1
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Ruiz-Albor A, Chaves-Arquero B, Martín-Barros I, Guerra-Castellano A, Gonzalez-Magaña A, de Opakua AI, Merino N, Ferreras-Gutiérrez M, Berra E, Díaz-Moreno I, Blanco FJ. PCNA molecular recognition of different PIP motifs: Role of Tyr211 phosphorylation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:133187. [PMID: 38880460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The coordination of enzymes and regulatory proteins for eukaryotic DNA replication and repair is largely achieved by Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), a toroidal homotrimeric protein that embraces the DNA duplex. Many proteins bind PCNA through a conserved sequence known as the PCNA interacting protein motif (PIP). PCNA is further regulated by different post-translational modifications. Phosphorylation at residue Y211 facilitates unlocking stalled replication forks to bypass DNA damage repair processes but increasing nucleotide misincorporation. We explore here how phosphorylation at Y211 affects PCNA recognition of the canonical PIP sequences of the regulatory proteins p21 and p15, which bind with nM and μM affinity, respectively. For that purpose, we have prepared PCNA with p-carboxymethyl-L-phenylalanine (pCMF, a mimetic of phosphorylated tyrosine) at position 211. We have also characterized PCNA binding to the non-canonical PIP sequence of the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase δ (p125), and to the canonical PIP sequence of the enzyme ubiquitin specific peptidase 29 (USP29) which deubiquitinates PCNA. Our results show that Tyr211 phosphorylation has little effect on the molecular recognition of p21 and p15, and that the PIP sequences of p125 and USP29 bind to the same site on PCNA as other PIP sequences, but with very low affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ruiz-Albor
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Belén Chaves-Arquero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Irene Díaz-Moreno
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas, cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco J Blanco
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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2
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Nell LA, Weng YM, Phillips JS, Botsch JC, Book KR, Einarsson Á, Ives AR, Schoville SD. Shared Features Underlying Compact Genomes and Extreme Habitat Use in Chironomid Midges. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae086. [PMID: 38662498 PMCID: PMC11076180 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonbiting midges (family Chironomidae) are found throughout the world in a diverse array of aquatic and terrestrial habitats, can often tolerate harsh conditions such as hypoxia or desiccation, and have consistently compact genomes. Yet we know little about the shared molecular basis for these attributes and how they have evolved across the family. Here, we address these questions by first creating high-quality, annotated reference assemblies for Tanytarsus gracilentus (subfamily Chironominae, tribe Tanytarsini) and Parochlus steinenii (subfamily Podonominae). Using these and other publicly available assemblies, we created a time-calibrated phylogenomic tree for family Chironomidae with outgroups from order Diptera. We used this phylogeny to test for features associated with compact genomes, as well as examining patterns of gene family evolution and positive selection that may underlie chironomid habitat tolerances. Our results suggest that compact genomes evolved in the common ancestor of Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae and that this occurred mainly through reductions in noncoding regions (introns, intergenic sequences, and repeat elements). Significantly expanded gene families in Chironomidae included biological processes that may relate to tolerance of stressful environments, such as temperature homeostasis, carbohydrate transport, melanization defense response, and trehalose transport. We identified several positively selected genes in Chironomidae, notably sulfonylurea receptor, CREB-binding protein, and protein kinase D. Our results improve our understanding of the evolution of small genomes and extreme habitat use in this widely distributed group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Nell
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yi-Ming Weng
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera & Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Joseph S Phillips
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
| | - Jamieson C Botsch
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Brookings, SD 57006, USA
| | - K Riley Book
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Anthony R Ives
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sean D Schoville
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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3
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Islam A, Chakraborty A, Sarker AH, Aryal UK, Pan L, Sharma G, Boldogh I, Hazra T. Site-specific acetylation of polynucleotide kinase 3'-phosphatase regulates its distinct role in DNA repair pathways. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:2416-2433. [PMID: 38224455 PMCID: PMC10954452 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mammalian polynucleotide kinase 3'-phosphatase (PNKP), a DNA end-processing enzyme with 3'-phosphatase and 5'-kinase activities, is involved in multiple DNA repair pathways, including base excision (BER), single-strand break (SSBR), and double-strand break repair (DSBR). However, little is known as to how PNKP functions in such diverse repair processes. Here we report that PNKP is acetylated at K142 (AcK142) by p300 constitutively but at K226 (AcK226) by CBP, only after DSB induction. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis using AcK142 or AcK226 PNKP-specific antibodies showed that AcK142-PNKP associates only with BER/SSBR, and AcK226 PNKP with DSBR proteins. Despite the modest effect of acetylation on PNKP's enzymatic activity in vitro, cells expressing non-acetylable PNKP (K142R or K226R) accumulated DNA damage in transcribed genes. Intriguingly, in striatal neuronal cells of a Huntington's Disease (HD)-based mouse model, K142, but not K226, was acetylated. This is consistent with the reported degradation of CBP, but not p300, in HD cells. Moreover, transcribed genomes of HD cells progressively accumulated DSBs. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated the association of Ac-PNKP with the transcribed genes, consistent with PNKP's role in transcription-coupled repair. Thus, our findings demonstrate that acetylation at two lysine residues, located in different domains of PNKP, regulates its distinct role in BER/SSBR versus DSBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azharul Islam
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Altaf H Sarker
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Uma K Aryal
- Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, IN 47907, USA
| | - Lang Pan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Gulshan Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Tapas Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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4
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Li Y, Gong Y, Zhou Y, Xiao Y, Huang W, Zhou Q, Tu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Dai L, Sun Q. STK19 is a DNA/RNA-binding protein critical for DNA damage repair and cell proliferation. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202301090. [PMID: 38252411 PMCID: PMC10806857 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202301090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
STK19 was originally identified as a manganese-dependent serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, but its function has been highly debated. Here, the crystal structure of STK19 revealed that it does not contain a kinase domain, but three intimately packed winged helix (WH) domains. The third WH domain mediated homodimerization and double-stranded DNA binding, both being important for its nuclear localization. STK19 participated in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) and mismatch repair (MMR) pathways by recruiting damage repair factors such as RPA2 and PCNA. STK19 also bound double-stranded RNA through the DNA-binding interface and regulated the expression levels of many mRNAs. Furthermore, STK19 knockdown cells exhibited very slow cell proliferation, which cannot be rescued by dimerization or DNA-binding mutants. Therefore, this work concludes that STK19 is highly unlikely to be a kinase but a DNA/RNA-binding protein critical for DNA damage repair (DDR) and cell proliferation. To prevent further confusions, we renamed this protein as TWH19 (Tandem Winged Helix protein formerly known as STK19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanqiu Gong
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Department of General Practice, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuzhou Xiao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenxin Huang
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Zhou
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, China National Nuclear Corporation 416 Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Department of General Practice, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingxiang Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
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5
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Gou P, Zhang W. Protein lysine acetyltransferase CBP/p300: A promising target for small molecules in cancer treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116130. [PMID: 38215693 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
CBP and p300 are homologous proteins exhibiting remarkable structural and functional similarity. Both proteins function as acetyltransferase and coactivator, underscoring their significant roles in cellular processes. The function of histone acetyltransferases is to facilitate the release of DNA from nucleosomes and act as transcriptional co-activators to promote gene transcription. Transcription factors recruit CBP/p300 by co-condensation and induce transcriptional bursting. Disruption of CBP or p300 functions is associated with different diseases, especially cancer, which can result from either loss of function or gain of function. CBP and p300 are multidomain proteins containing HAT (histone acetyltransferase) and BRD (bromodomain) domains, which perform acetyltransferase activity and maintenance of HAT signaling, respectively. Inhibitors targeting HAT and BRD have been explored for decades, and some BRD inhibitors have been evaluated in clinical trials for treating hematologic malignancies or advanced solid tumors. Here, we review the development and application of CBP/p300 inhibitors. Several inhibitors have been evaluated in vivo, exhibiting notable potency but limited selectivity. Exploring these inhibitors emphasizes the promise of targeting CBP and p300 with small molecules in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panhong Gou
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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6
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Bharati J, Kumar S, Kumar S, Mohan NH, Islam R, Pegu SR, Banik S, Das BC, Borah S, Sarkar M. Androgen receptor gene deficiency results in the reduction of steroidogenic potential in porcine luteal cells. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:2183-2196. [PMID: 35678291 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2079517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Luteal steroidogenesis is critical to implantation and pregnancy maintenance in mammals. The role of androgen receptors (AR) in the progesterone (P4) producing luteal cells of porcine corpus luteum (CL) remains unexplored. The aim of the present study was to establish AR gene knock out (KO) porcine luteal cell culture system model by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology and to study the downstream effects of AR gene deficiency on steroidogenic potential and viability of luteal cells. For this purpose, genomic cleavage detection assay, microscopy, RT-qPCR, ELISA, annexin, MTT, and viability assay complemented by bioinformatics analysis were employed. There was significant downregulation (p < 0.05) in the relative mRNA expression of steroidogenic marker genes STAR, CYP11A1, HSD3B1 in AR KO luteal cells as compared to the control group, which was further validated by the significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the P4 production. Significant decrease (p < 0.05) in relative viability on third passage were also observed. The relative mRNA expression of hypoxia related gene HIF1A was significantly (p < 0.05) downregulated in AR KO luteal cells. Protein-protein interaction analysis mapped AR to signaling pathways associated with luteal cell functionality. These findings suggests that AR gene functionality is critical to luteal cell steroidogenesis in porcine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Bharati
- Animal Physiology, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
- Division of Physiology and Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Satish Kumar
- Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Animal Reproduction, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - N H Mohan
- Animal Physiology, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Rafiqul Islam
- Animal Reproduction, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Seema Rani Pegu
- Animal Health, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Santanu Banik
- Animal Genetics and Breeding, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Bikash Chandra Das
- Animal Physiology, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Guwahati, India
| | - Sanjib Borah
- Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, North Lakhimpur, India
| | - Mihir Sarkar
- Director, ICAR-National Research Centre on Yak, Dirang, India
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7
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Lu B. Evolutionary Insights into the Relationship of Frogs, Salamanders, and Caecilians and Their Adaptive Traits, with an Emphasis on Salamander Regeneration and Longevity. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3449. [PMID: 38003067 PMCID: PMC10668855 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The extant amphibians have developed uncanny abilities to adapt to their environment. I compared the genes of amphibians to those of other vertebrates to investigate the genetic changes underlying their unique traits, especially salamanders' regeneration and longevity. Using the well-supported Batrachia tree, I found that salamander genomes have undergone accelerated adaptive evolution, especially for development-related genes. The group-based comparison showed that several genes are under positive selection, rapid evolution, and unexpected parallel evolution with traits shared by distantly related species, such as the tail-regenerative lizard and the longer-lived naked mole rat. The genes, such as EEF1E1, PAFAH1B1, and OGFR, may be involved in salamander regeneration, as they are involved in the apoptotic process, blastema formation, and cell proliferation, respectively. The genes PCNA and SIRT1 may be involved in extending lifespan, as they are involved in DNA repair and histone modification, respectively. Some genes, such as PCNA and OGFR, have dual roles in regeneration and aging, which suggests that these two processes are interconnected. My experiment validated the time course differential expression pattern of SERPINI1 and OGFR, two genes that have evolved in parallel in salamanders and lizards during the regeneration process of salamander limbs. In addition, I found several candidate genes responsible for frogs' frequent vocalization and caecilians' degenerative vision. This study provides much-needed insights into the processes of regeneration and aging, and the discovery of the critical genes paves the way for further functional analysis, which could open up new avenues for exploiting the genetic potential of humans and improving human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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Zhu F, Liu Z, Zhou Q, Zhou D, Fan J, Bo H, Fan L. Silencing of LINC00467 inhibits cell proliferation in testicular germ cell tumors cells. BIOMOLECULES & BIOMEDICINE 2023; 23:802-814. [PMID: 37078359 PMCID: PMC10494854 DOI: 10.17305/bb.2023.8969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
A significant decrease in LINC00467 expression in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) was found in our previous study in comparison to adjacent tissue. Interestingly, the expression of LINC00467 correlated with the pathological grade of the tumor in TGCT patients. The higher the expression of LINC00467 was, the worse the prognosis of the patients with TGCT was. Despite these findings, the exact role of LINC00467 in the development of TGCTs requires further investigation. LINC00467 expression was downregulated in the NCCIT and TCam-2 cell lines via small interfering RNA (siRNA) silencing. The levels of gene expression were validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses. Cell proliferation was evaluated by the MTT and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assays, whereas flow cytometry was used to assess the effects on the cell cycle. Western blotting analysis was used to detect expression levels of protein. Additionally, RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics methods were used to investigate the mechanism of action of LINC00467 in TGCTs. The suppression of LINC00467 expression resulted in decreased cell proliferation and induced S-phase arrest. Furthermore, the suppression of LINC00467 downregulated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a protein related to cell cycle regulation, while it upregulated p21 expression. In other studies involving dihydrotestosterone (DHT) stimulation, it was observed that DHT could upregulate LINC00467 expression. In addition, silencing of the LINC00467 reversed the effect of testosterone on cell proliferation. The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed that LINC00467 regulated the p53 pathway by modulating the expression of CCNG1. Our study found that LINC00467 regulates cell proliferation by inducing S-phase arrest through the cell cycle-related proteins PCNA and p21. These findings contribute to our understanding of non-coding RNAs mechanisms involved in the development of TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhu
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhizhong Liu
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Urology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya, School of Medicine of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qianyin Zhou
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dai Zhou
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Jingyu Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Hao Bo
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Liqing Fan
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
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Ghosh A, Chakraborty P, Biswas D. Fine tuning of the transcription juggernaut: A sweet and sour saga of acetylation and ubiquitination. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194944. [PMID: 37236503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Among post-translational modifications of proteins, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination are most extensively studied over the last several decades. Owing to their different target residues for modifications, cross-talk between phosphorylation with that of acetylation and ubiquitination is relatively less pronounced. However, since canonical acetylation and ubiquitination happen only on the lysine residues, an overlap of the same lysine residue being targeted for both acetylation and ubiquitination happens quite frequently and thus plays key roles in overall functional regulation predominantly through modulation of protein stability. In this review, we discuss the cross-talk of acetylation and ubiquitination in the regulation of protein stability for the functional regulation of cellular processes with an emphasis on transcriptional regulation. Further, we emphasize our understanding of the functional regulation of Super Elongation Complex (SEC)-mediated transcription, through regulation of stabilization by acetylation, deacetylation and ubiquitination and associated enzymes and its implication in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avik Ghosh
- Laboratory of Transcription Biology Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 32, India
| | - Poushali Chakraborty
- Laboratory of Transcription Biology Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 32, India
| | - Debabrata Biswas
- Laboratory of Transcription Biology Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 32, India.
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10
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Islam A, Chakraborty A, Sarker AH, Aryal UK, Sharma G, Boldogh I, Hazra T. Site-specific acetylation of polynucleotide kinase 3'-phosphatase (PNKP) regulates its distinct role in DNA repair pathways. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.21.545973. [PMID: 37645927 PMCID: PMC10461918 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.21.545973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian polynucleotide kinase 3'-phosphatase (PNKP) is a dual-function DNA end-processing enzyme with 3'-phosphatase and 5'-kinase activities, which generate 3'-OH and 5'-phosphate termini respectively, as substrates for DNA polymerase and DNA ligase to complete DNA repair. PNKP is thus involved in multiple DNA repair pathways, including base excision (BER), single-strand break (SSBR), and double-strand break repair (DSBR). However, little is known as to how PNKP functions in such diverse repair processes, which involve distinct sets of proteins. In this study, we report that PNKP is acetylated at two lysine (K142 and K226) residues. While K142 (AcK142) is constitutively acetylated by p300, CBP acetylates K226 (AcK226) only after DSB induction. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis using antibodies specific for PNKP peptides containing AcK142 or AcK226 of PNKP showed that AcK142-PNKP associates only with BER/SSBR, and AcK226 PNKP only with DSBR proteins. Although acetylation at these residues did not significantly affect the enzymatic activity of PNKP in vitro, cells expressing nonacetylable PNKP (K142R or K226R) accumulated DNA damage, specifically in transcribed genes. Intriguingly, in striatal neuronal cells of a Huntington's Disease (HD)-based mouse model, K142, but not K226, was acetylated. This observation is consistent with the reported degradation of CBP but not p300 in HD cells. Moreover, genomes of HD cells progressively accumulated DSBs specifically in the transcribed genes. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation analysis using anti-AcK142 or anti-AcK226 antibodies demonstrated an association of Ac-PNKP with the transcribed genes, consistent with PNKP's role in transcription-coupled repair. Thus, our findings collectively demonstrate that acetylation at two lysine residues located in different domains of PNKP regulates its functionally distinct role in BER/SSBR vs. DSBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azharul Islam
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Altaf H Sarker
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Uma K Aryal
- Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, IN 47907, USA
| | - Gulshan Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Tapas Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
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11
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Liu J, Chaves-Arquero B, Wei P, Tencer AH, Ruiz-Albor A, Zhang G, Blanco FJ, Kutateladze TG. Molecular insight into the PCNA-binding mode of FBH1. Structure 2023; 31:511-517.e3. [PMID: 36990095 PMCID: PMC10727010 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
F-box DNA helicase 1 (FBH1) is involved in the regulation of cell responses to replicative stress. FBH1 is recruited to stalled DNA replication fork by PCNA where it inhibits homologous recombination and catalyzes fork regression. Here, we report the structural basis for the molecular recognition of two distinctly different motifs of FBH1, FBH1PIP and FBH1APIM, by PCNA. The crystal structure of PCNA in complex with FBH1PIP and analysis of NMR perturbations reveal overlapped FBH1PIP and FBH1APIM binding sites of PCNA and the dominant contribution of FBH1PIP in this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Belén Chaves-Arquero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pengcheng Wei
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Adam H Tencer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Antonio Ruiz-Albor
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gongyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Francisco J Blanco
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Tatiana G Kutateladze
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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12
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Magrino J, Munford V, Martins DJ, Homma TK, Page B, Gaubitz C, Freire BL, Lerario AM, Vilar JB, Amorin A, Leão EKE, Kok F, Menck CF, Jorge AA, Kelch BA. A thermosensitive PCNA allele underlies an ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104656. [PMID: 36990216 PMCID: PMC10165274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a sliding clamp protein that coordinates DNA replication with various DNA maintenance events that are critical for human health. Recently, a hypomorphic homozygous serine to isoleucine (S228I) substitution in PCNA was described to underlie a rare DNA repair disorder known as PCNA-associated DNA repair disorder (PARD). PARD symptoms range from UV sensitivity, neurodegeneration, telangiectasia, and premature aging. We, and others, previously showed that the S228I variant changes the protein-binding pocket of PCNA to a conformation that impairs interactions with specific partners. Here, we report a second PCNA substitution (C148S) that also causes PARD. Unlike PCNA-S228I, PCNA-C148S has WT-like structure and affinity toward partners. In contrast, both disease-associated variants possess a thermostability defect. Furthermore, patient-derived cells homozygous for the C148S allele exhibit low levels of chromatin-bound PCNA and display temperature-dependent phenotypes. The stability defect of both PARD variants indicates that PCNA levels are likely an important driver of PARD disease. These results significantly advance our understanding of PARD and will likely stimulate additional work focused on clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of this severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Magrino
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Veridiana Munford
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Davi Jardim Martins
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais K Homma
- Genetic Endocrinology Unit, Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory LIM25, Endocrinology Discipline of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics LIM42, Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brendan Page
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christl Gaubitz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruna L Freire
- Genetic Endocrinology Unit, Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory LIM25, Endocrinology Discipline of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics LIM42, Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio M Lerario
- Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics LIM42, Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Juliana Brandstetter Vilar
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Amorin
- Neurogenetics, Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emília K E Leão
- Medical Genetics Service of the Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital - Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fernando Kok
- Neurogenetics, Neurology Department, Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Mendelics Genomic Analysis, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Fm Menck
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander Al Jorge
- Genetic Endocrinology Unit, Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory LIM25, Endocrinology Discipline of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brian A Kelch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
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13
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Du J, Zhao H, Song G, Pang Y, Jiang L, Zan L, Wang H. Overexpression of cholinergic receptor nicotinic gamma subunit inhibits proliferation and differentiation of bovine preadipocytes. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:200-208. [PMID: 36108684 PMCID: PMC9834735 DOI: 10.5713/ab.22.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Muscle acetylcholine receptors have five alpha subunits (α, β, δ, ε, or γ), and cholinergic receptor nicotinic gamma subunit (CHRNG) is the γ subunit. It may also play an essential role in biological processes, including cell differentiation, growth, and survival, while the role of CHRNG has not been studied in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of CHRNG on the proliferation and differentiation of bovine preadipocytes. METHODS We constructed a CHRNG overexpression adenovirus vector and successfully overexpressed it on bovine preadipocytes. The effects of CHRNG on bovine preadipocyte proliferation were detected by Edu assay, cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Western blot and other techniques. We also performed oil red O, RT-qPCR, Western blot to explore its effect on the differentiation of preadipocytes. RESULTS The results of Edu proliferation experiments showed that the number of EDU-positive cells in the overexpression group was significantly less. CCK-8 experiments found that the optical density values of the cells in the overexpression group were lower than those of the control group, the mRNA levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin A2 (CCNA2), cyclin B1 (CCNB1), cyclin D2 (CCND2) decreased significantly after CHRNG gene overexpression, the mRNA levels of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A) increased significantly, and the protein levels of PCNA, CCNB1, CCND2 decreased significantly. Overexpression of CHRNG inhibited the differentiation of bovine preadipocytes. The results of oil red O and triglyceride determination showed that the size and speed of lipid droplets accumulation in the overexpression group were significantly lower. The mRNA and protein levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPα), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), fatty acid synthase (FASN) decreased significantly. CONCLUSION Overexpression of CHRNG in bovine preadipocytes inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of bovine preadipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100,
China
| | - Hui Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100,
China
| | - Guibing Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100,
China
| | - Yuan Pang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100,
China
| | - Lei Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100,
China
| | - Linsen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100,
China,National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100,
China
| | - Hongbao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100,
China,National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100,
China,Corresponding Author: Hongbao Wang, Tel: +86-158-2903-0403, E-mail:
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14
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Kim S, Kim Y, Kim Y, Yoon S, Lee KY, Lee Y, Kang S, Myung K, Oh CK. PCNA Ser46-Leu47 residues are crucial in preserving genomic integrity. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285337. [PMID: 37205694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a maestro of DNA replication. PCNA forms a homotrimer and interacts with various proteins, such as DNA polymerases, DNA ligase I (LIG1), and flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) for faithful DNA replication. Here, we identify the crucial role of Ser46-Leu47 residues of PCNA in maintaining genomic integrity using in vitro, and cell-based assays and structural prediction. The predicted PCNAΔSL47 structure shows the potential distortion of the central loop and reduced hydrophobicity. PCNAΔSL47 shows a defective interaction with PCNAWT leading to defects in homo-trimerization in vitro. PCNAΔSL47 is defective in the FEN1 and LIG1 interaction. PCNA ubiquitination and DNA-RNA hybrid processing are defective in PCNAΔSL47-expressing cells. Accordingly, PCNAΔSL47-expressing cells exhibit an increased number of single-stranded DNA gaps and higher levels of γH2AX, and sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents, highlighting the importance of PCNA Ser46-Leu47 residues in maintaining genomic integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangin Kim
- Institute for Basic Science, Center for Genomic Integrity, Ulsan, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Yeongjae Kim
- Institute for Basic Science, Center for Genomic Integrity, Ulsan, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Youyoung Kim
- Institute for Basic Science, Center for Genomic Integrity, Ulsan, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Suhyeon Yoon
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Integrated Data Sciences Section, Research Technologies Branch, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Kyoo-Young Lee
- Institute for Basic Science, Center for Genomic Integrity, Ulsan, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Yoonsung Lee
- Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sukhyun Kang
- Institute for Basic Science, Center for Genomic Integrity, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Kyungjae Myung
- Institute for Basic Science, Center for Genomic Integrity, Ulsan, Korea
- Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information-Bio Convergence Engineering, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Chang-Kyu Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, Pusan National University, School of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea
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15
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Influence of Shear Stress, Inflammation and BRD4 Inhibition on Human Endothelial Cells: A Holistic Proteomic Approach. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193086. [PMID: 36231049 PMCID: PMC9563250 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an important risk factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases. In addition to increased plasma lipid concentrations, irregular/oscillatory shear stress and inflammatory processes trigger atherosclerosis. Inhibitors of the transcription modulatory bromo- and extra-terminal domain (BET) protein family (BETi) could offer a possible therapeutic approach due to their epigenetic mechanism and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, the influence of laminar shear stress, inflammation and BETi treatment on human endothelial cells was investigated using global protein expression profiling by ion mobility separation-enhanced data independent acquisition mass spectrometry (IMS-DIA-MS). For this purpose, primary human umbilical cord derived vascular endothelial cells were treated with TNFα to mimic inflammation and exposed to laminar shear stress in the presence or absence of the BRD4 inhibitor JQ1. IMS-DIA-MS detected over 4037 proteins expressed in endothelial cells. Inflammation, shear stress and BETi led to pronounced changes in protein expression patterns with JQ1 having the greatest effect. To our knowledge, this is the first proteomics study on primary endothelial cells, which provides an extensive database for the effects of shear stress, inflammation and BETi on the endothelial proteome.
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16
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Ticli G, Cazzalini O, Stivala LA, Prosperi E. Revisiting the Function of p21CDKN1A in DNA Repair: The Influence of Protein Interactions and Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137058. [PMID: 35806061 PMCID: PMC9267019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The p21CDKN1A protein is an important player in the maintenance of genome stability through its function as a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, leading to cell-cycle arrest after genotoxic damage. In the DNA damage response, p21 interacts with specific proteins to integrate cell-cycle arrest with processes such as transcription, apoptosis, DNA repair, and cell motility. By associating with Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), the master of DNA replication, p21 is able to inhibit DNA synthesis. However, to avoid conflicts with this process, p21 protein levels are finely regulated by pathways of proteasomal degradation during the S phase, and in all the phases of the cell cycle, after DNA damage. Several lines of evidence have indicated that p21 is required for the efficient repair of different types of genotoxic lesions and, more recently, that p21 regulates DNA replication fork speed. Therefore, whether p21 is an inhibitor, or rather a regulator, of DNA replication and repair needs to be re-evaluated in light of these findings. In this review, we will discuss the lines of evidence describing how p21 is involved in DNA repair and will focus on the influence of protein interactions and p21 stability on the efficiency of DNA repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Ticli
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ornella Cazzalini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (O.C.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Lucia A. Stivala
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (O.C.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Ennio Prosperi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-986267
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17
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Post-Translational Modifications of PCNA: Guiding for the Best DNA Damage Tolerance Choice. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060621. [PMID: 35736104 PMCID: PMC9225081 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The sliding clamp PCNA is a multifunctional homotrimer mainly linked to DNA replication. During this process, cells must ensure an accurate and complete genome replication when constantly challenged by the presence of DNA lesions. Post-translational modifications of PCNA play a crucial role in channeling DNA damage tolerance (DDT) and repair mechanisms to bypass unrepaired lesions and promote optimal fork replication restart. PCNA ubiquitination processes trigger the following two main DDT sub-pathways: Rad6/Rad18-dependent PCNA monoubiquitination and Ubc13-Mms2/Rad5-mediated PCNA polyubiquitination, promoting error-prone translation synthesis (TLS) or error-free template switch (TS) pathways, respectively. However, the fork protection mechanism leading to TS during fork reversal is still poorly understood. In contrast, PCNA sumoylation impedes the homologous recombination (HR)-mediated salvage recombination (SR) repair pathway. Focusing on Saccharomyces cerevisiae budding yeast, we summarized PCNA related-DDT and repair mechanisms that coordinately sustain genome stability and cell survival. In addition, we compared PCNA sequences from various fungal pathogens, considering recent advances in structural features. Importantly, the identification of PCNA epitopes may lead to potential fungal targets for antifungal drug development.
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18
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Sivasangari K, Rajan KE. Prenatal exposure to valproic acid alters Reelin, NGF expressing neuron architecture and impairs social interaction in their autistic-like phenotype male offspring. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:2005-2016. [PMID: 35648200 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06386-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Maternal exposure to anti-epileptic drug Valproic acid (VPA) during pregnancy increases the risk for the development of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In this study, we have examined whether prenatal exposure to VPA will alter expression of key genes, synaptic morphology of nerve growth factor (NGF) and Reelin expressing neurons in the cortex of male offspring. To characterize in animal models, rat fetuses were exposed to VPA on 12.5 gestational day. The offspring of the VPA-exposed individuals (42%) resembles ASD-related phenotype (facial malformation, crooked-like tail, flattened paw, toenails and in-turning-ankles). Furthermore, we have observed deficit in social interaction accompanied by deregulation in expression of genes such as Caspase-3, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Reelin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and NGF. Subsequently, immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that exposure to VPA alters the cytoarchitecture (area, diameter) and reduced the dendritic arborization of Reelin, NGF expressing neurons in cortex. The compromised neurodevelopment by altered expression of Caspase-3, FAK, Reelin, GFAP, PCNA and NGF may cause defects in neuronal architecture, synaptic formation, synaptic plasticity and neuronal communication which could be linked with observed ASD-like phenotype and deficit social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunanithi Sivasangari
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Koilmani Emmanuvel Rajan
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India.
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19
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Hanisch D, Krumm A, Diehl T, Stork CM, Dejung M, Butter F, Kim E, Brenner W, Fritz G, Hofmann TG, Roos WP. Class I HDAC overexpression promotes temozolomide resistance in glioma cells by regulating RAD18 expression. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:293. [PMID: 35365623 PMCID: PMC8975953 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in cancer commonly causes resistance to genotoxic-based therapies. Here, we report on the novel mechanism whereby overexpressed class I HDACs increase the resistance of glioblastoma cells to the SN1 methylating agent temozolomide (TMZ). The chemotherapeutic TMZ triggers the activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) in resistant glioma cells, leading to DNA lesion bypass and cellular survival. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the catalytic activity of class I HDACs stimulates the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligase RAD18. Furthermore, the data showed that RAD18 is part of the O6-methylguanine-induced DDR as TMZ induces the formation of RAD18 foci at sites of DNA damage. Downregulation of RAD18 by HDAC inhibition prevented glioma cells from activating the DDR upon TMZ exposure. Lastly, RAD18 or O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) overexpression abolished the sensitization effect of HDAC inhibition on TMZ-exposed glioma cells. Our study describes a mechanism whereby class I HDAC overexpression in glioma cells causes resistance to TMZ treatment. HDACs accomplish this by promoting the bypass of O6-methylguanine DNA lesions via enhancing RAD18 expression. It also provides a treatment option with HDAC inhibition to undermine this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hanisch
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Krumm
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tamara Diehl
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carla M Stork
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mario Dejung
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Falk Butter
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Ackermannweg 4, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ella Kim
- Laboratory for Experimental Neurooncology, Clinic for Neurosurgery, Medical Center of the University Mainz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Walburgis Brenner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstraße 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerhard Fritz
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas G Hofmann
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wynand P Roos
- Institute of Toxicology, Medical Center of the University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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20
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Toth R, Halmai M, Gyorfy Z, Balint E, Unk I. The inner side of yeast PCNA contributes to genome stability by mediating interactions with Rad18 and the replicative DNA polymerase δ. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5163. [PMID: 35338218 PMCID: PMC8956578 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09208-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PCNA is a central orchestrator of cellular processes linked to DNA metabolism. It is a binding platform for a plethora of proteins and coordinates and regulates the activity of several pathways. The outer side of PCNA comprises most of the known interacting and regulatory surfaces, whereas the residues at the inner side constitute the sliding surface facing the DNA double helix. Here, by investigating the L154A mutation found at the inner side, we show that the inner surface mediates protein interactions essential for genome stability. It forms part of the binding site of Rad18, a key regulator of DNA damage tolerance, and is required for PCNA sumoylation which prevents unscheduled recombination during replication. In addition, the L154 residue is necessary for stable complex formation between PCNA and the replicative DNA polymerase δ. Hence, its absence increases the mutation burden of yeast cells due to faulty replication. In summary, the essential role of the L154 of PCNA in guarding and maintaining stable replication and promoting DNA damage tolerance reveals a new connection between these processes and assigns a new coordinating function to the central channel of PCNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Toth
- The Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Eotvos Loránd Research Network, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Miklos Halmai
- The Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Eotvos Loránd Research Network, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Gyorfy
- The Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Eotvos Loránd Research Network, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Eva Balint
- The Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Eotvos Loránd Research Network, Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Ildiko Unk
- The Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Eotvos Loránd Research Network, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
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21
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FAM111A Is a Novel Molecular Marker for Oocyte Aging. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020257. [PMID: 35203468 PMCID: PMC8869572 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the main cause of decline in oocyte quality, which can further trigger the failure of assisted reproductive technology (ART). Exploring age-related genes in oocytes is an important way to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in oocyte aging. To provide novel insight into this field, we performed a pooled analysis of publicly available datasets, using the overlapping results of two statistical methods on two Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. The methods utilized in the current study mainly include Spearman rank correlation, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, t-tests, Venn diagrams, Gene Ontology (GO), Protein–Protein Interaction (PPI), Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. We identified hundreds of age-related genes across different gene expression datasets of in vitro maturation-metaphase II (IVM-MII) oocytes. Age-related genes in IVM-MII oocytes were involved in the biological processes of cellular metabolism, DNA replication, and histone modifications. Among these age-related genes, FAM111A expression presented a robust correlation with age, seen in the results of different statistical methods and different datasets. FAM111A is associated with the processes of chromosome segregation and cell cycle regulation. Thus, this enzyme is potentially an interesting novel marker for the aging of oocytes, and warrants further mechanistic study.
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Zhang C, Gao J, Zhu S. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α promotes proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells through miRNA-103-mediated signaling pathway under hypoxia. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:944-952. [PMID: 34888746 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) activated during asthma development plays a causative role in the abnormal proliferation of airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells and consequential airway remodeling. Although the underlying mechanisms of HIF-1α activity have not been fully revealed, HIF-1α-regulated miRNA signaling is considered important for disrupted differentiation and proliferation of local cells in various tissues under inflammation. We aimed to identify the key miRNA signaling involved in HIF-1α regulation of the proliferation of ASM cells. This study was based on primary ASM cells isolated from adult male rats. Three percent O2 and 21% O2 were set as hypoxic and normoxic condition for ASM cell treatment, respectively. Knockdown of HIF-1α was performed through transfection of pSUPER-shHIF-1α plasmid. Overexpression and knockdown of miRNA-103 were performed through transfection of miRNA-103 mimic or inhibitor, respectively. Levels of HIF-1α, PTEN, and PCNA were determined with Western blot and RT-qPCR. Hypoxia increased HIF-1α and miRNA-103 expression and proliferation in ASM cells. Knockdown of HIF-1α suppressed hypoxia-induced upregulation of proliferation and miRNA-103 expression in ASM cells. Knockdown of miRNA-103 displayed similar effects as knockdown of HIF-1α in ASM cells under hypoxia, while overexpression of miRNA-103 played the opposite role. Additionally, increased or decreased expression of PTEN was also detected when HIF-1α/miRNA-103 was knocked down under hypoxia or miRNA-103 was overexpressed under normoxia, respectively. Our results suggest that HIF-1α promotes the proliferation of ASM cells via upregulating miRNA-103 expression under hypoxia, and PTEN is involved in the miRNA-103-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cantang Zhang
- Department of Respiration, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 89 Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuyang Zhu
- Department of Respiration, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 89 Huaihai West Road, Xuzhou, 221000, Jiangsu, China.
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23
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Zhang S, Zhou T, Wang Z, Yi F, Li C, Guo W, Xu H, Cui H, Dong X, Liu J, Song X, Cao L. Post-Translational Modifications of PCNA in Control of DNA Synthesis and DNA Damage Tolerance-the Implications in Carcinogenesis. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:4047-4059. [PMID: 34671219 PMCID: PMC8495385 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.64628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The faithful DNA replication is a critical event for cell survival and inheritance. However, exogenous or endogenous sources of damage challenge the accurate synthesis of DNA, which causes DNA lesions. The DNA lesions are obstacles for replication fork progression. However, the prolonged replication fork stalling leads to replication fork collapse, which may cause DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). In order to maintain genomic stability, eukaryotic cells evolve translesion synthesis (TLS) and template switching (TS) to resolve the replication stalling. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) trimer acts as a slide clamp and encircles DNA to orchestrate DNA synthesis and DNA damage tolerance (DDT). The post-translational modifications (PTMs) of PCNA regulate these functions to ensure the appropriate initiation and termination of replication and DDT. The aberrant regulation of PCNA PTMs will result in DSB, which causes mutagenesis and poor response to chemotherapy. Here, we review the roles of the PCNA PTMs in DNA duplication and DDT. We propose that clarifying the regulation of PCNA PTMs may provide insights into understanding the development of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Zhang
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Fei Yi
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Chunlu Li
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Wendong Guo
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Hongde Xu
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Hongyan Cui
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Xiang Dong
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Jingwei Liu
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
| | - Liu Cao
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology of Ministry of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Liaoning Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Aging Related Disease Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, PR China
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24
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Cai X, Wu S, Mipam T, Luo H, Yi C, Xu C, Zhao W, Wang H, Zhong J. Testis transcriptome profiling identified lncRNAs involved in spermatogenic arrest of cattleyak. Funct Integr Genomics 2021; 21:665-678. [PMID: 34626308 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-021-00806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cattleyaks are the crossbred offspring between cattle and yaks, exhibiting the prominent adaptability to the harsh environment as yaks and much higher growth performances than yaks around Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Unfortunately, cattleyak cannot be effectively used in yak breeding due to its male infertility resulted from spermatogenic arrest. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and bioinformatics analysis to determine the expression profiles of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) from cattleyak and yak testis. A total of 604 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs (135 upregulated and 469 downregulated) were identified in cattleyak with respect to yak. Through gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses, we identified several DE lncRNAs regulating the mitotic cell cycle processes by targeting the genes significantly associated with the mitotic cell cycle checkpoint and DNA damage checkpoint term and also significantly involved in p53 signaling pathway, mismatch repair and homologous recombination pathway (P < 0.05). The reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis of the randomly selected fourteen DE lncRNAs and the seven target genes validated the RNA-seq data and their true expressions during spermatogenesis in vivo. Molecular cloning and sequencing indicated that the testis lncRNAs NONBTAT012170 and NONBTAT010258 presented higher similarity among different cattleyak and yak individuals. The downregulation of these target genes in cattleyak contributed to the abnormal DNA replication and spermatogenic arrest during the S phase of mitotic cell cycle. This study provided a novel insight into lncRNA expression profile changes associated with spermatogenic arrest of cattleyak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Sichuan Province and Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shixin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Sichuan Province and Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - TserangDonko Mipam
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Sichuan Province and Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Sichuan Province and Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Chuanping Yi
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Sichuan Province and Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Chuanfei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Sichuan Province and Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Wangsheng Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongying Wang
- College of Chemistry&Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jincheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Sichuan Province and Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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25
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Yang Y, Ma Y, Yuan M, Peng Y, Fang Z, Wang J. Identifying the biomarkers and pathways associated with hepatocellular carcinoma based on an integrated analysis approach. Liver Int 2021; 41:2485-2498. [PMID: 34033190 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death worldwide. The molecular mechanism underlying HCC is still unclear. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis to explore the genes, pathways and their interactions involved in HCC. METHODS We analysed the gene expression datasets corresponding to 488 samples from 10 studies on HCC and identified the genes differentially expressed in HCC samples. Then, the genes were compared against Phenolyzer and GeneCards to screen those potentially associated with HCC. The features of the selected genes were explored by mapping them onto the human protein-protein interaction network, and a subnetwork related to HCC was constructed. Hub genes in this HCC specific subnetwork were identified, and their relevance with HCC was investigated by survival analysis. RESULTS We identified 444 differentially expressed genes (177 upregulated and 267 downregulated) related to HCC. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that pathways like p53 signalling and chemical carcinogenesis were eriched in HCC genes. In the subnetwork related to HCC, five disease modules were detected. Further analysis identified six hub genes from the HCC specific subnetwork. Survival analysis showed that the expression levels of these genes were negatively correlated with survival rate of HCC patients. CONCLUSIONS Based on a systems biology framework, we identified the genes, pathways, as well as the disease specific network related to HCC. We also found novel biomarkers whose expression patterns were correlated with progression of HCC, and they could be candidates for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuequn Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yonglin Peng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhonghai Fang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ju Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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26
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A 4-Gene Signature of CDKN1, FDXR, SESN1 and PCNA Radiation Biomarkers for Prediction of Patient Radiosensitivity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910607. [PMID: 34638945 PMCID: PMC8508881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The quest for the discovery and validation of radiosensitivity biomarkers is ongoing and while conventional bioassays are well established as biomarkers, molecular advances have unveiled new emerging biomarkers. Herein, we present the validation of a new 4-gene signature panel of CDKN1, FDXR, SESN1 and PCNA previously reported to be radiation-responsive genes, using the conventional G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity assay. Radiation-induced G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity at 0.05 Gy and 0.5 Gy IR is presented for a healthy control (n = 45) and a prostate cancer (n = 14) donor cohort. For the prostate cancer cohort, data from two sampling time points (baseline and Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT)) is provided, and a significant difference (p > 0.001) between 0.05 Gy and 0.5 Gy was evident for all donor cohorts. Selected donor samples from each cohort also exposed to 0.05 Gy and 0.5 Gy IR were analysed for relative gene expression of the 4-gene signature. In the healthy donor cohort, there was a significant difference in gene expression between IR dose for CDKN1, FXDR and SESN1 but not PCNA and no significant difference found between all prostate cancer donors, unless they were classified as radiation-induced G2 chromosomal radiosensitive. Interestingly, ADT had an effect on radiation response for some donors highlighting intra-individual heterogeneity of prostate cancer donors.
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27
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Lee SY, Kim JJ, Miller KM. Bromodomain proteins: protectors against endogenous DNA damage and facilitators of genome integrity. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1268-1277. [PMID: 34548613 PMCID: PMC8492697 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous DNA damage is a major contributor to mutations, which are drivers of cancer development. Bromodomain (BRD) proteins are well-established participants in chromatin-based DNA damage response (DDR) pathways, which maintain genome integrity from cell-intrinsic and extrinsic DNA-damaging sources. BRD proteins are most well-studied as regulators of transcription, but emerging evidence has revealed their importance in other DNA-templated processes, including DNA repair and replication. How BRD proteins mechanistically protect cells from endogenous DNA damage through their participation in these pathways remains an active area of investigation. Here, we review several recent studies establishing BRD proteins as key influencers of endogenous DNA damage, including DNA–RNA hybrid (R-loops) formation during transcription and participation in replication stress responses. As endogenous DNA damage is known to contribute to several human diseases, including neurodegeneration, immunodeficiencies, cancer, and aging, the ability of BRD proteins to suppress DNA damage and mutations is likely to provide new insights into the involvement of BRD proteins in these diseases. Although many studies have focused on BRD proteins in transcription, evidence indicates that BRD proteins have emergent functions in DNA repair and genome stability and are participants in the etiology and treatment of diseases involving endogenous DNA damage. Bromodomain (BRD) proteins, known to regulate gene expression, switching particular genes on and off, also play key roles in repairing DNA damage, and studying them may help identify treatments for various diseases, including cancer. DNA damage can occur during normal cellular metabolism, for example, during copying DNA and gene expression. DNA damage is implicated in tumor formation as well as in neurodegeneration, immunodeficiency, and aging. Seo Yun Lee and colleagues at The University of Texas at Austin, USA, have reviewed new results showing how BRD proteins function in repairing DNA damage. They report that when DNA is damaged during copying in BRD-deficient cells, tumors can result. They also report that defects in BRD proteins are often present in cancers. Studying how BRD proteins function in both healthy and diseased cells could help to identify new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Yun Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jae Jin Kim
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. .,Department of Life Science and Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea.
| | - Kyle M Miller
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA. .,Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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28
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Transcriptional Stress Induces Chromatin Relocation of the Nucleotide Excision Repair Factor XPG. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126589. [PMID: 34205418 PMCID: PMC8235791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endonuclease XPG participates in nucleotide excision repair (NER), in basal transcription, and in the processing of RNA/DNA hybrids (R-loops): the malfunction of these processes may cause genome instability. Here, we investigate the chromatin association of XPG during basal transcription and after transcriptional stress. The inhibition of RNA polymerase II with 5,6-dichloro-l-β-D-ribofuranosyl benzimidazole (DRB), or actinomycin D (AD), and of topoisomerase I with camptothecin (CPT) resulted in an increase in chromatin-bound XPG, with concomitant relocation by forming nuclear clusters. The cotranscriptional activators p300 and CREB-binding protein (CREBBP), endowed with lysine acetyl transferase (KAT) activity, interact with and acetylate XPG. Depletion of both KATs by RNA interference, or chemical inhibition with C646, significantly reduced XPG acetylation. However, the loss of KAT activity also resulted in increased chromatin association and the relocation of XPG, indicating that these processes were induced by transcriptional stress and not by reduced acetylation. Transcription inhibitors, including C646, triggered the R-loop formation and phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γ-H2AX). Proximity ligation assay (PLA) showed that XPG colocalized with R-loops, indicating the recruitment of the protein to these structures. These results suggest that transcriptional stress-induced XPG relocation may represent recruitment to sites of R-loop processing.
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29
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Babushkina NP, Postrigan AE, Kucher AN. Involvement of Variants in the Genes Encoding BRCA1-Associated Genome Surveillance Complex (BASC) in the Development of Human Common Diseases. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Hu J, Xia X, Zhao Q, Li S. Lysine acetylation of NKG2D ligand Rae-1 stabilizes the protein and sensitizes tumor cells to NKG2D immune surveillance. Cancer Lett 2021; 502:143-153. [PMID: 33279621 PMCID: PMC10142196 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Shedding, loss of expression, or internalization of natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) ligands from the tumor cell surface leads to immune evasion, which is associated with poor prognosis in patients with cancer. In many cancers, matrix metalloproteinases cause the proteolytic shedding of NKG2D ligands. However, it remained unclear how to protect NKG2D ligands from shedding. Here, we showed that the shedding of the mouse NKG2D ligand Rae-1 can be prevented by two critical acetyltransferases, GCN5 and PCAF, which acetylate the lysine residues of Rae-1 to avoid shedding both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, mutations at lysines 80 and 87 of Rae-1 abrogated this acetylation and thereby desensitized tumor cells to NKG2D-dependent immune surveillance. Notably, the protein levels of GCN5 correlated with the expression levels of the human NKG2D ligand ULPB1 in a human tumor tissue microarray and, more importantly, with prolonged overall survival in many cancers. Our results suggest that the acetylation of Rae-1 protein at lysines 80 and 87 by GCN5 and PCAF protects Rae-1 from shedding so as to activate NKG2D-dependent immune surveillance. This discovery may shed light on new targets for NKG2D immunotherapy in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiemiao Hu
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 853, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xueqing Xia
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 853, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Qingnan Zhao
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 853, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shulin Li
- Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 853, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Acetylation of ELF5 suppresses breast cancer progression by promoting its degradation and targeting CCND1. NPJ Precis Oncol 2021; 5:20. [PMID: 33742100 PMCID: PMC7979705 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-021-00158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
E74-like ETS transcription factor 5 (ELF5) is involved in a wide spectrum of biological processes, e.g., mammogenesis and tumor progression. We have identified a list of p300-interacting proteins in human breast cancer cells. Among these, ELF5 was found to interact with p300 via acetylation, and the potential acetylation sites were identified as K130, K134, K143, K197, K228, and K245. Furthermore, an ELF5-specific deacetylase, SIRT6, was also identified. Acetylation of ELF5 promoted its ubiquitination and degradation, but was also essential for its antiproliferative effect against breast cancer, as overexpression of wild-type ELF5 and sustained acetylation-mimicking ELF5 mutant could inhibit the expression of its target gene CCND1. Taken together, the results demonstrated a novel regulation of ELF5 as well as shedding light on its important role in modulation of breast cancer progression.
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32
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Shen M, Young A, Autexier C. PCNA, a focus on replication stress and the alternative lengthening of telomeres pathway. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 100:103055. [PMID: 33581499 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of telomeres, which are specialized stretches of DNA found at the ends of linear chromosomes, is a crucial step for the immortalization of cancer cells. Approximately 10-15 % of cancer cells use a homologous recombination-based mechanism known as the Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) pathway to maintain their telomeres. Telomeres in general pose a challenge to DNA replication owing to their repetitive nature and potential for forming secondary structures. Telomeres in ALT+ cells especially are subject to elevated levels of replication stress compared to telomeres that are maintained by the enzyme telomerase, in part due to the incorporation of telomeric variant repeats at ALT+ telomeres, their on average longer lengths, and their modified chromatin states. Many DNA metabolic strategies exist to counter replication stress and to protect stalled replication forks. The role of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) as a platform for recruiting protein partners that participate in several of these DNA replication and repair pathways has been well-documented. We propose that many of these pathways may be active at ALT+ telomeres, either to facilitate DNA replication, to manage replication stress, or during telomere extension. Here, we summarize recent evidence detailing the role of PCNA in pathways including DNA secondary structure resolution, DNA damage bypass, replication fork restart, and DNA damage synthesis. We propose that an examination of PCNA and its post-translational modifications (PTMs) may offer a unique lens by which we might gain insight into the DNA metabolic landscape that is distinctively present at ALT+ telomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Shen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C7, Canada; Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Adrian Young
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C7, Canada; Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Chantal Autexier
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C7, Canada; Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1E2, Canada.
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33
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Li S, Shi B, Liu X, An HX. Acetylation and Deacetylation of DNA Repair Proteins in Cancers. Front Oncol 2020; 10:573502. [PMID: 33194676 PMCID: PMC7642810 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.573502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of DNA repair proteins coordinate together to remove the diverse damages for ensuring the genomic integrity and stability. The repair system is an extensive network mainly encompassing cell cycle arrest, chromatin remodeling, various repair pathways, and new DNA fragment synthesis. Acetylation on DNA repair proteins is a dynamic epigenetic modification orchestrated by lysine acetyltransferases (HATs) and lysine deacetylases (HDACs), which dramatically affects the protein functions through multiple mechanisms, such as regulation of DNA binding ability, protein activity, post-translational modification (PTM) crosstalk, and protein–protein interaction. Accumulating evidence has indicated that the aberrant acetylation of DNA repair proteins contributes to the dysfunction of DNA repair ability, the pathogenesis and progress of cancer, as well as the chemosensitivity of cancer cells. In the present scenario, targeting epigenetic therapy is being considered as a promising method at par with the conventional cancer therapeutic strategies. This present article provides an overview of the recent progress in the functions and mechanisms of acetylation on DNA repair proteins involved in five major repair pathways, which warrants the possibility of regulating acetylation on repair proteins as a therapeutic target in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqin Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Bingbing Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinli Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Han-Xiang An
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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34
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Cardano M, Tribioli C, Prosperi E. Targeting Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) as an Effective Strategy to Inhibit Tumor Cell Proliferation. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2020; 20:240-252. [PMID: 31951183 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666200115162814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeting highly proliferating cells is an important issue for many types of aggressive tumors. Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) is an essential protein that participates in a variety of processes of DNA metabolism, including DNA replication and repair, chromatin organization and transcription and sister chromatid cohesion. In addition, PCNA is involved in cell survival, and possibly in pathways of energy metabolism, such as glycolysis. Thus, the possibility of targeting this protein for chemotherapy against highly proliferating malignancies is under active investigation. Currently, approaches to treat cells with agents targeting PCNA rely on the use of small molecules or on peptides that either bind to PCNA, or act as a competitor of interacting partners. Here, we describe the status of the art in the development of agents targeting PCNA and discuss their application in different types of tumor cell lines and in animal model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriana Cardano
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare del C.N.R. "Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Pavia- 27100, Italy
| | - Carla Tribioli
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare del C.N.R. "Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Pavia- 27100, Italy
| | - Ennio Prosperi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare del C.N.R. "Luca Cavalli-Sforza", Pavia- 27100, Italy
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Nagareddy B, Khan A, Kim H. Acetylation modulates the Fanconi anemia pathway by protecting FAAP20 from ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13887-13901. [PMID: 32763975 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a chromosome instability syndrome of children caused by inherited mutations in one of FA genes, which together constitute a DNA interstrand cross-link (ICL) repair, or the FA pathway. Monoubiquitination of Fanconi anemia group D2 protein (FANCD2) by the multisubunit ubiquitin E3 ligase, the FA core complex, is an obligate step in activation of the FA pathway, and its activity needs to be tightly regulated. FAAP20 is a key structural component of the FA core complex, and regulated proteolysis of FAAP20 mediated by prolyl cis-trans isomerization and phosphorylation at a consensus phosphodegron motif is essential for preserving the integrity of the FA core complex, and thus FANCD2 monoubiquitination. However, how ubiquitin-dependent FAAP20 degradation is modulated to fine-tune FA pathway activation remains largely un-known. Here, we present evidence that FAAP20 is acetylated by the acetyltransferase p300/CBP on lysine 152, the key residue that when polyubiquitinated results in the degradation of FAAP20. Acetylation or mutation of the lysine residue stabilizes FAAP20 by preventing its ubiquitination, thereby protecting it from proteasome-dependent FAAP20 degradation. Consequently, disruption of the FAAP20 acetylation pathway impairs FANCD2 activation. Together, our study reveals a competition mechanism between ubiquitination and acetylation of a common lysine residue that controls FAAP20 stability and highlights a complex balancing between different posttranslational modifications as a way to refine the FA pathway signaling required for DNA ICL repair and genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavika Nagareddy
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Arafat Khan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Hyungjin Kim
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA; Stony Brook Cancer Center, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
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Xia C, Tao Y, Li M, Che T, Qu J. Protein acetylation and deacetylation: An important regulatory modification in gene transcription (Review). Exp Ther Med 2020; 20:2923-2940. [PMID: 32855658 PMCID: PMC7444376 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells primarily rely on proteins to perform the majority of their physiological functions, and the function of proteins is regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs). The acetylation of proteins is a dynamic and highly specific PTM, which has an important influence on the functions of proteins, such as gene transcription and signal transduction. The acetylation of proteins is primarily dependent on lysine acetyltransferases and lysine deacetylases. In recent years, due to the widespread use of mass spectrometry and the emergence of new technologies, such as protein chips, studies on protein acetylation have been further developed. Compared with histone acetylation, acetylation of non-histone proteins has gradually become the focus of research due to its important regulatory mechanisms and wide range of applications. The discovery of specific protein acetylation sites using bioinformatic tools can greatly aid the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of protein acetylation involved in related physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Xia
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yu Tao
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Mingshan Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
| | - Tuanjie Che
- Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Translational Medicine, Suzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215153, P.R. China
| | - Jing Qu
- Department of Cell Biology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China
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Lakshmanan MD, Shaheer K. Endocrine disrupting chemicals may deregulate DNA repair through estrogen receptor mediated seizing of CBP/p300 acetylase. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:1189-1196. [PMID: 32253726 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01241-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Environmental pollutants are known to induce DNA breaks, leading to genomic instability. Here, we propose a novel mechanism for the genotoxic effects exerted by environmentally exposed endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). METHODS Bibliographic research and presentation of the analysis. DISCUSSION In mammals, nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining pathways are some of the major DNA repair pathways. p300 along with CREB-binding protein (CBP) contributes to chromatin remodeling, DNA damage response and repair of both single- and double-stranded DNA breaks. In addition to its role in DNA repair, CBP/p300 also acts as a coactivator to interact with the estrogen receptor and androgen receptor during its estrogen- and androgen-dependent transactivation, respectively. Since activated estrogen receptors (ERs) seize p300 from the repressed genes and redistribute it to the enhancer genes to activate transcription, the cellular functioning may be based on a balance between these pathways and any disturbance in one may alter the other, leading to undesirable physiological effects. CONCLUSION In conclusion, CBP/p300 is important for DNA repair and nuclear hormone receptor transactivation. Activated hormone receptors can sequester p300 to regulate the hormonal effects. Hence, we believe that activation of ERs by EDCs results in sequestration of CBP/p300 for ER transactivation and transcription initiation of its target genes, leading to a competition for CBP/P300, resulting in the deregulation of all other pathways involving p300/CBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Lakshmanan
- Molecular Biology Division, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India.
| | - K Shaheer
- Molecular Biology Division, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
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38
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Dutto I, Scalera C, Tillhon M, Ticli G, Passaniti G, Cazzalini O, Savio M, Stivala LA, Gervasini C, Larizza L, Prosperi E. Mutations in CREBBP and EP300 genes affect DNA repair of oxidative damage in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome cells. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:257-266. [PMID: 31504229 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is an autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by intellectual disability, skeletal abnormalities, growth deficiency and an increased risk of tumors. RSTS is predominantly caused by mutations in CREBBP or EP300 genes encoding for CBP and p300 proteins, two lysine acetyl-transferases (KAT) playing a key role in transcription, cell proliferation and DNA repair. However, the efficiency of these processes in RSTS cells is still largely unknown. Here, we have investigated whether pathways involved in the maintenance of genome stability are affected in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) obtained from RSTS patients with mutations in CREBBP or in EP300 genes. We report that RSTS LCLs with mutations affecting CBP or p300 protein levels or KAT activity, are more sensitive to oxidative DNA damage and exhibit defective base excision repair (BER). We have found reduced OGG1 DNA glycosylase activity in RSTS compared to control cell extracts, and concomitant lower OGG1 acetylation levels, thereby impairing the initiation of the BER process. In addition, we report reduced acetylation of other BER factors, such as DNA polymerase β and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA), together with acetylation of histone H3. We also show that complementation of CBP or p300 partially reversed RSTS cell sensitivity to DNA damage. These results disclose a mechanism of defective DNA repair as a source of genome instability in RSTS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Dutto
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Unità Stabilità del Genoma CNR, Via Abbiategrasso, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Scalera
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Unità Stabilità del Genoma CNR, Via Abbiategrasso, Pavia, Italy
| | - Micol Tillhon
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Unità Stabilità del Genoma CNR, Via Abbiategrasso, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulio Ticli
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Unità Stabilità del Genoma CNR, Via Abbiategrasso, Pavia, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gianluca Passaniti
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Unità Stabilità del Genoma CNR, Via Abbiategrasso, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ornella Cazzalini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia Generale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata, Pavia, Italy
| | - Monica Savio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia Generale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lucia A Stivala
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Unità di Immunologia e Patologia Generale, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Gervasini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Genetica Medica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via A. di Rudinì, Milano, Italy
| | - Lidia Larizza
- Laboratorio di Citogenetica Medica e Genetica Molecolare, Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Ariosto, Milano, Italy
| | - Ennio Prosperi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Unità Stabilità del Genoma CNR, Via Abbiategrasso, Pavia, Italy
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Nishimoto K, Niida H, Uchida C, Ohhata T, Kitagawa K, Motegi A, Suda T, Kitagawa M. HDAC3 Is Required for XPC Recruitment and Nucleotide Excision Repair of DNA Damage Induced by UV Irradiation. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1367-1378. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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González-Magaña A, Blanco FJ. Human PCNA Structure, Function and Interactions. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040570. [PMID: 32276417 PMCID: PMC7225939 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is an essential factor in DNA replication and repair. It forms a homotrimeric ring that embraces the DNA and slides along it, anchoring DNA polymerases and other DNA editing enzymes. It also interacts with regulatory proteins through a sequence motif known as PCNA Interacting Protein box (PIP-box). We here review the latest contributions to knowledge regarding the structure-function relationships in human PCNA, particularly the mechanism of sliding, and of the molecular recognition of canonical and non-canonical PIP motifs. The unique binding mode of the oncogene p15 is described in detail, and the implications of the recently discovered structure of PCNA bound to polymerase δ are discussed. The study of the post-translational modifications of PCNA and its partners may yield therapeutic opportunities in cancer treatment, in addition to illuminating the way PCNA coordinates the dynamic exchange of its many partners in DNA replication and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaia González-Magaña
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, bld 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain;
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, bld 800, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain;
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Maria Diaz de Haro 3, 6 solairua, 48013 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Nε-lysine acetylation was discovered more than half a century ago as a post-translational modification of histones and has been extensively studied in the context of transcription regulation. In the past decade, proteomic analyses have revealed that non-histone proteins are frequently acetylated and constitute a major portion of the acetylome in mammalian cells. Indeed, non-histone protein acetylation is involved in key cellular processes relevant to physiology and disease, such as gene transcription, DNA damage repair, cell division, signal transduction, protein folding, autophagy and metabolism. Acetylation affects protein functions through diverse mechanisms, including by regulating protein stability, enzymatic activity, subcellular localization and crosstalk with other post-translational modifications and by controlling protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. In this Review, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of the scope, functional diversity and mechanisms of non-histone protein acetylation.
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42
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Zhang L, Wang W, Zhang S, Wang Y, Guo W, Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Identification of lysine acetylome in cervical cancer by label-free quantitative proteomics. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:182. [PMID: 32489318 PMCID: PMC7247262 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lysine acetylation is a post-translational modification that regulates a diversity of biological processes, including cancer development. METHODS Here, we performed the quantitative acetylproteomic analysis of three primary cervical cancer tissues and corresponding adjacent normal tissues by using the label-free proteomics approach. RESULTS We identified a total of 928 lysine acetylation sites from 1547 proteins, in which 495 lysine acetylation sites corresponding to 296 proteins were quantified. Further, 41 differentially expressed lysine acetylation sites corresponding to 30 proteins were obtained in cervical cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues (Fold change > 2 and P < 0.05), of which 1 was downregulated, 40 were upregulated. Moreover, 75 lysine acetylation sites corresponding to 58 proteins were specifically detected in cancer tissues or normal adjacent tissues. Motif-X analysis showed that kxxxkxxxk, GkL, AxxEk, kLxE, and kkxxxk are the most enriched motifs with over four-fold increases when compared with the background matches. KEGG analysis showed that proteins identified from differently and specifically expressed peptides may influence key pathways, such as Notch signaling pathway, viral carcinogenesis, RNA transport, and Jak-STAT, which play an important role in tumor progression. Furthermore, the acetylated levels of CREBBP and S100A9 in cervical cancer tissues were confirmed by immunoprecipitation (IP) and Western blot analysis. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data provide novel insights into the role of protein lysine acetylation in cervical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Wanyue Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006 Heilongjiang China
| | - Shanqiang Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Yue Bei People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shaoguan, 512025 Guangdong China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Weikang Guo
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Yunduo Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Yaoxian Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081 Heilongjiang Province China
| | - Yunyan Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081 Heilongjiang Province China
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Archambeau J, Blondel A, Pedeux R. Focus-ING on DNA Integrity: Implication of ING Proteins in Cell Cycle Regulation and DNA Repair Modulation. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010058. [PMID: 31878273 PMCID: PMC7017203 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ING family of tumor suppressor genes is composed of five members (ING1-5) involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA damage response, apoptosis and senescence. All ING proteins belong to various HAT or HDAC complexes and participate in chromatin remodeling that is essential for genomic stability and signaling pathways. The gatekeeper functions of the INGs are well described by their role in the negative regulation of the cell cycle, notably by modulating the stability of p53 or the p300 HAT activity. However, the caretaker functions are described only for ING1, ING2 and ING3. This is due to their involvement in DNA repair such as ING1 that participates not only in NERs after UV-induced damage, but also in DSB repair in which ING2 and ING3 are required for accumulation of ATM, 53BP1 and BRCA1 near the lesion and for the subsequent repair. This review summarizes evidence of the critical roles of ING proteins in cell cycle regulation and DNA repair to maintain genomic stability.
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44
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Ticli G, Prosperi E. In Situ Analysis of DNA-Protein Complex Formation upon Radiation-Induced DNA Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225736. [PMID: 31731696 PMCID: PMC6888283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of determining at the cellular level the formation of DNA–protein complexes after radiation-induced lesions to DNA is outlined by the evidence that such interactions represent one of the first steps of the cellular response to DNA damage. These complexes are formed through recruitment at the sites of the lesion, of proteins deputed to signal the presence of DNA damage, and of DNA repair factors necessary to remove it. Investigating the formation of such complexes has provided, and will probably continue to, relevant information about molecular mechanisms and spatiotemporal dynamics of the processes that constitute the first barrier of cell defense against genome instability and related diseases. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the use of in situ procedures to detect the formation of DNA-protein complexes after radiation-induced DNA damage. This type of analysis provides important information on the spatial localization and temporal resolution of the formation of such complexes, at the single-cell level, allowing the study of heterogeneous cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Ticli
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare “Luca Cavalli Sforza”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Ennio Prosperi
- Istituto di Genetica Molecolare “Luca Cavalli Sforza”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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45
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Wang C, Liu Y, Ma W. Nerve growth factor regulates the proliferation of cashmere goat outer root sheath cells through the activation of cAMP-binding protein. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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46
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McIntyre J, Sobolewska A, Fedorowicz M, McLenigan MP, Macias M, Woodgate R, Sledziewska-Gojska E. DNA polymerase ι is acetylated in response to S N2 alkylating agents. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4789. [PMID: 30886224 PMCID: PMC6423139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase iota (Polι) belongs to the Y-family of DNA polymerases that are involved in DNA damage tolerance through their role in translesion DNA synthesis. Like all other Y-family polymerases, Polι interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Rev1, ubiquitin and ubiquitinated-PCNA and is also ubiquitinated itself. Here, we report that Polι also interacts with the p300 acetyltransferase and is acetylated. The primary acetylation site is K550, located in the Rev1-interacting region. However, K550 amino acid substitutions have no effect on Polι's ability to interact with Rev1. Interestingly, we find that acetylation of Polι significantly and specifically increases in response to SN2 alkylating agents and to a lower extent to SN1 alkylating and oxidative agents. As we have not observed acetylation of Polι's closest paralogue, DNA polymerase eta (Polη), with which Polι shares many functional similarities, we believe that this modification might exclusively regulate yet to be determined, and separate function(s) of Polι.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna McIntyre
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Sobolewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Fedorowicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mary P McLenigan
- Laboratory of Genomic Integrity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3371, USA
| | - Matylda Macias
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, ul. Ks. Trojdena 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Roger Woodgate
- Laboratory of Genomic Integrity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3371, USA
| | - Ewa Sledziewska-Gojska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
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Gasiūnienė M, Zentelytė A, Wojtas B, Baronaitė S, Krasovskaja N, Savickienė J, Gielniewski B, Kaminska B, Utkus A, Navakauskienė R. DNA methyltransferases inhibitors effectively induce gene expression changes suggestive of cardiomyogenic differentiation of human amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells via chromatin remodeling. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 13:469-481. [PMID: 30637987 DOI: 10.1002/term.2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human amniotic fluid-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AF-MSCs) are a new potential stem cell source for cell therapy and regenerative medicine. These are fetal mesenchymal stem cells with multilineage differentiation potential found in amniotic fluid. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro differentiation initiation of AF-MSCs into cardiac progenitors upon application of inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMT), such as Decitabine (DEC; 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine) and Zebularine (ZEB). We assessed epigenetic changes and explored patterns of genes, enriched in association with hyperacetylated H4 after induced differentiation. Upregulation of cardiomyogenesis-related genes (TNNT2, MYH6, ACTN2, and DES) and cardiac ion channels genes, downregulation of pluripotency genes markers as well as increase in Connexin43 expression indicated cardiomyogenic commitment. Evaluation of global epigenetic changes showed that levels of chromatin modifying enzymes, such as Polycomb repressive complex 2 proteins (EZH2, SUZ12), DNMT1, histone deacetylases 1 and 2 were reduced to the similar extent by both differentiation agents. Levels of specific histone marks keeping active state of chromatin (H3K4me3, H3K9Ac, and H4hyperAc) increased and marks of repressed chromatin state (H3K27me3 and H3K9me3) decreased after DEC or ZEB treatment. Chip-Seq analysis after chromatin immunoprecipitation with H4hyperAc demonstrated enrichment of around 100 functionally annotated genes, related to chromatin reorganization and cardiomyogenesis and confirmed relation between H4 hyperacetylation and gene expression. Our results demonstrate that both DEC and ZEB can be potentially used as cardiomyogenic differentiation inducers in AF-MSCs, and they cause various genetic and epigenetic changes resulting in global chromatin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gasiūnienė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aistė Zentelytė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Bartosz Wojtas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sandra Baronaitė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Jūratė Savickienė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Bartlomiej Gielniewski
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Algirdas Utkus
- Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rūta Navakauskienė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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48
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Leung W, Baxley RM, Moldovan GL, Bielinsky AK. Mechanisms of DNA Damage Tolerance: Post-Translational Regulation of PCNA. Genes (Basel) 2018; 10:genes10010010. [PMID: 30586904 PMCID: PMC6356670 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage is a constant source of stress challenging genomic integrity. To ensure faithful duplication of our genomes, mechanisms have evolved to deal with damage encountered during replication. One such mechanism is referred to as DNA damage tolerance (DDT). DDT allows for replication to continue in the presence of a DNA lesion by promoting damage bypass. Two major DDT pathways exist: error-prone translesion synthesis (TLS) and error-free template switching (TS). TLS recruits low-fidelity DNA polymerases to directly replicate across the damaged template, whereas TS uses the nascent sister chromatid as a template for bypass. Both pathways must be tightly controlled to prevent the accumulation of mutations that can occur from the dysregulation of DDT proteins. A key regulator of error-prone versus error-free DDT is the replication clamp, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of PCNA, mainly by ubiquitin and SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier), play a critical role in DDT. In this review, we will discuss the different types of PTMs of PCNA and how they regulate DDT in response to replication stress. We will also cover the roles of PCNA PTMs in lagging strand synthesis, meiotic recombination, as well as somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Leung
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Ryan M Baxley
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - George-Lucian Moldovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Anja-Katrin Bielinsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Maneuvers on PCNA Rings during DNA Replication and Repair. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9080416. [PMID: 30126151 PMCID: PMC6116012 DOI: 10.3390/genes9080416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA replication and repair are essential cellular processes that ensure genome duplication and safeguard the genome from deleterious mutations. Both processes utilize an abundance of enzymatic functions that need to be tightly regulated to ensure dynamic exchange of DNA replication and repair factors. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is the major coordinator of faithful and processive replication and DNA repair at replication forks. Post-translational modifications of PCNA, ubiquitination and acetylation in particular, regulate the dynamics of PCNA-protein interactions. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) monoubiquitination elicits ‘polymerase switching’, whereby stalled replicative polymerase is replaced with a specialized polymerase, while PCNA acetylation may reduce the processivity of replicative polymerases to promote homologous recombination-dependent repair. While regulatory functions of PCNA ubiquitination and acetylation have been well established, the regulation of PCNA-binding proteins remains underexplored. Considering the vast number of PCNA-binding proteins, many of which have similar PCNA binding affinities, the question arises as to the regulation of the strength and sequence of their binding to PCNA. Here I provide an overview of post-translational modifications on both PCNA and PCNA-interacting proteins and discuss their relevance for the regulation of the dynamic processes of DNA replication and repair.
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Chen L, Miao Y, Liu M, Zeng Y, Gao Z, Peng D, Hu B, Li X, Zheng Y, Xue Y, Zuo Z, Xie Y, Ren J. Pan-Cancer Analysis Reveals the Functional Importance of Protein Lysine Modification in Cancer Development. Front Genet 2018; 9:254. [PMID: 30065750 PMCID: PMC6056651 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale tumor genome sequencing projects have revealed a complex landscape of genomic mutations in multiple cancer types. A major goal of these projects is to characterize somatic mutations and discover cancer drivers, thereby providing important clues to uncover diagnostic or therapeutic targets for clinical treatment. However, distinguishing only a few somatic mutations from the majority of passenger mutations is still a major challenge facing the biological community. Fortunately, combining other functional features with mutations to predict cancer driver genes is an effective approach to solve the above problem. Protein lysine modifications are an important functional feature that regulates the development of cancer. Therefore, in this work, we have systematically analyzed somatic mutations on seven protein lysine modifications and identified several important drivers that are responsible for tumorigenesis. From published literature, we first collected more than 100,000 lysine modification sites for analysis. Another 1 million non-synonymous single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were then downloaded from TCGA and mapped to our collected lysine modification sites. To identify driver proteins that significantly altered lysine modifications, we further developed a hierarchical Bayesian model and applied the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method for testing. Strikingly, the coding sequences of 473 proteins were found to carry a higher mutation rate in lysine modification sites compared to other background regions. Hypergeometric tests also revealed that these gene products were enriched in known cancer drivers. Functional analysis suggested that mutations within the lysine modification regions possessed higher evolutionary conservation and deleteriousness. Furthermore, pathway enrichment showed that mutations on lysine modification sites mainly affected cancer related processes, such as cell cycle and RNA transport. Moreover, clinical studies also suggested that the driver proteins were significantly associated with patient survival, implying an opportunity to use lysine modifications as molecular markers in cancer diagnosis or treatment. By searching within protein-protein interaction networks using a random walk with restart (RWR) algorithm, we further identified a series of potential treatment agents and therapeutic targets for cancer related to lysine modifications. Collectively, this study reveals the functional importance of lysine modifications in cancer development and may benefit the discovery of novel mechanisms for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengni Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanru Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zijun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bosu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Li
- Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Anhui Provincial Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei, China
| | - Yueyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Xue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixiang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yubin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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