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Moon BS, Huang D, Gao F, Cai M, Lyu G, Zhang L, Chen J, Lu W. Long range inter-chromosomal interaction of Oct4 distal enhancer loci regulates ESCs pluripotency. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:61. [PMID: 36781845 PMCID: PMC9925822 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear architecture underlies the transcriptional programs within the cell to establish cell identity. As previously demonstrated, long-range chromatin interactions of the Oct4 distal enhancer (DE) are correlated with active transcription in naïve state embryonic stem cells. Here, we identify and characterize extreme long-range interactions of the Oct4 DE through a novel CRISPR labeling technique we developed and chromosome conformation capture to identify lethal giant larvae 2 (Llgl2) and growth factor receptor-bound protein 7 (Grb7) as putative functional interacting target genes in different chromosomes. We show that the Oct4 DE directly regulates expression of Llgl2 and Grb7 in addition to Oct4. Expression of Llgl2 and Grb7 closely correlates with the pluripotent state, where knock down of either result in loss of pluripotency, and overexpression enhances somatic cell reprogramming. We demonstrated that biologically important interactions of the Oct4 DE can occur at extreme distances that are necessary for the maintenance of the pluripotent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-San Moon
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Korea. .,Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
| | - David Huang
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Fan Gao
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Mingyang Cai
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Guochang Lyu
- grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Chen
- grid.216938.70000 0000 9878 7032State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Wange Lu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. .,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, 300071, Tianjin, China.
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2
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Amândio AR, Beccari L, Lopez-Delisle L, Mascrez B, Zakany J, Gitto S, Duboule D. Sequential in cis mutagenesis in vivo reveals various functions for CTCF sites at the mouse HoxD cluster. Genes Dev 2021; 35:1490-1509. [PMID: 34711654 PMCID: PMC8559674 DOI: 10.1101/gad.348934.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian Hox gene clusters contain a range of CTCF binding sites. In addition to their importance in organizing a TAD border, which isolates the most posterior genes from the rest of the cluster, the positions and orientations of these sites suggest that CTCF may be instrumental in the selection of various subsets of contiguous genes, which are targets of distinct remote enhancers located in the flanking regulatory landscapes. We examined this possibility by producing an allelic series of cumulative in cis mutations in these sites, up to the abrogation of CTCF binding in the five sites located on one side of the TAD border. In the most impactful alleles, the global chromatin architecture of the locus was modified, yet not drastically, illustrating that CTCF sites located on one side of a strong TAD border are sufficient to organize at least part of this insulation. Spatial colinearity in the expression of these genes along the major body axis was nevertheless maintained, despite abnormal expression boundaries. In contrast, strong effects were scored in the selection of target genes responding to particular enhancers, leading to the misregulation of Hoxd genes in specific structures. Altogether, while most enhancer-promoter interactions can occur in the absence of this series of CTCF sites, the binding of CTCF in the Hox cluster is required to properly transform a rather unprecise process into a highly discriminative mechanism of interactions, which is translated into various patterns of transcription accompanied by the distinctive chromatin topology found at this locus. Our allelic series also allowed us to reveal the distinct functional contributions for CTCF sites within this Hox cluster, some acting as insulator elements, others being necessary to anchor or stabilize enhancer-promoter interactions, and some doing both, whereas they all together contribute to the formation of a TAD border. This variety of tasks may explain the amazing evolutionary conservation in the distribution of these sites among paralogous Hox clusters or between various vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Amândio
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leonardo Beccari
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lucille Lopez-Delisle
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bénédicte Mascrez
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jozsef Zakany
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Gitto
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Denis Duboule
- School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Collège de France, 75231 Paris, France
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3
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Razin SV, Ioudinkova ES, Kantidze OL, Iarovaia OV. Co-Regulated Genes and Gene Clusters. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:907. [PMID: 34208174 PMCID: PMC8230824 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many co-regulated genes in eukaryotic cells. The coordinated activation or repression of such genes occurs at specific stages of differentiation, or under the influence of external stimuli. As a rule, co-regulated genes are dispersed in the genome. However, there are also gene clusters, which contain paralogous genes that encode proteins with similar functions. In this aspect, they differ significantly from bacterial operons containing functionally linked genes that are not paralogs. In this review, we discuss the reasons for the existence of gene clusters in vertebrate cells and propose that clustering is necessary to ensure the possibility of selective activation of one of several similar genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Razin
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.I.); (O.L.K.); (O.V.I.)
- Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena S. Ioudinkova
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.I.); (O.L.K.); (O.V.I.)
| | - Omar L. Kantidze
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.I.); (O.L.K.); (O.V.I.)
| | - Olga V. Iarovaia
- Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (E.S.I.); (O.L.K.); (O.V.I.)
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4
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Miller SW, Posakony JW. Disparate expression specificities coded by a shared Hox-C enhancer. eLife 2020; 9:39876. [PMID: 32342858 PMCID: PMC7188484 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Can a single regulatory sequence be shared by two genes undergoing functional divergence? Here we describe a single promiscuous enhancer within the Drosophila Antennapedia Complex, EO053, that directs aspects of the expression of two adjacent genes, pb (a Hox2 ortholog) and zen2 (a divergent Hox3 paralog), with disparate spatial and temporal expression patterns. We were unable to separate the pb-like and zen2-like specificities within EO053, and we identify sequences affecting both expression patterns. Importantly, genomic deletion experiments demonstrate that EO053 cooperates with additional pb- and zen2-specific enhancers to regulate the mRNA expression of both genes. We examine sequence conservation of EO053 within the Schizophora, and show that patterns of synteny between the Hox2 and Hox3 orthologs in Arthropods are consistent with a shared regulatory relationship extending prior to the Hox3/zen divergence. Thus, EO053 represents an example of two genes having evolved disparate outputs while utilizing this shared regulatory region. Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve W Miller
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - James W Posakony
- Division of Biological Sciences, Section of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
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Campbell MJ. Tales from topographic oceans: topologically associated domains and cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2019; 26:R611-R626. [PMID: 31505466 PMCID: PMC7664306 DOI: 10.1530/erc-19-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The 3D organization of the genome within the cell nucleus has come into sharp focus over the last decade. This has largely arisen because of the application of genomic approaches that have revealed numerous levels of genomic and chromatin interactions, including topologically associated domains (TADs). The current review examines how these domains were identified, are organized, how their boundaries arise and are regulated, and how genes within TADs are coordinately regulated. There are many examples of the disruption to TAD structure in cancer and the altered regulation, structure and function of TADs are discussed in the context of hormone responsive cancers, including breast, prostate and ovarian cancer. Finally, some aspects of the statistical insight and computational skills required to interrogate TAD organization are considered and future directions discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moray J Campbell
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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6
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Garmes HM, Castillo AR. Insulin signaling in the whole spectrum of GH deficiency. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2019; 63:582-591. [PMID: 31939483 PMCID: PMC10522230 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
GH is one of the insulin counterregulatory hormones which acts in the opposite way to insulin, increasing the glucose production by the liver and kidneys and decreasing glucose uptake from peripheral tissues, thus being a hyperglycemic hormone. When in excess, as in acromegaly, it induces glucose intolerance and diabetes. As expected, patients with GH deficiency (GHD) have hypoglycemia, especially in early childhood, but as GH is also a lipolytic hormone, these patients are becoming obese with higher percentages of body fat. Although obesity in general is directly related to insulin resistance, in patients with GH secretion disorders this relationship may be altered. In acromegaly there is a decrease in fat mass with worsening insulin sensitivity and mice with isolated GHD are characterized by greater insulin sensitivity despite excess fat mass. In humans with GHD, body composition shows increased body fat and decreased free fat mass, but the results regarding insulin sensitivity are still controversial in these patients. These discrepant results regarding insulin sensitivity in patients with GHD suggest the existence of other variables influencing these results. In the present review, we will try to follow the path of the different researches conducted on this subject, both in animal and human models, with the goal of understanding the current knowledge of insulin sensitivity across the spectrum of GHD. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2019;63(6):582-91.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heraldo Mendes Garmes
- Departamento de Clínica MédicaFaculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade Estadual de CampinasCampinasSPBrasil Divisão de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (FCM-Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brasil
| | - Alejandro Rosell Castillo
- Departamento de Clínica MédicaFaculdade de Ciências MédicasUniversidade Estadual de CampinasCampinasSPBrasil Divisão de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (FCM-Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brasil
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7
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Li M, Fine RD, Dinda M, Bekiranov S, Smith JS. A Sir2-regulated locus control region in the recombination enhancer of Saccharomyces cerevisiae specifies chromosome III structure. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008339. [PMID: 31461456 PMCID: PMC6736312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase Sir2 was originally identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a silencing factor for HML and HMR, the heterochromatic cassettes utilized as donor templates during mating-type switching. MATa cells preferentially switch to MATα using HML as the donor, which is driven by an adjacent cis-acting element called the recombination enhancer (RE). In this study we demonstrate that Sir2 and the condensin complex are recruited to the RE exclusively in MATa cells, specifically to the promoter of a small gene within the right half of the RE known as RDT1. We also provide evidence that the RDT1 promoter functions as a locus control region (LCR) that regulates both transcription and long-range chromatin interactions. Sir2 represses RDT1 transcription until it is removed from the promoter in response to a dsDNA break at the MAT locus induced by HO endonuclease during mating-type switching. Condensin is also recruited to the RDT1 promoter and is displaced upon HO induction, but does not significantly repress RDT1 transcription. Instead condensin appears to promote mating-type donor preference by maintaining proper chromosome III architecture, which is defined by the interaction of HML with the right arm of chromosome III, including MATa and HMR. Remarkably, eliminating Sir2 and condensin recruitment to the RDT1 promoter disrupts this structure and reveals an aberrant interaction between MATa and HMR, consistent with the partially defective donor preference for this mutant. Global condensin subunit depletion also impairs mating-type switching efficiency and donor preference, suggesting that modulation of chromosome architecture plays a significant role in controlling mating-type switching, thus providing a novel model for dissecting condensin function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingguang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Ryan D Fine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Manikarna Dinda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Stefan Bekiranov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Melmed
- From the Pituitary Center, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles
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9
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Jin Y, Vakili H, Liu SY, Menticoglou S, Bock ME, Cattini PA. Chromosomal architecture and placental expression of the human growth hormone gene family are targeted by pre-pregnancy maternal obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E435-E445. [PMID: 29763375 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00042.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The human (h) placental lactogenic hormone chorionic somatomammotropin (CS) is highly produced during pregnancy and acts as a metabolic adaptor in response to maternal insulin resistance. Maternal obesity can exacerbate this "resistance", and a >75% decrease in CS RNA levels was observed in term placentas from obese vs. lean women. The genes coding for hCS ( hCS-A and hCS-B) and placental growth hormone ( hGH-V) as well as the hCS-L pseudogene and pituitary growth hormone (GH) gene ( hGH-N) are located at a single locus on chromosome 17. Three remote hypersensitive sites (HS III-V) located >28 kb upstream of hGH-N as well as local hCS gene promoter and enhancer regions are implicated in hCS gene expression. A placenta-specific chromosomal architecture, including interaction between HS III-V and hCS but not hGH gene promoters, was detected in placentas from lean women (BMI <25 kg/m2) by using the chromosome conformation capture assay. This architecture was disrupted by pre-pregnancy maternal obesity (BMI >35 kg/m2), resulting in a predominant interaction between HS III and the hGH-N promoter, which was also observed in nonplacental tissues. This was accompanied by a decrease in hCS levels, which was consistent with reduced RNA polymerase II and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β association with individual hCS promoter and enhancer sequences, respectively. Thus, pre-pregnancy maternal obesity disrupts the placental hGH/CS gene locus chromosomal architecture. However, based on data from obese women who develop GDM, insulin treatment partially recapitulates the chromosomal architecture seen in lean women and positively affects hCS production, presumably facilitating prolactin receptor-related signaling by hCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada
| | - Hana Vakili
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
| | - Song Yan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics and College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada
| | - Savas Menticoglou
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada
| | - Margaret E Bock
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada
| | - Peter A Cattini
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba , Canada
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10
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Liao S, Vickers MH, Stanley JL, Baker PN, Perry JK. Human Placental Growth Hormone Variant in Pathological Pregnancies. Endocrinology 2018; 159:2186-2198. [PMID: 29659791 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH), an endocrine hormone, primarily secreted from the anterior pituitary, stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration and is a major regulator of postnatal growth. Humans have two GH genes that encode two versions of GH proteins: a pituitary version (GH-N/GH1) and a placental GH-variant (GH-V/GH2), which are expressed in the syncytiotrophoblast and extravillous trophoblast cells of the placenta. During pregnancy, GH-V replaces GH-N in the maternal circulation at mid-late gestation as the major circulating form of GH. This remarkable change in spatial and temporal GH secretion patterns is proposed to play a role in mediating maternal adaptations to pregnancy. GH-V is associated with fetal growth, and its circulating concentrations have been investigated across a range of pregnancy complications. However, progress in this area has been hindered by a lack of readily accessible and reliable assays for measurement of GH-V. This review will discuss the potential roles of GH-V in normal and pathological pregnancies and will touch on the assays used to quantify this hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutan Liao
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanna L Stanley
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philip N Baker
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
- College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development, Auckland, New Zealand
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