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Li X, Han Y, Meng Y, Yin L. Small RNA-big impact: exosomal miRNAs in mitochondrial dysfunction in various diseases. RNA Biol 2024; 21:1-20. [PMID: 38174992 PMCID: PMC10773649 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2023.2293343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are multitasking organelles involved in maintaining the cell homoeostasis. Beyond its well-established role in cellular bioenergetics, mitochondria also function as signal organelles to propagate various cellular outcomes. However, mitochondria have a self-destructive arsenal of factors driving the development of diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a heterogeneous group of membranous nano-sized vesicles, are present in a variety of bodily fluids. EVs serve as mediators for intercellular interaction. Exosomes are a class of small EVs (30-100 nm) released by most cells. Exosomes carry various cargo including microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of short noncoding RNAs. Recent studies have closely associated exosomal miRNAs with various human diseases, including diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, which are a group of complex multifactorial diseases and have not been comprehensively described. In this review, we first briefly introduce the characteristics of EVs. Then, we focus on possible mechanisms regarding exosome-mitochondria interaction through integrating signalling networks. Moreover, we summarize recent advances in the knowledge of the role of exosomal miRNAs in various diseases, describing how mitochondria are changed in disease status. Finally, we propose future research directions to provide a novel therapeutic strategy that could slow the disease progress mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaqing Li
- Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Central laboratory, The Fifth Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Heyuan, China
| | - Yi Han
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, People’s Hospital of Yanjiang District, Ziyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Meng
- Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Central laboratory, The Fifth Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Heyuan, China
| | - Lianghong Yin
- Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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2
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Garry DJ, Zhang J(J, Larson TA, Sadek HA, Garry MG. Networks that Govern Cardiomyocyte Proliferation to Facilitate Repair of the Injured Mammalian Heart. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J 2023; 19:16-25. [PMID: 38028968 PMCID: PMC10655759 DOI: 10.14797/mdcvj.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of death worldwide and in the United States (US). Cardiovascular diseases frequently progress to end-stage heart failure, and curative therapies are extremely limited. Intense interest has focused on deciphering the cascades and networks that govern cardiomyocyte proliferation and regeneration of the injured heart. For example, studies have shown that lower organisms such as the adult newt and adult zebrafish have the capacity to completely regenerate their injured heart with restoration of function. Similarly, the neonatal mouse and pig are also able to completely regenerate injured myocardium due to cardiomyocyte proliferation from preexisting cardiomyocytes. Using these animal models and transcriptome analyses, efforts have focused on the definition of factors and signaling pathways that can reactivate and induce cardiomyocyte proliferation in the adult mammalian injured heart. These studies and discoveries have the potential to define novel therapies to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation and repair of the injured, mammalian heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Garry
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, US
- NorthStar Genomics, Eagan, Minnesota, US
| | | | | | | | - Mary G. Garry
- NorthStar Genomics, Eagan, Minnesota, US
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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3
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Kurmi K, Liang D, van de Ven R, Georgiev P, Gassaway BM, Han S, Notarangelo G, Harris IS, Yao CH, Park JS, Hu SH, Peng J, Drijvers JM, Boswell S, Sokolov A, Dougan SK, Sorger PK, Gygi SP, Sharpe AH, Haigis MC. Metabolic modulation of mitochondrial mass during CD4 + T cell activation. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1064-1075.e8. [PMID: 37716347 PMCID: PMC10604707 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis initiates within hours of T cell receptor (TCR) engagement and is critical for T cell activation, function, and survival; yet, how metabolic programs support mitochondrial biogenesis during TCR signaling is not fully understood. Here, we performed a multiplexed metabolic chemical screen in CD4+ T lymphocytes to identify modulators of metabolism that impact mitochondrial mass during early T cell activation. Treatment of T cells with pyrvinium pamoate early during their activation blocks an increase in mitochondrial mass and results in reduced proliferation, skewed CD4+ T cell differentiation, and reduced cytokine production. Furthermore, administration of pyrvinium pamoate at the time of induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an experimental model of multiple sclerosis in mice, prevented the onset of clinical disease. Thus, modulation of mitochondrial biogenesis may provide a therapeutic strategy for modulating T cell immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kurmi
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dan Liang
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert van de Ven
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Georgiev
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brandon Mark Gassaway
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - SeongJun Han
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Giulia Notarangelo
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Isaac S Harris
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Cong-Hui Yao
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joon Seok Park
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Song-Hua Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jingyu Peng
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jefte M Drijvers
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah Boswell
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Artem Sokolov
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephanie K Dougan
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Peter K Sorger
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marcia C Haigis
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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4
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Bondareva O, Petrova T, Bodrov S, Gavrilo M, Smorkatcheva A, Abramson N. How voles adapt to subterranean lifestyle: Insights from RNA-seq. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1085993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Life under the earth surface is highly challenging and associated with a number of morphological, physiological and behavioral modifications. Subterranean niche protects animals from predators, fluctuations in environmental parameters, but is characterized by high levels of carbon dioxide and low levels of oxygen and implies high energy requirements associated with burrowing. Moreover, it lacks most of the sensory inputs available above ground. The current study describes results from RNA-seq analysis of four subterranean voles from subfamily Arvicolinae: Prometheomys schaposchnikowi, Ellobius lutescens, Terricola subterraneus, and Lasiopodomys mandarinus. Original RNA-seq data were obtained for eight species, for nine species, SRA data were downloaded from the NCBI SRA database. Additionally assembled transcriptomes of Mynomes ochrogaster and Cricetulus griseus were included in the analysis. We searched for the selection signatures and parallel amino acid substitutions in a total of 19 species. Even within this limited data set, we found significant changes of dN/dS ratio by free-ratio model analysis for subterranean Arvicolinae. Parallel substitutions were detected in genes RAD23B and PYCR2. These genes are associated with DNA repair processes and response to oxidative stress. Similar substitutions were discovered in the RAD23 genes for highly specialized subterranean Heterocephalus glaber and Fukomys damarensis. The most pronounced signatures of adaptive evolution related to subterranean niche within species of Arvicolinae subfamily were detected for Ellobius lutescens. Our results suggest that genomic adaptations can occur very quickly so far as the amount of selection signatures was found to be compliant with the degree of specialization to the subterranean niche and independent from the evolutionary age of the taxon. We found that the number of genomic signatures of selection does not depend on the age of the taxon, but is positively correlated with the degree of specialization to the subterranean niche.
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Pohjoismäki JLO, Goffart S. Adaptive and Pathological Outcomes of Radiation Stress-Induced Redox Signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:336-348. [PMID: 35044250 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Ionizing radiation can damage cells either directly or through oxidative damage caused by ionization. Although radiation exposure from natural sources is very limited, ionizing radiation in nuclear disaster zones and long spaceflights causes inconspicuous, yet measurable physiological effects in men and animals, whose significance remains poorly known. Understanding the physiological impacts of ionizing radiation has a wide importance due to the increased use of medical imaging and radiotherapy. Recent Advances: Radiation exposure has been traditionally investigated from the perspective of DNA damage and its consequences. However, recent studies from Chernobyl as well as spaceflights have provided interesting insights into oxidative stress-induced metabolic alterations and disturbances in the circadian regulation. Critical Issues: In this review, we discuss the physiological consequences of radiation exposure in the light of oxidative stress signaling. Radiation exposure likely triggers many converging or interconnecting signaling pathways, some of which mimic mitochondrial dysfunction and might explain the observed metabolic changes. Future Directions: Better understanding of the different radiation-induced signaling pathways might help to devise strategies for mitigation of the long-term effects of radiation exposure. The utility of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) as a radiation exposure biomarker and the use of radiation hormesis as a method to protect astronauts on a prolonged spaceflight, such as a mission to Mars, should be investigated. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 336-348.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko L O Pohjoismäki
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Steffi Goffart
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
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6
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Wagner A, Kosnacova H, Chovanec M, Jurkovicova D. Mitochondrial Genetic and Epigenetic Regulations in Cancer: Therapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147897. [PMID: 35887244 PMCID: PMC9321253 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles managing crucial processes of cellular metabolism and bioenergetics. Enabling rapid cellular adaptation to altered endogenous and exogenous environments, mitochondria play an important role in many pathophysiological states, including cancer. Being under the control of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (mtDNA and nDNA), mitochondria adjust their activity and biogenesis to cell demands. In cancer, numerous mutations in mtDNA have been detected, which do not inactivate mitochondrial functions but rather alter energy metabolism to support cancer cell growth. Increasing evidence suggests that mtDNA mutations, mtDNA epigenetics and miRNA regulations dynamically modify signalling pathways in an altered microenvironment, resulting in cancer initiation and progression and aberrant therapy response. In this review, we discuss mitochondria as organelles importantly involved in tumorigenesis and anti-cancer therapy response. Tumour treatment unresponsiveness still represents a serious drawback in current drug therapies. Therefore, studying aspects related to genetic and epigenetic control of mitochondria can open a new field for understanding cancer therapy response. The urgency of finding new therapeutic regimens with better treatment outcomes underlines the targeting of mitochondria as a suitable candidate with new therapeutic potential. Understanding the role of mitochondria and their regulation in cancer development, progression and treatment is essential for the development of new safe and effective mitochondria-based therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wagner
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.W.); (H.K.); (M.C.)
- Department of Simulation and Virtual Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Helena Kosnacova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.W.); (H.K.); (M.C.)
- Department of Simulation and Virtual Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Chovanec
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.W.); (H.K.); (M.C.)
| | - Dana Jurkovicova
- Department of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.W.); (H.K.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Kiyimba F, Hartson SD, Rogers J, VanOverbeke DL, Mafi GG, Ramanathan R. Dark-cutting beef mitochondrial proteomic signatures reveal increased biogenesis proteins and bioenergetics capabilities. J Proteomics 2022; 265:104637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Liu P, Cui Y, Liu M, Xiao B, Zhang J, Huang W, Zhang X, Song M, Li Y. Protective effect of mitophagy against aluminum-induced MC3T3-E1 cells dysfunction. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:131086. [PMID: 34119729 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous environmental metal toxicant that causes osteoblast (OB) damage which leads to Al-related bone diseases. Mitochondrial damage plays a key role in Al-related bone diseases, and while mitophagy can clear damaged mitochondria and improve OB function, the relationship between mitophagy and Al-induced OB dysfunction is unknown. To explore the role of mitophagy in Al-induced OB dysfunction in vitro, we used 2 μM carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and 0.4 μM Cyclosporin A (CsA) to activate and inhibit mitophagy, respectively. MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with 0 mM AlCl3 (control group); 2 mM AlCl3 (Al group); 2 μM CCCP (CCCP group); 2 μM CCCP and 2 mM AlCl3 (CCCP + Al group); 0.4 μM CsA (CsA group); 0.4 μM CsA and 2 mM AlCl3 (CsA + Al group). The results showed that Al induced ultrastructural and functional impairment of MC3T3-E1 cells. Compared to the Al group, mitophagy activation caused mitochondrial membrane potentials to collapse, up-regulated PINK1, Parkin, and LC3 expression, down-regulated p62 expression, and increased mitophagosome numbers. Mitophagy activation also reduced Al-induced oxidative stress and MC3T3-E1 cell functional damage, as seen in improvement in cell viability, cellular calcium and phosphorus contents, and collagen I, osteocalcin, and bone alkaline phosphatase gene expression. Mitophagy inhibition had the opposite effects on activation. Overall, these results show that mitophagy can protect against Al-induced OB dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengli Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yilong Cui
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Menglin Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bonan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wanyue Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xuliang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Miao Song
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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9
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Abstract
Heart regeneration is a remarkable process whereby regrowth of damaged cardiac tissue rehabilitates organ anatomy and function. Unfortunately, the human heart is highly resistant to regeneration, which creates a shortage of cardiomyocytes in the wake of ischemic injury, and explains, in part, why coronary artery disease remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Luckily, a detailed blueprint for achieving therapeutic heart regeneration already exists in nature because several lower vertebrate species successfully regenerate amputated or damaged heart muscle through robust cardiomyocyte proliferation. A growing number of species are being interrogated for cardiac regenerative potential, and several commonalities have emerged between those animals showing high or low innate capabilities. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on the field, discuss how regenerative potential is influenced by cardiomyocyte properties, mitogenic signals, and chromatin accessibility, and highlight unanswered questions under active investigation. Ultimately, delineating why heart regeneration occurs preferentially in some organisms, but not in others, will uncover novel therapeutic inroads for achieving cardiac restoration in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Yin
- Division of Basic and Translational Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - C Geoffrey Burns
- Division of Basic and Translational Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Caroline E Burns
- Division of Basic and Translational Cardiovascular Research, Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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10
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Mitochondrial genome stability in human: understanding the role of DNA repair pathways. Biochem J 2021; 478:1179-1197. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are semiautonomous organelles in eukaryotic cells and possess their own genome that replicates independently. Mitochondria play a major role in oxidative phosphorylation due to which its genome is frequently exposed to oxidative stress. Factors including ionizing radiation, radiomimetic drugs and replication fork stalling can also result in different types of mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) leading to genome fragility. Mitochondria from myopathies, dystonia, cancer patient samples show frequent mtDNA mutations such as point mutations, insertions and large-scale deletions that could account for mitochondria-associated disease pathogenesis. The mechanism by which such mutations arise following exposure to various DNA-damaging agents is not well understood. One of the well-studied repair pathways in mitochondria is base excision repair. Other repair pathways such as mismatch repair, homologous recombination and microhomology-mediated end joining have also been reported. Interestingly, nucleotide excision repair and classical nonhomologous DNA end joining are not detected in mitochondria. In this review, we summarize the potential causes of mitochondrial genome fragility, their implications as well as various DNA repair pathways that operate in mitochondria.
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11
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Fontana GA, Gahlon HL. Mechanisms of replication and repair in mitochondrial DNA deletion formation. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:11244-11258. [PMID: 33021629 PMCID: PMC7672454 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletions in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are associated with diverse human pathologies including cancer, aging and mitochondrial disorders. Large-scale deletions span kilobases in length and the loss of these associated genes contributes to crippled oxidative phosphorylation and overall decline in mitochondrial fitness. There is not a united view for how mtDNA deletions are generated and the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. This review discusses the role of replication and repair in mtDNA deletion formation as well as nucleic acid motifs such as repeats, secondary structures, and DNA damage associated with deletion formation in the mitochondrial genome. We propose that while erroneous replication and repair can separately contribute to deletion formation, crosstalk between these pathways is also involved in generating deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele A Fontana
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hailey L Gahlon
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +41 44 632 3731;
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12
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Cardiac regeneration as an environmental adaptation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118623. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Joshi AU, Ebert AE, Haileselassie B, Mochly-Rosen D. Drp1/Fis1-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation leads to lysosomal dysfunction in cardiac models of Huntington's disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 127:125-133. [PMID: 30550751 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal hereditary neurodegenerative disorder, best known for its clinical triad of progressive motor impairment, cognitive deficits and psychiatric disturbances, is caused by CAG-repeat expansion in exon 1 of Huntingtin (HTT). However, in addition to the neurological disease, mutant HTT (mHTT), which is ubiquitously expressed in all tissues, impairs other organ systems. Not surprisingly, cardiovascular dysautonomia as well as the deterioration of circadian rhythms are among the earliest detectable pathophysiological changes in individuals with HD. Mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain and skeletal muscle in HD has been well documented, as the disease progresses. However, not much is known about mitochondrial abnormalities in the heart. In this study, we describe a role for Drp1/Fis1-mediated excessive mitochondrial fission and dysfunction, associated with lysosomal dysfunction in H9C2 expressing long polyglutamine repeat (Q73) and in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes transfected with Q77. Expression of long polyglutamine repeat led to reduced ATP production and mitochondrial fragmentation. We observed an increased accumulation of damaged mitochondria in the lysosome that was coupled with lysosomal dysfunction. Importantly, reducing Drp1/Fis1-mediated mitochondrial damage significantly improved mitochondrial function and cell survival. Finally, reducing Fis1-mediated Drp1 recruitment to the mitochondria, using the selective inhibitor of this interaction, P110, improved mitochondrial structure in the cardiac tissue of R6/2 mice. We suggest that drugs focusing on the central nervous system will not address mitochondrial function across all organs, and therefore will not be a sufficient strategy to treat or slow down HD disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A U Joshi
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - A E Ebert
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Gottingen University Medical Center, Gottingen, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Gottingen, Germany
| | - B Haileselassie
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Pediatrics division of Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - D Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
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14
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Piquereau J, Ventura-Clapier R. Maturation of Cardiac Energy Metabolism During Perinatal Development. Front Physiol 2018; 9:959. [PMID: 30072919 PMCID: PMC6060230 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the highest energy consumer organ in mammals, the heart has to be provided with a high amount of energy as soon as its first beats in utero. During the development of this organ, energy is produced within the cardiac muscle cell depending on substrate availability, oxygen pressure and cardiac workload that drastically change at birth. Thus, energy metabolism relying essentially on carbohydrates in fetal heart is very different from the adult one and birth is the trigger of a profound maturation which ensures the transition to a highly oxidative metabolism depending on lipid utilization. To face the substantial increase in cardiac workload resulting from the growth of the organism during the postnatal period, the heart not only develops its capacity for energy production but also undergoes a hypertrophic growth to adapt its contractile capacity to its new function. This leads to a profound cytoarchitectural remodeling of the cardiomyocyte which becomes a highly compartmentalized structure. As a consequence, within the mature cardiac muscle, energy transfer between energy producing and consuming compartments requires organized energy transfer systems that are established in the early postnatal life. This review aims at describing the major rearrangements of energy metabolism during the perinatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Piquereau
- Signalling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Université Paris-Sud, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Renée Ventura-Clapier
- Signalling and Cardiovascular Pathophysiology - UMR-S 1180, Université Paris-Sud, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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15
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Shi R, Guberman M, Kirshenbaum LA. Mitochondrial quality control: The role of mitophagy in aging. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2018; 28:246-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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16
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Ulmer BM, Stoehr A, Schulze ML, Patel S, Gucek M, Mannhardt I, Funcke S, Murphy E, Eschenhagen T, Hansen A. Contractile Work Contributes to Maturation of Energy Metabolism in hiPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 10:834-847. [PMID: 29503093 PMCID: PMC5919410 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy metabolism is a key aspect of cardiomyocyte biology. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) are a promising tool for biomedical application, but they are immature and have not undergone metabolic maturation related to early postnatal development. To assess whether cultivation of hiPSC-CMs in 3D engineered heart tissue format leads to maturation of energy metabolism, we analyzed the mitochondrial and metabolic state of 3D hiPSC-CMs and compared it with 2D culture. 3D hiPSC-CMs showed increased mitochondrial mass, DNA content, and protein abundance (proteome). While hiPSC-CMs exhibited the principal ability to use glucose, lactate, and fatty acids as energy substrates irrespective of culture format, hiPSC-CMs in 3D performed more oxidation of glucose, lactate, and fatty acid and less anaerobic glycolysis. The increase in mitochondrial mass and DNA in 3D was diminished by pharmacological reduction of contractile force. In conclusion, contractile work contributes to metabolic maturation of hiPSC-CMs. Higher mitochondrial mass, protein, and DNA content in 3D versus 2D hiPSC-CMs Similarity of mitochondrial proteomes between 3D hiPSC-CMs and adult human heart Preference for oxidative metabolism in favor of anaerobic glycolysis in 3D hiPSC-CMs
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Affiliation(s)
- Bärbel M Ulmer
- University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Heart Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Andrea Stoehr
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mirja L Schulze
- University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Heart Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sajni Patel
- Proteomics Core Facility, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marjan Gucek
- Proteomics Core Facility, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ingra Mannhardt
- University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Heart Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Funcke
- University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Heart Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Murphy
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Heart Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arne Hansen
- University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Heart Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany.
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17
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Herbers E, Kekäläinen NJ, Hangas A, Pohjoismäki JL, Goffart S. Tissue specific differences in mitochondrial DNA maintenance and expression. Mitochondrion 2018; 44:85-92. [PMID: 29339192 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The different cell types of multicellular organisms have specialized physiological requirements, affecting also their mitochondrial energy production and metabolism. The genome of mitochondria is essential for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXHPOS) and thus plays a central role in many human mitochondrial pathologies. Disorders affecting mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance are typically resulting in a tissue-specific pattern of mtDNA deletions and rearrangements. Despite this role in disease as well as a biomarker of mitochondrial biogenesis, the tissue-specific parameters of mitochondrial DNA maintenance have been virtually unexplored. In the presented study, we investigated mtDNA replication, topology, gene expression and damage in six different tissues of adult mice and sought to correlate these with the levels of known protein factors involved in mtDNA replication and transcription. Our results show that while liver and kidney cells replicate their mtDNA using the asynchronous mechanism known from cultured cells, tissues with high OXPHOS activity, such as heart, brain, skeletal muscle and brown fat, employ a strand-coupled replication mode, combined with increased levels of recombination. The strand-coupled replication mode correlated also with mtDNA damage levels, indicating that the replication mechanism represents a tissue-specific strategy to deal with intrinsic oxidative stress. While the preferred replication mode did not correlate with mtDNA transcription or the levels of most known mtDNA maintenance proteins, mtSSB was most abundant in tissues using strand-asynchronous mechanism. Although mitochondrial transcripts were most abundant in tissues with high metabolic rate, the mtDNA copy number per tissue mass was remarkably similar in all tissues. We propose that the tissue-specific features of mtDNA maintenance are primarily driven by the intrinsic reactive oxygen species exposure, mediated by DNA repair factors, whose identity remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Herbers
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Nina J Kekäläinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anu Hangas
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jaakko L Pohjoismäki
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI 80101, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Steffi Goffart
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI 80101, Joensuu, Finland.
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18
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Differential Alterations of the Mitochondrial Morphology and Respiratory Chain Complexes during Postnatal Development of the Mouse Lung. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9169146. [PMID: 29430286 PMCID: PMC5753018 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9169146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis and adequate energy production in various organs of mammals are necessary for postnatal adaptation to extrauterine life in an environment with high oxygen content. Even though transgenic mice are frequently used as experimental models, to date, no combined detailed molecular and morphological analysis on the mitochondrial compartment in different lung cell types has been performed during postnatal mouse lung development. In our study, we revealed a significant upregulation of most mitochondrial respiratory complexes at protein and mRNA levels in the lungs of P15 and adult animals in comparison to newborns. The majority of adult animal samples showed the strongest increase, except for succinate dehydrogenase protein (SDHD). Likewise, an increase in mRNA expression for mtDNA transcription machinery genes (Polrmt, Tfam, Tfb1m, and Tfb2m), mitochondrially encoded RNA (mt-Rnr1 and mt-Rnr2), and the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial DNA polymerase (POLG) was observed. The biochemical and molecular results were corroborated by a parallel increase of mitochondrial number, size, cristae number, and complexity, exhibiting heterogeneous patterns in distinct bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells. Taken together, our results suggest a specific adaptation and differential maturation of the mitochondrial compartment according to the metabolic needs of individual cell types during postnatal development of the mouse lung.
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19
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Bellazzi R, Engel F, Ferrazzi F. Gene network analysis: from heart development to cardiac therapy. Thromb Haemost 2017; 113:522-31. [DOI: 10.1160/th14-06-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SummaryNetworks offer a flexible framework to represent and analyse the complex interactions between components of cellular systems. In particular gene networks inferred from expression data can support the identification of novel hypotheses on regulatory processes. In this review we focus on the use of gene network analysis in the study of heart development. Understanding heart development will promote the elucidation of the aetiology of congenital heart disease and thus possibly improve diagnostics. Moreover, it will help to establish cardiac therapies. For example, understanding cardiac differentiation during development will help to guide stem cell differentiation required for cardiac tissue engineering or to enhance endogenous repair mechanisms. We introduce different methodological frameworks to infer networks from expression data such as Boolean and Bayesian networks. Then we present currently available temporal expression data in heart development and discuss the use of network-based approaches in published studies. Collectively, our literature-based analysis indicates that gene network analysis constitutes a promising opportunity to infer therapy-relevant regulatory processes in heart development. However, the use of network-based approaches has so far been limited by the small amount of samples in available datasets. Thus, we propose to acquire high-resolution temporal expression data to improve the mathematical descriptions of regulatory processes obtained with gene network inference methodologies. Especially probabilistic methods that accommodate the intrinsic variability of biological systems have the potential to contribute to a deeper understanding of heart development.
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20
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Early Postnatal Cardiomyocyte Proliferation Requires High Oxidative Energy Metabolism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15434. [PMID: 29133820 PMCID: PMC5684334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac energy metabolism must cope with early postnatal changes in tissue oxygen tensions, hemodynamics, and cell proliferation to sustain development. Here, we tested the hypothesis that proliferating neonatal cardiomyocytes are dependent on high oxidative energy metabolism. We show that energy-related gene expression does not correlate with functional oxidative measurements in the developing heart. Gene expression analysis suggests a gradual overall upregulation of oxidative-related genes and pathways, whereas functional assessment in both cardiac tissue and cultured cardiomyocytes indicated that oxidative metabolism decreases between the first and seventh days after birth. Cardiomyocyte extracellular flux analysis indicated that the decrease in oxidative metabolism between the first and seventh days after birth was mostly related to lower rates of ATP-linked mitochondrial respiration, suggesting that overall energetic demands decrease during this period. In parallel, the proliferation rate was higher for early cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, in vitro nonlethal chemical inhibition of mitochondrial respiration reduced the proliferative capacity of early cardiomyocytes, indicating a high energy demand to sustain cardiomyocyte proliferation. Altogether, we provide evidence that early postnatal cardiomyocyte proliferative capacity correlates with high oxidative energy metabolism. The energy requirement decreases as the proliferation ceases in the following days, and both oxidative-dependent metabolism and anaerobic glycolysis subside.
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21
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Lee SR, Han J. Mitochondrial Mutations in Cardiac Disorders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 982:81-111. [PMID: 28551783 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55330-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria individually encapsulate their own genome, unlike other cellular organelles. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a circular, double-stranded, 16,569-base paired DNA containing 37 genes: 13 proteins of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs; 12S and 16S), and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). The mtDNA is more vulnerable to oxidative modifications compared to nuclear DNA because of its proximity to ROS-producing sites, limited presence of DNA damage repair systems, and continuous replication in the cell. mtDNA mutations can be inherited or sporadic. Simple mtDNA mutations are point mutations, which are frequently found in mitochondrial tRNA loci, causing mischarging of mitochondrial tRNAs or deletion, duplication, or reduction in mtDNA content. Because mtDNA has multiple copies and a specific replication mechanism in cells or tissues, it can be heterogenous, resulting in characteristic phenotypic presentations such as heteroplasmy, genetic drift, and threshold effects. Recent studies have increased the understanding of basic mitochondrial genetics, providing an insight into the correlations between mitochondrial mutations and cardiac manifestations including hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, autonomic nervous system dysfunction, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death with a syndromic or non-syndromic phenotype. Clinical manifestations of mitochondrial mutations, which result from structural defects, functional impairment, or both, are increasingly detected but are not clear because of the complex interplay between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, even in homoplasmic mitochondrial populations. Additionally, various factors such as individual susceptibility, nutritional state, and exposure to chemicals can influence phenotypic presentation, even for the same mtDNA mutation.In this chapter, we summarize our current understanding of mtDNA mutations and their role in cardiac involvement. In addition, epigenetic modifications of mtDNA are briefly discussed for future elucidation of their critical role in cardiac involvement. Finally, current strategies for dealing with mitochondrial mutations in cardiac disorders are briefly stated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ryul Lee
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, 47392, South Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan, 47392, South Korea.
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22
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Midgett M, López CS, David L, Maloyan A, Rugonyi S. Increased Hemodynamic Load in Early Embryonic Stages Alters Myofibril and Mitochondrial Organization in the Myocardium. Front Physiol 2017; 8:631. [PMID: 28912723 PMCID: PMC5582297 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal blood flow is essential for proper heart formation during embryonic development, as abnormal hemodynamic load (blood pressure and shear stress) results in cardiac defects seen in congenital heart disease (CHD). However, the detrimental remodeling processes that relate altered blood flow to cardiac malformation and defects remain unclear. Heart development is a finely orchestrated process with rapid transformations that occur at the tissue, cell, and subcellular levels. Myocardial cells play an essential role in cardiac tissue maturation by aligning in the direction of stretch and increasing the number of contractile units as hemodynamic load increases throughout development. This study elucidates the early effects of altered blood flow on myofibril and mitochondrial configuration in the outflow tract myocardium in vivo. Outflow tract banding was used to increase hemodynamic load in the chicken embryo heart between Hamburger and Hamilton stages 18 and 24 (~24 h during tubular heart stages). 3D focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy analysis determined that increased hemodynamic load induced changes in the developing myocardium, characterized by thicker myofibril bundles that were more disbursed in circumferential orientation, and mitochondria that organized in large clusters around the nucleus. Proteomic mass-spectrometry analysis quantified altered protein composition after banding that is consistent with altered myofibril thin filament assembly and function, and mitochondrial maintenance and organization. Additionally, pathway analysis of the proteomics data identified possible activation of signaling pathways in response to banding, including the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Imaging and proteomic data combined indicate that myofibril and mitochondrial arrangement in early embryonic stages is a critical developmental process that when disturbed by altered blood flow may contribute to cardiac malformation and defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Midgett
- Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortland, OR, United States
| | - Claudia S López
- Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortland, OR, United States.,Multiscale Microscopy Core, OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortland, OR, United States
| | - Larry David
- Proteomics Core, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortland, OR, United States
| | - Alina Maloyan
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortland, OR, United States
| | - Sandra Rugonyi
- Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortland, OR, United States
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23
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Abstract
The underlying cause of systolic heart failure is the inability of the adult mammalian heart to regenerate damaged myocardium. In contrast, some vertebrate species and immature mammals are capable of full cardiac regeneration following multiple types of injury through cardiomyocyte proliferation. Little is known about what distinguishes proliferative cardiomyocytes from terminally differentiated, nonproliferative cardiomyocytes. Recently, several reports have suggested that oxygen metabolism and oxidative stress play a pivotal role in regulating the proliferative capacity of mammalian cardiomyocytes. Moreover, reducing oxygen metabolism in the adult mammalian heart can induce cardiomyocyte cell cycle reentry through blunting oxidative damage, which is sufficient for functional improvement following myocardial infarction. Here we concisely summarize recent findings that highlight the role of oxygen metabolism and oxidative stress in cardiomyocyte cell cycle regulation, and discuss future therapeutic approaches targeting oxidative metabolism to induce cardiac regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Kimura
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas.,Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan
| | - Yuji Nakada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
| | - Hesham A Sadek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas.,Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas
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24
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Ren Y, Li Y, Yan J, Ma M, Zhou D, Xue Z, Zhang Z, Liu H, Yang H, Jia L, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Mu S, Zhang R, Da Y. Adiponectin modulates oxidative stress-induced mitophagy and protects C2C12 myoblasts against apoptosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3209. [PMID: 28600493 PMCID: PMC5466641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin (APN), also known as apM1, Acrp30, GBP28 and adipoQ, is a circulating hormone that is predominantly produced by adipose tissue. Many pharmacological studies have demonstrated that this protein possesses potent anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. Although several studies have demonstrated the antioxidative activity of this protein, the regulatory mechanisms have not yet been defined in skeletal muscles. The aim of the present study was to examine the cytoprotective effects of APN against damage induced by oxidative stress in mouse-derived C2C12 myoblasts. APN attenuated H2O2-induced growth inhibition and exhibited scavenging activity against intracellular reactive oxygen species that were induced by H2O2. Furthermore, treating C2C12 cells with APN significantly induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2). APN also suppressed H2O2-induced mitophagy and partially inhibited the colocalization of mitochondria with autophagosomes/lysosomes, correlating with the expression of Pink1 and Parkin and mtDNA. Moreover, APN protected C2C12 myoblasts against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, APN significantly reduced the mRNA and protein expression levels of Bax. These data suggest that APN has a moderate regulatory role in oxidative stress-induced mitophagy and suppresses apoptosis. These findings demonstrate the antioxidant potential of APN in oxidative stress-associated skeletal muscle diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Ren
- Department of Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Tianjin Institute of Animal husbandry and veterinary, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Science, Tianjin, 300381, China.,College of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Mingkun Ma
- Department of Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Second Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenyi Xue
- Department of Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zimu Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongkun Liu
- Department of Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huipeng Yang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Long Jia
- Department of Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuqin Mu
- Tianjin Institute of Animal husbandry and veterinary, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Science, Tianjin, 300381, China.
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China. .,Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, 510000, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yurong Da
- Department of Immunology, Research Center of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases of Educational Ministry of China, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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25
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Pohjoismäki JL, Goffart S. The role of mitochondria in cardiac development and protection. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 106:345-354. [PMID: 28216385 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for the development as well as maintenance of the myocardium, the most energy consuming tissue in the human body. Mitochondria are not only a source of ATP energy but also generators of reactive oxygen species (ROS), that cause oxidative damage, but also regulate physiological processes such as the switch from hyperplastic to hypertrophic growth after birth. As excess ROS production and oxidative damage are associated with cardiac pathology, it is not surprising that much of the research focused on the deleterious aspects of free radicals. However, cardiomyocytes are naturally highly adapted against repeating oxidative insults, with evidence suggesting that moderate and acute ROS exposure has beneficial consequences for mitochondrial maintenance and cardiac health. Antioxidant defenses, mitochondrial quality control, mtDNA maintenance mechanisms as well as mitochondrial fusion and fission improve mitochondrial function and cardiomyocyte survival under stress conditions. As these adaptive processes can be induced, promoting mitohormesis or mitochondrial biogenesis using controlled ROS exposure could provide a promising strategy to increase cardiomyocyte survival and prevent pathological remodeling of the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko L Pohjoismäki
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Steffi Goffart
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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26
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Zhang L, Reyes A, Wang X. The Role of DNA Repair in Maintaining Mitochondrial DNA Stability. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1038:85-105. [PMID: 29178071 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6674-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital double-membrane organelles that act as a "powerhouse" inside the cell and have essential roles to maintain cellular functions, e.g., ATP production, iron-sulfur synthesis metabolism, and steroid synthesis. An important difference with other organelles is that they contain their own mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Such powerful organelles are also sensitive to both endogenous and exogenous factors that can cause lesions to their structural components and their mtDNA, resulting in gene mutations and eventually leading to diseases. In this review, we will mainly focus on mammalian mitochondrial DNA repair pathways that safeguard mitochondrial DNA integrity and several important factors involved in the repair process, especially on an essential pathway, base excision repair. We eagerly anticipate to explore more methods to treat related diseases by constantly groping for these complexes and precise repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.
| | - Aurelio Reyes
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.
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27
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Griendling KK, Touyz RM, Zweier JL, Dikalov S, Chilian W, Chen YR, Harrison DG, Bhatnagar A. Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species, Reactive Nitrogen Species, and Redox-Dependent Signaling in the Cardiovascular System: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circ Res 2016; 119:e39-75. [PMID: 27418630 DOI: 10.1161/res.0000000000000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species are biological molecules that play important roles in cardiovascular physiology and contribute to disease initiation, progression, and severity. Because of their ephemeral nature and rapid reactivity, these species are difficult to measure directly with high accuracy and precision. In this statement, we review current methods for measuring these species and the secondary products they generate and suggest approaches for measuring redox status, oxidative stress, and the production of individual reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. We discuss the strengths and limitations of different methods and the relative specificity and suitability of these methods for measuring the concentrations of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species in cells, tissues, and biological fluids. We provide specific guidelines, through expert opinion, for choosing reliable and reproducible assays for different experimental and clinical situations. These guidelines are intended to help investigators and clinical researchers avoid experimental error and ensure high-quality measurements of these important biological species.
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28
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Pastukh VM, Gorodnya OM, Gillespie MN, Ruchko MV. Regulation of mitochondrial genome replication by hypoxia: The role of DNA oxidation in D-loop region. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 96:78-88. [PMID: 27091693 PMCID: PMC4912408 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria of mammalian cells contain multiple copies of mitochondrial (mt) DNA. Although mtDNA copy number can fluctuate dramatically depending on physiological and pathophysiologic conditions, the mechanisms regulating mitochondrial genome replication remain obscure. Hypoxia, like many other physiologic stimuli that promote growth, cell proliferation and mitochondrial biogenesis, uses reactive oxygen species as signaling molecules. Emerging evidence suggests that hypoxia-induced transcription of nuclear genes requires controlled DNA damage and repair in specific sequences in the promoter regions. Whether similar mechanisms are operative in mitochondria is unknown. Here we test the hypothesis that controlled oxidative DNA damage and repair in the D-loop region of the mitochondrial genome are required for mitochondrial DNA replication and transcription in hypoxia. We found that hypoxia had little impact on expression of mitochondrial proteins in pulmonary artery endothelial cells, but elevated mtDNA content. The increase in mtDNA copy number was accompanied by oxidative modifications in the D-loop region of the mitochondrial genome. To investigate the role of this sequence-specific oxidation of mitochondrial genome in mtDNA replication, we overexpressed mitochondria-targeted 8-oxoguanine glycosylase Ogg1 in rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells, enhancing the mtDNA repair capacity of transfected cells. Overexpression of Ogg1 resulted in suppression of hypoxia-induced mtDNA oxidation in the D-loop region and attenuation of hypoxia-induced mtDNA replication. Ogg1 overexpression also reduced binding of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) to both regulatory and coding regions of the mitochondrial genome without altering total abundance of TFAM in either control or hypoxic cells. These observations suggest that oxidative DNA modifications in the D-loop region during hypoxia are important for increased TFAM binding and ensuing replication of the mitochondrial genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor M Pastukh
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
| | - Olena M Gorodnya
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
| | - Mark N Gillespie
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
| | - Mykhaylo V Ruchko
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
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29
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Wisnovsky S, Jean SR, Liyanage S, Schimmer A, Kelley SO. Mitochondrial DNA repair and replication proteins revealed by targeted chemical probes. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:567-73. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Zhang J, Ruhlman TA, Sabir JSM, Blazier JC, Weng ML, Park S, Jansen RK. Coevolution between Nuclear-Encoded DNA Replication, Recombination, and Repair Genes and Plastid Genome Complexity. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:622-34. [PMID: 26893456 PMCID: PMC4824065 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of DNA replication, recombination, and repair (DNA-RRR) systems has been hypothesized to cause highly elevated nucleotide substitution rates and genome rearrangements in the plastids of angiosperms, but this theory remains untested. To investigate nuclear–plastid genome (plastome) coevolution in Geraniaceae, four different measures of plastome complexity (rearrangements, repeats, nucleotide insertions/deletions, and substitution rates) were evaluated along with substitution rates of 12 nuclear-encoded, plastid-targeted DNA-RRR genes from 27 Geraniales species. Significant correlations were detected for nonsynonymous (dN) but not synonymous (dS) substitution rates for three DNA-RRR genes (uvrB/C, why1, and gyrA) supporting a role for these genes in accelerated plastid genome evolution in Geraniaceae. Furthermore, correlation between dN of uvrB/C and plastome complexity suggests the presence of nucleotide excision repair system in plastids. Significant correlations were also detected between plastome complexity and 13 of the 90 nuclear-encoded organelle-targeted genes investigated. Comparisons revealed significant acceleration of dN in plastid-targeted genes of Geraniales relative to Brassicales suggesting this correlation may be an artifact of elevated rates in this gene set in Geraniaceae. Correlation between dN of plastid-targeted DNA-RRR genes and plastome complexity supports the hypothesis that the aberrant patterns in angiosperm plastome evolution could be caused by dysfunction in DNA-RRR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Tracey A Ruhlman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Jamal S M Sabir
- The Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mao-Lun Weng
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Seongjun Park
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Robert K Jansen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin The Biotechnology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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31
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Akhmedov AT, Rybin V, Marín-García J. Mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and uncoupling proteins in the failing heart. Heart Fail Rev 2015; 20:227-49. [PMID: 25192828 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-014-9457-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in cardiovascular medicine, myocardial ischemia and infarction, progressing eventually to the final end point heart failure (HF), remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the USA. HF is a complex syndrome that results from any structural or functional impairment in ventricular filling or blood ejection. Ultimately, the heart's inability to supply the body's tissues with enough blood may lead to death. Mechanistically, the hallmarks of the failing heart include abnormal energy metabolism, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and defects in excitation-contraction coupling. HF is a highly dynamic pathological process, and observed alterations in cardiac metabolism and function depend on the disease progression. In the early stages, cardiac remodeling characterized by normal or slightly increased fatty acid (FA) oxidation plays a compensatory, cardioprotective role. However, upon progression of HF, FA oxidation and mitochondrial oxidative activity are decreased, resulting in a significant drop in cardiac ATP levels. In HF, as a compensatory response to decreased oxidative metabolism, glucose uptake and glycolysis are upregulated, but this upregulation is not sufficient to compensate for a drop in ATP production. Elevated mitochondrial ROS generation and ROS-mediated damage, when they overwhelm the cellular antioxidant defense system, induce heart injury and contribute to the progression of HF. Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs), which promote proton leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane, have emerged as essential regulators of mitochondrial membrane potential, respiratory activity and ROS generation. Although the physiological role of UCP2 and UCP3, expressed in the heart, has not been clearly established, increasing evidence suggests that these proteins by promoting mild uncoupling could reduce mitochondrial ROS generation and cardiomyocyte apoptosis and ameliorate thereby myocardial function. Further investigation on the alterations in cardiac UCP activity and regulation will advance our understanding of their physiological roles in the healthy and diseased heart and also may facilitate the development of novel and more efficient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Akhmedov
- The Molecular Cardiology and Neuromuscular Institute, 75 Raritan Avenue, Highland Park, NJ, 08904, USA
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32
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Li K, Gao B, Li J, Chen H, Li Y, Wei Y, Gong D, Gao J, Zhang J, Tan W, Wen T, Zhang L, Huang L, Xiang R, Lin P, Wei Y. ZNF32 protects against oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by modulating C1QBP transcription. Oncotarget 2015; 6:38107-26. [PMID: 26497555 PMCID: PMC4741987 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-driven oxidative stress has been recognized as a critical inducer of cancer cell death in response to therapeutic agents. Our previous studies have demonstrated that zinc finger protein (ZNF)32 is key to cell survival upon oxidant stimulation. However, the mechanisms by which ZNF32 mediates cell death remain unclear. Here, we show that at moderate levels of ROS, Sp1 directly binds to two GC boxes within the ZNF32 promoter to activate ZNF32 transcription. Alternatively, at cytotoxic ROS concentrations, ZNF32 expression is repressed due to decreased binding activity of Sp1. ZNF32 overexpression maintains mitochondrial membrane potential and enhances the antioxidant capacity of cells to detoxify ROS, and these effects promote cell survival upon pro-oxidant agent treatment. Alternatively, ZNF32-deficient cells are more sensitive and vulnerable to oxidative stress-induced cell injury. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that complement 1q-binding protein (C1QBP) is a direct target gene of ZNF32 that inactivates the p38 MAPK pathway, thereby exerting the protective effects of ZNF32 on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our findings indicate a novel mechanism by which the Sp1-ZNF32-C1QBP axis protects against oxidative stress and implicate a promising strategy that ZNF32 inhibition combined with pro-oxidant anticancer agents for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Binding Sites
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HEK293 Cells
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Middle Aged
- Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Oxidants/pharmacology
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA Interference
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Department of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Gao
- Department of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pathology, College of Clinical Medicine, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Haining Chen
- Department of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuyan Wei
- Department of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Gong
- Department of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Junping Gao
- Department of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiwei Tan
- Department Biorepository, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianfu Wen
- Department of Liver Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Lugang Huang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Nankai University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Tianjin, China
| | - Ping Lin
- Department of Experimental Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Department of Cancer Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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33
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Torregrosa-Muñumer R, Goffart S, Haikonen JA, Pohjoismäki JLO. Low doses of ultraviolet radiation and oxidative damage induce dramatic accumulation of mitochondrial DNA replication intermediates, fork regression, and replication initiation shift. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4197-208. [PMID: 26399294 PMCID: PMC4642854 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage is believed to cause pathological mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) rearrangements. mtDNA damage induces specific changes in its maintenance, such as formation of x-junctions and changes in replication mode. The findings explain the significance of the different replication mechanisms that have been observed in mitochondria. Mitochondrial DNA is prone to damage by various intrinsic as well as environmental stressors. DNA damage can in turn cause problems for replication, resulting in replication stalling and double-strand breaks, which are suspected to be the leading cause of pathological mtDNA rearrangements. In this study, we exposed cells to subtle levels of oxidative stress or UV radiation and followed their effects on mtDNA maintenance. Although the damage did not influence mtDNA copy number, we detected a massive accumulation of RNA:DNA hybrid–containing replication intermediates, followed by an increase in cruciform DNA molecules, as well as in bidirectional replication initiation outside of the main replication origin, OH. Our results suggest that mitochondria maintain two different types of replication as an adaptation to different cellular environments; the RNA:DNA hybrid–involving replication mode maintains mtDNA integrity in tissues with low oxidative stress, and the potentially more error tolerant conventional strand-coupled replication operates when stress is high.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steffi Goffart
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Juha A Haikonen
- Department of Biology, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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34
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The metabolic rate of cultured muscle cells from hybrid Coturnix quail is intermediate to that of muscle cells from fast-growing and slow-growing Coturnix quail. J Comp Physiol B 2015; 185:547-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0906-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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35
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Liu J, Fang H, Chi Z, Wu Z, Wei D, Mo D, Niu K, Balajee AS, Hei TK, Nie L, Zhao Y. XPD localizes in mitochondria and protects the mitochondrial genome from oxidative DNA damage. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:5476-88. [PMID: 25969448 PMCID: PMC4477675 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum group D (XPD/ERCC2) encodes an ATP-dependent helicase that plays essential roles in both transcription and nucleotide excision repair of nuclear DNA, however, whether or not XPD exerts similar functions in mitochondria remains elusive. In this study, we provide the first evidence that XPD is localized in the inner membrane of mitochondria, and cells under oxidative stress showed an enhanced recruitment of XPD into mitochondrial compartment. Furthermore, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and levels of oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) common deletion were significantly elevated, whereas capacity for oxidative damage repair of mtDNA was markedly reduced in both XPD-suppressed human osteosarcoma (U2OS) cells and XPD-deficient human fibroblasts. Immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify interacting factor(s) with XPD and TUFM, a mitochondrial Tu translation elongation factor was detected to be physically interacted with XPD. Similar to the findings in XPD-deficient cells, mitochondrial common deletion and oxidative damage repair capacity in U2OS cells were found to be significantly altered after TUFM knock-down. Our findings clearly demonstrate that XPD plays crucial role(s) in protecting mitochondrial genome stability by facilitating an efficient repair of oxidative DNA damage in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongbo Fang
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhenfen Chi
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Di Wei
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Dongliang Mo
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Adayabalam S Balajee
- REAC/TS, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Engineering, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Tom K Hei
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Linghu Nie
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yongliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Genomics and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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36
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Biala AK, Dhingra R, Kirshenbaum LA. Mitochondrial dynamics: Orchestrating the journey to advanced age. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 83:37-43. [PMID: 25918048 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a degenerative process that unfortunately is an inevitable part of life and risk factor for cardiovascular disease including heart failure. Among the several theories purported to explain the effects of age on cardiac dysfunction, the mitochondrion has emerged a central regulator of this process. Hence, it is not surprising that abnormalities in mitochondrial quality control including biogenesis and turnover have such detrimental effects on cardiac function. In fact mitochondria serve as a conduit for biological signals for apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy respectively. The removal of damaged mitochondria by autophagy/mitophagy is essential for mitochondrial quality control and cardiac homeostasis. Defects in mitochondrial dynamism fission/fusion events have been linked to cardiac senescence and heart failure. In this review we discuss the impact of aging on mitochondrial dynamics and senescence on cardiovascular health. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: CV Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka K Biala
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Rimpy Dhingra
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Lorrie A Kirshenbaum
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R2H 2A6, Canada.
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37
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Shan JL, He HT, Li MX, Zhu JW, Cheng Y, Hu N, Wang G, Wang D, Yang XQ, He Y, Xiao HL, Tong WD, Yang ZZ. APE1 promotes antioxidant capacity by regulating Nrf-2 function through a redox-dependent mechanism. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 78:11-22. [PMID: 25452143 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
APE1 is a multifunctional protein that has recently been implicated in protecting cells from oxidative stress. In the current study, we confirmed that APE1׳s effect on cellular antioxidant capacity is related to its redox activity through the use of an APE1 functional mutant, and we investigated the mechanism through which this multifunctional protein affects the function of the transcription factor Nrf-2 in regulating oxidative stress-induced genes. Using a pair of mutants for both the redox activity and the acetylation-regulated activity of APE1, in vitro assays showed that the redox activity of APE1 is crucial for its nuclear association with Nrf-2 and subsequent activation of Nrf-2׳s transcription of several downstream genes during oxidative challenge. Important oxidative stress genes are affected by APE1 redox activity, including Hmox1, Gstm1, and Txnrd1. In addition, utilizing human non-small-cell lung cancer sample tissue as well as a nude mouse xenograft model, we determined that APE1 expression levels are inversely correlated to oxidative stress in vivo. These findings indicated that interference with these crucial functions of APE1 shows promise in preventing resistance to certain radiotherapies and that further research is necessary to understand APE1׳s complex roles in regulating both the basal redox status and the oxidative stress state of the cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Lu Shan
- Cancer Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Tao He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Meng-Xia Li
- Cancer Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Wu Zhu
- Cancer Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Cancer Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Nan Hu
- Cancer Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Ge Wang
- Cancer Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- Cancer Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Qin Yang
- Cancer Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Yong He
- Department of Respiration, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Hua-Liang Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Dong Tong
- Department of General surgery, Research Institute of Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People׳s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Zhou Yang
- Cancer Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People׳s Republic of China.
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38
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Picklo MJ, Thyfault JP. Vitamin E and vitamin C do not reduce insulin sensitivity but inhibit mitochondrial protein expression in exercising obese rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 40:343-52. [PMID: 25761734 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2014-0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists as to whether supplementation with the antioxidants vitamin E and vitamin C blocks adaptation to exercise. Exercise is a first-line means to treat obesity and its complications. While diet-induced obesity alters mitochondrial function and induces insulin resistance (IR), no data exist as to whether supplementation with vitamin E and vitamin C modify responses to exercise in pre-existing obesity. We tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with vitamin E (0.4 g α-tocopherol acetate/kg) and vitamin C (0.5 g/kg) blocks exercise-induced improvements on IR and mitochondrial content in obese rats maintained on a high-fat (45% fat energy (en)) diet. Diet-induced obese, sedentary rats had a 2-fold higher homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and larger insulin area under the curve following glucose tolerances test than rats fed a low-fat (10% fat en) diet. Exercising (12 weeks at 5 times per week in a motorized wheel) of obese rats normalized IR indices, an effect not modified by vitamin E and vitamin C. Vitamin E and vitamin C supplementation with exercise elevated mtDNA content in adipose and skeletal muscle to a greater extent (20%) than exercise alone in a depot-specific manner. On the other hand, vitamin C and vitamin E decreased exercise-induced increases in mitochondrial protein content for complex I (40%) and nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (35%) in a muscle-dependent manner. These data indicate that vitamin E and vitamin C supplementation in obese rodents does not modify exercise-induced improvements in insulin sensitivity but that changes in mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial protein expression may be modified by antioxidant supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Picklo
- USDA-ARS Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 2420 2nd Avenue North, Grand Forks, ND 58201, USA
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39
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Porrello ER, Olson EN. A neonatal blueprint for cardiac regeneration. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:556-70. [PMID: 25108892 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult mammals undergo minimal regeneration following cardiac injury, which severely compromises cardiac function and contributes to the ongoing burden of heart failure. In contrast, the mammalian heart retains a transient capacity for cardiac regeneration during fetal and early neonatal life. Recent studies have established the importance of several evolutionarily conserved mechanisms for heart regeneration in lower vertebrates and neonatal mammals including induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation, epicardial cell activation, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix deposition and immune cell infiltration. In this review, we provide an up-to-date account of the molecular and cellular basis for cardiac regeneration in lower vertebrates and neonatal mammals. The historical context for these recent findings and their ramifications for the future development of cardiac regenerative therapies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo R Porrello
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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40
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Szibor M, Pöling J, Warnecke H, Kubin T, Braun T. Remodeling and dedifferentiation of adult cardiomyocytes during disease and regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1907-16. [PMID: 24322910 PMCID: PMC11113405 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1535-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes continuously generate the contractile force to circulate blood through the body. Imbalances in contractile performance or energy supply cause adaptive responses of the heart resulting in adverse rearrangement of regular structures, which in turn might lead to heart failure. At the cellular level, cardiomyocyte remodeling includes (1) restructuring of the contractile apparatus; (2) rearrangement of the cytoskeleton; and (3) changes in energy metabolism. Dedifferentiation represents a key feature of cardiomyocyte remodeling. It is characterized by reciprocal changes in the expression pattern of "mature" and "immature" cardiomyocyte-specific genes. Dedifferentiation may enable cardiomyocytes to cope with hypoxic stress by disassembly of the energy demanding contractile machinery and by reduction of the cellular energy demand. Dedifferentiation during myocardial repair might provide cardiomyocytes with additional plasticity, enabling survival under hypoxic conditions and increasing the propensity to enter the cell cycle. Although dedifferentiation of cardiomyocytes has been described during tissue regeneration in zebrafish and newts, little is known about corresponding mechanisms and regulatory circuits in mammals. The recent finding that the cytokine oncostatin M (OSM) is pivotal for cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation and exerts strong protective effects during myocardial infarction highlights the role of cytokines as potent stimulators of cardiac remodeling. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about transient dedifferentiation of cardiomyocytes in the context of myocardial remodeling, and propose a model for the role of OSM in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Szibor
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Research Program of Molecular Neurology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jochen Pöling
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Schüchtermann Clinic, Bad Rothenfelde, Germany
| | - Henning Warnecke
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Schüchtermann Clinic, Bad Rothenfelde, Germany
| | - Thomas Kubin
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
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41
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Jiang HK, Wang YH, Sun L, He X, Zhao M, Feng ZH, Yu XJ, Zang WJ. Aerobic interval training attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction in rats post-myocardial infarction: roles of mitochondrial network dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5304-22. [PMID: 24675698 PMCID: PMC4013565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic interval training (AIT) can favorably affect cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects of AIT on post-myocardial infarction (MI)—associated mitochondrial dysfunctions remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of AIT on myocardial mitochondria in post-MI rats by focusing on mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission). Mitochondrial respiratory functions (as measured by the respiratory control ratio (RCR) and the ratio of ADP to oxygen consumption (P/O)); complex activities; dynamic proteins (mitofusin (mfn) 1/2, type 1 optic atrophy (OPA1) and dynamin-related protein1 (DRP1)); nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α); and the oxidative signaling of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and P53 were observed. Post-MI rats exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction and adverse mitochondrial network dynamics (reduced fusion and increased fission), which was associated with activated ERK1/2-JNK-P53 signaling and decreased nuclear PGC-1α. After AIT, MI-associated mitochondrial dysfunction was improved (elevated RCR and P/O and enhanced complex I, III and IV activities); in addition, increased fusion (mfn2 and OPA1), decreased fission (DRP1), elevated nuclear PGC-1α and inactivation of the ERK1/2-JNK-P53 signaling were observed. These data demonstrate that AIT may restore the post-MI mitochondrial function by inhibiting dynamics pathological remodeling, which may be associated with inactivation of ERK1/2-JNK-P53 signaling and increase in nuclear PGC-1α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ke Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - You-Hua Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Xi He
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Mei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Zhi-Hui Feng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Xiao-Jiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Wei-Jin Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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42
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Bereiter-Hahn J. Do we age because we have mitochondria? PROTOPLASMA 2014; 251:3-23. [PMID: 23794102 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The process of aging remains a great riddle. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria is an inevitable by-product of respiration, which has led to a hypothesis proposing the oxidative impairment of mitochondrial components (e.g., mtDNA, proteins, lipids) that initiates a vicious cycle of dysfunctional respiratory complexes producing more ROS, which again impairs function. This does not exclude other processes acting in parallel or targets for ROS action in other organelles than mitochondria. Given that aging is defined as the process leading to death, the role of mitochondria-based impairments in those organ systems responsible for human death (e.g., the cardiovascular system, cerebral dysfunction, and cancer) is described within the context of "garbage" accumulation and increasing insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and glycation of proteins. Mitochondrial mass, fusion, and fission are important factors in coping with impaired function. Both biogenesis of mitochondria and their degradation are important regulatory mechanisms stimulated by physical exercise and contribute to healthy aging. The hypothesis of mitochondria-related aging should be revised to account for the limitations of the degradative capacity of the lysosomal system. The processes involved in mitochondria-based impairments are very similar across a large range of organisms. Therefore, studies on model organisms from yeast, fungi, nematodes, flies to vertebrates, and from cells to organisms also add considerably to the understanding of human aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Bereiter-Hahn
- Institut für Zellbiologie und Neurowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Lauestrasse 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,
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43
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Overexpression of Twinkle-helicase protects cardiomyocytes from genotoxic stress caused by reactive oxygen species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:19408-13. [PMID: 24218554 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303046110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in adult human heart is characterized by complex molecular forms held together by junctional molecules of unknown biological significance. These junctions are not present in mouse hearts and emerge in humans during postnatal development, concomitant with increased demand for oxidative metabolism. To analyze the role of mtDNA organization during oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes, we used a mouse model, which recapitulates the complex mtDNA organization of human hearts by overexpression of the mitochondrial helicase, TWINKLE. Overexpression of TWINKLE rescued the oxidative damage induced replication stalling of mtDNA, reduced mtDNA point mutation load, and modified mtDNA rearrangements in heterozygous mitochondrial superoxide dismutase knockout hearts, as well as ameliorated cardiomyopathy in mice superoxide dismutase knockout in a p21-dependent manner. We conclude that mtDNA integrity influences cell survival and reason that tissue specific modes of mtDNA maintenance represent an adaptation to oxidative stress.
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Botta A, Laher I, Beam J, DeCoffe D, Brown K, Halder S, Devlin A, Gibson DL, Ghosh S. Short term exercise induces PGC-1α, ameliorates inflammation and increases mitochondrial membrane proteins but fails to increase respiratory enzymes in aging diabetic hearts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70248. [PMID: 23936397 PMCID: PMC3731348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PGC-1α, a transcriptional coactivator, controls inflammation and mitochondrial gene expression in insulin-sensitive tissues following exercise intervention. However, attributing such effects to PGC-1α is counfounded by exercise-induced fluctuations in blood glucose, insulin or bodyweight in diabetic patients. The goal of this study was to investigate the role of PGC-1α on inflammation and mitochondrial protein expressions in aging db/db mice hearts, independent of changes in glycemic parameters. In 8-month-old db/db mice hearts with diabetes lasting over 22 weeks, short-term, moderate-intensity exercise upregulated PGC-1α without altering body weight or glycemic parameters. Nonetheless, such a regimen lowered both cardiac (macrophage infiltration, iNOS and TNFα) and systemic (circulating chemokines and cytokines) inflammation. Curiously, such an anti-inflammatory effect was also linked to attenuated expression of downstream transcription factors of PGC-1α such as NRF-1 and several respiratory genes. Such mismatch between PGC-1α and its downstream targets was associated with elevated mitochondrial membrane proteins like Tom70 but a concurrent reduction in oxidative phosphorylation protein expressions in exercised db/db hearts. As mitochondrial oxidative stress was predominant in these hearts, in support of our in vivo data, increasing concentrations of H2O2 dose-dependently increased PGC-1α expression while inhibiting expression of inflammatory genes and downstream transcription factors in H9c2 cardiomyocytes in vitro. We conclude that short-term exercise-induced oxidative stress may be key in attenuating cardiac inflammatory genes and impairing PGC-1α mediated gene transcription of downstream transcription factors in type 2 diabetic hearts at an advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Botta
- Department of Biology, IK Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julianne Beam
- Department of Biology, IK Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniella DeCoffe
- Department of Biology, IK Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kirsty Brown
- Department of Biology, IK Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Swagata Halder
- Department of Biology, IK Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angela Devlin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Deanna L. Gibson
- Department of Biology, IK Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sanjoy Ghosh
- Department of Biology, IK Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia-Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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45
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Abstract
Heart development involves the precise orchestration of gene expression during cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis by evolutionarily conserved regulatory networks. miRNAs (microRNAs) play important roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, and recent studies have established critical functions for these tiny RNAs in almost every facet of cardiac development and disease. The realization that miRNAs are amenable to therapeutic manipulation has also generated considerable interest in the potential of miRNA-based drugs for the treatment of a number of human diseases, including cardiovascular disease. In the present review, I discuss well-established and emerging roles of miRNAs in cardiac development, their relevance to congenital heart disease and unresolved questions in the field for future investigation, as well as emerging therapeutic possibilities for cardiac regeneration.
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Pohjoismäki JLO, Krüger M, Al-Furoukh N, Lagerstedt A, Karhunen PJ, Braun T. Postnatal cardiomyocyte growth and mitochondrial reorganization cause multiple changes in the proteome of human cardiomyocytes. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:1210-9. [PMID: 23459711 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25556e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fetal (fCM) and adult cardiomyocytes (aCM) significantly differ from each other both by structure and biochemical properties. aCM own a higher mitochondrial mass compared to fCM due to increased energy demand and show a greater density and higher degree of structural organization of myofibrils. The energy metabolism in aCM relies virtually completely on β-oxidation of fatty acids while fCM use carbohydrates. Rewinding of the aCM phenotype (de-differentiation) arises frequently in diseased hearts spurring questions about its functional relevance and the extent of de-differentiation. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the changes in the human proteome occurring during maturation of fCM to aCM. Here, we examined differences between human fetal and adult hearts resulting in the quantification of 3500 proteins. Moreover, we analyzed mitochondrial proteomes from both stages to obtain more detailed insight into underlying biochemical differences. We found that the majority of changes between fCM and aCM were attributed to growth and maturation of cardiomyocytes. As expected, adult hearts showed higher mitochondrial mass and expressed increased levels of proteins involved in energy metabolism but relatively lower copy numbers of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) per total cell volume. We uncovered that the TFAM/mtDNA ratio was kept constant during postnatal development despite a significant increase of mitochondrial protein per mtDNA in adult mitochondria, which revises previous concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko L O Pohjoismäki
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstrasse 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany.
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Mariappan N, Elks CM, Haque M, Francis J. Interaction of TNF with angiotensin II contributes to mitochondrial oxidative stress and cardiac damage in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46568. [PMID: 23056347 PMCID: PMC3467241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) and angiotensin II (ANGII) induce oxidative stress contribute to cardiovascular disease progression. Here, we examined whether an interaction between TNF and ANGII contributes to altered cardiac mitochondrial biogenesis and ATP production to cause cardiac damage in rats. Rats received intraperitoneal injections of TNF (30 µg/kg), TNF + losartan (LOS, 1 mg/kg), or vehicle for 5 days. Left ventricular (LV) function was measured using echocardiography. Rats were sacrificed and LV tissues removed for gene expression, electron paramagnetic resonance and mitochondrial assays. TNF administration significantly increased expression of the NADPH oxidase subunit, gp91phox, and the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT-1R) and decreased eNOS in the LV of rats. Rats that received TNF only had increased production rates of superoxide, peroxynitrite and total reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cytosol and increased production rates of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in mitochondria. Decreased activities of mitochondrial complexes I, II, and III and mitochondrial genes were observed in rats given TNF. In addition, TNF administration also resulted in a decrease in fractional shortening and an increase in Tei index, suggesting diastolic dysfunction. TNF administration with concomitant LOS treatment attenuated mitochondrial damage, restored cardiac function, and decreased expression of AT1-R and NADPH oxidase subunits. Mitochondrial biogenesis and function is severely impaired by TNF as evidenced by downregulation of mitochondrial genes and increased free radical production, and may contribute to cardiac damage. These defects are independent of the downregulation of mitochondrial gene expression, suggesting novel mechanisms for mitochondrial dysfunction in rats given TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Mariappan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JF); (NM)
| | - Carrie M. Elks
- Nutritional Neuroscience and Aging Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Masudul Haque
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Joseph Francis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JF); (NM)
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48
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Minimizing the damage: repair pathways keep mitochondrial DNA intact. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012; 13:659-71. [PMID: 22992591 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) faces the universal challenges of genome maintenance: the accurate replication, transmission and preservation of its integrity throughout the life of the organism. Although mtDNA was originally thought to lack DNA repair activity, four decades of research on mitochondria have revealed multiple mtDNA repair pathways, including base excision repair, single-strand break repair, mismatch repair and possibly homologous recombination. These mtDNA repair pathways are mediated by enzymes that are similar in activity to those operating in the nucleus, and in all cases identified so far in mammals, they are encoded by nuclear genes.
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