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Sharma M, Wente SR. Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Gle1 impacts DDX1 at transcription termination sites. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2398-2408. [PMID: 32755435 PMCID: PMC7851961 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-03-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gle1 is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein with well-documented cytoplasmic roles as a modulator of ATP-dependent DEAD-box RNA helicases involved in messenger (m)RNA export, translation initiation and termination, and stress granule dynamics. Here, we identify a novel nuclear role for Gle1 during transcription termination. In HeLa cells treated with a peptide that disrupts Gle1 nucleocytoplasmic shuttling, we detected nuclear accumulation of specific mRNAs with elongated 3′-UTR (untranslated region). Enriched mRNAs were nascently transcribed and accumulated in the nucleus due to a change in transcription state and not due to altered nuclear export. Whereas Gle1 shuttling inhibition did not appear to perturb nuclear DDX19 functions, it did result in increased DDX1 nucleoplasmic localization and decreased DDX1 interactions with Gle1 and the pre-mRNA cleavage stimulation factor CstF-64. An increase in nuclear R-loop signal intensity was also observed with diminished Gle1 shuttling, as well as colocalization of Gle1 at R-loops. Taken together, these studies reveal a nuclear role for Gle1 in coordinating DDX1 function in transcription termination complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Sharma
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
| | - Susan R Wente
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
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2
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Into the basket and beyond: the journey of mRNA through the nuclear pore complex. Biochem J 2020; 477:23-44. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The genetic information encoded in nuclear mRNA destined to reach the cytoplasm requires the interaction of the mRNA molecule with the nuclear pore complex (NPC) for the process of mRNA export. Numerous proteins have important roles in the transport of mRNA out of the nucleus. The NPC embedded in the nuclear envelope is the port of exit for mRNA and is composed of ∼30 unique proteins, nucleoporins, forming the distinct structures of the nuclear basket, the pore channel and cytoplasmic filaments. Together, they serve as a rather stationary complex engaged in mRNA export, while a variety of soluble protein factors dynamically assemble on the mRNA and mediate the interactions of the mRNA with the NPC. mRNA export factors are recruited to and dissociate from the mRNA at the site of transcription on the gene, during the journey through the nucleoplasm and at the nuclear pore at the final stages of export. In this review, we present the current knowledge derived from biochemical, molecular, structural and imaging studies, to develop a high-resolution picture of the many events that culminate in the successful passage of the mRNA out of the nucleus.
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Monroy-Contreras R, Vaca L. Molecular beacons: powerful tools for imaging RNA in living cells. J Nucleic Acids 2011; 2011:741723. [PMID: 21876785 PMCID: PMC3163130 DOI: 10.4061/2011/741723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in RNA functional studies highlights the pivotal role of these molecules in cell physiology. Diverse methods have been implemented to measure the expression levels of various RNA species, using either purified RNA or fixed cells. Despite the fact that fixed cells offer the possibility to observe the spatial distribution of RNA, assays with capability to real-time monitoring RNA transport into living cells are needed to further understand the role of RNA dynamics in cellular functions. Molecular beacons (MBs) are stem-loop hairpin-structured oligonucleotides equipped with a fluorescence quencher at one end and a fluorescent dye (also called reporter or fluorophore) at the opposite end. This structure permits that MB in the absence of their target complementary sequence do not fluoresce. Upon binding to targets, MBs emit fluorescence, due to the spatial separation of the quencher and the reporter. Molecular beacons are promising probes for the development of RNA imaging techniques; nevertheless much work remains to be done in order to obtain a robust technology for imaging various RNA molecules together in real time and in living cells. The present work concentrates on the different requirements needed to use successfully MB for cellular studies, summarizing recent advances in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Monroy-Contreras
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Mexico, DF, Mexico
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Tu LC, Musser SM. Single molecule studies of nucleocytoplasmic transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:1607-18. [PMID: 21167872 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular traffic between the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm of eukaryotic cells is mediated by nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Hundreds, if not thousands, of molecules interact with and transit through each NPC every second. The pore is blocked by a permeability barrier, which consists of a network of intrinsically unfolded polypeptides containing thousands of phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeat motifs. This FG-network rejects larger molecules and admits smaller molecules or cargos bound to nuclear transport receptors (NTRs). For a cargo transport complex, minimally consisting of a cargo molecule plus an NTR, access to the permeability barrier is provided by interactions between the NTR and the FG repeat motifs. Numerous models have been postulated to explain the controlled accessibility and the transport characteristics of the FG-network, but the amorphous, flexible nature of this structure has hindered characterization. A relatively recent development is the ability to monitor the real-time movement of single molecules through individual NPCs via single molecule fluorescence (SMF) microscopy. A major advantage of this approach is that it can be used to continuously monitor a series of specific molecular interactions in an active pore with millisecond time resolution, which therefore allows one to distinguish between kinetic and thermodynamic control. Novel insights and prospects for the future are outlined in this review. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Regulation of Signaling and Cellular Fate through Modulation of Nuclear Protein Import.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chun Tu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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5
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Mor A, Shav-Tal Y. Dynamics and kinetics of nucleo-cytoplasmic mRNA export. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2010; 1:388-401. [PMID: 21956938 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the gene expression pathway in eukaryotic cells results in the nuclear transcription of mRNA molecules, many of which are destined for translation into protein by cytoplasmic ribosomes. mRNA transcripts are exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm via passage through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), ∼125 MDa supramolecular complexes set in the double-membraned nuclear envelope. Understanding the kinetics of mRNA translocation, from the point of transcription through export, localization, translation, and degradation, is of fundamental interest since gene expression is regulated at all the different levels of this pathway. In this review, we delineate the steps taken by an mRNA molecule in transit to the nuclear envelope and during mRNA export, with specific focus on the dynamic aspects of nucleo-cytoplasmic mRNA transport as revealed by electron microscopy and live-cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mor
- The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel
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Wang K, Tang Z, Yang C, Kim Y, Fang X, Li W, Wu Y, Medley C, Cao Z, Li J, Colon P, Lin H, Tan W. Molekulartechnische DNA-Modifizierung: Molecular Beacons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Wang K, Tang Z, Yang CJ, Kim Y, Fang X, Li W, Wu Y, Medley CD, Cao Z, Li J, Colon P, Lin H, Tan W. Molecular engineering of DNA: molecular beacons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:856-70. [PMID: 19065690 PMCID: PMC2772660 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 492] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular beacons (MBs) are specifically designed DNA hairpin structures that are widely used as fluorescent probes. Applications of MBs range from genetic screening, biosensor development, biochip construction, and the detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms to mRNA monitoring in living cells. The inherent signal-transduction mechanism of MBs enables the analysis of target oligonucleotides without the separation of unbound probes. The MB stem-loop structure holds the fluorescence-donor and fluorescence-acceptor moieties in close proximity to one another, which results in resonant energy transfer. A spontaneous conformation change occurs upon hybridization to separate the two moieties and restore the fluorescence of the donor. Recent research has focused on the improvement of probe composition, intracellular gene quantitation, protein-DNA interaction studies, and protein recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemin Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Genetics Institute and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
- Biomedical Engineering Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 (P.R. China)
| | - Zhiwen Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Genetics Institute and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
| | - Chaoyong James Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005 (P.R. China)
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Genetics Institute and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences 2 Zhongguancun Beiyijie, Beijing 100190 (P.R. China)
| | - Wei Li
- Biomedical Engineering Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 (P.R. China)
| | - Yanrong Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Genetics Institute and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
| | - Colin D. Medley
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Genetics Institute and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
| | - Zehui Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Genetics Institute and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
| | - Jun Li
- Biomedical Engineering Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 (P.R. China)
| | - Patrick Colon
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Genetics Institute and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Genetics Institute and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
| | - Weihong Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, UF Genetics Institute and Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200 (USA), Fax: (+1) 352-846-2410
- Biomedical Engineering Center, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 (P.R. China)
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Böttger S, Jerszyk E, Low B, Walker C. Genotoxic Stress–Induced Expression of p53 and Apoptosis in Leukemic Clam Hemocytes with Cytoplasmically Sequestered p53. Cancer Res 2008; 68:777-82. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-0968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kim Y, Sohn D, Tan W. Molecular beacons in biomedical detection and clinical diagnosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2008; 1:105-116. [PMID: 18784800 PMCID: PMC2480550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Among the diverse nucleic acid probes, molecular beacons (MBs) have shown their excellent potential in a variety of basic researches and practical applications. Their excellent selectivity, sensitivity, and detection without separation have led them to be particularly useful in real-time intracellular monitoring of gene expression, development of biosensors, and clinical diagnostics. This paper will focus on the properties of various MBs and discuss their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmi Kim
- Center for Research at the Bio/nano Interface, Department of Chemistry and UF Genetics Institute, Shands Cancer Center and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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Kim Y, Yang CJ, Tan W. Superior structure stability and selectivity of hairpin nucleic acid probes with an L-DNA stem. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:7279-87. [PMID: 17959649 PMCID: PMC2175343 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hairpin nucleic acid probes have been highly useful in many areas, especially for intracellular and in vitro nucleic acid detection. The success of these probes can be attributed to the ease with which their conformational change upon target binding can be coupled to a variety of signal transduction mechanisms. However, false-positive signals arise from the opening of the hairpin due mainly to thermal fluctuations and stem invasions. Stem invasions occur when the stem interacts with its complementary sequence and are especially problematic in complex biological samples. To address the problem of stem invasions in hairpin probes, we have created a modified molecular beacon that incorporates unnatural enantiomeric l-DNA in the stem and natural d-DNA or 2′-O-Me-modified RNA in the loop. l-DNA has the same physical characteristics as d-DNA except that l-DNA cannot form stable duplexes with d-DNA. Here we show that incorporating l-DNA into the stem region of a molecular beacon reduces intra- and intermolecular stem invasions, increases the melting temperature, improves selectivity to its target, and leads to enhanced bio-stability. Our results suggest that l-DNA is useful for designing functional nucleic acid probes especially for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and UF Genetics Institute, Shands Cancer Center, Center for Research at Bio/nano Interface and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, USA
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Tanaka K, Okamoto A. Design of a pyrene-containing fluorescence probe for labeling of RNA poly(A) tracts. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 16:400-4. [PMID: 17900910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A labeling probe containing a pyrenecarboxamide-tethered modified DNA base, (Py)U, has been developed for fluorometric detection of RNA poly(A) tracts, in which the fluorescence emission intensity was controlled by the microstructural change around (Py)U caused by binding with the target RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Tanaka
- Frontier Research System, RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Abstract
The final step in the maturation of paramyxoviruses, orthomyxoviruses and viruses of several other families, entails the budding of the viral nucleocapsid through the plasma membrane of the host cell. Many medically important viruses, such as influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Ebola, can form filamentous particles when budding. Although filamentous virions have been previously studied, details of how viral filaments bud from the plasma membrane remain largely unknown. Using molecular beacon (MB)-fluorescent probes to image the viral genomic RNA (vRNA) of human RSV (hRSV) in live Vero cells, the dynamics of assembled viral filaments was observed to consist of three primary types of motion prior to egress from the plasma membrane: (i) filament projection and rotation, (ii) migration and (iii) non-directed motion. In addition, from information gained by imaging the 3D distribution of cellular vRNA, observing and characterizing vRNA dynamics, imaging vRNA/Myosin Va colocalization, and studying the effects of cytochalasin D (actin depolymerizing agent) exposure, a model for filamentous virion egress is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gang Bao
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. ;
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13
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Abstract
For genome multiplication hepadnaviruses use the transcriptional machinery of the cell that is found within the nucleus. Thus the viral genome has to be transported through the cytoplasm and nuclear pore. The intracytosolic translocation is facilitated by the viral capsid that surrounds the genome and that interacts with cellular microtubules. The subsequent passage through the nuclear pore complexes (NPC) is mediated by the nuclear transport receptors importin α and β. Importin α binds to the C-terminus of the capsid protein that comprises a nuclear localization signal (NLS). The exposure of the NLS is regulated and depends upon genome maturation and/or phosphorylation of the capsid protein. As for other karyophilic cargos using this pathway importin α interacts with importin β that facilitates docking of the import complex to the NPC and the passage through the pore. Being a unique strategy, the import of the viral capsid is incomplete in that it becomes arrested inside the nuclear basket, which is a cage-like structure on the karyoplasmic face of the NPC. Presumably only this compartment provides the factors that are required for capsid disassembly and genome release that is restricted to those capsids comprising a mature viral DNA genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kann
- CNRS-REGER (UMR 5097), Bâtiment 3A, Université Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Leo Saignat, F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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Liu B, Wang K, Xiao Z, Wang W, Tan W, Sun Y, Tang H, Yang X. Quantitative detection of ING1 mRNA under different gene regulation based on molecular beacon. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-006-2084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Schmidt U, Richter K, Berger AB, Lichter P. In vivo BiFC analysis of Y14 and NXF1 mRNA export complexes: preferential localization within and around SC35 domains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 172:373-81. [PMID: 16431928 PMCID: PMC2063647 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200503061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assay, which allows the investigation of interacting molecules in vivo, was applied to study complex formation between the splicing factor Y14 and nuclear export factor 1 (NXF1), which evidence indicates are functionally associated with nuclear mRNA. Y14 linked to the COOH terminus of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP; YC-Y14), and NXF1 fused to the NH2 terminus of YFP (YN-NXF1) expressed in MCF7 cells yielded BiFC upon specific binding. Fluorescence accumulated within and around nuclear speckles, suggesting the involvement of speckles in mRNA processing and export. Accordingly, BiFC depended on transcription and full-length NXF1. Coimmunoprecipitation of YC-Y14 with YN-NXF1, NXF1, Y14, and RNA indicated that YC-Y14 and YN-NXF1 functionally associate with RNA. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and fluorescence loss in photobleaching revealed that roughly half of the accumulated BiFC complexes were immobile in vivo. This immobile fraction was readily depleted by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) administration in permeabilized cells. These results suggest that a fraction of RNA, which remains in the nucleus for several hours despite its association with splicing and export proteins, accumulates in speckles because of an ATP-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Schmidt
- Division Molecular Genetics, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Understanding the different molecular mechanisms responsible for gene expression has been a central interest of molecular biologists for several decades. Transcription, the initial step of gene expression, consists of converting the genetic code into a dynamic messenger RNA that will specify a required cellular function following translocation to the cytoplasm and translation. We now possess an in-depth understanding of the mechanism and regulations of transcription. By contrast, an understanding of the dynamics of an individual gene's expression in real time is just beginning to emerge following recent technological developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Darzacq
- Department of Anatomy, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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