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Chehelgerdi M, Chehelgerdi M, Khorramian-Ghahfarokhi M, Shafieizadeh M, Mahmoudi E, Eskandari F, Rashidi M, Arshi A, Mokhtari-Farsani A. Comprehensive review of CRISPR-based gene editing: mechanisms, challenges, and applications in cancer therapy. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:9. [PMID: 38195537 PMCID: PMC10775503 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01925-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The CRISPR system is a revolutionary genome editing tool that has the potential to revolutionize the field of cancer research and therapy. The ability to precisely target and edit specific genetic mutations that drive the growth and spread of tumors has opened up new possibilities for the development of more effective and personalized cancer treatments. In this review, we will discuss the different CRISPR-based strategies that have been proposed for cancer therapy, including inactivating genes that drive tumor growth, enhancing the immune response to cancer cells, repairing genetic mutations that cause cancer, and delivering cancer-killing molecules directly to tumor cells. We will also summarize the current state of preclinical studies and clinical trials of CRISPR-based cancer therapy, highlighting the most promising results and the challenges that still need to be overcome. Safety and delivery are also important challenges for CRISPR-based cancer therapy to become a viable clinical option. We will discuss the challenges and limitations that need to be overcome, such as off-target effects, safety, and delivery to the tumor site. Finally, we will provide an overview of the current challenges and opportunities in the field of CRISPR-based cancer therapy and discuss future directions for research and development. The CRISPR system has the potential to change the landscape of cancer research, and this review aims to provide an overview of the current state of the field and the challenges that need to be overcome to realize this potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Chehelgerdi
- Novin Genome (NG) Lab, Research and Development Center for Biotechnology, Shahrekord, Iran.
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Matin Chehelgerdi
- Novin Genome (NG) Lab, Research and Development Center for Biotechnology, Shahrekord, Iran
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Milad Khorramian-Ghahfarokhi
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Esmaeil Mahmoudi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Eskandari
- Faculty of Molecular and Cellular Biology -Genetics, Islamic Azad University of Falavarjan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Asghar Arshi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Abbas Mokhtari-Farsani
- Novin Genome (NG) Lab, Research and Development Center for Biotechnology, Shahrekord, Iran
- Department of Biology, Nourdanesh Institute of Higher Education, Meymeh, Isfahan, Iran
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2
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Huang S, Bai Y, An Z, Xu C, Zhang C, Wang F, Zhong C, Zhong X. Gastrodin synergistically increases migration of interleukin-13 receptor α2 chimeric antigen receptor T cell to the brain against glioblastoma multiforme: A preclinical study. Phytother Res 2023; 37:5947-5957. [PMID: 37748098 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.8007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Therapy with chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells involves using reformative T lymphocytes that have three domains, antigen recognition, transmembrane, and costimulating to achieve the therapeutic purpose. CAR-T therapy on malignant hematologic has been successful; however, its effectiveness in patients with solid tumors is still limited. Few studies exist confirming the efficacy of natural products on the function of CAR-T cells. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of gastrodin (GAS) on CAR-T cells that target interleukin-13 receptor α2 antigen (IL-13Rα2 CAR-T) in the brain against glioblastoma multiforme. Migration of IL-13Rα2 CAR-T was evaluated using the Transwell assay. The effects of GAS on IL-13Rα2 CAR-T cells were assessed both in vitro and situ glioblastoma models. The cytoskeleton was stained with Fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate (FITC)-phalloidin. Cytokines expression in cells was determined by flow cytometry and ELISA assay. Western blotting was used to detect the S1P1 expression, and quantitative PCR assay was used to determine the IL-13Rα2 gene level. GAS increased the migratory and destructive capacity of IL-13Rα2 CAR-T cells with no effect on cytokine release. By increasing the expression of S1P1, GAS encouraged the entry of CAR-T cells into the brain and bone marrow. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that genes related to skeletal migration such as add2 and gng8 showed increased expression in GAS-treated CAR-T cells. We found that GAS synergistically improves the mobility of IL-13Rα2 CAR-T, enhancing their ability to recognize the tumor antigen of glioblastoma, which could be advantageous for the application of CAR-T for the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Huang
- Department of the Clinical Center of Gene and Cell Engineering, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Bai
- Department of the Clinical Center of Gene and Cell Engineering, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijing An
- Department of the Clinical Center of Gene and Cell Engineering, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Xu
- Department of the Clinical Center of Gene and Cell Engineering, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of the Clinical Center of Gene and Cell Engineering, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of the Clinical Center of Gene and Cell Engineering, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlong Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaosong Zhong
- Department of the Clinical Center of Gene and Cell Engineering, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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3
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Shahabifard H, Zarei M, Kookli K, Esmalian Afyouni N, Soltani N, Maghsoodi S, Adili A, Mahmoudi J, Shomali N, Sandoghchian Shotorbani S. An updated overview of the application of CAR-T cell therapy in neurological diseases. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3356. [PMID: 37198722 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Genetically modified immune cells, especially CAR-T cells, have captured the attention of scientists over the past 10 years. In the fight against cancer, these cells have a special place. Treatment for hematological cancers, autoimmune disorders, and cancers must include CAR-T cell therapy. Determining the therapeutic targets, side effects, and use of CAR-T cells in neurological disorders, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, is the goal of this study. Due to advancements in genetic engineering, CAR-T cells have become crucial in treating some neurological disorders. CAR-T cells have demonstrated a positive role in treating neurological cancers like Glioblastoma and Neuroblastoma due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and use diverse targets. However, CAR-T cell therapy for MS diseases is being researched and could be a potential treatment option. This study aimed to access the most recent studies and scientific articles in the field of CAR-T cells in neurological diseases and/or disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Shahabifard
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Zarei
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Keihan Kookli
- International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazgol Esmalian Afyouni
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Narges Soltani
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sairan Maghsoodi
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences (MUK), Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ali Adili
- Department of Oncology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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4
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Wang HQ, Fu R, Man QW, Yang G, Liu B, Bu LL. Advances in CAR-T Cell Therapy in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12062173. [PMID: 36983174 PMCID: PMC10052000 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12062173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgery with the assistance of conventional radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy is the basis for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treatment. However, with these treatment modalities, the recurrence and metastasis of tumors remain at a high level. Increasingly, the evidence indicates an excellent anti-tumor effect of chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells in hematological malignancy treatment, and this novel immunotherapy has attracted researchers’ attention in HNSCC treatment. Although several clinical trials have been conducted, the weak anti-tumor effect and the side effects of CAR-T cell therapy against HNSCC are barriers to clinical translation. The limited choices of targeting proteins, the barriers of CAR-T cell infiltration into targeted tumors and short survival time in vivo should be solved. In this review, we introduce barriers of CAR-T cell therapy in HNSCC. The limitations and current promising strategies to overcome barriers in solid tumors, as well as the applications for HNSCC treatment, are covered. The perspectives of CAR-T cell therapy in future HNSCC treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Qi Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Head Neck Oncology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ruxing Fu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 92093, USA
| | - Qi-Wen Man
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Head Neck Oncology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bing Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Head Neck Oncology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (L.-L.B.)
| | - Lin-Lin Bu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Head Neck Oncology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (L.-L.B.)
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5
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Guzman G, Pellot K, Reed MR, Rodriguez A. CAR T-cells to treat brain tumors. Brain Res Bull 2023; 196:76-98. [PMID: 36841424 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous success using CAR T therapy in hematological malignancies has garnered significant interest in developing such treatments for solid tumors, including brain tumors. This success, however, has yet to be mirrored in solid organ neoplasms. CAR T function has shown limited efficacy against brain tumors due to several factors including the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, blood-brain barrier, and tumor-antigen heterogeneity. Despite these considerations, CAR T-cell therapy has the potential to be implemented as a treatment modality for brain tumors. Here, we review adult and pediatric brain tumors, including glioblastoma, diffuse midline gliomas, and medulloblastomas that continue to portend a grim prognosis. We describe insights gained from different preclinical models using CAR T therapy against various brain tumors and results gathered from ongoing clinical trials. Furthermore, we outline the challenges limiting CAR T therapy success against brain tumors and summarize advancements made to overcome these obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Guzman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | | | - Megan R Reed
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Analiz Rodriguez
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.
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6
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Wang G, Wang W. Advanced Cell Therapies for Glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:904133. [PMID: 36052072 PMCID: PMC9425637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The sheer ubiquity of Gioblastoma (GBM) cases would lead you to believe that there should have been many opportunities for the discovery of treatments to successfully render it into remission. Unfortunately, its persistent commonality is due in large part to the fact that it is the most treatment-resistant tumors in adults. That completely changes the treatment plan of attack. Long established and accepted treatment therapies such as surgical resection, radiation, and aggressive chemotherapy, (and any combination thereof) have only confirmed that the disease lives up to its treatment-resistant reputation. To add to the seemingly insurmountable task of finding a cure, GBM has also proven to be a very stubborn and formidable opponent to newer immunotherapies. Across the board, regardless of the therapy combination, the five-year survival rate of GBM patients is still very poor at a heartbreaking 5.6%. Obviously, the present situation cannot be tolerated or deemed acceptable. The grave situation calls for researchers to be more innovative and find more efficient strategies to discover new and successful strategies to treat GBM. Inspired by researchers worldwide attempting to control GBM, we provide in this review a comprehensive overview of the many diverse cell therapies currently being used to treat GBM. An overview of the treatments include: CAR T cells, CAR NK cells, gamma-delta T cells, NKT cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, as well stem cell-based strategies. To give you the complete picture, we will discuss the efficacy, safety, and developmental stages, the mechanisms of action and the challenges of each of these therapies and detail their potential to be the next-generation immunotherapeutic to eliminate this dreadful disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Wang
- BlueRock Therapeutics, Department of Process Development, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wenshi Wang, ; Guangwen Wang,
| | - Wenshi Wang
- Metagenomi Inc., Department of Cell Therapy, Emeryville, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Wenshi Wang, ; Guangwen Wang,
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7
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Rodríguez-Camacho A, Flores-Vázquez JG, Moscardini-Martelli J, Torres-Ríos JA, Olmos-Guzmán A, Ortiz-Arce CS, Cid-Sánchez DR, Pérez SR, Macías-González MDS, Hernández-Sánchez LC, Heredia-Gutiérrez JC, Contreras-Palafox GA, Suárez-Campos JDJE, Celis-López MÁ, Gutiérrez-Aceves GA, Moreno-Jiménez S. Glioblastoma Treatment: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137207. [PMID: 35806212 PMCID: PMC9267036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Glioblastoma is the most frequent and lethal primary tumor of the central nervous system. Through many years, research has brought various advances in glioblastoma treatment. At this time, glioblastoma management is based on maximal safe surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy with temozolomide. Recently, bevacizumab has been added to the treatment arsenal for the recurrent scenario. Nevertheless, patients with glioblastoma still have a poor prognosis. Therefore, many efforts are being made in different clinical research areas to find a new alternative to improve overall survival, free-progression survival, and life quality in glioblastoma patients. (2) Methods: Our objective is to recap the actual state-of-the-art in glioblastoma treatment, resume the actual research and future perspectives on immunotherapy, as well as the new synthetic molecules and natural compounds that represent potential future therapies at preclinical stages. (3) Conclusions: Despite the great efforts in therapeutic research, glioblastoma management has suffered minimal changes, and the prognosis remains poor. Combined therapeutic strategies and delivery methods, including immunotherapy, synthetic molecules, natural compounds, and glioblastoma stem cell inhibition, may potentiate the standard of care therapy and represent the next step in glioblastoma management research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Rodríguez-Camacho
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - José Guillermo Flores-Vázquez
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Júlia Moscardini-Martelli
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Jorge Alejandro Torres-Ríos
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Alejandro Olmos-Guzmán
- Hospital de Especialidades No.1 Centro Médico Nacional del Bajío, León 37680, Mexico; (A.O.-G.); (C.S.O.-A.)
| | - Cindy Sharon Ortiz-Arce
- Hospital de Especialidades No.1 Centro Médico Nacional del Bajío, León 37680, Mexico; (A.O.-G.); (C.S.O.-A.)
| | - Dharely Raquel Cid-Sánchez
- Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (D.R.C.-S.); (S.R.P.)
| | - Samuel Rosales Pérez
- Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (D.R.C.-S.); (S.R.P.)
| | | | - Laura Crystell Hernández-Sánchez
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Juan Carlos Heredia-Gutiérrez
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Gabriel Alejandro Contreras-Palafox
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - José de Jesús Emilio Suárez-Campos
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Celis-López
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Guillermo Axayacalt Gutiérrez-Aceves
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Sergio Moreno-Jiménez
- Radioneurosurgery Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (A.R.-C.); (J.M.-M.); (J.A.T.-R.); (L.C.H.-S.); (J.C.H.-G.); (G.A.C.-P.); (J.d.J.E.S.-C.); (M.Á.C.-L.); (G.A.G.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
- American British Cowdray Medical Center, Cancer Center, Mexico City 01120, Mexico
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8
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Sagnella SM, White AL, Yeo D, Saxena P, van Zandwijk N, Rasko JEJ. Locoregional delivery of CAR-T cells in the clinic. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106329. [PMID: 35772645 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellular therapies utilizing T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have garnered significant interest due to their clinical success in hematological malignancies. Unfortunately, this success has not been replicated in solid tumors, with only a small fraction of patients achieving complete responses. A number of obstacles to effective CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors have been identified including tumor antigen heterogeneity, poor T cell fitness and persistence, inefficient trafficking and inability to penetrate into the tumor, immune-related adverse events due to on-target/off-tumor toxicity, and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Many preclinical studies have focused on improvements to CAR design to try to overcome some of these hurdles. However, a growing body of work has also focused on the use of local and/or regional delivery of CAR-T cells as a means to overcome poor T cell trafficking and inefficient T cell penetration into tumors. Most trials that incorporate locoregional delivery of CAR-T cells have targeted tumors of the central nervous system - repurposing an Ommaya/Rickham reservoir for repeated delivery of cells directly to the tumor cavity or ventricles. Hepatic artery infusion is another technique used for locoregional delivery to hepatic tumors. Locoregional delivery theoretically permits increased numbers of CAR-T cells within the tumor while reducing the risk of immune-related systemic toxicity. Studies to date have been almost exclusively phase I. The growing body of evidence indicates that locoregional delivery of CAR-T cells is both safe and feasible. This review focuses specifically on the use of locoregional delivery of CAR-T cells in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Sagnella
- Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Amy L White
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Dannel Yeo
- Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown 2050, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Payal Saxena
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown 2050, Australia
| | - Nico van Zandwijk
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Concord 2139, Australia
| | - John E J Rasko
- Cell & Molecular Therapies, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Camperdown 2050, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; Li Ka Shing Cell & Gene Therapy Program, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia.
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9
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Huang J, Li YB, Charlebois C, Nguyen T, Liu Z, Bloemberg D, Zafer A, Baumann E, Sodja C, Leclerc S, Fewell G, Liu Q, Prabhakarpandian B, McComb S, Stanimirovic DB, Jezierski A. Application of blood brain barrier models in pre-clinical assessment of glioblastoma-targeting CAR-T based immunotherapies. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:38. [PMID: 35650594 PMCID: PMC9161615 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human blood brain barrier (BBB) models derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have become an important tool for the discovery and preclinical evaluation of central nervous system (CNS) targeting cell and gene-based therapies. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is a revolutionary form of gene-modified cell-based immunotherapy with potential for targeting solid tumors, such as glioblastomas. Crossing the BBB is an important step in the systemic application of CAR-T therapy for the treatment of glioblastomas and other CNS malignancies. In addition, even CAR-T therapies targeting non-CNS antigens, such as the well-known CD19-CAR-T therapies, are known to trigger CNS side-effects including brain swelling due to BBB disruption. In this study, we used iPSC-derived brain endothelial-like cell (iBEC) transwell co-culture model to assess BBB extravasation of CAR-T based immunotherapies targeting U87MG human glioblastoma (GBM) cells overexpressing the tumor-specific mutated protein EGFRvIII (U87vIII). Two types of anti-EGFRvIII targeting CAR-T cells, with varying tonic signaling profiles (CAR-F263 and CAR-F269), and control Mock T cells were applied on the luminal side of BBB model in vitro. CAR-F263 and CAR-F269 T cells triggered a decrease in transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and an increase in BBB permeability. CAR-T cell extravasation and U87vIII cytotoxicity were assessed from the abluminal compartment using flow cytometry and Incucyte real-time viability imaging, respectively. A significant decrease in U87vIII cell viability was observed over 48 h, with the most robust cytotoxicity response observed for the constitutively activated CAR-F263. CAR-F269 T cells showed a similar cytotoxic profile but were approximately four fold less efficient at killing the U87vIII cells compared to CAR-F263, despite similar transmigration rates. Visualization of CAR-T cell extravasation across the BBB was further confirmed using BBTB-on-CHIP models. The described BBB assay was able to discriminate the cytotoxic efficacies of different EGFRvIII-CARs and provide a measure of potential alterations to BBB integrity. Collectively, we illustrate how BBB models in vitro can be a valuable tool in deciphering the mechanisms of CAR-T–induced BBB disruption, accompanying toxicity and effector function on post-barrier target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jez Huang
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ying Betty Li
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Claudie Charlebois
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tina Nguyen
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ziying Liu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Darin Bloemberg
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ahmed Zafer
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ewa Baumann
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Caroline Sodja
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sonia Leclerc
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Gwen Fewell
- SynVivo Inc, Huntsville, AL, USA, 35806, 701 McMillian Way NW
| | - Qing Liu
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Scott McComb
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 451 Smyth Rd, K1H 8M5
| | - Danica B Stanimirovic
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Anna Jezierski
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Building M-54, Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 451 Smyth Rd, K1H 8M5.
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Therapeutic Options in Neuro-Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105351. [PMID: 35628161 PMCID: PMC9140894 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in neuro-oncology is understanding the complexity of central nervous system tumors, such as gliomas, in order to develop suitable therapeutics. Conventional therapies in malignant gliomas reconcile surgery and radiotherapy with the use of chemotherapeutic options such as temozolomide, chloroethyl nitrosoureas and the combination therapy of procarbazine, lomustine and vincristine. With the unraveling of deregulated cancer cell signaling pathways, targeted therapies have been developed. The most affected signaling pathways in glioma cells involve tyrosine kinase receptors and their downstream pathways, such as the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways (MAPK). MAPK pathway inhibitors include farnesyl transferase inhibitors, Ras kinase inhibitors and mitogen-activated protein extracellular regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitors, while PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors are divided into pan-inhibitors, PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitors and AKT inhibitors. The relevance of the immune system in carcinogenesis has led to the development of immunotherapy, through vaccination, blocking of immune checkpoints, oncolytic viruses, and adoptive immunotherapy using chimeric antigen receptor T cells. In this article we provide a comprehensive review of the signaling pathways underlying malignant transformation, the therapies currently used in the treatment of malignant gliomas and further explore therapies under development, including several ongoing clinical trials.
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11
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Han MH, Kim CH. Current Immunotherapeutic Approaches for Malignant Gliomas. Brain Tumor Res Treat 2022; 10:1-11. [PMID: 35118842 PMCID: PMC8819466 DOI: 10.14791/btrt.2022.10.e25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumor (48.3%), with a median survival of only about 14.6 months. Although the CNS is an immune-privileged site, activated T cells can cross the blood-brain barrier. The recent successes of several immunotherapies for various cancers have drawn interest in immunotherapy for treatment of malignant glioma. There have been extensive attempts to evaluate the efficiency of immunotherapy against malignant glioma. Passive immunotherapy for malignant glioma includes monoclonal antibody-mediated immunotherapy, cytokine-mediated therapy, and adoptive cell transfer, also known as chimeric antigen receptor T cell treatment. On the other hand, active immunotherapy, which stimulates the patient’s adaptive immune system against specific tumor-associated antigens, includes cancer vaccines that are divided into peptide vaccines and cell-based vaccines. In addition, there is immune checkpoint blockade therapy, which increases the efficiency of immunotherapy by reducing the resistance of malignant glioma to immunotherapy. Despite centuries of efforts, immunotherapeutic successes for malignant glioma remain limited. However, many clinical trials of adoptive cell transfer immunotherapy on malignant glioma are ongoing, and the outcomes are eagerly awaited. In addition, although there are still several obstacles, current clinical trials using personalized neoantigen-based dendritic cell vaccines offer new hope to glioblastoma patients. Furthermore, immune checkpoint targeted therapy is expected to decipher the mechanism of immunotherapy resistance in malignant glioma in the near future. More studies are needed to increase the efficacy of immunotherapy in malignant glioma. We hope that immunotherapy will become a new treatment of malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Hoon Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Korea
| | - Choong Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri, Korea.
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Abdoli Shadbad M, Hemmat N, Khaze Shahgoli V, Derakhshani A, Baradaran F, Brunetti O, Fasano R, Bernardini R, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. A Systematic Review on PD-1 Blockade and PD-1 Gene-Editing of CAR-T Cells for Glioma Therapy: From Deciphering to Personalized Medicine. Front Immunol 2022; 12:788211. [PMID: 35126356 PMCID: PMC8807490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.788211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) can attenuate chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell-mediated anti-tumoral immune responses. In this regard, co-administration of anti-PD-1 with CAR-T cells and PD-1 gene-editing of CAR-T cells have been suggested to disrupt this inhibitory axis. Herein, we aim to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of these two approaches and propose a novel strategy to ameliorate the prognosis of glioma patients. Methods Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched to obtain relevant peer-reviewed studies published before March 7, 2021. Then, the current study was conducted based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) statements. The random-effect model was applied to evaluate the effect size of administrated agents on the survival of animal models bearing gliomas using RevMan version 5.4. The Cochran Q test and I2 were performed to assess the possible between-study heterogeneity. Egger's and Begg and Mazumdar's tests were performed to objectively assess potential asymmetry and publication bias using CMA version 2. Results Anti-PD-1 can substantially increase the survival of animal models on second-generation CAR-T cells. Also, PD-1 knockdown can remarkably prolong the survival of animal models on third-generation CAR-T cells. Regardless of the CAR-T generations, PD-1 gene-edited CAR-T cells can considerably enhance the survival of animal-bearing gliomas compared to the conventional CAR-T cells. Conclusions The single-cell sequencing of tumoral cells and cells residing in the tumor microenvironment can provide valuable insights into the patient-derived neoantigens and the expression profile of inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules in tumor bulk. Thus, single-cell sequencing-guided fourth-generation CAR-T cells can cover patient-derived neoantigens expressed in various subpopulations of tumoral cells and inhibit related inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules. The proposed approach can improve anti-tumoral immune responses, decrease the risk of immune-related adverse events, reduce the risk of glioma relapse, and address the vast inter-and intra-heterogeneity of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vahid Khaze Shahgoli
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Cancer and Inflammation Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Farzad Baradaran
- Department of Computer (Computer engineering–Artificial Intelligence), Shabestar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shabestar, Iran
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Rossella Fasano
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Renato Bernardini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II” of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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13
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The Interplay between Glioblastoma and Its Microenvironment. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092257. [PMID: 34571905 PMCID: PMC8469987 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
GBM is the most common primary brain tumor in adults, and the aggressive nature of this tumor contributes to its extremely poor prognosis. Over the years, the heterogeneous and adaptive nature of GBM has been highlighted as a major contributor to the poor efficacy of many treatments including various immunotherapies. The major challenge lies in understanding and manipulating the complex interplay among the different components within the tumor microenvironment (TME). This interplay varies not only by the type of cells interacting but also by their spatial distribution with the TME. This review highlights the various immune and non-immune components of the tumor microenvironment and their consequences f the efficacy of immunotherapies. Understanding the independent and interdependent aspects of the various sub-populations encapsulated by the immune and non-immune components will allow for more targeted therapies. Meanwhile, understanding how the TME creates and responds to different environmental pressures such as hypoxia may allow for other multimodal approaches in the treatment of GBM. Ultimately, a better understanding of the GBM TME will aid in the development and advancement of more effective treatments and in improving patient outcomes.
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Gatto L, Nunno VD, Franceschi E, Brandes AA. Chimeric antigen receptor macrophage for glioblastoma immunotherapy: the way forward. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:879-883. [PMID: 34078139 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Gatto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Nunno
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Franceschi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Azienda USL of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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