1
|
Gutierrez A, Nguyen JD, Creehan KM, Grant Y, Taffe MA. Adult Consequences of Repeated Nicotine Vapor Inhalation in Adolescent Rats. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:715-723. [PMID: 37946372 PMCID: PMC11109496 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There has been a resurgence in nicotine inhalation in adolescents due to the popularity and availability of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS). Almost five times as many US high-school seniors inhale nicotine vapor daily compared with those who smoke tobacco. This study was conducted to determine the impact of repeated adolescent vapor inhalation of nicotine on behavior in adulthood. METHODS Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 30-minute sessions of ENDS vapor inhalation, twice daily, from post-natal day (PND) 31-40. Conditions included vapor from the propylene glycol (PG) vehicle or nicotine (30 mg/mL in the PG). Animals were assessed for effects of nicotine on open field (PND 74-105) and wheel activity (PND 126-180) and for volitional exposure to nicotine vapor (PND 285-395). Plasma nicotine and cotinine were assessed in separate groups of male and female Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats after a single nicotine inhalation session. RESULTS Group mean plasma nicotine ranged from 39 to 59 ng/mL post-session with minimal strain differences detected. Adolescent nicotine exposure enhanced sensitivity to the locomotor stimulating effects of nicotine (0.1-0.8 mg/kg, s.c.) in an open field in female rats, but didn't change the effects of nicotine on wheel activity. Female rats exposed to nicotine (30 mg/mL) vapor as adolescents responded more vigorously than PG-exposed females to nicotine vapor in a fixed ratio 5 challenge. CONCLUSIONS Repeated adolescent nicotine vapor inhalation leads to enhanced liability for volitional exposure to nicotine vapor in adulthood in female rats, but minimal change in spontaneous locomotor behavior. IMPLICATIONS These results show that adolescent vaping of nicotine can lead to lasting sensitization to the effects of nicotine in adulthood, including volitional responding for nicotine vapor. Demonstration of this in a controlled animal model establishes causality in a manner not possible from longitudinal evidence in human populations. These findings further highlight the importance of decreasing adolescent nicotine exposure to e-cigarettes to reduce consumption in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Gutierrez
- Department of Neuroscience; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacques D Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience; The Scripps Research Institute;La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University;Waco, TX, USA
| | - Kevin M Creehan
- Department of Neuroscience; The Scripps Research Institute;La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yanabel Grant
- Department of Neuroscience; The Scripps Research Institute;La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Taffe
- Department of Neuroscience; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego; La Jolla, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gutierrez A, Creehan KM, Grant Y, Taffe MA. Adult consequences of repeated nicotine and Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vapor inhalation in adolescent rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:585-599. [PMID: 38282127 PMCID: PMC10884208 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Use of electronic drug delivery systems (EDDS, "e-cigarettes") to ingest nicotine and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has surged in adolescents in the USA; five times as many high-school seniors vape nicotine daily using tobacco. At the same time, 19.5% of seniors use cannabis at least monthly, with 12% using EDDS to deliver it. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to examine the impact of repeated adolescent vapor inhalation of nicotine and THC in rats. METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 30-min sessions of vapor inhalation, twice daily, from post-natal day (PND) 31 to PND 40. Conditions included vapor from the propylene glycol (PG) vehicle, nicotine (60 mg/mL in the PG), THC (100 mg/mL in the PG), or the combination of nicotine (60 mg/mL) and THC (100 mg/mL). Rats were assessed on wheel activity, heroin anti-nociception and nicotine and heroin vapor volitional exposure during adulthood. RESULTS Nicotine-exposed rats exhibited few differences as adults, but were less sensitive to anti-nociceptive effects of heroin (1 mg/kg, s.c.). THC- and THC + nicotine-exposed rats were less spontaneously active, and obtained fewer nicotine vapor deliveries as adults. In contrast, THC-exposed rats obtained volitional heroin vapor at rates indistinguishable from the non-THC-exposed groups. Repeated THC exposure also caused tolerance to temperature-disrupting effects of THC (5 mg/kg, i.p.). CONCLUSIONS These studies further confirm that the effects of repeated vapor exposure to THC in adolescence last into early to middle adulthood, including decreased volitional consumption of nicotine. Effects of repeated nicotine in adolescence were comparatively minor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Gutierrez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kevin M Creehan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yanabel Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Michael A Taffe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Satterlee JS, Pollock JD, Volkow ND. The NIDA Avenir award in genetics or epigenetics of substance use disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 127:103899. [PMID: 37739148 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
NIDA's Avenir Program in the Genetics or Epigenetics of Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) was launched to support early stage investigators who propose innovative, high risk, but potentially high impact research and who show promise of being tomorrow's leaders in this scientific field. Since 2015, NIDA has supported 30 Avenir Investigators with unique expertise and creative ideas. This special issue showcases how some of these ideas have germinated, flourished, and borne fruit. In this perspective article we briefly describe the purpose and implementation of the Avenir award and provide a high altitude overview of the awardees and their scientific projects to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John S Satterlee
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Three White Flint North, 11601 Landsdown Street, North Bethesda, MD 20852, United States of America.
| | - Jonathan D Pollock
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Three White Flint North, 11601 Landsdown Street, North Bethesda, MD 20852, United States of America.
| | - Nora D Volkow
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, Three White Flint North, 11601 Landsdown Street, North Bethesda, MD 20852, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Han P, Jing X, Han S, Wang X, Li Q, Zhang Y, Yu P, Liu XA, Wu P, Chen H, Hou H, Hu Q. Pharmacokinetic differences in nicotine and nicotine salts mediate reinforcement-related behavior: an animal model study. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1288102. [PMID: 38033549 PMCID: PMC10687399 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1288102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Since their introduction in the United States and Europe in 2007, electronic cigarettes (E-Cigs) have become increasingly popular among smokers. Nicotine, a key component in both tobacco and e-cigarettes, can exist in two forms: nicotine-freebase (FBN) and nicotine salts (NS). While nicotine salt is becoming more popular in e-cigarettes, the effect of nicotine salts on reinforcement-related behaviors remains poorly understood. This study aimed to compare the reinforcing effects of nicotine and nicotine salts in animal models of drug self-administration and explore potential mechanisms that may contribute to these differences. The results demonstrated that three nicotine salts (nicotine benzoate, nicotine lactate, and nicotine tartrate) resulted in greater reinforcement-related behaviors in rats compared to nicotine-freebase. Moreover, withdrawal-induced anxiety symptoms were lower in the three nicotine salt groups than in the nicotine-freebase group. The study suggested that differences in the pharmacokinetics of nicotine-freebase and nicotine salts in vivo may explain the observed behavioral differences. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the reinforcing effects of nicotine as well as potential differences between nicotine-freebase and nicotine salts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Han
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Jing
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shulei Han
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, China
| | - Xinsheng Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiannan Li
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, China
| | - Pengpeng Yu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-an Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ping Wu
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Chen
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects, Zhengzhou, China
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biological Effects and Biosynthesis, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Steinfeld MR, Torregrossa MM. Consequences of adolescent drug use. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:313. [PMID: 37802983 PMCID: PMC10558564 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Substance use in adolescence is a known risk factor for the development of neuropsychiatric and substance use disorders in adulthood. This is in part due to the fact that critical aspects of brain development occur during adolescence, which can be altered by drug use. Despite concerted efforts to educate youth about the potential negative consequences of substance use, initiation remains common amongst adolescents world-wide. Additionally, though there has been substantial research on the topic, many questions remain about the predictors and the consequences of adolescent drug use. In the following review, we will highlight some of the most recent literature on the neurobiological and behavioral effects of adolescent drug use in rodents, non-human primates, and humans, with a specific focus on alcohol, cannabis, nicotine, and the interactions between these substances. Overall, consumption of these substances during adolescence can produce long-lasting changes across a variety of structures and networks which can have enduring effects on behavior, emotion, and cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Steinfeld
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Mary M Torregrossa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gutierrez A, Creehan KM, Grant Y, Taffe MA. Adult consequences of repeated nicotine and Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) vapor inhalation in adolescent rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.08.556932. [PMID: 37745433 PMCID: PMC10515744 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.08.556932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The use of Electronic Drug Delivery Systems (EDDS, "e-cigarettes") to ingest nicotine and Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has surged in adolescent populations in the United States, as five times as many high-school seniors vape nicotine daily as use tobacco. At the same time 19.5% of seniors use cannabis at least monthly, with 12% using EDDS to deliver it. This study was conducted to examine the impact of repeated adolescent vapor inhalation of nicotine and THC in rats. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 30-minute sessions of vapor inhalation, twice daily, from Post-Natal Day (PND) 31 to PND 40. Conditions included vapor from the propylene glycol (PG) vehicle, Nicotine (60 mg/mL in the PG), THC (100 mg/mL in the PG) or the combination of Nicotine (60 mg/mL) and THC (100 mg/mL). Rats were assessed on wheel activity, heroin anti-nociception and nicotine and heroin vapor volitional exposure during adulthood. Nicotine exposed rats exhibited few differences as adults, but were less sensitive to anti-nociceptive effects of heroin (1 mg/kg, s.c.). THC- and THC+Nicotine-exposed rats were less spontaneously active, and obtained fewer nicotine vapor deliveries as adults. In contrast, THC exposed rats obtained volitional heroin vapor at rates indistinguishable from the non-THC-exposed groups. Repeated THC exposure also caused tolerance to temperature-disrupting effects of THC (5 mg/kg, i.p.). These studies further confirm that the effects of repeated vapor exposure to THC in adolescence last into early to middle adulthood, including decreased volitional consumption of nicotine. Effects of repeated nicotine in adolescence were comparatively minor.
Collapse
|
7
|
Vilca SJ, Margetts AV, Pollock TA, Tuesta LM. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of microglia in substance use disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103838. [PMID: 36893849 PMCID: PMC10247513 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are widely known for their role in immune surveillance and for their ability to refine neurocircuitry during development, but a growing body of evidence suggests that microglia may also play a complementary role to neurons in regulating the behavioral aspects of substance use disorders. While many of these efforts have focused on changes in microglial gene expression associated with drug-taking, epigenetic regulation of these changes has yet to be fully understood. This review provides recent evidence supporting the role of microglia in various aspects of substance use disorder, with particular focus on changes to the microglial transcriptome and the potential epigenetic mechanisms driving these changes. Further, this review discusses the latest technical advances in low-input chromatin profiling and highlights the current challenges for studying these novel molecular mechanisms in microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samara J Vilca
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Alexander V Margetts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Tate A Pollock
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
| | - Luis M Tuesta
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Center for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim DY, Jang Y, Heo DW, Jo S, Kim HC, Lee JH. Electronic Cigarette Vaping Did Not Enhance the Neural Process of Working Memory for Regular Cigarette Smokers. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:817538. [PMID: 35250518 PMCID: PMC8894252 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.817538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) as substitute devices for regular tobacco cigarettes (r-cigs) have been increasing in recent times. We investigated neuronal substrates of vaping e-cigs and smoking r-cigs from r-cig smokers. Methods Twenty-two r-cig smokers made two visits following overnight smoking cessation. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were acquired while participants watched smoking images. Participants were then allowed to smoke either an e-cig or r-cig until satiated and fMRI data were acquired. Their craving levels and performance on the Montreal Imaging Stress Task and a 3-back alphabet/digit recognition task were obtained and analyzed using two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. Regions-of-interest (ROIs) were identified by comparing the abstained and satiated conditions. Neuronal activation within ROIs was regressed on the craving and behavioral data separately. Results Craving was more substantially reduced by smoking r-cigs than by vaping e-cigs. The response time (RT) for the 3-back task was significantly shorter following smoking r-cigs than following vaping e-cigs (interaction: F (1, 17) = 5.3, p = 0.035). Neuronal activations of the right vermis (r = 0.43, p = 0.037, CI = [-0.05, 0.74]), right caudate (r = 0.51, p = 0.015, CI = [0.05, 0.79]), and right superior frontal gyrus (r = −0.70, p = 0.001, CI = [−0.88, −0.34]) were significantly correlated with the RT for the 3-back task only for smoking r-cigs. Conclusion Our findings suggest that insufficient satiety from vaping e-cigs for r-cigs smokers may be insignificant effect on working memory function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Youl Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Yujin Jang
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Da-Woon Heo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungman Jo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Chul Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jong-Hwan Lee,
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lallai V, Manca L, Sherafat Y, Fowler CD. Effects of Prenatal Nicotine, THC, or Co-Exposure on Cognitive Behaviors in Adolescent Male and Female Rats. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1150-1160. [PMID: 35090174 PMCID: PMC9278841 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although there has been a decrease in the prevalence of tobacco smoking, exposure to nicotine during pregnancy remains a substantial problem worldwide. Further, given the recent escalation in e-cigarette use and legalization of cannabis, it has become essential to understand the effects of nicotine and cannabinoid co-exposure during early developmental stages. AIMS AND METHODS We systematically examined the effects of nicotine and/or THC prenatal exposure on cognitive behaviors in male and female offspring. Dams were exposed to nicotine vape or vehicle, and oral edible THC or vehicle, throughout pregnancy. Adolescent offspring were then tested in the prepulse inhibition test, novel object recognition task, and novelty suppressed feeding task. RESULTS At birth, pups from mothers exposed to nicotine vape or oral THC exhibited reduced body weight, compared to control pups. Prenatal nicotine vape exposure resulted in a decreased baseline startle reactivity in adolescent male and female rats, and in females, enhanced sensorimotor gating in the prepulse inhibition test. Prenatal nicotine and THC co-exposure resulted in significant deficits in the prepulse inhibition test in males. Deficits in short-term memory were also found in males prenatally exposed to THC, either alone or with nicotine co-exposure, and in females exposed to THC alone. Finally, in males, a modest increase in anxiety-associated behaviors was found with THC or nicotine exposure in the latency to approach a novel palatable food. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate differential effects of prenatal exposure to e-cigarette nicotine vape and/or edible THC on cognitive function, with differing effects within male and female groups. IMPLICATIONS These studies demonstrate an impact of nicotine, THC, or co-exposure during early developmental stages in utero on behavioral outcomes in adolescence. These findings have important translational implications given the continued use of nicotine and THC containing products by pregnant women worldwide, which can be applied to support healthcare and policy efforts restricting nicotine and THC use during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Lallai
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Letizia Manca
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yasmine Sherafat
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Christie D Fowler
- Corresponding Author: Christie D. Fowler, PhD, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, 1232 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-4550, USA. Telephone: 949-824-8363; Fax: 949-824-2447; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Saravia R, Ten-Blanco M, Pereda-Pérez I, Berrendero F. New Insights in the Involvement of the Endocannabinoid System and Natural Cannabinoids in Nicotine Dependence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13316. [PMID: 34948106 PMCID: PMC8715672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine, the main psychoactive component in tobacco smoke, plays a major role in tobacco addiction, producing a high morbidity and mortality in the world. A great amount of research has been developed to elucidate the neural pathways and neurotransmitter systems involved in such a complex addictive behavior. The endocannabinoid system, which has been reported to participate in the addictive properties of most of the prototypical drugs of abuse, is also implicated in nicotine dependence. This review summarizes and updates the main behavioral and biochemical data involving the endocannabinoid system in the rewarding properties of nicotine as well as in nicotine withdrawal and relapse to nicotine-seeking behavior. Promising results from preclinical studies suggest that manipulation of the endocannabinoid system could be a potential therapeutic strategy for treating nicotine addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Saravia
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Marc Ten-Blanco
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, UFV, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.T.-B.); (I.P.-P.)
| | - Inmaculada Pereda-Pérez
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, UFV, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.T.-B.); (I.P.-P.)
| | - Fernando Berrendero
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, UFV, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (M.T.-B.); (I.P.-P.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ruiz CM, Torrens A, Lallai V, Castillo E, Manca L, Martinez MX, Justeson DN, Fowler CD, Piomelli D, Mahler SV. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of aerosolized ("vaped") THC in adolescent male and female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2021; 238:3595-3605. [PMID: 34495367 PMCID: PMC8665923 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Adolescent exposure to ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychotropic constituent of cannabis, might affect brain development, and in rodent models leads to long-term behavioral and physiological alterations. Yet, the basic pharmacology of this drug in adolescent rodents, especially when ingested via ecologically relevant routes like aerosol inhalation, commonly referred to as "vaping," is still poorly characterized. Moreover, sex differences exist in THC metabolism, kinetics, and behavioral effects, but these have not been rigorously examined after vapor dosing in adolescents. OBJECTIVES We investigated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of aerosolized THC (30 min inhalation exposure, 25 or 100 mg/ml) in adolescent Wistar rats of both sexes. METHODS Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of THC and its major metabolites was conducted on blood plasma and brain tissue at 5, 30, 60, and 120 min following a 30-min aerosol dosing session. Effects on activity in a novel environment for 120 min after aerosol, and temperature, were measured in separate rats. RESULTS We found sex-dependent differences in the pharmacokinetics of THC and its active (11-OH-THC) and inactive (11-COOH-THC) metabolites in the blood and brain, along with dose- and sex-dependent effects on anxiety-like and exploratory behaviors; namely, greater 11-OH-THC levels accompanied by greater behavioral effects in females at the low dose but similar hypothermic effects in both sexes at the high dose. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a benchmark for dosing adolescent rats with aerosolized (or "vaped") THC, which could facilitate adoption by other labs of this potentially human-relevant THC exposure model to understand cannabis effects on the developing brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Ruiz
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - A Torrens
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, 1244 Gillespie Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - V Lallai
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - E Castillo
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - L Manca
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - M X Martinez
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - D N Justeson
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - C D Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - D Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, 1244 Gillespie Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - S V Mahler
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, 2205 McGaugh Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fartootzadeh R, Alaei H, Reisi P. Mutual assistance of nucleus accumbens cannabinoid receptor-1 and orexin receptor-2 in response to nicotine: a single-unit study. Res Pharm Sci 2021; 16:173-181. [PMID: 34084204 PMCID: PMC8102922 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.310524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: The nucleus accumbens (NAc) express both orexin-2 receptor (OX2R) and cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R). Orexin and cannabinoid regulate the addictive properties of nicotine. In this study, the effect of the CB1R blockade on the electrical activity of NAc neurons in response to nicotine, and its probable interaction with the OX2R in this event, within this area, were examined via the single-unit recording. Experimental approach: The spontaneous firing rate of NAc was initially recorded for 15 min, and then 5 min before subcutaneous injection of nicotine (0.5 mg/kg)/saline, AM251 and TCS-OX2-29 were injected into the NAc. Neuronal responses were recorded for 70 min, after nicotine administration. Findings/Results: Nicotine excited the NAc neurons significantly and intra-NAc microinjection of AM251 (25 and 125 ng/rat), as a selective CB1R antagonist, prevented the nicotine-induced increases of NAc neuronal responses. Moreover, microinjection of AM251 (125 ng/rat), before saline injection, could not affect the percentage of change of the neuronal response. Finally, simultaneous intra-NAc administration of the effective or ineffective doses of AM251 and TCS-OX2-29 (a selective antagonist of OX2R) prevented the nicotine- induced increases of NAc neuronal responses, so that there was a significant difference between the group received ineffective doses of both antagonists and the AM251 ineffective dose. Conclusion and implications: The results suggest that the CB1R can modulate the NAc reaction to the nicotine, and it can be concluded that there is a potential interplay between the OX2R and CB1R in the NAc, in relation to nicotine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Fartootzadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Hojjatallah Alaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Parham Reisi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sherafat Y, Bautista M, Fowler CD. Multidimensional Intersection of Nicotine, Gene Expression, and Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:649129. [PMID: 33828466 PMCID: PMC8019722 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.649129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic system plays a crucial role in nervous system function with important effects on developmental processes, cognition, attention, motivation, reward, learning, and memory. Nicotine, the reinforcing component of tobacco and e-cigarettes, directly acts on the cholinergic system by targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain. Activation of nAChRs leads to a multitude of immediate and long-lasting effects in specific cellular populations, thereby affecting the addictive properties of the drug. In addition to the direct actions of nicotine in binding to and opening nAChRs, the subsequent activation of circuits and downstream signaling cascades leads to a wide range of changes in gene expression, which can subsequently alter further behavioral expression. In this review, we provide an overview of the actions of nicotine that lead to changes in gene expression and further highlight evidence supporting how these changes can often be bidirectional, thereby inducing subsequent changes in behaviors associated with further drug intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Sherafat
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, Unites States
| | - Malia Bautista
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, Unites States
| | - Christie D Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, Unites States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Goodwin RD. Impact of Cannabis Use on Nicotine and Tobacco Use Outcomes. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:1257-1259. [PMID: 32480403 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renee D Goodwin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, The City University of New York, New York, NY.,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|