, Trojanowski T, Och W, Czartoryska-Arlukowicz B, Jassem J, Mitchell JB, Steeg PS. DNA double-strand break repair genes and oxidative damage in brain metastasis of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju145. [PMID: 24948741 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer frequently metastasizes to the brain, colonizing a neuro-inflammatory microenvironment. The molecular pathways facilitating this colonization remain poorly understood. METHODS Expression profiling of 23 matched sets of human resected brain metastases and primary breast tumors by two-sided paired t test was performed to identify brain metastasis-specific genes. The implicated DNA repair genes BARD1 and RAD51 were modulated in human (MDA-MB-231-BR) and murine (4T1-BR) brain-tropic breast cancer cell lines by lentiviral transduction of cDNA or short hairpin RNA (shRNA) coding sequences. Their functional contribution to brain metastasis development was evaluated in mouse xenograft models (n = 10 mice per group). RESULTS Human brain metastases overexpressed BARD1 and RAD51 compared with either matched primary tumors (1.74-fold, P < .001; 1.46-fold, P < .001, respectively) or unlinked systemic metastases (1.49-fold, P = .01; 1.44-fold, P = .008, respectively). Overexpression of either gene in MDA-MB-231-BR cells increased brain metastases by threefold to fourfold after intracardiac injections, but not lung metastases upon tail-vein injections. In 4T1-BR cells, shRNA-mediated RAD51 knockdown reduced brain metastases by 2.5-fold without affecting lung metastasis development. In vitro, BARD1- and RAD51-overexpressing cells showed reduced genomic instability but only exhibited growth and colonization phenotypes upon DNA damage induction. Reactive oxygen species were present in tumor cells and elevated in the metastatic neuro-inflammatory microenvironment and could provide an endogenous source of genotoxic stress. Tempol, a brain-permeable oxygen radical scavenger suppressed brain metastasis promotion induced by BARD1 and RAD51 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS BARD1 and RAD51 are frequently overexpressed in brain metastases from breast cancer and may constitute a mechanism to overcome reactive oxygen species-mediated genotoxic stress in the metastatic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Woditschka
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
| | - Lynda Evans
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Renata Duchnowska
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - L Tiffany Reed
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Diane Palmieri
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Yongzhen Qian
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Sunil Badve
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - George Sledge
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Brunilde Gril
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Mirit I Aladjem
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Haiqing Fu
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Natasha M Flores
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Yesim Gökmen-Polar
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Ewa Szutowicz-Zielińska
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Tomasz Mandat
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Tomasz Trojanowski
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Waldemar Och
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Bogumiła Czartoryska-Arlukowicz
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Jacek Jassem
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - James B Mitchell
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Patricia S Steeg
- Affiliations of authors: Women's Malignancies Branch (SW, LE, TR, DP, BG, NMF, PSS), DNA Replication Group, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology (MIA, HF), and Tumor Biology Section, Radiation Biology Branch (JBM), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland (RD); Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick MD (YQ); Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SB), and Departments of Medicine (GS, YG-P), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (WB), and Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy (ES-Z, JJ), Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland (TM); Department of Neurosurgery and Children's Neurosurgery Clinic, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland (TT); Department of Neurosurgery, Interior Affairs Hospital, Olsztyn, Poland (WO); Department of Clinical Oncology, Białystok Oncology Center, Białystok, Poland (BC-A); Present addresses: Teach for America, Baltimore, MD (LE); National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD (DP); Cancer Biology Program (NMF), and Department of Oncology (GS), Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
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Burgess JT, Croft LV, Wallace NC, Stephenson SA, Adams MN, Ashton NW, Solomon B, O’Byrne K, Richard DJ. DNA repair pathways and their therapeutic potential in lung cancer. Lung Cancer Manag 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/lmt.14.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. According to WHO, 1.37 million deaths occur globally each year as a result of this disease. More than 70% of these cases are associated with prior tobacco consumption and/or cigarette smoking, suggesting a direct causal relationship. The development and progression of lung cancer and other malignancies involves the loss of genetic stability, resulting in acquisition of cumulative genetic changes; this affords the cell increased malignant potential. As such, an understanding of the mechanisms through which these events may occur will potentially allow for development of new anticancer therapies. This review will address the association between lung cancer and genetic instability, with a central focus on genetic mutations in the DNA damage repair pathways. In addition, we will discuss the potential clinical exploitation of these pathways, both in terms of biomarker staging, as well as through direct therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Burgess
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Cancer & Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Laura V Croft
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Cancer & Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Nathan C Wallace
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Cancer & Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Sally-Anne Stephenson
- Eph Receptor Biology Group, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Mark N Adams
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Cancer & Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Nicholas W Ashton
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Cancer & Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Benjamin Solomon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne 3002, Australia
| | - Ken O’Byrne
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Cancer & Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Derek J Richard
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Cancer & Ageing Research Program, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Translational Research Institute, Queensland University of Technology, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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30
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Abbas M, Shanmugam I, Bsaili M, Hromas R, Shaheen M. The role of the human psoralen 4 (hPso4) protein complex in replication stress and homologous recombination. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14009-19. [PMID: 24675077 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.520056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoralen 4 (Pso4) is an evolutionarily conserved protein that has been implicated in a variety of cellular processes including RNA splicing and resistance to agents that cause DNA interstrand cross-links. Here we show that the hPso4 complex is required for timely progression through S phase and transition through the G2/M checkpoint, and it functions in the repair of DNA lesions that arise during replication. Notably, hPso4 depletion results in delayed resumption of DNA replication after hydroxyurea-induced stalling of replication forks, reduced repair of spontaneous and hydroxyurea-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), and increased sensitivity to a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor. Furthermore, we show that hPso4 is involved in the repair of DSBs by homologous recombination, probably by regulating the BRCA1 protein levels and the generation of single strand DNA at DSBs. Together, our results demonstrate that hPso4 participates in cell proliferation and the maintenance of genome stability by regulating homologous recombination. The involvement of hPso4 in the recombinational repair of DSBs provides an explanation for the sensitivity of Pso4-deficient cells to DNA interstrand cross-links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abbas
- From the Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 and
| | - Ilanchezhian Shanmugam
- From the Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 and
| | - Manal Bsaili
- From the Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 and
| | - Robert Hromas
- the Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Monte Shaheen
- From the Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131 and
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31
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Savage KI, Matchett KB, Barros EM, Cooper KM, Irwin GW, Gorski JJ, Orr KS, Vohhodina J, Kavanagh JN, Madden AF, Powell A, Manti L, McDade SS, Park BH, Prise KM, McIntosh SA, Salto-Tellez M, Richard DJ, Elliott CT, Harkin DP. BRCA1 deficiency exacerbates estrogen-induced DNA damage and genomic instability. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2773-2784. [PMID: 24638981 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in BRCA1 predispose carriers to a high incidence of breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1 functions to maintain genomic stability through critical roles in DNA repair, cell-cycle arrest, and transcriptional control. A major question has been why BRCA1 loss or mutation leads to tumors mainly in estrogen-regulated tissues, given that BRCA1 has essential functions in all cell types. Here, we report that estrogen and estrogen metabolites can cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) in estrogen receptor-α-negative breast cells and that BRCA1 is required to repair these DSBs to prevent metabolite-induced genomic instability. We found that BRCA1 also regulates estrogen metabolism and metabolite-mediated DNA damage by repressing the transcription of estrogen-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP1A1, in breast cells. Finally, we used a knock-in human cell model with a heterozygous BRCA1 pathogenic mutation to show how BRCA1 haploinsufficiency affects these processes. Our findings provide pivotal new insights into why BRCA1 mutation drives the formation of tumors in estrogen-regulated tissues, despite the general role of BRCA1 in DNA repair in all cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kienan I Savage
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Kyle B Matchett
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Eliana M Barros
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Kevin M Cooper
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, 30 Malone Rd, Belfast BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Gareth W Irwin
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Julia J Gorski
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Katy S Orr
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Jekaterina Vohhodina
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Joy N Kavanagh
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Angelina F Madden
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Alexander Powell
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.,Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, 30 Malone Rd, Belfast BT9 5BN, UK
| | - Lorenzo Manti
- Radiation Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Simon S McDade
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ben Ho Park
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Kevin M Prise
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Stuart A McIntosh
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Manuel Salto-Tellez
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Derek J Richard
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, 4059, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, 30 Malone Rd, Belfast BT9 5BN, UK
| | - D Paul Harkin
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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32
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Prado F. Genetic instability is prevented by Mrc1-dependent spatio-temporal separation of replicative and repair activities of homologous recombination: homologous recombination tolerates replicative stress by Mrc1-regulated replication and repair activities operating at S and G2 in distinct subnuclear compartments. Bioessays 2014; 36:451-62. [PMID: 24615940 PMCID: PMC4312893 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is required to protect and restart stressed replication forks. Paradoxically, the Mrc1 branch of the S phase checkpoints, which is activated by replicative stress, prevents HR repair at breaks and arrested forks. Indeed, the mechanisms underlying HR can threaten genome integrity if not properly regulated. Thus, understanding how cells avoid genetic instability associated with replicative stress, a hallmark of cancer, is still a challenge. Here I discuss recent results that support a model by which HR responds to replication stress through replicative and repair activities that operate at different stages of the cell cycle (S and G2, respectively) and in distinct subnuclear structures. Remarkably, the replication checkpoint appears to control this scenario by inhibiting the assembly of HR repair centers at stressed forks during S phase, thereby avoiding genetic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Prado
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, Spain
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33
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Ouyang KJ, Yagle MK, Matunis MJ, Ellis NA. BLM SUMOylation regulates ssDNA accumulation at stalled replication forks. Front Genet 2013; 4:167. [PMID: 24027577 PMCID: PMC3761158 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerase stalling results in uncoupling of DNA polymerase and the replicative helicase, which generates single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). After stalling, RAD51 accumulates at stalled replication forks to stabilize the fork and to repair by homologous recombination (HR) double-strand breaks (DSBs) that accumulate there. We showed recently that SUMO modification of the BLM helicase is required in order for RAD51 to accumulate at stalled forks. In order to investigate how BLM SUMOylation controls RAD51 accumulation, we characterized the function of HR proteins and ssDNA-binding protein RPA in cells that stably expressed either normal BLM (BLM+) or SUMO-mutant BLM (SM-BLM). In HU-treated SM-BLM cells, mediators BRCA2 and RAD52, which normally substitute RAD51 for RPA on ssDNA, failed to accumulate normally at stalled forks; instead, excess RPA accumulated. SM-BLM cells also exhibited higher levels of HU-induced chromatin-bound RPA than BLM+ cells did. The excess RPA did not result from excessive intrinsic BLM helicase activity, because in vitro SUMOylated BLM unwound similar amounts of replication-fork substrate as unSUMOylated BLM. Nor did BLM SUMOylation inhibit binding of RPA to BLM in vitro; however, in immunoprecipitation experiments, more BLM-RPA complex formed in HU-treated SM-BLM cells, indicating that BLM SUMOylation controls the amount of BLM-RPA complex normally formed at stalled forks. Together, these results showed that BLM SUMOylation regulates the amount of ssDNA that accumulates during polymerase stalling. We conclude that BLM SUMOylation functions as a licensing mechanism that permits and regulates HR at damaged replication forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Ouyang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
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34
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Novo CL, Polese C, Matheus N, Decottignies A, Londono-Vallejo A, Castronovo V, Mottet D. A new role for histone deacetylase 5 in the maintenance of long telomeres. FASEB J 2013; 27:3632-42. [PMID: 23729589 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-224204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are major regulators of genome stability and cell proliferation. A detailed understanding of the mechanisms involved in their maintenance is of foremost importance. Of those, telomere chromatin remodeling is probably the least studied; thus, we intended to explore the role of a specific histone deacetylase on telomere maintenance. We uncovered a new role for histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) in telomere biology. We report that HDAC5 is recruited to the long telomeres of osteosarcoma- and fibrosarcoma-derived cell lines, where it ensures proper maintenance of these repetitive regions. Indeed, depletion of HDAC5 by RNAi resulted in the shortening of longer telomeres and homogenization of telomere length in cells that use either telomerase or an alternative mechanism of telomere maintenance. Furthermore, we present evidence for the activation of telomere recombination on depletion of HDAC5 in fibrosarcoma telomerase-positive cancer cells. Of potential importance, we also found that depletion of HDAC5 sensitizes cancer cells with long telomeres to chemotherapeutic drugs. Cells with shorter telomeres were used to control the specificity of HDAC5 role in the maintenance of long telomeres. HDAC5 is essential for the length maintenance of long telomeres and its depletion is required for sensitization of cancer cells with long telomeres to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lopes Novo
- University of Liege Sart-Tilman, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA)-Cancer, Metastasis Research Laboratory, Pathology Institute B23, Liege, Belgium
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35
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Scaffolding protein SPIDR/KIAA0146 connects the Bloom syndrome helicase with homologous recombination repair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:10646-51. [PMID: 23509288 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1220921110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bloom syndrome gene product, BLM, is a member of the highly conserved RecQ family. An emerging concept is the BLM helicase collaborates with the homologous recombination (HR) machinery to help avoid undesirable HR events and to achieve a high degree of fidelity during the HR reaction. However, exactly how such coordination occurs in vivo is poorly understood. Here, we identified a protein termed SPIDR (scaffolding protein involved in DNA repair) as the link between BLM and the HR machinery. SPIDR independently interacts with BLM and RAD51 and promotes the formation of a BLM/RAD51-containing complex of biological importance. Consistent with its role as a scaffolding protein for the assembly of BLM and RAD51 foci, cells depleted of SPIDR show increased rate of sister chromatid exchange and defects in HR. Moreover, SPIDR depletion leads to genome instability and causes hypersensitivity to DNA damaging agents. We propose that, through providing a scaffold for the cooperation of BLM and RAD51 in a multifunctional DNA-processing complex, SPIDR not only regulates the efficiency of HR, but also dictates the specific HR pathway.
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36
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Zhang J. The role of BRCA1 in homologous recombination repair in response to replication stress: significance in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. Cell Biosci 2013; 3:11. [PMID: 23388117 PMCID: PMC3599463 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-3-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ line mutations in breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) predispose women to breast and ovarian cancers. Although BRCA1 is involved in many important biological processes, the function of BRCA1 in homologous recombination (HR) mediated repair is considered one of the major mechanisms contributing to its tumor suppression activity, and the cause of hypersensitivity to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors when BRCA1 is defective. Mounting evidence suggests that the mechanism of repairing DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) by HR is different than the mechanism operating when DNA replication is blocked. Although BRCA1 has been recognized as a central component in HR, the precise role of BRCA1 in HR, particularly under replication stress, has remained largely unknown. Given the fact that DNA lesions caused by replication blockages are the primary substrates for HR in mitotic cells, functional analysis of BRCA1 in HR repair in the context of replication stress should benefit our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying tumorigenesis associated with BRCA1 deficiencies, as well as the development of therapeutic approaches for cancer patients carrying BRCA1 mutations or reduced BRCA1 expression. This review focuses on the current advances in this setting and also discusses the significance in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junran Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, BRB 323, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Levin B, Lech D, Friedenson B. Evidence that BRCA1- or BRCA2-associated cancers are not inevitable. Mol Med 2012; 18:1327-37. [PMID: 22972572 PMCID: PMC3521784 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Inheriting a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation can cause a deficiency in repairing complex DNA damage. This step leads to genomic instability and probably contributes to an inherited predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer. Complex DNA damage has been viewed as an integral part of DNA replication before cell division. It causes temporary replication blocks, replication fork collapse, chromosome breaks and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs). Chemical modification of DNA may also occur spontaneously as a byproduct of normal processes. Pathways containing BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene products are essential to repair spontaneous complex DNA damage or to carry out SCEs if repair is not possible. This scenario creates a theoretical limit that effectively means there are spontaneous BRCA1/2-associated cancers that cannot be prevented or delayed. However, much evidence for high rates of spontaneous DNA mutation is based on measuring SCEs by using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Here we find that the routine use of BrdU has probably led to overestimating spontaneous DNA damage and SCEs because BrdU is itself a mutagen. Evidence based on spontaneous chromosome abnormalities and epidemiologic data indicates strong effects from exogenous mutagens and does not support the inevitability of cancer in all BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. We therefore remove a theoretical argument that has limited efforts to develop chemoprevention strategies to delay or prevent cancers in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bess Levin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Denise Lech
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bernard Friedenson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Byers LA, Wang J, Nilsson MB, Fujimoto J, Saintigny P, Yordy J, Giri U, Peyton M, Fan YH, Diao L, Masrorpour F, Shen L, Liu W, Duchemann B, Tumula P, Bhardwaj V, Welsh J, Weber S, Glisson BS, Kalhor N, Wistuba II, Girard L, Lippman SM, Mills GB, Coombes KR, Weinstein JN, Minna JD, Heymach JV. Proteomic profiling identifies dysregulated pathways in small cell lung cancer and novel therapeutic targets including PARP1. Cancer Discov 2012; 2:798-811. [PMID: 22961666 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy distinct from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in its metastatic potential and treatment response. Using an integrative proteomic and transcriptomic analysis, we investigated molecular differences contributing to the distinct clinical behavior of SCLCs and NSCLCs. SCLCs showed lower levels of several receptor tyrosine kinases and decreased activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Ras/mitogen-activated protein (MAP)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) pathways but significantly increased levels of E2F1-regulated factors including enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), thymidylate synthase, apoptosis mediators, and DNA repair proteins. In addition, PARP1, a DNA repair protein and E2F1 co-activator, was highly expressed at the mRNA and protein levels in SCLCs. SCLC growth was inhibited by PARP1 and EZH2 knockdown. Furthermore, SCLC was significantly more sensitive to PARP inhibitors than were NSCLCs, and PARP inhibition downregulated key components of the DNA repair machinery and enhanced the efficacy of chemotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE SCLC is a highly lethal cancer with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. To date, no molecularly targeted agents have prolonged survival in patients with SCLCs. As a step toward identifying new targets, we systematically profiled SCLCs with a focus on therapeutically relevant signaling pathways. Our data reveal fundamental differences in the patterns of pathway activation in SCLCs and NSCLCs and identify several potential therapeutic targets for SCLCs, including PARP1 and EZH2. On the basis of these results, clinical studies evaluating PARP and EZH2 inhibition, together with chemotherapy or other agents, warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Averett Byers
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Huehls AM, Wagner JM, Huntoon CJ, Karnitz LM. Identification of DNA repair pathways that affect the survival of ovarian cancer cells treated with a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor in a novel drug combination. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:767-76. [PMID: 22833573 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.080614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Floxuridine (5-fluorodeoxyuridine, FdUrd), a U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug and metabolite of 5-fluorouracil, causes DNA damage that is repaired by base excision repair (BER). Thus, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, which disrupt BER, markedly sensitize ovarian cancer cells to FdUrd, suggesting that this combination may have activity in this disease. It remains unclear, however, which DNA repair and checkpoint signaling pathways affect killing by these agents individually and in combination. Here we show that depleting ATR, BRCA1, BRCA2, or RAD51 sensitized to ABT-888 (veliparib) alone, FdUrd alone, and FdUrd + ABT-888 (F+A), suggesting that homologous recombination (HR) repair protects cells exposed to these agents. In contrast, disabling the mismatch, nucleotide excision, Fanconi anemia, nonhomologous end joining, or translesion synthesis repair pathways did not sensitize to these agents alone (including ABT-888) or in combination. Further studies demonstrated that in BRCA1-depleted cells, F+A was more effective than other chemotherapy+ABT-888 combinations. Taken together, these studies 1) identify DNA repair and checkpoint pathways that are important in ovarian cancer cells treated with FdUrd, ABT-888, and F+A, 2) show that disabling HR at the level of ATR, BRCA1, BRCA2, or RAD51, but not Chk1, ATM, PTEN, or FANCD2, sensitizes cells to ABT-888, and 3) demonstrate that even though ABT-888 sensitizes ovarian tumor cells with functional HR to FdUrd, the effects of this drug combination are more profound in tumors with HR defects, even compared with other chemotherapy + ABT-888 combinations, including cisplatin + ABT-888.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia M Huehls
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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