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Wu Y, Pei J, Li Y, Wang G, Li L, Liu J, Tian G. High-sensitive and rapid electrochemical detection of miRNA-31 in saliva using Cas12a-based 3D nano-harvester with improved trans-cleavage efficiency. Talanta 2024; 266:125066. [PMID: 37579676 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Salivary miRNA-31 is a reliable diagnostic marker for early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), but accurate detection of miRNA-31 in saliva samples is a challenge because of its low level and high sequence homology. The CRISPR/Cas12a system has the exceptional potential to enable simple nucleic acid analysis but suffers from low speed and sensitivity. To achieve rapid and high-sensitive detection of miRNA-31 using the CRISPR/Cas12a system, a Cas12a-based nano-harvester activated by a polymerase-driven DNA walker, named as dual 3D nanorobots, was developed. The target walked rapidly on the surface of DNA hairpin-modified magnetic nanoparticles driven by DNA polymerase, generating numerous double-strand DNA (dsDNA). Then, the Cas12a bound to the generated dsDNA for activating its trans-cleavage activity, forming 3D nano-harvester. Subsequently, the harvester cut and released methylene blue-labeled DNA hairpins immobilized on the sensing interface, leading to the change in electrochemical signal. We found that the trans-cleavage activity of the harvester was higher than the conventional CRISPR/Cas12a system. The developed dual 3D nanorobots could enable rapid (detection time within 60 min), high-sensitive (detection limit of femtomolar), and specific analysis of miRNA-31 in saliva samples. Thus, our established electrochemical biosensing strategy has great potential for early diagnosis of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Jingwen Pei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
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2
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Roelen Z, Tabard-Cossa V. Synthesis of length-tunable DNA carriers for nanopore sensing. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290559. [PMID: 37611030 PMCID: PMC10446168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular carriers represent an increasingly common strategy in the field of nanopore sensing to use secondary molecules to selectively report on the presence of target analytes in solution, allowing for sensitive assays of otherwise hard-to-detect molecules such as small, weakly-charged proteins. However, existing carrier designs can often introduce drawbacks to nanopore experiments including higher levels of cost/complexity and carrier-pore interactions that lead to ambiguous signals and elevated clogging rates. In this work, we present a simple method of carrier production based on sticky-ended DNA molecules that emphasizes ease-of-synthesis and compatibility with nanopore sensing and analysis. In particular, our method incorporates the ability to flexibly control the length of the DNA carriers produced, enhancing the multiplexing potential of this carrier system through the separable nanopore signals they could generate for distinct targets. A proof-of-concept nanopore experiment is also presented, involving carriers produced by our method with multiple lengths and attached to DNA nanostructure targets, in order to validate the capabilities of the system. As the breadth of applications for nanopore sensors continues to expand, the availability of tools such as those presented here to help translate the outcomes of these applications into robust nanopore signals will be of major importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Roelen
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Jahanban-Esfahlan A, Seidi K, Jaymand M, Schmidt TL, Majdi H, Javaheri T, Jahanban-Esfahlan R, Zare P. Dynamic DNA nanostructures in biomedicine: Beauty, utility and limits. J Control Release 2019; 315:166-185. [PMID: 31669209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
DNA composite materials are at the forefront, especially for biomedical science, as they can increase the efficacy and safety of current therapies and drug delivery systems. The specificity and predictability of the Watson-Crick base pairing make DNA an excellent building material for the production of programmable and multifunctional objects. In addition, the principle of nucleic acid hybridization can be applied to realize mobile nanostructures, such as those reflected in DNA walkers that sort and collect cargo on DNA tracks, DNA robots performing tasks within living cells and/or DNA tweezers as ultra-sensitive biosensors. In this review, we present the diversity of dynamic DNA nanostructures functionalized with different biomolecules/functional units, imaging smart biomaterials capable of sensing, interacting, delivery and performing complex tasks within living cells/organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khaled Seidi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Jaymand
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Thorsten L Schmidt
- Physics Department, 103 Smith Hall, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44240, USA
| | - Hasan Majdi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tahereh Javaheri
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rana Jahanban-Esfahlan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Medicine, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Peyman Zare
- Faculty of Medicine, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland.
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4
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Xie X, Zhang Y, Ma W, Shao X, Zhan Y, Mao C, Zhu B, Zhou Y, Zhao H, Cai X. Potent anti-angiogenesis and anti-tumour activity of pegaptanib-loaded tetrahedral DNA nanostructure. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12662. [PMID: 31364793 PMCID: PMC6797503 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pegaptanib might be a promising anti-tumour drug targeting VEGF to inhibit tumour vascular endothelial cell proliferation. However, the poor biostability limited its application. In this study, we took tetrahedron DNA nanostructures (TDNs) as drug nanocarrier for pegaptanib to explore the potent anti-angiogenesis and anti-tumour activity of this drug delivery system. MATERIALS AND METHODS The successful synthesis of TDNs and pegaptanib-TDNs was determined by 8% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), capillary electrophoresis and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The cytotoxicity of pegaptanib alone and pegaptanib-TDNs on HUVECs and Cal27 was evaluated by the cell count kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. The effect of pegaptanib and pegaptanib-TDNs on proliferation, migration and tube formation of HUVECs induced by VEGF was examined by CCK-8 assay, wound healing assay and tubule formation experiment. The cell binding capacity and serum stability were detected by flow cytometry and PAGE, respectively. RESULTS Pegaptanib-TDNs had stronger killing ability than pegaptanib alone, and the inhibiting effect was in a concentration-dependent manner. What's more, pegaptanib-loaded TDNs could effectively enhance the ability of pegaptanib to inhibit proliferation, migration and tube formation of HUVECs induced by VEGF. These might attribute to the stronger binding affinity to the cell membrane and greater serum stability of pegaptanib-TDNs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that pegaptanib-TDNs might be a novel strategy to improve anti-angiogenesis and anti-tumour ability of pegaptanib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xiaoru Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yuxi Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chenchen Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Bofeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of StomatologyXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
- Clinical Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Dental and Maxillofacial Diseases, College of StomatologyXi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’anChina
- Department of Forensic Genetics, School of Forensic MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yi Zhou
- College of Basic MedicineChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduChina
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of Restorative Sciences, College of DentistryTexas A&M UniversityDallasTexas
| | - Xiaoxiao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesWest China Hospital of StomatologySichuan UniversityChengduChina
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5
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Sundah NR, Ho NRY, Lim GS, Natalia A, Ding X, Liu Y, Seet JE, Chan CW, Loh TP, Shao H. Barcoded DNA nanostructures for the multiplexed profiling of subcellular protein distribution. Nat Biomed Eng 2019; 3:684-694. [PMID: 31285580 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Massively parallel DNA sequencing is established, yet high-throughput protein profiling remains challenging. Here, we report a barcoding approach that leverages the combinatorial sequence content and the configurational programmability of DNA nanostructures for high-throughput multiplexed profiling of the subcellular expression and distribution of proteins in whole cells. The barcodes are formed by in situ hybridization of tetrahedral DNA nanostructures and short DNA sequences conjugated with protein-targeting antibodies, and by nanostructure-assisted ligation (either enzymatic or chemical) of the nanostructures and exogenous DNA sequences bound to nanoparticles of different sizes (which cause these localization sequences to differentially distribute across subcellular compartments). Compared with linear DNA barcoding, the nanostructured barcodes enhance the signal by more than 100-fold. By implementing the barcoding approach on a microfluidic device for the analysis of rare patient samples, we show that molecular subtypes of breast cancer can be accurately classified and that subcellular spatial markers of disease aggressiveness can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah R Sundah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas R Y Ho
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Geok Soon Lim
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Auginia Natalia
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xianguang Ding
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ju Ee Seet
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching Wan Chan
- Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tze Ping Loh
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huilin Shao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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6
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Wang L, Zhu Z, Li B, Shao F. One-Dimensional Assemblies of a DNA Tetrahedron: Manipulations on the Structural Conformation and Single-Molecule Behaviors. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:1278-1285. [PMID: 35021375 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology can construct various nanostructures with diverse functionalities. However, conformation fluctuations due to the structural flexibility of duplex DNA compromise the efficiency to realize the functionality and reactivity of DNA nanostructures. To understand and control the structural deviation from the design represents a major challenge as well as an opportunity for DNA nanotechnology. In the present work, two series of one-dimensional assemblies of DNA tetrahedrons (DTHs) were fabricated and applied to demonstrate the manipulations of conformation dynamics of a one-dimensional DTH assembly by simple variation on linkage styles at single-molecule resolution. A stepwise strategy allows both nanoassembly with a high fidelity in the number and sequence of DTH units to be assembled with a minimum number of linkage sequences. The characterization for these nanostructures with atomic force microscope (AFM) and a solid-state nanopore technique indicates the difference in conformation dynamics and bending stiffness between two analogous nanoassemblies both in the immobilized state on the surface and free state in solution. This work showed the power of fine-tuning the dynamic conformation of the nanostructures and could see the applications in single-molecule biosensing and functionalization of DNA nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Wang
- Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, People's Republic of China.,Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Zhentong Zhu
- State Key Lab of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bingling Li
- State Key Lab of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangwei Shao
- Zhejiang University-University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, People's Republic of China.,Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
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7
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Dai Z, Leung HM, Gao Q, Wang F, Wong SW, Liu LS, Au YJ, Lai KWC, Lo PK. Facile construction of a DNA tetrahedron in unconventional ladder-like arrangements at room temperature. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:1240-1248. [PMID: 36133183 PMCID: PMC9473169 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00323h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A DNA tetrahedron as the most classical and simplest three-dimensional DNA nanostructure has been widely utilized in biomedicine and biosensing. However, the existing assembly approaches usually require harsh thermal annealing conditions, involve the formation of unwanted by-products, and have poor size control. Herein, a facile strategy to fabricate a discrete DNA tetrahedron as a single, thermodynamically stable product in a quantitative yield at room temperature is reported. This system does not require a DNA trigger or thermal annealing treatment to initiate self-assembly. This DNA tetrahedron was made of three chemically ligated triangular-shaped DNAs in unconventional ladder-like arrangements, with measured heights of ∼4.16 ± 0.04 nm, showing extra protections for enzymatic degradation in biological environment. They show substantial cellular uptake in different cell lines via temperature, energy-dependent and clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathways. These characteristics allow our DNA tetrahedron to be used as vehicles for the delivery of very small and temperature-sensitive cargos. This novel assembly strategy developed for DNA tetrahedra could potentially be extended to other highly complex polyhedra; this indicated its generalizability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Dai
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hoi Man Leung
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR
| | - Sze Wing Wong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ling Sum Liu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR
| | - Yu Ju Au
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR
| | - King Wai Chiu Lai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR
| | - Pik Kwan Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong Hong Kong SAR
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Care, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen 518057 China
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8
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Zhu Z, Wu R, Li B. Exploration of solid-state nanopores in characterizing reaction mixtures generated from a catalytic DNA assembly circuit. Chem Sci 2019; 10:1953-1961. [PMID: 30881624 PMCID: PMC6385554 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04875d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have proven that using solid-state nanopores is a promising single molecular technique to enrich the DNA assembly signaling library. Other than using them for distinguishing structures, here we innovatively adapt solid-state nanopores for use in analyzing assembly mixtures, which is usually a tougher task for either traditional characterization techniques or nanopores themselves. A trigger induced DNA step polymerization (SP-CHA), producing three-way-DNA concatemers, is designed as a model. Through counting and integrating the translocation-induced current block when each concatemer passes through a glass conical glass nanopore, we propose an electrophoresis-gel like, but homogeneous, quantitative method that can comprehensively profile the "base-pair distribution" of SP-CHA concatemer mixtures. Due to the higher sensitivity, a number of super long concatemers that were previously difficult to detect via gel electrophoresis are also revealed. These ultra-concatemers, longer than 2 kbp, could provide a much enhanced signal-to-noise ratio for nanopores and are thus believed to be more accurate indicators for the existence of a trigger, which may be of benefit for further applications, such as molecular machines or biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentong Zhu
- State Key Lab of Electroanalytical Chemistry , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Science , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , P. R. China .
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Ruiping Wu
- State Key Lab of Electroanalytical Chemistry , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Science , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , P. R. China .
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China
| | - Bingling Li
- State Key Lab of Electroanalytical Chemistry , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Science , Changchun , Jilin 130022 , P. R. China .
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9
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Visual and modular detection of pathogen nucleic acids with enzyme-DNA molecular complexes. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3238. [PMID: 30104566 PMCID: PMC6089962 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid, visual detection of pathogen nucleic acids has broad applications in infection management. Here we present a modular detection platform, termed enzyme-assisted nanocomplexes for visual identification of nucleic acids (enVision). The system consists of an integrated circuit of enzyme–DNA nanostructures, which function as independent recognition and signaling elements, for direct and versatile detection of pathogen nucleic acids from infected cells. The built-in enzymatic cascades produce a rapid color readout for the naked eye; the assay is thus fast (<2 h), sensitive (<10 amol), and readily quantified with smartphones. When implemented on a configurable microfluidic platform, the technology demonstrates superior programmability to perform versatile computations, for detecting diverse pathogen targets and their virus–host genome integration loci. We further design the enVision platform for molecular-typing of infections in patient endocervical samples. The technology not only improves the clinical inter-subtype differentiation, but also expands the intra-subtype coverage to identify previously undetectable infections. Rapid, visual detection of pathogens is important for point-of-care diagnostics. Here the authors present enVision, which uses enzyme-DNA complexes to detect pathogen nucleic acids and provide a rapid, smartphone compatible readout.
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