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Tomita T. The evolution of pediatric neurosurgery: reflection of personal experience of the last half-century. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:2571-2582. [PMID: 37486438 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-06068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the past 50 years, pediatric neurosurgery has made tremendous strides, and gained its own identity as a distinct subspecialty. I have personally observed this progress and evolution in pediatric neurosurgery in multiple dimensions, which are described based upon my own experience and reflection. METHODS The development and evolutions of multiple domains of pediatric neurosurgery, including neuroimaging, hydrocephalus, pediatric brain tumor, spinal dysraphism, craniosynostosis, vascular malformation, functional neurosurgery and spinal disorders were reviewed and commented on based upon my own experience and reflection. RESULTS The field of pediatric neurosurgery has grown in all aspects of diagnosis and therapy owing to the introduction of computers, innovative techniques and technologies and new discoveries of scientific data including molecular investigations. CONCLUSION A minimally invasive approach and molecular target therapy are a current trend. The past half century's clinical experience and advances in biomedical knowledge and techniques provide foundation for further improvement in the care of children of the next generation. Prospective artificial intelligence will likely promote further advances in pediatric neurosurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadanori Tomita
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, USA.
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Jing J, Wu Z, Wang J, Luo G, Lin H, Fan Y, Zhou C. Hedgehog signaling in tissue homeostasis, cancers, and targeted therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:315. [PMID: 37596267 PMCID: PMC10439210 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01559-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has seen significant advances in our understanding of Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway in various biological events. HH signaling pathway exerts its biological effects through a complex signaling cascade involved with primary cilium. HH signaling pathway has important functions in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. It plays a central role in the regulation of the proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells. Importantly, it has become increasingly clear that HH signaling pathway is associated with increased cancer prevalence, malignant progression, poor prognosis and even increased mortality. Understanding the integrative nature of HH signaling pathway has opened up the potential for new therapeutic targets for cancer. A variety of drugs have been developed, including small molecule inhibitors, natural compounds, and long non-coding RNA (LncRNA), some of which are approved for clinical use. This review outlines recent discoveries of HH signaling in tissue homeostasis and cancer and discusses how these advances are paving the way for the development of new biologically based therapies for cancer. Furthermore, we address status quo and limitations of targeted therapies of HH signaling pathway. Insights from this review will help readers understand the function of HH signaling in homeostasis and cancer, as well as opportunities and challenges of therapeutic targets for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhuoxuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guowen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hengyi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Chenchen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Dadashpour S, Ghobadi E, Emami S. Chemical and biological aspects of posaconazole as a classic antifungal agent with non-classical properties: highlighting a tetrahydrofuran-based drug toward generation of new drugs. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02901-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The Alliance AMBUSH Trial: Rationale and Design. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020414. [PMID: 35053576 PMCID: PMC8773887 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Medulloblastoma, the most common embryonal tumor in children, can also arise in older patients. Clinical studies in children with medulloblastoma have increased our understanding of molecular pathways and improved treatment strategies. We now know that medulloblastoma has at least four subtypes and each maybe best suited to specific therapies. The sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway is altered in a significant proportion of older patients with medulloblastoma. The Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology cooperative group is developing the AMBUSH trial: Comprehensive Management of Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) and Adult Patients with Medulloblastoma or Pineal Embryonal Tumors With A Randomized Placebo Controlled Phase II Focusing on Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Inhibition in SHH Subgroup Patients (Adult & Adolescent MedulloBlastoma Using Sonic Hedgehog Trial). The trial gives treatment directions for all patients and randomizes patients with average risk SHH-activated medulloblastoma to maintenance sonidegib, a hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor, or placebo. This trial will establish a baseline for future trial comparison and investigate the benefit of a novel targeted agent. Abstract Unlike medulloblastoma (MB) in children, robust prospective trials have not taken place for older patients due to the low incidence of MB in adults and adolescent and young adults (AYA). Current MB treatment paradigms for older patients have been extrapolated from the pediatric experience even though questions exist about the applicability of these approaches. Clinical and molecular classification of MB now provides better prognostication and is being incorporated in pediatric therapeutic trials. It has been established that genomic alterations leading to activation of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway occur in approximately 60% of MB in patients over the age of 16 years. Within this cohort, protein patched homolog (PTCH) and smoothened (SMO) mutations are commonly found. Among patients whose tumors harbor the SHH molecular signature, it is estimated that over 80% of patients could respond to SHH pathway inhibitors. Given the advances in the understanding of molecular subgroups and the lack of robust clinical data for adult/AYA MB, the Alliance for Clinical Trial in Oncology group developed the AMBUSH trial: Comprehensive Management of AYA and Adult Patients with Medulloblastoma or Pineal Embryonal Tumors with a Randomized Placebo Controlled Phase II Focusing on Sonic Hedgehog Pathway Inhibition in SHH Subgroup Patients (Adult & Adolescent MedulloBlastoma Using Sonic Hedgehog Trial). This trial will enroll patients 18 years of age or older with MB (any molecular subgroup and risk stratification) or pineal embryonal tumor. Patients will be assigned to one of three cohorts: (1) average risk non-SHH-MB, (2) average risk SHH-MB, and (3) high risk MB or pineal embryonal tumors. All patients will receive protocol-directed comprehensive treatment with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Patients with SHH-MB in cohort 1 will be randomized to a smoothened inhibitor or placebo as maintenance therapy for one year.
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Emerging roles of the Hedgehog signalling pathway in inflammatory bowel disease. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:314. [PMID: 34702800 PMCID: PMC8548344 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway plays a critical role in the growth and patterning during embryonic development and maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis. Emerging data indicate that Hh signalling is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Current therapeutic treatments for IBD require optimisation, and novel effective drugs are warranted. Targeting the Hh signalling pathway may pave the way for successful IBD treatment. In this review, we introduce the molecular mechanisms underlying the Hh signalling pathway and its role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Then, we present interactions between the Hh signalling and other pathways involved in IBD and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC), such as the Wnt and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways. Furthermore, we summarise the latest research on Hh signalling associated with the occurrence and progression of IBD and CAC. Finally, we discuss the future directions for research on the role of Hh signalling in IBD pathogenesis and provide viewpoints on novel treatment options for IBD by targeting Hh signalling. An in-depth understanding of the complex role of Hh signalling in IBD pathogenesis will contribute to the development of new effective therapies for IBD patients.
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Sulforaphane inhibits self-renewal of lung cancer stem cells through the modulation of sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway and polyhomeotic homolog 3. AMB Express 2021; 11:121. [PMID: 34424425 PMCID: PMC8382806 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN), an active compound in cruciferous vegetables, has been characterized by its antiproliferative capacity. We investigated the role and molecular mechanism through which SFN regulates proliferation and self-renewal of lung cancer stem cells. CD133+ cells were isolated with MACs from lung cancer A549 and H460 cells. In this study, we found that SFN inhibited the proliferation of lung cancer cells and self-renewal of lung cancer stem cells simultaneously. Meanwhile, the mRNA and protein expressions of Shh, Smo, Gli1 and PHC3 were highly activated in CD133+ lung cancer cells. Compared with siRNA-control group, Knock-down of Shh inhibited proliferation of CD133+ lung cancer cells, and decreased the protein expression of PHC3 in CD133+ lung cancer cells. Knock-down of PHC3 also affected the proliferation and decreased the Shh expression level in CD133+ lung cancer cells. In addition, SFN inhibited the activities of Shh, Smo, Gli1 and PHC3 in CD133+ lung cancer cells. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of SFN on the proliferation of siRNA-Shh and siRNA-PHC3 cells was weaker than that on the proliferation of siRNA-control cells. Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway might undergo a cross-talk with PHC3 in self-renewal of lung cancer stem cells. SFN might be an effective new drug which could inhibit self-renewal of lung cancer stem cells through the modulation of Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathways and PHC3. This study could provide a novel way to improve therapeutic efficacy for lung cancer stem cells.
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CREB signaling activity correlates with differentiation and survival in medulloblastoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16077. [PMID: 34373489 PMCID: PMC8352923 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While there has been significant progress in the molecular characterization of the childhood brain cancer medulloblastoma, the tumor proteome remains less explored. However, it is important to obtain a complete understanding of medulloblastoma protein biology, since interactions between proteins represent potential new drug targets. Using previously generated phosphoprotein signaling-profiles of a large cohort of primary medulloblastoma, we discovered that phosphorylation of transcription factor CREB strongly correlates with medulloblastoma survival and associates with a differentiation phenotype. We further found that during normal cerebellar development, phosphorylated CREB was selectively expressed in differentiating cerebellar granule neuron progenitor (CGNP) cells. In line, we observed increased differentiation in CGNPs treated with Forskolin, Bmp6 and Bmp12 (Gdf7), which induce CREB phosphorylation. Lastly, we demonstrated that inducing CREB activation via PKA-mediated CREB signaling, but not Bmp/MEK/ERK mediated signalling, enhances medulloblastoma cell sensitivity to chemotherapy.
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Wallace GC, Tjoelker M, Bartley K, Henson JW. Precision Therapy for Brain Tumors in Hereditary Syndromes. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2021; 22:80. [PMID: 34213626 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-021-00876-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Nervous system tumors arising in the setting of monogenic, hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes are unique in that the initiating genetic event in tumor formation is known. This knowledge provides a powerful treatment approach if the alteration or pathway can be targeted with a therapeutic agent. A reasonable argument can be made for the use of targeted agents in these tumor patients, even though many of them have FDA approval only for other tumor types. It is our practice to use and employ targeted therapy when standard treatments have failed or represent an unattractive option. Over time, however, targeted therapies will likely become first-line options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald C Wallace
- Neurology Residency Program, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Madeleine Tjoelker
- Hereditary Cancer Clinic, Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1411 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Bartley
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1411 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - John W Henson
- Georgia Neurofibromatosis Clinic, Brain Tumor Program and Hereditary Cancer Clinic, Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1411 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Gao LJ, Zhang MZ, Li XY, Huang WK, Xu SF, Ye YP. Steroidal alkaloids isolated from Veratrum grandiflorum Loes. as novel Smoothened inhibitors with anti-proliferation effects on DAOY medulloblastoma cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 39:116166. [PMID: 33910157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Constitutive activation of Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is intimately related with the occurrence and development of several malignancies, such as medulloblastoma (MB) and other tumors. Therefore, small molecular inhibitors of Hh pathway are urgently needed. In this study, three new steroidal alkaloids, ⊿5 (20R, 24R) 23-oxo-24-methylsolacongetidine, ⊿5 (20S, 24R) 23-oxo-24-methylsolacongetidine and veralinine 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-glucopyranoside, together with six known alkaloids, 20-epi-verazine, verazine, protoverine 15-(l)-2'-methylbutyrate, jervine, veramarine and β1-chaconine, were isolated and determined from Veratrum grandiflorum Loes. The dual-luciferase bioassay indicated that all compounds exhibited significant inhibitions of Hh pathway with IC50 values of 0.72-14.31 μM against Shh-LIGHT 2 cells. To determine whether these Hh pathway inhibitors act with the Smoothened (Smo) protein, which is an important oncoprotein and target for this pathway, BODIPY-cyclopamine (BC) competitive binding assay was preferentially performed. Compared with BC alone, all compounds obviously reduced the fluorescence intensities of BC binding with Smo in Smo-overexpression HEK293T cells through fluorescence microscope and flow cytometer. By directly interacting with Smo, it revealed that they were actually novel natural Smo inhibitors. Then, their anti-tumor effects were investigated against the human MB cell line DAOY, which is a typical pediatric brain tumor cells line with highly expressed Hh pathway. Interestingly, most of compounds had slight proliferation inhibitions on DAOY cells after treatment for 24 h same as vismodegib, while β1-chaconine showed the strongest inhibitory effect on the growth of DAOY with IC50 value of 5.35 μM. In conclusion, our studies valuably provide several novel natural Smo inhibitors for potential targeting treatment of Hh-dependent tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Juan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China
| | - Meng Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China
| | - Xiao Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China
| | - Wen Kang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China
| | - Shi Fang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China
| | - Yi Ping Ye
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Materia Medica, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310013, China.
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Fan J, Li H, Kuang L, Zhao Z, He W, Liu C, Wang Y, Cheng SY, Chen W. Identification of a potent antagonist of smoothened in hedgehog signaling. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:46. [PMID: 33653381 PMCID: PMC7923671 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00558-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hedgehog signaling is essential to the regulation of embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, and stem cell self-renewal, making it a prime target for developing cancer therapeutics. Given the close link between aberrant Hedgehog signaling and cancers, many small molecular compounds have been developed to inhibit Smoothened, a key signal transducer of this pathway, for treating cancer and several such compounds have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (GDC-0449 and LDE-225). However, acquired drug resistance has emerged as an important obstacle to the effective use of these first generation Hedgehog pathway blockers. Thus, new Smoothened inhibitors that can overcome such resistance is an urgent need going forward. Results We established the Smoothened/βarrestin2-GFP high-throughput screening platform based on the mechanistic discovery of Hedgehog signaling pathway, and discovered several active small molecules targeting Smoothened including 0025A. Here we show that 0025A can block the translocation of βarrestin2-GFP to Smoothened, displace Bodipy-cyclopamine binding to wild-type Smoothened or mutant Smoothened-D473H, reduce the accumulation of Smo on primary cilia and the expression of Gli upon Hedgehog stimulation. In addition, we show that 0025A can effectively suppress hair follicle morphogenesis and hair growth in mice. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that 0025A is a potent antagonist targeting Smoothened wild-type and mutant receptors in the Hedgehog signaling pathway and may provide a new therapy for refractory cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwan Fan
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Haowen Li
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Lun Kuang
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zichen Zhao
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Wenyan He
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, 100070, China.
| | - Steven Y Cheng
- Department of Developmental Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, 100070, China.
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Rahi S, Mehan S. Understanding Abnormal SMO-SHH Signaling in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Potential Drug Target and Therapeutic Goals. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:931-953. [PMID: 33206287 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-01010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism is a multifactorial neurodevelopmental condition; it demonstrates some main characteristics, such as impaired social relationships and increased repetitive behavior. The initiation of autism spectrum disorder is mostly triggered during brain development by the deregulation of signaling pathways. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling is one such mechanism that influences neurogenesis and neural processes during the development of the central nervous system. SMO-SHH signaling is also an important part of a broad variety of neurological processes, including neuronal cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival. Dysregulation of SMO-SHH signaling leads to many physiological changes that lead to neurological disorders such as ASD and contribute to cognitive decline. The aberrant downregulation of SMO-SHH signals contributes to the proteolytic cleavage of GLI (glioma-associated homolog) into GLI3 (repressor), which increases oxidative stress, neuronal excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis by suppressing target gene expression. We outlined in this review that SMO-SHH deregulation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of autism and addresses the current status of SMO-SHH pathway modulators. Additionally, a greater understanding of the SHH signaling pathway is an effort to improve successful treatment for autism and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloni Rahi
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
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Lospinoso Severini L, Ghirga F, Bufalieri F, Quaglio D, Infante P, Di Marcotullio L. The SHH/GLI signaling pathway: a therapeutic target for medulloblastoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:1159-1181. [PMID: 32990091 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1823967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medulloblastoma (MB) is a heterogeneous tumor of the cerebellum that is divided into four main subgroups with distinct molecular and clinical features. Sonic Hedgehog MB (SHH-MB) is the most genetically understood and occurs predominantly in childhood. Current therapies consist of aggressive and non-targeted multimodal approaches that are often ineffective and cause long-term complications. These problems intensify the need to develop molecularly targeted therapies to improve outcome and reduce treatment-related morbidities. In this scenario, Hedgehog (HH) signaling, a developmental pathway whose deregulation is involved in the pathogenesis of several malignancies, has emerged as an attractive druggable pathway for SHH-MB therapy. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the advancements in the HH antagonist research field. We place an emphasis on Smoothened (SMO) and glioma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI) inhibitors and immunotherapy approaches that are validated in preclinical SHH-MB models and that have therapeutic potential for MB patients. Literature from Pubmed and data reported on ClinicalTrial.gov up to August 2020 were considered. EXPERT OPINION Extensive-omics analysis has enhanced our knowledge and has transformed the way that MB is studied and managed. The clinical use of SMO antagonists has yet to be determined, however, future GLI inhibitors and multitargeting approaches are promising.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Ghirga
- Center for Life NanoScience@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Bufalieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza , 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Deborah Quaglio
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, University of Rome La Sapienza, 00185 , Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Infante
- Center for Life NanoScience@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Di Marcotullio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome La Sapienza , 00161, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome La Sapienza , 00161, Rome, Italy
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Radial shock waves prevent growth retardation caused by the clinically used drug vismodegib in ex vivo cultured bones. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13400. [PMID: 32770014 PMCID: PMC7414117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In childhood medulloblastoma patients, the hedgehog antagonist vismodegib is an effective anti-cancer treatment but unfortunately induces irreversible growth arrests and growth impairment limiting its use in skeletally immature patients. We hypothesized that radial shock wave treatment (rSWT) may protect drug-induced growth impairment owing to its osteogenic effects. Fetal rat metatarsal bones were exposed to vismodegib (day 0–5; 100 nM) and/or rSWT (single session); other bones from day 1 were continuously exposed to a Gli1 antagonist (GANT61; 10 µM) and/or rSWT (single session). Control bones were untreated. The bone length was measured at intervals; histomorphometric analysis and immunostaining for PCNA, Gli1, and Ihh were performed on the sectioned bones. Bones treated with vismodegib showed impaired bone growth, reduced height of the resting-proliferative zone and reduced hypertrophic cell size compared to control. In vismodegib treated bones, a single session of rSWT partially rescued bone growth, increased the growth velocity, hypertrophic cell size, and restored growth plate morphology. Bones exposed to GANT61 showed impaired bone growth and disorganized growth plate while when combined with rSWT these effects were partially prevented. Locally applied rSWT had a chondroprotective effect in rat metatarsal bones and suggest a novel strategy to prevent growth impairment caused by vismodegib.
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Muskens IS, Zhang C, de Smith AJ, Biegel JA, Walsh KM, Wiemels JL. Germline genetic landscape of pediatric central nervous system tumors. Neuro Oncol 2020; 21:1376-1388. [PMID: 31247102 PMCID: PMC6827836 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the second most common type of cancer among children. Depending on histopathology, anatomic location, and genomic factors, specific subgroups of brain tumors have some of the highest cancer-related mortality rates or result in considerable lifelong morbidity. Pediatric CNS tumors often occur in patients with genetic predisposition, at times revealing underlying cancer predisposition syndromes. Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have resulted in the identification of an increasing number of cancer predisposition genes. In this review, the literature on genetic predisposition to pediatric CNS tumors is evaluated with a discussion of potential future targets for NGS and clinical implications. Furthermore, we explore potential strategies for enhancing the understanding of genetic predisposition of pediatric CNS tumors, including evaluation of non-European populations, pan-genomic approaches, and large collaborative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo S Muskens
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chenan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Adam J de Smith
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jaclyn A Biegel
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kyle M Walsh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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15
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Abstract
Medulloblastoma is a heterogeneous disease with at least four distinct molecular subgroups: wingless (WNT), sonic hedgehog (SHH), Group 3, and Group 4. Recently there has been considerable progress defining the molecular drivers and prognostic factors of each subgroup. However, this information has only rarely been used to stratify risk or impact treatment. The purpose of this work is to provide an update on current clinical trials that provide molecularly stratified treatment paradigms. A search was conducted on ClinicalTrials.gov using the following search terms: "medulloblastoma and subgroup", "medulloblastoma and SHH", "medulloblastoma and WNT", and "medulloblastoma and Non-WNT/Non-SHH". This search resulted in nine distinct clinical trials, five for newly diagnosed medulloblastoma and four for recurrent medulloblastoma. Four trials for newly diagnosed medulloblastoma had a component of craniospinal irradiation reduction for patients with WNT medulloblastoma. Molecularly stratified trials for recurrent medulloblastoma largely focus on SHH. As these trials are ongoing, there are limited data available. A trial in which newly-diagnosed WNT patients received modest chemotherapy without radiation has been closed to accrual due to several early failures. Phase II trials evaluating vismodegib for SHH medulloblastoma in children and adults have been disappointing. In conclusion, although there is an expanding array of clinical trials which incorporate molecular data in prescribing treatment for newly-diagnosed and recurrent medulloblastoma, treatments for these diseases are fairly uniform, with craniospinal radiation dose being the main variable. As the drivers of the distinct subgroups and their associated prognoses are better elucidated, future clinical trials and novel targeted agents are needed to improve outcomes and reduce toxicity where feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Thompson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Ashley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Landi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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16
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Chen S, Gu S, Xu M, Mei D, Xiao Y, Chen K, Yan Z. Krüppel-like factor 9 promotes neuroblastoma differentiation via targeting the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28108. [PMID: 31782614 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma (NB) is a deadly solid tumor of children. Krüppel-like factor 9 (KLF9) has prodifferentiation and tumor suppression functions in several types of cancers. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of KLF9 on NB differentiation and growth and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. PROCEDURE Sixty-five NB paraffin samples were assessed for expression levels of KLF9 and sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway proteins by immunohistochemistry. The associations between expression of KLF9 and the SHH pathway components and patients' clinicopathologic characteristics were estimated. The impacts of KLF9 on cell differentiation, proliferation, and invasion were investigated in two NB cell lines (SH-SY5Y and IMR32). Additionally, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase reporter assays were used to elucidate the mechanism by which KLF9 regulates SHH signaling. RESULTS Differentiating NB specimens showed significantly higher KLF9 expression levels than undifferentiated/poorly differentiated ones. Moreover, increased KLF9 expression was associated with favorable prognoses in patients with NB. A negative correlation was found between KLF9 and SHH signaling expression levels in NB specimens. In vitro assays revealed that KLF9 promoted the differentiation of NB cells and inhibited their proliferation and invasion via suppression of the SHH pathway. Furthermore, KLF9 binding sites in the SHH promoter were identified by ChIP and luciferase reporter assays. CONCLUSIONS KLF9 exerts prodifferentiation and growth-inhibition effects on NB via suppression of the SHH pathway, suggesting a potential role of KLF9 in NB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Song Gu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyu Mei
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongtao Xiao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhilong Yan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Niesen J, Ohli J, Sedlacik J, Dührsen L, Hellwig M, Spohn M, Holsten T, Schüller U. Pik3ca mutations significantly enhance the growth of SHH medulloblastoma and lead to metastatic tumour growth in a novel mouse model. Cancer Lett 2020; 477:10-18. [PMID: 32112900 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most frequent malignant brain tumour in children with a poor outcome. Divided into four molecular subgroups, MB of the Sonic hedgehog (SHH) subgroup accounts for approximately 25% of the cases and is driven by mutations within components of the SHH pathway, such as its receptors PTCH1 or SMO. A fraction of these cases additionally harbour PIK3CA mutations, the relevance of which is so far unknown. To unravel the role of Pik3ca mutations alone or in combination with a constitutively activated SHH signalling pathway, transgenic mice were used. These mice show mutated variants within Smo, Ptch1 or Pik3ca genes in cerebellar granule neuron precursors, which represent the cellular origin of SHH MB. Our results show that Pik3ca mutations alone are insufficient to cause developmental alterations or to initiate MB. However, they significantly accelerate the growth of Shh MB, induce tumour spread throughout the cerebrospinal fluid, and result in lower survival rates of mice with a double Pik3caH1047R/SmoM2 or Pik3caH1047R/Ptch1 mutation. Therefore, PIK3CA mutations in SHH MB may represent a therapeutic target for first and second line combination treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Niesen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Research Institute Children's Cancer Centre Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Ohli
- Centre for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Sedlacik
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lasse Dührsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Hellwig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Research Institute Children's Cancer Centre Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Spohn
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Centre Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till Holsten
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Research Institute Children's Cancer Centre Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Research Institute Children's Cancer Centre Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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18
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Jeng KS, Chang CF, Lin SS. Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Organogenesis, Tumors, and Tumor Microenvironments. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030758. [PMID: 31979397 PMCID: PMC7037908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During mammalian embryonic development, primary cilia transduce and regulate several signaling pathways. Among the various pathways, Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is one of the most significant. SHH signaling remains quiescent in adult mammalian tissues. However, in multiple adult tissues, it becomes active during differentiation, proliferation, and maintenance. Moreover, aberrant activation of SHH signaling occurs in cancers of the skin, brain, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, colon, breast, lung, prostate, and hematological malignancies. Recent studies have shown that the tumor microenvironment or stroma could affect tumor development and metastasis. One hypothesis has been proposed, claiming that the pancreatic epithelia secretes SHH that is essential in establishing and regulating the pancreatic tumor microenvironment in promoting cancer progression. The SHH signaling pathway is also activated in the cancer stem cells (CSC) of several neoplasms. The self-renewal of CSC is regulated by the SHH/Smoothened receptor (SMO)/Glioma-associated oncogene homolog I (GLI) signaling pathway. Combined use of SHH signaling inhibitors and chemotherapy/radiation therapy/immunotherapy is therefore key in targeting CSCs.
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19
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Ghilu S, Li Q, Fontaine SD, Santi DV, Kurmasheva RT, Zheng S, Houghton PJ. Prospective use of the single-mouse experimental design for the evaluation of PLX038A. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2020; 85:251-263. [PMID: 31927611 PMCID: PMC7039322 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-04017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Defining robust criteria for drug activity in preclinical studies allows for fewer animals per treatment group, and potentially allows for inclusion of additional cancer models that more accurately represent genetic diversity and, potentially, allows for tumor sensitivity biomarker identification. METHODS Using a single-mouse design, 32 pediatric xenograft tumor models representing diverse pediatric cancer types [Ewing sarcoma (9), brain (4), rhabdomyosarcoma (10), Wilms tumor (4), and non-CNS rhabdoid tumors (5)] were evaluated for response to a single administration of pegylated-SN38 (PLX038A), a controlled-release PEGylated formulation of SN-38. Endpoints measured were percent tumor regression, and event-free survival (EFS). The correlation between response to PLX038A was compared to that for ten models treated with irinotecan (2.5 mg/kg × 5 days × 2 cycles), using a traditional design (10 mice/group). Correlations between tumor sensitivity, genetic mutations and gene expression were sought. Models showing no disease at week 20 were categorized as 'extreme responders' to PLX038A, whereas those with EFS less than 5 weeks were categorized as 'resistant'. RESULTS The activity of PLX038A was evaluable in 31/32 models. PLX038A induced > 50% volume regressions in 25 models (78%). Initial tumor volume regression correlated only modestly with EFS (r2 = 0.238), but sensitivity to PLX038A was better correlated with response to irinotecan when one tumor hypersensitive to PLX038A was omitted (r2 = 0.6844). Mutations in 53BP1 were observed in three of six sensitive tumor models compared to none in resistant models (n = 6). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the feasibility of using a single-mouse design for assessing the antitumor activity of an agent, while encompassing greater genetic diversity representative of childhood cancers. PLX038A was highly active in most xenograft models, and tumor sensitivity to PLX038A was correlated with sensitivity to irinotecan, validating the single-mouse design in identifying agents with the same mechanism of action. Biomarkers that correlated with model sensitivity included wild-type TP53, or mutant TP53 but with a mutation in 53BP1, thus a defect in DNA damage response. These results support the value of the single-mouse experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Ghilu
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Qilin Li
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Shaun D Fontaine
- ProLynx LLC, 455 Mission Bay Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Daniel V Santi
- ProLynx LLC, 455 Mission Bay Blvd, South San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Raushan T Kurmasheva
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Siyuan Zheng
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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20
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Scicchitano S, Giordano M, Lucchino V, Montalcini Y, Chiarella E, Aloisio A, Codispoti B, Zoppoli P, Melocchi V, Bianchi F, De Smaele E, Mesuraca M, Morrone G, Bond HM. The stem cell-associated transcription co-factor, ZNF521, interacts with GLI1 and GLI2 and enhances the activity of the Sonic hedgehog pathway. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:715. [PMID: 31558698 PMCID: PMC6763495 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1946-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
ZNF521 is a transcription co-factor with recognized regulatory functions in haematopoietic, osteo-adipogenic and neural progenitor cells. Among its diverse activities, ZNF521 has been implicated in the regulation of medulloblastoma (MB) cells, where the Hedgehog (HH) pathway, has a key role in the development of normal cerebellum and of a substantial fraction of MBs. Here a functional cross-talk is shown for ZNF521 with the HH pathway, where it interacts with GLI1 and GLI2, the major HH transcriptional effectors and enhances the activity of HH signalling. In particular, ZNF521 cooperates with GLI1 and GLI2 in the transcriptional activation of GLI (glioma-associated transcription factor)-responsive promoters. This synergism is dependent on the presence of the N-terminal, NuRD-binding motif in ZNF521, and is sensitive to HDAC (histone deacetylase) and GLI inhibitors. Taken together, these results highlight the role of ZNF521, and its interaction with the NuRD complex, in determining the HH response at the level of transcription. This may be of particular relevance in HH-driven diseases, especially regarding the MBs belonging to the SHH (sonic HH) subgroup where a high expression of ZNF521 is correlated with that of HH pathway components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Scicchitano
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Marco Giordano
- Unit of Gynecological Oncology Research, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Via G. Ripamonti 435, 20141, Milano, Italy
| | - Valeria Lucchino
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ylenia Montalcini
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Emanuela Chiarella
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Annamaria Aloisio
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Bruna Codispoti
- Tecnologica Research Institute-Marrelli Hospital, 88900, Crotone, Italy
| | - Pietro Zoppoli
- Laboratory of Pre-clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Valentina Melocchi
- Fondazione IRCCS - Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013, (FG), Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bianchi
- Fondazione IRCCS - Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013, (FG), Italy
| | - Enrico De Smaele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Mesuraca
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Morrone
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Heather M Bond
- Laboratory of Molecular Haematopoiesis and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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21
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Nilotinib, an approved leukemia drug, inhibits smoothened signaling in Hedgehog-dependent medulloblastoma. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214901. [PMID: 31539380 PMCID: PMC6754133 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the seven-transmembrane (7TM) receptor Smoothened (SMO) and other components of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway contributes to the development of cancers including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and medulloblastoma (MB). However, SMO-specific antagonists produced mixed results in clinical trials, marked by limited efficacy and high rate of acquired resistance in tumors. Here we discovered that Nilotinib, an approved inhibitor of several kinases, possesses an anti-Hh activity, at clinically achievable concentrations, due to direct binding to SMO and inhibition of SMO signaling. Nilotinib was more efficacious than the SMO-specific antagonist Vismodegib in inhibiting growth of two Hh-dependent MB cell lines. It also reduced tumor growth in subcutaneous MB mouse xenograft model. These results indicate that in addition to its known activity against several tyrosine-kinase-mediated proliferative pathways, Nilotinib is a direct inhibitor of the Hh pathway. The newly discovered extension of Nilotinib's target profile holds promise for the treatment of Hh-dependent cancers.
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22
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Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays an important role in cancer development and maintenance, as ~25% of all cancers have aberrant Hh pathway activation. Targeted therapy for inhibition of the Hh pathway was thought to be promising for achieving clinical response in the Hh-dependent cancers. However, the results of new clinical trials with smoothened (SMO) antagonists do not show much success in cancers other than basal cell carcinoma. The studies suggest that the Hh pathway involves multiple mechanisms of activation or inhibition in primary cilia and interactions between several related pathways in different types of cells, which makes this pathway extremely complex. The SMO-specific antagonists may not stop all relevant pathways that may lead to escape or development of resistance. Therefore, in the Hh-dependent cancers, the inhibition of two or more oncogenic pathways (including the Hh pathway) with use of a single agent of a suitable multitarget profile or a combination of drugs seems promising for achieving clinical response in patients and decrease in resistance development with prolonged use of the specific SMO antagonists. Furthermore, for studying the effect of new treatments, the inclusion criteria should be more specific for selection of patients with aberrant Hh pathway activity confirmed by tests. These considerations will be very helpful for choosing the right patients and the right drugs for the best therapeutic outcome.
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23
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Teske KA, Dash RC, Morel SR, Chau LQ, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Hadden MK. Development of posaconazole-based analogues as hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 163:320-332. [PMID: 30529635 PMCID: PMC6358021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has been validated as a therapeutic strategy to treat basal cell carcinoma and holds potential for several other forms of human cancer. Itraconazole and posaconazole are clinically useful triazole anti-fungals that are being repurposed as anti-cancer agents based on their ability to inhibit the Hh pathway. We have previously demonstrated that removal of the triazole from itraconazole does not affect its ability to inhibit the Hh pathway while abolishing its primary side effect, potent inhibition of Cyp3A4. To develop structure-activity relationships for the related posaconazole scaffold, we synthesized and evaluated a series of des-triazole analogues designed through both ligand- and structure-based methods. These compounds demonstrated improved anti-Hh properties compared to posaconazole and enhanced stability without inhibiting Cyp3A4. In addition, we utilized a series of molecular dynamics and binding energy studies to probe specific interactions between the compounds and their proposed binding site on Smoothened. These studies strongly suggest that the tetrahydrofuran region of the scaffold projects out of the binding site and that π-π interactions between the compound and Smoothened play a key role in stabilizing the bound analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Teske
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Radha Charan Dash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Shana R Morel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Lianne Q Chau
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States
| | - Robert J Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, United States
| | - M Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N Eagleville Rd, Unit 3092, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
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24
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Raleigh DR, Reiter JF. Misactivation of Hedgehog signaling causes inherited and sporadic cancers. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:465-475. [PMID: 30707108 DOI: 10.1172/jci120850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog pathway is critical for the development of diverse organs. Misactivation of the Hedgehog pathway can cause developmental abnormalities and cancers, including medulloblastoma, the most common pediatric brain tumor, and basal cell carcinoma, the most common cancer in the United States. Here, we review how basic, translational, and clinical studies of the Hedgehog pathway have helped reveal how cells communicate, how intercellular communication controls development, how signaling goes awry to cause cancer, and how to use targeted molecular agents to treat both inherited and sporadic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology.,Department of Neurological Surgery, and
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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25
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Guerrini-Rousseau L, Dufour C, Varlet P, Masliah-Planchon J, Bourdeaut F, Guillaud-Bataille M, Abbas R, Bertozzi AI, Fouyssac F, Huybrechts S, Puget S, Bressac-De Paillerets B, Caron O, Sevenet N, Dimaria M, Villebasse S, Delattre O, Valteau-Couanet D, Grill J, Brugières L. Germline SUFU mutation carriers and medulloblastoma: clinical characteristics, cancer risk, and prognosis. Neuro Oncol 2018; 20:1122-1132. [PMID: 29186568 PMCID: PMC6280147 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Germline mutations of suppressor of fused homolog (SUFU) predispose to sonic hedgehog (SHH) medulloblastoma. Germline SUFU mutations have been reported in nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS), but little is known about the cancer risk and clinical spectrum. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all patients with medulloblastoma and a germline SUFU mutation in France. Results Twenty-two patients from 17 families were identified with medulloblastoma and a germline SUFU mutation (median age at diagnosis: 16.5 mo). Macrocrania was present in 20 patients, but only 5 met the diagnostic criteria for NBCCS. Despite treatment with surgery and chemotherapy, to avoid radiotherapy in all patients except one, the outcome was worse than expected for SHH medulloblastoma, due to the high incidence of local relapses (8/22 patients) and second malignancies (n = 6 in 4/22 patients). The 5-year progression-free survival and overall survival rates were 42% and 66%. Mutations were inherited in 79% of patients, and 34 additional SUFU mutation carriers were identified within 14 families. Medulloblastoma penetrance was incomplete, but higher than in Patched 1 (PTCH1) mutation carriers. Besides medulloblastoma, 19 other tumors were recorded among the 56 SUFU mutation carriers, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in 2 patients and meningioma in 3 patients. Conclusion Germline SUFU mutations strongly predispose to medulloblastoma in the first years of life, with worse prognosis than usually observed for SHH medulloblastoma. The clinical spectrum differs between SUFU and PTCH1 mutation carriers, and BCC incidence is much lower in SUFU mutation carriers. The optimal treatment of SUFU mutation-associated medulloblastoma has not been defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Guerrini-Rousseau
- Département de Cancérologie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France,Corresponding author: Léa Guerrini-Rousseau, Gustave Roussy, Département de Cancérologie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France ()
| | - Christelle Dufour
- Département de Cancérologie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Pascale Varlet
- Service de neuropathologie, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Julien Masliah-Planchon
- PSL Research University, INSERM U830 Génétique et Biologie des Cancers Institut Curie, Paris, France,Unité de génétique somatique, SIREDO pediatric oncology center, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Franck Bourdeaut
- PSL Research University, INSERM U830 Génétique et Biologie des Cancers Institut Curie, Paris, France,Département d’oncologie Pédiatrique adolescents Jeunes Adultes, Institut Curie, Paris, France, SIREDO pediatric oncology center, Institut Curie, Paris, France,Institut Curie SIRIC - Laboratoire de Recherche Translationnelle en Oncologie Pédiatrique, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Marine Guillaud-Bataille
- Département de Biologie et Pathologie Médicales, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Rachid Abbas
- INSERM U1018, CESP, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France,Service de Biostatistique et d’Epidémiologie, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Fanny Fouyssac
- Onco-hématologie pédiatrique, Hôpital d’Enfants, CHU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Sophie Huybrechts
- Hematology-Oncology Unit, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, ULB Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Puget
- Service de neurochirurgie pédiatrique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Caron
- PSL Research University, INSERM U830 Génétique et Biologie des Cancers Institut Curie, Paris, France,Unité de génétique somatique, SIREDO pediatric oncology center, Institut Curie, Paris, France,Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Nicolas Sevenet
- Laboratoire de génétique moléculaire, Département de bio-pathologie, Institut Bergonié, Bordeaux, France,INSERM U1218, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France,UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marina Dimaria
- Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Sophie Villebasse
- Département de Médecine Oncologique, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier Delattre
- Département de Cancérologie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Dominique Valteau-Couanet
- Département de Cancérologie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Jacques Grill
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 8203 du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Laurence Brugières
- Département de Cancérologie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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26
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Klonou A, Spiliotakopoulou D, Themistocleous MS, Piperi C, Papavassiliou AG. Chromatin remodeling defects in pediatric brain tumors. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2018; 6:248. [PMID: 30069450 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2018.04.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are regarded as the most prevalent solid neoplasms in children and the principal reason of death in this population. Even though surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy have improved outcome, a significant number of patients die in 6-12 months after diagnosis while those who survive, frequently experience side effects and relapses. Several studies suggest that many types of cancer including pediatric brain tumors are characterized by alterations in epigenetic profiles with deregulated chromatin remodeling and posttranslational covalent histone modifications playing a prominent role. Moreover, interplay of genetic and epigenetic changes has been associated to tumor growth and invasion as well as to modulation of patient's response to current treatment. Therefore, detection of tumor-specific histone changes and elucidation of the underlying gene defects will allow successful tailoring of personalized treatment. The goal of this review is to provide an update of genetic and epigenetic alterations that characterize pediatric brain tumors focusing on histone modifications, aiming at directing future molecular and epigenetic therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Klonou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Danai Spiliotakopoulou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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27
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Foulkes WD, Kamihara J, Evans DGR, Brugières L, Bourdeaut F, Molenaar JJ, Walsh MF, Brodeur GM, Diller L. Cancer Surveillance in Gorlin Syndrome and Rhabdoid Tumor Predisposition Syndrome. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 23:e62-e67. [PMID: 28620006 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gorlin syndrome and rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome (RTPS) are autosomal dominant syndromes associated with an increased risk of childhood-onset brain tumors. Individuals with Gorlin syndrome can manifest a wide range of phenotypic abnormalities, with about 5% of family members developing medulloblastoma, usually occurring in the first 3 years of life. Gorlin syndrome is associated with germline mutations in components of the Sonic Hedgehog pathway, including Patched1 (PTCH1) and Suppressor of fused (SUFU)SUFU mutation carriers appear to have an especially high risk of early-onset medulloblastoma. Surveillance MRI in the first years of life in SUFU mutation carriers is, therefore, recommended. Given the risk of basal cell carcinomas, regular dermatologic examinations and sun protection are also recommended. Rhabdoid tumors (RT) are tumors initially defined by the descriptive "rhabdoid" term, implying a phenotypic similarity with rhabdomyoblasts at the microscopic level. RTs usually present before the age of 3 and can arise within the cranium as atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors or extracranially, especially in the kidney, as malignant rhabdoid tumors. However, RTs of both types share germline and somatic mutations in SMARCB1 or, more rarely, SMARCA4, each of which encodes a chromatin remodeling family member. SMARCA4 mutations are particularly associated with small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT). The outcome following a diagnosis of any of these tumors is often poor, and the value of surveillance is unknown. International efforts to determine surveillance protocols are underway, and preliminary recommendations are made for carriers of SMARCB1 and SMARCA4 mutations. Clin Cancer Res; 23(12); e62-e67. ©2017 AACRSee all articles in the online-only CCR Pediatric Oncology Series.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Foulkes
- Departments of Human Genetics, Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Junne Kamihara
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - D Gareth R Evans
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Science, Department of Genomic Medicine, MAHSC, University of Manchester, Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester, England
| | - Laurence Brugières
- Child and Adolescent Cancer Department, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Jan J Molenaar
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Lisa Diller
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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28
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Tanno B, Babini G, Leonardi S, Giardullo P, De Stefano I, Pasquali E, Ottolenghi A, Atkinson MJ, Saran A, Mancuso M. Ex vivo miRNome analysis in Ptch1+/- cerebellum granule cells reveals a subset of miRNAs involved in radiation-induced medulloblastoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:68253-68269. [PMID: 27626168 PMCID: PMC5356552 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has historically been accepted that incorrectly repaired DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are the principal lesions of importance regarding mutagenesis, and long-term biological effects associated with ionizing radiation. However, radiation may also cause dysregulation of epigenetic processes that can lead to altered gene function and malignant transformation, and epigenetic alterations are important causes of miRNAs dysregulation in cancer. Patched1 heterozygous (Ptch1+/−) mice, characterized by aberrant activation of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, are a well-known murine model of spontaneous and radiation-induced medulloblastoma (MB), a common pediatric brain tumor originating from neural granule cell progenitors (GCPs). The high sensitivity of neonatal Ptch1+/− mice to radiogenic MB is dependent on deregulation of the Ptch1 gene function. Ptch1 activates a growth and differentiation programme that is a strong candidate for regulation through the non-coding genome. Therefore we carried out miRNA next generation sequencing in ex vivo irradiated and control GCPs, isolated and purified from cerebella of neonatal WT and Ptch1+/− mice. We identified a subset of miRNAs, namely let-7 family and miR-17∼92 cluster members, whose expression is altered in GCPs by radiation alone, or by synergistic interaction of radiation with Shh-deregulation. The same miRNAs were further validated in spontaneous and radiation-induced MBs from Ptch1+/− mice, confirming persistent deregulation of these miRNAs in the pathogenesis of MB. Our results support the hypothesis that miRNAs dysregulation is associated with radiosensitivity of GCPs and their neoplastic transformation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tanno
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Simona Leonardi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Giardullo
- Department of Radiation Physics, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy.,Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria De Stefano
- Department of Radiation Physics, Guglielmo Marconi University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Pasquali
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Michael J Atkinson
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Saran
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile (ENEA), Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Meningiomas currently are among the most frequent intracranial tumours. Although the majority of meningiomas can be cured by surgical resection, ∼20% of patients have an aggressive clinical course with tumour recurrence or progressive disease, resulting in substantial morbidity and increased mortality of affected patients. During the past 3 years, exciting new data have been published that provide insights into the molecular background of meningiomas and link sites of tumour development with characteristic histopathological and molecular features, opening a new road to novel and promising treatment options for aggressive meningiomas. A growing number of the newly discovered recurrent mutations have been linked to a particular clinicopathological phenotype. Moreover, the updated WHO classification of brain tumours published in 2016 has incorporated some of these molecular findings, setting the stage for the improvement of future therapeutic efforts through the integration of essential molecular findings. Finally, an additional potential classification of meningiomas based on methylation profiling has been launched, which provides clues in the assessment of individual risk of meningioma recurrence. All of these developments are creating new prospects for effective molecularly driven diagnosis and therapy of meningiomas.
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30
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Kremer L, Schultz-Fademrecht C, Baumann M, Habenberger P, Choidas A, Klebl B, Kordes S, Schöler HR, Sterneckert J, Ziegler S, Schneider G, Waldmann H. Discovery of a Novel Inhibitor of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway through Cell-based Compound Discovery and Target Prediction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Kremer
- Abteilung für Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | | | - Matthias Baumann
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH; Otto-Hahn-Straße 15 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Peter Habenberger
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH; Otto-Hahn-Straße 15 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Axel Choidas
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH; Otto-Hahn-Straße 15 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Bert Klebl
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH; Otto-Hahn-Straße 15 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Susanne Kordes
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH; Otto-Hahn-Straße 15 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Abteilung Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Biomedizin; Röntgenstraße 20 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Hans R. Schöler
- Abteilung Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Biomedizin; Röntgenstraße 20 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Jared Sterneckert
- Abteilung Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Biomedizin; Röntgenstraße 20 48149 Münster Germany
- DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies; Cluster of Excellence; Technische Universität Dresden; Fetscherstr. 105 01307 Dresden Germany
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Abteilung für Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften; Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Abteilung für Chemische Biologie; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie; Otto-Hahn-Straße 11 44227 Dortmund Germany
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie; Technische Universität Dortmund; Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Germany
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31
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Kremer L, Schultz-Fademrecht C, Baumann M, Habenberger P, Choidas A, Klebl B, Kordes S, Schöler HR, Sterneckert J, Ziegler S, Schneider G, Waldmann H. Discovery of a Novel Inhibitor of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway through Cell-based Compound Discovery and Target Prediction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13021-13025. [PMID: 28833911 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based assays enable monitoring of small-molecule bioactivity in a target-agnostic manner and help uncover new biological mechanisms. Subsequent identification and validation of the small-molecule targets, typically employing proteomics techniques, is very challenging and limited, in particular if the targets are membrane proteins. Herein, we demonstrate that the combination of cell-based bioactive-compound discovery with cheminformatic target prediction may provide an efficient approach to accelerate the process and render target identification and validation more efficient. Using a cell-based assay, we identified the pyrazolo-imidazole smoothib as a new inhibitor of hedgehog (Hh) signaling and an antagonist of the protein smoothened (SMO) with a novel chemotype. Smoothib targets the heptahelical bundle of SMO, prevents its ciliary localization, reduces the expression of Hh target genes, and suppresses the growth of Ptch+/- medulloblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Kremer
- Abteilung für Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Baumann
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Peter Habenberger
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Axel Choidas
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bert Klebl
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Susanne Kordes
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, Otto-Hahn-Straße 15, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Abteilung Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Biomedizin, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Abteilung Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Biomedizin, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jared Sterneckert
- Abteilung Zell- und Entwicklungsbiologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Biomedizin, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149, Münster, Germany.,DFG-Center for Regenerative Therapies, Cluster of Excellence, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 105, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Abteilung für Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Departement Chemie und Angewandte Biowissenschaften, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Abteilung für Chemische Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.,Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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32
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Giardino A, Gupta S, Olson E, Sepulveda K, Lenchik L, Ivanidze J, Rakow-Penner R, Patel MJ, Subramaniam RM, Ganeshan D. Role of Imaging in the Era of Precision Medicine. Acad Radiol 2017; 24:639-649. [PMID: 28131497 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Precision medicine is an emerging approach for treating medical disorders, which takes into account individual variability in genetic and environmental factors. Preventive or therapeutic interventions can then be directed to those who will benefit most from targeted interventions, thereby maximizing benefits and minimizing costs and complications. Precision medicine is gaining increasing recognition by clinicians, healthcare systems, pharmaceutical companies, patients, and the government. Imaging plays a critical role in precision medicine including screening, early diagnosis, guiding treatment, evaluating response to therapy, and assessing likelihood of disease recurrence. The Association of University Radiologists Radiology Research Alliance Precision Imaging Task Force convened to explore the current and future role of imaging in the era of precision medicine and summarized its finding in this article. We review the increasingly important role of imaging in various oncological and non-oncological disorders. We also highlight the challenges for radiology in the era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Giardino
- Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Supriya Gupta
- Department of Radiology and Imaging, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th St, Augusta, GA 30912.
| | - Emmi Olson
- Radiology Resident, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | | | - Leon Lenchik
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jana Ivanidze
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Rebecca Rakow-Penner
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Midhir J Patel
- Department of Radiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Rathan M Subramaniam
- Cyclotron and Molecular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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33
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Abstract
Spatial heterogeneity of transcriptional and genetic markers between physically isolated biopsies of a single tumor poses major barriers to the identification of biomarkers and the development of targeted therapies that will be effective against the entire tumor. We analyzed the spatial heterogeneity of multiregional biopsies from 35 patients, using a combination of transcriptomic and genomic profiles. Medulloblastomas (MBs), but not high-grade gliomas (HGGs), demonstrated spatially homogeneous transcriptomes, which allowed for accurate subgrouping of tumors from a single biopsy. Conversely, somatic mutations that affect genes suitable for targeted therapeutics demonstrated high levels of spatial heterogeneity in MB, malignant glioma, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Actionable targets found in a single MB biopsy were seldom clonal across the entire tumor, which brings the efficacy of monotherapies against a single target into question. Clinical trials of targeted therapies for MB should first ensure the spatially ubiquitous nature of the target mutation.
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34
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The MYCN Protein in Health and Disease. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8040113. [PMID: 28358317 PMCID: PMC5406860 DOI: 10.3390/genes8040113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MYCN is a member of the MYC family of proto-oncogenes. It encodes a transcription factor, MYCN, involved in the control of fundamental processes during embryonal development. The MYCN protein is situated downstream of several signaling pathways promoting cell growth, proliferation and metabolism of progenitor cells in different developing organs and tissues. Conversely, deregulated MYCN signaling supports the development of several different tumors, mainly with a childhood onset, including neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and Wilms’ tumor, but it is also associated with some cancers occurring during adulthood such as prostate and lung cancer. In neuroblastoma, MYCN-amplification is the most consistent genetic aberration associated with poor prognosis and treatment failure. Targeting MYCN has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of these tumors and great efforts have allowed the development of direct and indirect MYCN inhibitors with potential clinical use.
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35
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Dressler EV, Dolecek TA, Liu M, Villano JL. Demographics, patterns of care, and survival in pediatric medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol 2017; 132:497-506. [PMID: 28290003 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2400-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the American College of Surgeon's National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) to describe current hospital-based epidemiologic frequency, survival, and patterns of care of pediatric medulloblastoma. We analyzed NCDB 1998-2011 data on medulloblastoma for children ages 0-19 years using logistic and poisson regression, Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, and Cox proportional hazards models. 3647 cases of medulloblastoma in those aged 0-19 years were identified. Chemotherapy was received by 79 and 74% received radiation, with 65% receiving both therapies. Those who received radiation were more likely to be older than four, while those who received chemotherapy were more likely to be age four and younger. Variables associated with receipt of neither radiation nor chemotherapy included age at diagnosis of <1 year, female gender, being of race other than black or white, having no insurance, and living in a residential area with a low level of high school graduates. Better overall survival was observed as age at diagnosis increased, in females, and having received radiation. Compared to medulloblastoma, NOS, better survival was observed for those with demoplastic medulloblastoma, with worse survival in those with large cell medulloblastoma. Majority received multi- disciplinary therapy and radiation had the greatest effect on survival. Ages four and under were most likely to receive chemotherapy and least likely to receive radiation. Suboptimal treatment included 17.8% that did not receive chemotherapy, of which 11.8% received neither chemotherapy nor radiation. Disparities associated with medical access were characteristics for not receiving standard treatment, which resulted in poor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily V Dressler
- Division of Cancer Biostatistics (EVD, ML) and Departments of Medicine and Neurology (JLV), University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St., CC446, Lexington, KY, 40536-0093, USA
| | - Therese A Dolecek
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Institute for Health Research and Policy, School of Public Health (TAD), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Meng Liu
- Division of Cancer Biostatistics (EVD, ML) and Departments of Medicine and Neurology (JLV), University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St., CC446, Lexington, KY, 40536-0093, USA
| | - John L Villano
- Division of Cancer Biostatistics (EVD, ML) and Departments of Medicine and Neurology (JLV), University of Kentucky, 800 Rose St., CC446, Lexington, KY, 40536-0093, USA.
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36
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Neill SG, Saxe DF, Rossi MR, Schniederjan MJ, Brat DJ. Genomic Analysis in the Practice of Surgical Neuropathology: The Emory Experience. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2017; 141:355-365. [DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0276-sai] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of central nervous system tumors increasingly relies on molecular genetic methods to aid in classification, offer prognostic information, and predict response to therapy. Available assays make it possible to assess genetic losses, amplifications, translocations, mutations, or the expression levels of specific gene transcripts or proteins. Current molecular diagnostics frequently use a panel-based approach and whole genome analysis, and generally rely either on DNA sequencing or on hybridization-based methodologies, such as those used in cytogenomic microarrays. In some cases, immunohistochemistry can be used as a surrogate for genetic analysis when the mutation of interest consistently results in overexpression or underexpression of a known protein product. In surgical neuropathology practice, the diagnostic workup of diffuse gliomas, medulloblastomas, low-grade circumscribed gliomas, as well as other diseases, now routinely incorporates the results of genomic studies. Here we summarize our institution's current approach to diagnostic surgical neuropathology, using these contemporary molecular diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel J. Brat
- From the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Drs Neill, Saxe, Rossi, Schniederjan, and Brat) and Radiation Oncology (Dr Rossi), Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and the Department of Pathology, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (Dr Schniederjan)
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37
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Patel SS, Tomar S, Sharma D, Mahindroo N, Udayabanu M. Targeting sonic hedgehog signaling in neurological disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 74:76-97. [PMID: 28088536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling influences neurogenesis and neural patterning during the development of central nervous system. Dysregulation of Shh signaling in brain leads to neurological disorders like autism spectrum disorder, depression, dementia, stroke, Parkinson's diseases, Huntington's disease, locomotor deficit, epilepsy, demyelinating disease, neuropathies as well as brain tumors. The synthesis, processing and transport of Shh ligand as well as the localization of its receptors and signal transduction in the central nervous system has been carefully reviewed. Further, we summarize the regulation of small molecule modulators of Shh pathway with potential in neurological disorders. In conclusion, further studies are warranted to demonstrate the potential of positive and negative regulators of the Shh pathway in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Sharan Patel
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Tomar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Diksha Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Mahindroo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Post Box 9, Solan 173212, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Malairaman Udayabanu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Smith P, Azzam M, Hinck L. Extracellular Regulation of the Mitotic Spindle and Fate Determinants Driving Asymmetric Cell Division. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 61:351-373. [PMID: 28409313 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53150-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells use mode of cell division, symmetric (SCD) versus asymmetric (ACD), to balance expansion with self-renewal and the generation of daughter cells with different cell fates. Studies in model organisms have identified intrinsic mechanisms that govern this process, which involves partitioning molecular components between daughter cells, frequently through the regulation of the mitotic spindle. Research performed in vertebrate tissues is revealing both conservation of these intrinsic mechanisms and crucial roles for extrinsic cues in regulating the frequency of these divisions. Morphogens and positional cues, including planar cell polarity proteins and guidance molecules, regulate key signaling pathways required to organize cell/ECM contacts and spindle pole dynamics. Noncanonical WNT7A/VANGL2 signaling governs asymmetric cell division and the acquisition of cell fates through spindle pole orientation in satellite stem cells of regenerating muscle fibers. During cortical neurogenesis, the same pathway regulates glial cell fate determination by regulating spindle size, independent of its orientation. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) stimulates the symmetric expansion of cortical stem and cerebellar progenitor cells and contributes to cell fate acquisition in collaboration with Notch and Wnt signaling pathways. SLIT2 also contributes to stem cell homeostasis by restricting ACD frequency through the regulation of spindle orientation. The capacity to influence stem cells makes these secreted factors excellent targets for therapeutic strategies designed to enhance cell populations in degenerative disease or restrict cell proliferation in different types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prestina Smith
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Mark Azzam
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Lindsay Hinck
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
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Mangum R, Varga E, Boué DR, Capper D, Benesch M, Leonard J, Osorio DS, Pierson CR, Zumberge N, Sahm F, Schrimpf D, Pfister SM, Finlay JL. SHH desmoplastic/nodular medulloblastoma and Gorlin syndrome in the setting of Down syndrome: case report, molecular profiling, and review of the literature. Childs Nerv Syst 2016; 32:2439-2446. [PMID: 27444290 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-016-3185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have an increased risk of acute leukemia compared to a markedly decreased incidence of solid tumors. Medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood, is particularly rare in the DS population, with only one published case. As demonstrated in a mouse model, DS is associated with cerebellar hypoplasia and a decreased number of cerebellar granule neuron progenitor cells (CGNPs) in the external granule cell layer (EGL). Treatment of these mice with sonic hedgehog signaling pathway (Shh) agonists promote normalization of CGNPs and improved cognitive functioning. CASE REPORT We describe a 21-month-old male with DS and concurrent desmoplastic/nodular medulloblastoma (DNMB)-a tumor derived from Shh dysregulation and over-activation of CGNPs. Molecular profiling further classified the tumor into the new consensus SHH molecular subgroup. Additional testing revealed a de novo heterozygous germ line mutation in the PTCH1 gene encoding a tumor suppressor protein in the Shh pathway. DISCUSSION The developmental failure of CGNPs in DS patients offers a plausible explanation for the rarity of medulloblastoma in this population. Conversely, patients with PTCH1 germline mutations experience Shh overstimulation resulting in Gorlin (Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma) syndrome and an increased incidence of malignant transformation of CGNPs leading to medulloblastoma formation. This represents the first documented report of an individual with DS simultaneously carrying PTCH1 germline mutation. CONCLUSION We have observed a highly unusual circumstance in which the PTCH1 mutation appears to "trump" the effects of DS in causation of Shh-activated medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Mangum
- The Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology, the Departments of Pediatrics, Surgery and Pathology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Varga
- The Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology, the Departments of Pediatrics, Surgery and Pathology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Daniel R Boué
- The Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology, the Departments of Pediatrics, Surgery and Pathology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David Capper
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Benesch
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jeffrey Leonard
- The Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology, the Departments of Pediatrics, Surgery and Pathology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Diana S Osorio
- The Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology, the Departments of Pediatrics, Surgery and Pathology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher R Pierson
- The Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology, the Departments of Pediatrics, Surgery and Pathology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nicholas Zumberge
- The Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology, the Departments of Pediatrics, Surgery and Pathology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Felix Sahm
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schrimpf
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Core Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan L Finlay
- The Divisions of Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Neurosurgery and Neuropathology, the Departments of Pediatrics, Surgery and Pathology, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Infante P, Alfonsi R, Ingallina C, Quaglio D, Ghirga F, D'Acquarica I, Bernardi F, Di Magno L, Canettieri G, Screpanti I, Gulino A, Botta B, Mori M, Di Marcotullio L. Inhibition of Hedgehog-dependent tumors and cancer stem cells by a newly identified naturally occurring chemotype. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2376. [PMID: 27899820 PMCID: PMC5059851 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) inhibitors have emerged as valid tools in the treatment of a wide range of cancers. Indeed, aberrant activation of the Hh pathway occurring either by ligand-dependent or -independent mechanisms is a key driver in tumorigenesis. The smoothened (Smo) receptor is one of the main upstream transducers of the Hh signaling and is a validated target for the development of anticancer compounds, as underlined by the FDA-approved Smo antagonist Vismodegib (GDC-0449/Erivedge) for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. However, Smo mutations that confer constitutive activity and drug resistance have emerged during treatment with Vismodegib. For this reason, the development of new effective Hh inhibitors represents a major challenge for cancer therapy. Natural products have always represented a unique source of lead structures in drug discovery, and in recent years have been used to modulate the Hh pathway at multiple levels. Here, starting from an in house library of natural compounds and their derivatives, we discovered novel chemotypes of Hh inhibitors by mean of virtual screening against the crystallographic structure of Smo. Hh functional based assay identified the chalcone derivative 12 as the most effective Hh inhibitor within the test set. The chalcone 12 binds the Smo receptor and promotes the displacement of Bodipy-Cyclopamine in both Smo WT and drug-resistant Smo mutant. Our molecule stands as a promising Smo antagonist able to specifically impair the growth of Hh-dependent tumor cells in vitro and in vivo and medulloblastoma stem-like cells and potentially overcome the associated drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Infante
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291 Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Alfonsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ingallina
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291 Rome, Italy
| | - Deborah Quaglio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Ghirga
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria D'Acquarica
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Bernardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Di Magno
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Canettieri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Screpanti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Gulino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Botta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Mori
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291 Rome, Italy
| | - Lucia Di Marcotullio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, Italy
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41
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Collier NJ, Ali FR, Lear JT. The safety and efficacy of sonidegib for the treatment of locally advanced basal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016; 16:1011-8. [DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2016.1230020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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42
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Murgai M, Giles A, Kaplan R. Physiological, Tumor, and Metastatic Niches: Opportunities and Challenges for Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment. Crit Rev Oncog 2016; 20:301-14. [PMID: 26349421 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2015013668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The primary tumor niche and the related but distinct premetastatic/metastatic niche comprise a number of essential players, including immune cells, stromal cells, and extracellular matrix. The cross-talk between these components is key to tumor progression. Many of these cell types and signaling pathways in the tumor microenvironment also are found in physiological and stem cell niches, such as the bone marrow, colonic crypt, and skin bulge. Here they play tightly regulated roles in wound healing and tissue homeostasis. Understanding the similarities and differences between these distinct niches may better inform our ability to therapeutically target the tumor microenvironment. In this review we discuss a number of tumor and metastatic niche components as they relate to stem cell niches and highlight potential therapeutic strategies in pediatric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Murgai
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amber Giles
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rosandra Kaplan
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Ertao Z, Jianhui C, Chuangqi C, Changjiang Q, Sile C, Yulong H, Hui W, Shirong C. Autocrine Sonic hedgehog signaling promotes gastric cancer proliferation through induction of phospholipase Cγ1 and the ERK1/2 pathway. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:63. [PMID: 27039174 PMCID: PMC4818860 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Sonic hedgehog (SHH) plays critical roles in cell growth and development. Tumor cells express SHH, which can promote cell proliferation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. However, the autocrine SHH pathway has not been described in gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to explore molecular mechanisms underlying autocrine SHH signaling in gastric cancer cells. Methods SHH expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry and the results were compared with clinicopathologic parameters, including survival. Using gastric cancer cell lines, we measured SHH mRNA and protein expression, and studied the effects of SHH signaling on cell proliferation and SHH secretion. We also studied the effects of an inhibitor of PLC-γ1 on phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2. Results SHH protein expression in gastric cancer tissue was significantly higher compared with that in normal gastric tissue (P < 0.001), and the increased expression was significantly associated with pT staging (P = 0.004), pN staging (P = 0.018), pM staging (P = 0.006), and pTNM staging (P < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, overall survival in gastric cancer was significantly shorter in cases with high SHH expression (HR = 1.734, 95 % CI: 1.109–2.713, P = 0.016). The AGS and SGC-7901 gastric cancer cell lines expressed SHH mRNA and protein. In these cell lines, SHH promoted carcinogenesis through activation of the PLCγ1-ERK1/2 pathway, resulting in increased cell proliferation and survival. Conclusions Increased SHH expression is associated with shorter survival in gastric cancer patients, and SHH could represent a useful biomarker or therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhai Ertao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Chen Jianhui
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Chen Chuangqi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Qin Changjiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Chen Sile
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - He Yulong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Wu Hui
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Cai Shirong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
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Manetti F, Petricci E. Evaluation of WO2014207069 A1: Multitarget Hedgehog pathway inhibitors and uses thereof. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:529-35. [PMID: 26666870 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2016.1132309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the involvement of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway in various human diseases and dysfunctions has been clearly demonstrated. Smoothened (Smo), one of the upstream signal transducers, has been the most druggable target of the Hh pathway. However, the emergence of resistance to Smo inhibitors and the identification of Smo-independent activation of the Hh pathway led to the need to find new chemical entities able to interfere with downstream components, such as Gli. For this purpose, two different computational approaches have been applied to a small-sized library of natural compounds. As a result, an isoflavone derivative that showed ability to inhibit both Smo and Gli1 has been identified; namely, Glabrescione B. A new synthetic approach has been planned for this compound and its derivatives. Biological evaluation demonstrated the mechanism of action and showed a promising preclinical profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Manetti
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
| | - Elena Petricci
- a Dipartimento di Biotecnologie , Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Siena , Siena , Italy
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45
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46
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Karsy M, Guan J, Sivakumar W, Neil JA, Schmidt MH, Mahan MA. The genetic basis of intradural spinal tumors and its impact on clinical treatment. Neurosurg Focus 2015; 39:E3. [DOI: 10.3171/2015.5.focus15143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic alterations in the cells of intradural spinal tumors can have a significant impact on the treatment options, counseling, and prognosis for patients. Although surgery is the primary therapy for most intradural tumors, radiochemothera-peutic modalities and targeted interventions play an ever-evolving role in treating aggressive cancers and in addressing cancer recurrence in long-term survivors. Recent studies have helped delineate specific genetic and molecular differences between intradural spinal tumors and their intracranial counterparts and have also identified significant variation in therapeutic effects on these tumors. This review discusses the genetic and molecular alterations in the most common intradural spinal tumors in both adult and pediatrie patients, including nerve sheath tumors (that is, neurofibroma and schwannoma), meningioma, ependymoma, astrocytoma (that is, low-grade glioma, anaplastic astrocytoma, and glioblastoma), hemangioblastoma, and medulloblastoma. It also examines the genetics of metastatic tumors to the spinal cord, arising either from the CNS or from systemic sources. Importantly, the impact of this knowledge on therapeutic options and its application to clinical practice are discussed.
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47
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Ransohoff KJ, Sarin KY, Tang JY. Smoothened Inhibitors in Sonic Hedgehog Subgroup Medulloblastoma. J Clin Oncol 2015. [PMID: 26195713 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.62.2225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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48
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Ge X, Lyu P, Gu Y, Li L, Li J, Wang Y, Zhang L, Fu C, Cao Z. Sonic hedgehog stimulates glycolysis and proliferation of breast cancer cells: Modulation of PFKFB3 activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:862-8. [PMID: 26171876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hesgehog (Shh) signaling has been reported to play an essential role in cancer progression. The mechanism of Shh involved in breast cancer carcinogenesis remains unclear. The present study sought to explore whether Shh signaling could regulate the glycolytic metabolism in breast cancers. Overexpression of the smoothed (Smo) and Gli-1 was found in human primary breast cancers. The expressions of Shh and Gli-1 correlated significantly with tumor size and tumor stage. In vitro, human recombinant Shh (rShh) triggered Smo and Gli-1 expression, promoted glucose utilization and lactate production, and accelerated cell proliferation in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Notably, rShh did not alter 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) expression but augmented PFKFB3 phosphorylation on ser(461), along with elevated fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6BP) generation by MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. This effect could be dampened by Smo siRNA but not by Gli-1 siRNA. In addition, our data showed the upregulated expressions of MAPK by rShh and elevatory PFKFB3 phosphorylation by p38/MAPK activated kinase (MK2). In conclusion, our study characterized a novel role of Shh in promoting glycolysis and proliferation of breast cancer cells via PFKFB3 phosphorylation, which was mediated by Smo and p38/MK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ge
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Pengwei Lyu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yuanting Gu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Jingruo Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Linfeng Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Chao Fu
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Zhang Cao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
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Alken SP, D'Urso P, Saran FH. Managing teenage/young adult (TYA) brain tumors: a UK perspective. CNS Oncol 2015; 4:235-46. [PMID: 26118974 DOI: 10.2217/cns.15.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors of the CNS are among the commonest malignancies occurring in teenage/young adult patients (i.e., those aged between 15 and 24 years). The treatment of this patient population is challenging. Adolescence and young adulthood are a turbulent period of life, with physical, emotional, social and cognitive changes. Best practice advocates their treatment in dedicated teenage/young adult units, with multidisciplinary team input and access to clinical trials. Treatment of CNS malignancies is dependent upon histological subtype and staging, with varying combinations of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy used. Clinical trials directly targeted at this patient population are rare; treatments are based on pediatric protocols as studies have demonstrated improved outcomes in patients (with other malignancies) treated as such. Scope for improvement lies in minimizing patient risk of recurrence and long-term sequelae of treatment. Molecular characterization of tumors may provide further information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scheryll P Alken
- Department of Neuro Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
| | - Pietro D'Urso
- Department of Neurosurgery, Salford Royal Hospital Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Frank H Saran
- Department of Neuro Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
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Characterization of medulloblastoma in Fanconi Anemia: a novel mutation in the BRCA2 gene and SHH molecular subgroup. Biomark Res 2015; 3:13. [PMID: 26064523 PMCID: PMC4462002 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-015-0038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fanconi Anemia (FA) is an inherited disorder characterized by the variable presence of multiple congenital somatic abnormalities, bone marrow failure and cancer susceptibility. Medulloblastoma (MB) has been described only in few cases of FA with biallelic inactivation in the tumor suppressor gene BRCA2/FANCD1 or its associated gene PALB2/FANCN. We report the case of a patient affected by Fanconi Anemia with Wilms tumor and unusual presentation of two medulloblastomas (MB1 and MB2). We identified a new pathogenetic germline BRCA2 mutation: c.2944_2944delA. Molecular analysis of MBs allowed us to define new features of MB in FA. MBs were found to belong to the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) molecular subgroup with some differences between MB1 and MB2. We highlighted that MB in FA could share molecular aspects and hemispheric localization with sporadic adult SHH-MB. Our report provides new findings that shed new light on the genetic and molecular pathogenesis of MB in FA patients with implications in the disease management.
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