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Chen C, Li J, Wang J, Zhang M, Zhang L, Lin Z. Oxybutynin ameliorates LPS-induced inflammatory response in human bladder epithelial cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23584. [PMID: 38009396 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) mainly results from bacterial infections in the urinary tract and markedly impacts the normal lives of millions of patients worldwide. The infection and damage to urethral epithelial cells is the first and key step of UTI development and is a critical target for treating clinical UTI. Oxybutynin, an agent for treating urinary incontinence, is recently claimed with protective effects on bladder ultrastructure. Our study will assess the impact of Oxybutynin on inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bladder epithelial cells. Bladder epithelial T24 cells were treated with 1 μg/mL LPS with or without 10 and 20 μM Oxybutynin for 24 h. Increased levels of oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers, such as reactive oxygen species, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, malondialdehyde, as well as upregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase and promoted release of nitric oxide, were observed in LPS-managed T24 cells, all of which were signally suppressed by Oxybutynin. Furthermore, severe inflammatory responses, including enhanced release of cytokines, upregulated matrix metallopeptidase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, and raised monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 level, were found in LPS-challenged T24 cells, which were markedly reversed by Oxybutynin. Moreover, the activated toll-1ike receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB pathway observed in LPS-managed T24 cells was repressed by Oxybutynin. Collectively, Oxybutynin mitigated LPS-induced inflammatory response in human bladder epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Jiangtao Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Mao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, China
| | - Zhihua Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
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In Vivo Role of Two-Component Regulatory Systems in Models of Urinary Tract Infections. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010119. [PMID: 36678467 PMCID: PMC9861413 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-component signaling systems (TCSs) are finely regulated mechanisms by which bacteria adapt to environmental conditions by modifying the expression of target genes. In bacterial pathogenesis, TCSs play important roles in modulating adhesion to mucosal surfaces, resistance to antibiotics, and metabolic adaptation. In the context of urinary tract infections (UTI), one of the most common types infections causing significant health problems worldwide, uropathogens use TCSs for adaptation, survival, and establishment of pathogenicity. For example, uropathogens can exploit TCSs to survive inside bladder epithelial cells, sense osmolar variations in urine, promote their ascension along the urinary tract or even produce lytic enzymes resulting in exfoliation of the urothelium. Despite the usefulness of studying the function of TCSs in in vitro experimental models, it is of primary necessity to study bacterial gene regulation also in the context of host niches, each displaying its own biological, chemical, and physical features. In light of this, the aim of this review is to provide a concise description of several bacterial TCSs, whose activity has been described in mouse models of UTI.
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Geurtsen J, de Been M, Weerdenburg E, Zomer A, McNally A, Poolman J. Genomics and pathotypes of the many faces of Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:6617594. [PMID: 35749579 PMCID: PMC9629502 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is the most researched microbial organism in the world. Its varied impact on human health, consisting of commensalism, gastrointestinal disease, or extraintestinal pathologies, has generated a separation of the species into at least eleven pathotypes (also known as pathovars). These are broadly split into two groups, intestinal pathogenic E. coli (InPEC) and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). However, components of E. coli's infinite open accessory genome are horizontally transferred with substantial frequency, creating pathogenic hybrid strains that defy a clear pathotype designation. Here, we take a birds-eye view of the E. coli species, characterizing it from historical, clinical, and genetic perspectives. We examine the wide spectrum of human disease caused by E. coli, the genome content of the bacterium, and its propensity to acquire, exchange, and maintain antibiotic resistance genes and virulence traits. Our portrayal of the species also discusses elements that have shaped its overall population structure and summarizes the current state of vaccine development targeted at the most frequent E. coli pathovars. In our conclusions, we advocate streamlining efforts for clinical reporting of ExPEC, and emphasize the pathogenic potential that exists throughout the entire species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Geurtsen
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., 2333 Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mark de Been
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., 2333 Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Aldert Zomer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alan McNally
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Poolman
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., 2333 Leiden, the Netherlands
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4
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Li L, Li Y, Yang J, Xie X, Chen H. The immune responses to different Uropathogens call individual interventions for bladder infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:953354. [PMID: 36081496 PMCID: PMC9445553 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.953354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI) caused by uropathogens is the most common infectious disease and significantly affects all aspects of the quality of life of the patients. However, uropathogens are increasingly becoming antibiotic-resistant, which threatens the only effective treatment option available-antibiotic, resulting in higher medical costs, prolonged hospital stays, and increased mortality. Currently, people are turning their attention to the immune responses, hoping to find effective immunotherapeutic interventions which can be alternatives to the overuse of antibiotic drugs. Bladder infections are caused by the main nine uropathogens and the bladder executes different immune responses depending on the type of uropathogens. It is essential to understand the immune responses to diverse uropathogens in bladder infection for guiding the design and development of immunotherapeutic interventions. This review firstly sorts out and comparatively analyzes the immune responses to the main nine uropathogens in bladder infection, and summarizes their similarities and differences. Based on these immune responses, we innovatively propose that different microbial bladder infections should adopt corresponding immunomodulatory interventions, and the same immunomodulatory intervention can also be applied to diverse microbial infections if they share the same effective therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlong Li
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jiali Yang
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiang Xie
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Public Center of Experimental Technology, Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Xie, ; Huan Chen,
| | - Huan Chen
- The School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Nucleic Acid Medicine of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiang Xie, ; Huan Chen,
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5
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Fleming BA, Blango MG, Rousek AA, Kincannon WM, Tran A, Lewis A, Russell C, Zhou Q, Baird LM, Barber A, Brannon JR, Beebout C, Bandarian V, Hadjifrangiskou M, Howard M, Mulvey M. A tRNA modifying enzyme as a tunable regulatory nexus for bacterial stress responses and virulence. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:7570-7590. [PMID: 35212379 PMCID: PMC9303304 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional modifications can impact the stability and functionality of many different classes of RNA molecules and are an especially important aspect of tRNA regulation. It is hypothesized that cells can orchestrate rapid responses to changing environmental conditions by adjusting the specific types and levels of tRNA modifications. We uncovered strong evidence in support of this tRNA global regulation hypothesis by examining effects of the well-conserved tRNA modifying enzyme MiaA in extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC), a major cause of urinary tract and bloodstream infections. MiaA mediates the prenylation of adenosine-37 within tRNAs that decode UNN codons, and we found it to be crucial to the fitness and virulence of ExPEC. MiaA levels shifted in response to stress via a post-transcriptional mechanism, resulting in marked changes in the amounts of fully modified MiaA substrates. Both ablation and forced overproduction of MiaA stimulated translational frameshifting and profoundly altered the ExPEC proteome, with variable effects attributable to UNN content, changes in the catalytic activity of MiaA, or availability of metabolic precursors. Cumulatively, these data indicate that balanced input from MiaA is critical for optimizing cellular responses, with MiaA acting much like a rheostat that can be used to realign global protein expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Fleming
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Matthew G Blango
- Junior Research Group RNA Biology of Fungal Infections, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll Institute (Leibniz-HKI), 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexis A Rousek
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | - Alexander Tran
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Adam J Lewis
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Colin W Russell
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Qin Zhou
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Lisa M Baird
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Amelia E Barber
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - John R Brannon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Connor J Beebout
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Vahe Bandarian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Maria Hadjifrangiskou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael T Howard
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Matthew A Mulvey
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Pathology Department, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains—New Strategies for an Old Pathogen. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071425. [PMID: 35889146 PMCID: PMC9321218 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infections worldwide. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPECs) are the main causative agent of UTIs. UPECs initially colonize the human host adhering to the bladder epithelium. Adhesion is followed by the bacterial invasion of urothelial epithelial cells where they can replicate to form compact aggregates of intracellular bacteria with biofilm-like properties. UPEC strains may persist within epithelial urothelial cells, thus acting as quiescent intracellular bacterial reservoirs (QIRs). It has been proposed that host cell invasion may facilitate both the establishment and persistence of UPECs within the human urinary tract. UPEC strains express a variety of virulence factors including fimbrial and afimbrial adhesins, invasins, iron-acquisition systems, and toxins, which cooperate to the establishment of long lasting infections. An increasing resistance rate relative to the antibiotics recommended by current guidelines for the treatment of UTIs and an increasing number of multidrug resistant UPEC isolates were observed. In order to ameliorate the cure rate and improve the outcomes of patients, appropriate therapy founded on new strategies, as alternative to antibiotics, needs to be explored. Here, we take a snapshot of the current knowledge of coordinated efforts to develop innovative anti-infective strategies to control the diffusion of UPECs.
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7
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Interactions of Bacterial Toxin CNF1 and Host JAK1/2 Driven by Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Enhance Macrophage Polarization. mBio 2022; 13:e0114722. [PMID: 35766380 PMCID: PMC9426534 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01147-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a global public health concern, which is mainly caused by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Cytotoxic necrotizing factor 1 (CNF1) is a key UPEC toxin and regulates multiple host cellular processes through activating the Rho GTPases; however, the effect of CNF1 on macrophage polarization remains unknown. Here, we found that CNF1 promoted M1 macrophage polarization through regulating NF-κB and JAK-STAT1 signaling pathways in kidney at an early stage of acute UTIs. Notably, we identified CNF1 could directly interact with JAK1/2 through its domain without Rho GTPases activation, which induced JAK1/2 phosphorylation, subsequent STAT1 activation and M1 polarization. Moreover, CNF1 exhibited liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to induce a CNF1-JAK1/2 complex, promoting macrophage reprogramming. These findings highlight the LLPS-dependent and Rho GTPase-independent effect of CNF1 as an adaptor on interfering with host cell signals.
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8
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Eyck HJF, Brown GP, Rollins LA, Shine R. In an arms race between host and parasite, a lungworm's ability to infect a toad is determined by host susceptibility not parasite preference. Biol Lett 2022; 18:20210552. [PMID: 35259944 PMCID: PMC8905180 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary arms races can alter both parasite infectivity and host resistance, and it is difficult to separate the effects of these twin determinants of infection outcomes. We used a co-introduced, invasive host-parasite system (the lungworm Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala and cane toads Rhinella marina), where rapid adaptation and dispersal have led to population differences in infection resistance. We quantified behavioural responses of parasite larvae to skin-chemical cues of toads from different invasive populations, and rates at which juvenile hosts became infected following standardized exposure to lungworms. Chemical cues from toad skin altered host-seeking behaviour by parasites, similarly among populations. The number of infection attempts (parasite larvae entering the host's body) also did not differ between populations, but rates of successful infection (establishment of adult worm in host lungs) were higher for range-edge toads than for range-core conspecifics. Thus, lower resistance to parasite infection in range-edge juvenile toads appears to be due to less effective immune defences of the host rather than differential behavioural responses of the parasite. In this ongoing host-parasite arms race, changing outcomes appear to be driven by shifts in host immunocompetence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harrison J F Eyck
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Gregory P Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lee A Rollins
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Richard Shine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
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9
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Thani ASB. Interference of novobiocin in the expression of a truncated blaCTX-M gene causes a phenotypic variation in the production of β-lactamases in Escherichia coli strain EC1091. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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The urobiome, urinary tract infections, and the need for alternative therapeutics. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105295. [PMID: 34801647 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Improvements in bacterial culturing and DNA sequencing techniques have revealed a diverse, and hitherto unknown, urinary tract microbiome (urobiome). The potential role of this microbial community in contributing to health and disease, particularly in the context of urinary tract infections (UTIs) is of significant clinical importance. However, while several studies have confirmed the existence of a core urobiome, the role of its constituent microbes is not yet fully understood, particularly in the context of health and disease. Herein, we review the current state of the art, concluding that the urobiome represents an important component of the body's innate immune defences, and a potentially rich resource for the development of alternative treatment and control strategies for UTIs.
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Moeinizadeh H, Shaheli M. Frequency of hlyA, hlyB, hlyC and hlyD genes in uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from UTI patients in Shiraz. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2021; 16:Doc25. [PMID: 34549018 PMCID: PMC8430235 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: One of the most important causes of urinary tract infections (UTI) is Escherichia coli. The infection is mainly due to the uropathogenic strain (UPEC), which has key virulence factors, including hemolysis. In this study, we evaluated the frequency of hlyA, hlyB, hlyC and hlyD genes in UPEC strains isolated from clinical samples from Shiraz city, Iran. Materials and methods: 130 urine samples with suspected UTI were collected from Shiraz medical centers and cultured on blood agar and EMB media. Colonies were then characterized by biochemical methods. The genomes were extracted and the presence of hemolysis genes was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using hly gene specific primers and 16S rRNA. Drug resistance was assessed by using 10 antibiotic disks in the disk diffusion method, according to CLSI criteria. Results: Out of the 130 collected UTI samples, 100 were identified as UPECs. Within isolates, the hlyD gene had the highest frequency – 95% – and hlyC had the lowest, with 23%. The frequencies of hlyA and hlyB genes were calculated as 50% and 43%, respectively. The rates of antibiotic resistance to Azithromycin, Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Nalidixic Acid, Tetracycline, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, Cefepime, Aztreonam, Gentamicin, and Nitrofurantoin were 95%, 86%, 68%, 66%, 65%, 64%, 51%, 46%, 44%, 14%, respectively. 98% of these isolates belonged to the MDR group. Conclusion: This study shows diversity of hemolysis virulence factor in UPECs and unique UPEC drug resistance that would indicate a high antibiotic use in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marjan Shaheli
- Department of Biology, Arsanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arsanjan, Iran
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12
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Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and ESBL of Uropathogens Isolated from Adult Females in Najran Region of Saudi Arabia. Clin Pract 2021; 11:650-658. [PMID: 34563009 PMCID: PMC8482141 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract11030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: To explore the prevalence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) among female patients in the Najran region of Saudi Arabia and determine their antimicrobial resistance pattern. Methods: This study was conducted on 136 urine samples collected from outpatient departments (OPDs) of the different government hospitals in the Najran region of Saudi Arabia. Over one year, the results of susceptibility testing reports of outpatient midstream urine samples from three government hospitals were prospectively evaluated. Results: Of 136 urine samples, only 123 (90.45%) were found to show significant growth for UTIs, from which 23 different uropathogens were identified. Escherichia coli (58.5%) was the most commonly isolated organism, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (8.1%). The isolated microorganism showed increased resistance patterns from 3.3% to 62.6%, with an overall resistance of 27.19%. Meropenem was the most effective antimicrobial, followed by amikacin and ertapenem (0.47%, 0.91%, and 1.5% resistance, respectively). At the same time, ampicillin and cephazolin were the least (62.6% and 59.5% resistance, respectively) effective. Overall, eleven (8.94%) uropathogens isolates were ESBLs, among which there were eight (6.5%) Escherichia coli, one (0.81%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, one (0.81%) Klebsiella oxytoca, and one (0.81%) Citrobacter amalonaticus. Conclusions: E. coli remains the most commonly isolated causative uropathogens, followed by Klebsiella species. The prevalence of pathogenic E. coli and Klebsiella species underscores the importance of developing cost-effective, precise, and rapid identification systems to minimize public exposure to uropathogens. Antibiotic susceptibility data revealed that most of the isolates were resistant to the majority of the antibiotics. The patients with UTIs in the Najran region of Saudi Arabia are at a high risk of antibiotic resistance, leading to significant problems in outpatient department (OPD) treatment outcomes and raising the alarm for the physician to change their empiric treatment.
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Kennedy CL, Spiegelhoff A, Wang K, Lavery T, Nunez A, Manuel R, Hillers-Ziemer L, Arendt LM, Stietz KPK. The Bladder Is a Novel Target of Developmental Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposure Linked to Increased Inflammatory Cells in the Bladder of Young Mice. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9090214. [PMID: 34564365 PMCID: PMC8473463 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bladder inflammation is associated with several lower urinary tract symptoms that greatly reduce quality of life, yet contributing factors are not completely understood. Environmental chemicals are plausible mediators of inflammatory reactions within the bladder. Here, we examine whether developmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) leads to changes in immune cells within the bladder of young mice. Female mice were exposed to an environmentally relevant mixture of PCBs through gestation and lactation, and bladders were collected from offspring at postnatal day (P) 28-31. We identify several dose- and sex-dependent PCB effects in the bladder. The lowest concentration of PCB (0.1 mg/kg/d) increased CD45+ hematolymphoid immune cells in both sexes. While PCBs had no effect on CD79b+ B cells or CD3+ T cells, PCBs (0.1 mg/kg/d) did increase F4/80+ macrophages particularly in female bladder. Collagen density was also examined to determine whether inflammatory events coincide with changes in the stromal extracellular matrix. PCBs (0.1 mg/kg/d) decreased collagen density in female bladder compared to control. PCBs also increased the number of cells undergoing cell division predominantly in male bladder. These results implicate perturbations to the immune system in relation to PCB effects on the bladder. Future study to define the underlying mechanisms could help understand how environmental factors can be risk factors for lower urinary tract symptoms.
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Risk Indicators for Urinary Tract Infections in Low Risk Pregnancy and the Subsequent Risk of Preterm Birth. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091055. [PMID: 34572637 PMCID: PMC8468265 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Symptomatic urinary tract infections are associated with preterm birth. However, data on risk indicators for urinary tract infections are limited and outdated. The research is a secondary analysis. The study was a prospective multicenter cohort study of low-risk pregnant women. Logistic regression was used to identify risk indicators for urinary tract infections. The incidence of urinary tract infections was 9.4%. Multivariate logistic regression showed that a history of recurrent urinary tract infections and the presence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in the present pregnancy were associated with urinary tract infections (resp. OR 3.14, 95%CI 1.40-7.02 and OR 1.96 95%CI 1.27-3.03). Women with a urinary tract infection were at increased risk of preterm birth compared to women without a urinary tract infection (12 vs. 5.1%; adjusted HR 2.5 95%CI 1.8-3.5). This increased risk was not found in women with the identified risk indicators (resp. 5.3% vs. 5.1%, adjusted HR 0.35 95%CI 0.00-420 and adjusted HR 1.5 95CI% 0.59-3.9). In conclusion, in low-risk pregnant women, risk indicators for urinary tract infections are: a history of recurrent urinary tract infections and the presence of asymptomatic bacteriuria. The risk of preterm birth is increased in women with a urinary tract infection in this pregnancy. However, women with recurrent urinary tract infections and asymptomatic bacteriuria this pregnancy appear not to be at increased risk of preterm birth.
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15
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Tang M, Yang J, Li Y, Zhang L, Peng Y, Chen W, Liu J. Diagnostic Accuracy of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry for the Direct Identification of Clinical Pathogens from Urine. Open Med (Wars) 2020; 15:266-273. [PMID: 32292823 PMCID: PMC7147288 DOI: 10.1515/med-2020-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has become one of the most popular methods for the rapid and cost-effective detection of clinical pathogenic microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the diagnostic performance of MALDI-TOF MS with that of conventional approaches for the direct identification of pathogens from urine samples. A systematic review was conducted based on a literature search of relevant databases. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR) and area under the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve of the combined studies were estimated. Nine studies with a total of 3920 subjects were considered eligible and included in the meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity was 0.85 (95% CI 0.79-0.90), and the pooled specificity was 0.93 (95% CI 0.82-0.97). The PLR and NLR were 11.51 (95% CI 4.53-29.26) and 0.16 (95% CI 0.11-0.24), respectively. The area under the SROC curve was 0.93 (95% CI 0.91-0.95). Sensitivity analysis showed that the results of this meta-analysis were stable. MALDI-TOF MS could directly identify microorganisms from urine samples with high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou city, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Luhua Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou city, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wenbi Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Preclinical Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou city, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, China
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16
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Desloges I, Taylor JA, Leclerc JM, Brannon JR, Portt A, Spencer JD, Dewar K, Marczynski GT, Manges A, Gruenheid S, Le Moual H, Thomassin JL. Identification and characterization of OmpT-like proteases in uropathogenic Escherichia coli clinical isolates. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e915. [PMID: 31496120 PMCID: PMC6854850 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial colonization of the urogenital tract is limited by innate defenses, including the production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) resist AMP‐killing to cause a range of urinary tract infections (UTIs) including asymptomatic bacteriuria, cystitis, pyelonephritis, and sepsis. UPEC strains have high genomic diversity and encode numerous virulence factors that differentiate them from non‐UTI‐causing strains, including ompT. As OmpT homologs cleave and inactivate AMPs, we hypothesized that UPEC strains from patients with symptomatic UTIs have high OmpT protease activity. Therefore, we measured OmpT activity in 58 clinical E. coli isolates. While heterogeneous OmpT activities were observed, OmpT activity was significantly greater in UPEC strains isolated from patients with symptomatic infections. Unexpectedly, UPEC strains exhibiting the greatest protease activities harbored an additional ompT‐like gene called arlC (ompTp). The presence of two OmpT‐like proteases in some UPEC isolates led us to compare the substrate specificities of OmpT‐like proteases found in E. coli. While all three cleaved AMPs, cleavage efficiency varied on the basis of AMP size and secondary structure. Our findings suggest the presence of ArlC and OmpT in the same UPEC isolate may confer a fitness advantage by expanding the range of target substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Desloges
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James A Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Mathieu Leclerc
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John R Brannon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrea Portt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John D Spencer
- Division of Nephrology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ken Dewar
- Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gregory T Marczynski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amee Manges
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samantha Gruenheid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hervé Le Moual
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jenny-Lee Thomassin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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17
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Shaikh N, Martin JM, Hoberman A, Skae M, Milkovich L, Nowalk A, McElheny C, Hickey RW, Kearney D, Majd M, Shalaby-Rana E, Tseng G, Alcorn JF, Kolls J, Kurs-Lasky M, Huo Z, Horne W, Lockhart G, Pohl H, Shope TR. Host and Bacterial Markers that Differ in Children with Cystitis and Pyelonephritis. J Pediatr 2019; 209:146-153.e1. [PMID: 30905425 PMCID: PMC6535366 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether treatment for urinary tract infections in children could be individualized using biomarkers for acute pyelonephritis. STUDY DESIGN We enrolled 61 children with febrile urinary tract infections, collected blood and urine samples, and performed a renal scan within 2 weeks of diagnosis to identify those with pyelonephritis. Renal scans were interpreted centrally by 2 experts. We measured inflammatory proteins in blood and urine using LUMINEX or an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We evaluated serum RNA expression using RNA sequencing in a subset of children. Finally, for children with Escherichia coli isolated from urine cultures, we performed a polymerase chain reaction for 4 previously identified virulence genes. RESULTS Urinary markers that best differentiated pyelonephritis from cystitis included chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)1, CXCL9, CXCL12, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, INF γ, and IL-15. Serum procalcitonin was the best serum marker for pyelonephritis. Genes in the interferon-γ pathway were upregulated in serum of children with pyelonephritis. The presence of E coli virulence genes did not correlate with pyelonephritis. CONCLUSIONS Immune response to pyelonephritis and cystitis differs quantitatively and qualitatively; this may be useful in differentiating these 2 conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Shaikh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
| | - Judith M. Martin
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
| | - Alejandro Hoberman
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
| | - Megan Skae
- Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
| | | | - Andrew Nowalk
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
| | - Christi McElheny
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Robert W. Hickey
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
| | | | | | | | - George Tseng
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh
| | | | | | | | - Zhiguang Huo
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida
| | | | | | | | - Timothy R. Shope
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
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18
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Casper J, Schmitz J, Bräsen JH, Khalifa A, Schmidt BM, Einecke G, Haller H, von Vietinghoff S. Renal transplant recipients receiving loop diuretic therapy have increased urinary tract infection rate and altered medullary macrophage polarization marker expression. Kidney Int 2018; 94:993-1001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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19
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Martin-Sanchez D, Fontecha-Barriuso M, Sanchez-Niño MD, Ramos AM, Cabello R, Gonzalez-Enguita C, Linkermann A, Sanz AB, Ortiz A. Cell death-based approaches in treatment of the urinary tract-associated diseases: a fight for survival in the killing fields. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:118. [PMID: 29371637 PMCID: PMC5833412 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract-associated diseases comprise a complex set of disorders with a variety of etiologic agents and therapeutic approaches and a huge global burden of disease, estimated at around 1 million deaths per year. These diseases include cancer (mainly prostate, renal, and bladder), urinary tract infections, and urolithiasis. Cell death plays a key role in the pathogenesis and therapy of these conditions. During urinary tract infections, invading bacteria may either promote or prevent host cell death by interfering with cell death pathways. This has been studied in detail for uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). Inhibition of host cell death may allow intracellular persistence of live bacteria, while promoting host cell death causes tissue damage and releases the microbes. Both crystals and urinary tract obstruction lead to tubular cell death and kidney injury. Among the pathomechanisms, apoptosis, necroptosis, and autophagy represent key processes. With respect to malignant disorders, traditional therapeutic efforts have focused on directly promoting cancer cell death. This may exploit tumor-specific characteristics, such as targeting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signaling and mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) activity in renal cancer and inducing survival factor deprivation by targeting androgen signaling in prostate cancer. An area of intense research is the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, aiming at unleashing the full potential of immune cells to kill cancer cells. In the future, this may be combined with additional approaches exploiting intrinsic sensitivities to specific modes of cell death such as necroptosis and ferroptosis. Here, we review the contribution of diverse cell death mechanisms to the pathogenesis of urinary tract-associated diseases as well as the potential for novel therapeutic approaches based on an improved molecular understanding of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Martin-Sanchez
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain
- IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
- REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Fontecha-Barriuso
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain
- IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
- REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain
- IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
- REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrian M Ramos
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain
- IRSIN, Madrid, Spain
- REDINREN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramiro Cabello
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Andreas Linkermann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Nephrology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ana Belén Sanz
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.
- IRSIN, Madrid, Spain.
- REDINREN, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Research Institute-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Autonoma University, Madrid, Spain.
- IRSIN, Madrid, Spain.
- REDINREN, Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Xiao X, Cai J. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells: New Insights into Antigen Recognition and Activation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1540. [PMID: 29176983 PMCID: PMC5686390 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a novel subpopulation of innate-like T cells that express an invariant T cell receptor (TCR)α chain and a diverse TCRβ chain, can recognize a distinct set of small molecules, vitamin B metabolites, derived from some bacteria, fungi but not viruses, in the context of an evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility complex-related molecule 1 (MR1). This implies that MAIT cells may play unique and important roles in host immunity. Although viral antigens are not recognized by this limited TCR repertoire, MAIT cells are known to be activated in a TCR-independent mechanism during some viral infections, such as hepatitis C virus and influenza virus. In this article, we will review recent works in MAIT cell antigen recognition, activation and the role MAIT cells may play in the process of bacterial and viral infections and pathogenesis of non-infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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