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Kim OH, Jeon KO, Kim G, Jang CG, Yoon SS, Jang EY. The neuropharmacological properties of α-pyrrolidinobutiothiophenone, a new synthetic cathinone, in rodents; role of the dopaminergic system. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38772548 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE α-Pyrrolidinobutiothiophenone (α-PBT) is a chemical derivative of cathinone, a structural analogue of amphetamine. Until now, there have been a few previous neurochemical or neurobehavioural studies on the abuse potential of α-PBT. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We examined the abuse potential of α-PBT by measuring psychomotor, rewarding, and reinforcing properties and methamphetamine-like discriminative stimulus effects in rodents using locomotor activity, conditioned place preference, self-administration, and drug discrimination studies. To clarify the underlying neuropharmacological mechanisms, we measured dopamine levels and neuronal activation in the dorsal striatum. In addition, we investigated the role of the dopamine D1 receptor or D2 receptors in α-PBT-induced hyperlocomotor activity, conditioned place preference, and the methamphetamine-like discriminative stimulus effect of α-PBT in rodents. KEY RESULTS α-PBT promoted hyperlocomotor activity in mice. α-PBT induced drug-paired place preference in mice and supported self-administration in rats. In a drug discrimination experiment, α-PBT fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of methamphetamine in rats. Furthermore, α-PBT increased dopamine levels and c-Fos expression in the dorsal striatum of mice, which was associated with these behaviours. Finally, pretreatment with the D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 or the D2 receptors antagonist eticlopride significantly attenuated acute or repeated α-PBT-induced hyperlocomotor activity, place preference, and the methamphetamine-like discriminative stimulus effects in rodents. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings suggest that α-PBT has abuse potential at the highest dose tested via enhanced dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum of rodents. The results provide scientific evidence for the legal restrictions of the recreational use of α-PBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oc-Hee Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Oh Jeon
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihyeon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Shoon Yoon
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Jang
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Williams BM, Steed ND, Woolley JT, Moedl AA, Nelson CA, Jones GC, Burris MD, Arias HR, Kim OH, Jang EY, Hone AJ, McIntosh JM, Yorgason JT, Steffensen SC. Catharanthine Modulates Mesolimbic Dopamine Transmission and Nicotine Psychomotor Effects via Inhibition of α6-Nicotinic Receptors and Dopamine Transporters. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1738-1754. [PMID: 38613458 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Iboga alkaloids, also known as coronaridine congeners, have shown promise in the treatment of alcohol and opioid use disorders. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of catharanthine and 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC) on dopamine (DA) transmission and cholinergic interneurons in the mesolimbic DA system, nicotine-induced locomotor activity, and nicotine-taking behavior. Utilizing ex vivo fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) in the nucleus accumbens core of male mice, we found that catharanthine or 18-MC differentially inhibited evoked DA release. Catharanthine inhibition of evoked DA release was significantly reduced by both α4 and α6 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) antagonists. Additionally, catharanthine substantially increased DA release more than vehicle during high-frequency stimulation, although less potently than an α4 nAChR antagonist, which confirms previous work with nAChR antagonists. Interestingly, while catharanthine slowed DA reuptake measured via FSCV ex vivo, it also increased extracellular DA in striatal dialysate from anesthetized mice in vivo in a dose-dependent manner. Superfusion of catharanthine or 18-MC inhibited the firing rate of striatal cholinergic interneurons in a concentration dependent manner, which are known to potently modulate presynaptic DA release. Catharanthine or 18-MC suppressed acetylcholine currents in oocytes expressing recombinant rat α6/α3β2β3 or α6/α3β4 nAChRs. In behavioral experiments using male Sprague-Dawley rats, systemic administration of catharanthine or 18-MC blocked nicotine enhancement of locomotor activity. Importantly, catharanthine attenuated nicotine self-administration in a dose-dependent manner while having no effect on food reinforcement. Lastly, administration of catharanthine and nicotine together greatly increased head twitch responses, indicating a potential synergistic hallucinogenic effect. These findings demonstrate that catharanthine and 18-MC have similar, but not identical effects on striatal DA dynamics, striatal cholinergic interneuron activity and nicotine psychomotor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Williams
- Department of Psychology/Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Nathan D Steed
- Department of Psychology/Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Joel T Woolley
- Department of Psychology/Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Aubrey A Moedl
- Department of Psychology/Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Christina A Nelson
- Department of Psychology/Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Gavin C Jones
- Department of Psychology/Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Matthew D Burris
- Department of Psychology/Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Hugo R Arias
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tahlequah, Oklahoma 74464, United States
| | - Oc-Hee Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Eun Young Jang
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Arik J Hone
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Departments of Psychiatry and Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - J Michael McIntosh
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Departments of Psychiatry and Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Jordan T Yorgason
- Department of Psychology/Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Scott C Steffensen
- Department of Psychology/Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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An YJ, Kim YH. Assessment of toxicological validity using tobacco emission condensates: A comparative analysis of emissions and condensates from 3R4F reference cigarettes and heated tobacco products. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108502. [PMID: 38368717 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The tobacco emission condensate, henceforth referred to as "tobacco condensate," plays a critical role in assessing the toxicity of tobacco products. This condensate, derived from tobacco emissions, provides an optimized liquid concentrate for storage and concentration control. Thus, the validation of its constituents is vital for toxicity assessments. This study used tobacco condensates from 3R4F cigarettes and three heated tobacco product (HTP) variants to quantify and contrast organic compounds (OCs) therein. The hazard index (HI) for tobacco emissions and condensates was determined to ascertain the assessment validity. The total particulate matter (TPM) for 3R4F registered at 17,667 μg cig-1, with its total OC (TOC) at 3777 μg cig-1. HTPs' TPM and TOC were 9342 ± 1918 μg cig-1 and 5258 ± 593 μg stick-1, respectively. 3R4F's heightened TPM likely arises from tar, while HTPs' OC concentrations are influenced by vegetable glycerin (2236-2688 μg stick-1) and propylene glycol (589-610 μg stick-1). During the condensation process, a substantial proportion of OCs in 3R4F smoke underwent significant concentration decreases, in contrast to HTPs, where fewer than half of the examined OCs exhibited notable concentration declines. The HI for tobacco emissions exhibited a marginally higher value compared to tobacco condensate, with variations ranging from 7.92% (HTPs) to 18.6% (3R4F), denoting a minimal differential. These observations emphasize the importance of accurate OC recovery techniques to maintain the validity and reliability of toxicity assessments based on tobacco condensates. This study not only deepens the comprehension of chemical behaviors in tobacco products but also establishes a novel benchmark for their toxicity evaluation, with profound implications for public health strategies and consumer protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ji An
- Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea; School of Civil, Environmental, Resources and Energy Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea.
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Kim YH, Kim SH. Development and validation of a method for preparing heated tobacco product aerosol condensate (HTPAC) for large-scale toxicity data acquisition. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 267:115621. [PMID: 37879201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
A method of preparing heated tobacco product aerosol condensate (HTPAC) was developed to expedite HTP toxicity evaluation, and the effectiveness was assessed. To prepare HTPAC, HTP aerosol was generated and collected using a Cambridge filter (particulate phase) and Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (DPBS; gaseous phase). The aerosol collected on the Cambridge filter was extracted using methanol, which was thereafter removed by nitrogen purging. The HTP aerosol residue was mixed with DPBS loaded with the collected HTP vapor, ultimately yielding HTPAC. Nicotine and formaldehyde, key harmful compounds in HTP aerosol, were detected in HTPAC (901 ± 224 and 22.2 ± 3.90 µg stick-1, respectively, comparable to those in HTP aerosol (990-1350 (nicotine) and 2.33-21.9 µg stick-1 (formaldehyde)). Propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin, which influence the amount of HTP aerosol, were detected at similar levels in HTPAC and HTP aerosol (propylene glycol = 616 ± 57.1 (HTPAC) and 320-630 µg stick-1 (aerosol) and vegetable glycerin = 2418 ± 224 (HTPAC) and 1667-4000 µg stick-1 (aerosol)). Known components of HTP aerosol (hydroxyacetone, acetic acid, triacetin, and 2-furanmethanol) were also detected in HTPAC. Consequently, HTPAC offers an effective method for concentrating harmful compounds found in HTP aerosols. This, in turn, facilitates comprehensive toxicity assessments, paving the way for guidelines ensuring the safe utilization of HTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea; School of Civil, Environmental, Resources and Energy Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea; Soil Environment Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea
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Kim JS, Kim OH, Ryu IS, Kim YH, Jeon KO, Lim LN, Kim TW, Sohn S, Kim S, Seo JW, Choe ES, Jang EY. Challenge exposure to whole cigarette smoke condensate upregulates locomotor sensitization by stimulating α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 220:173469. [PMID: 36183870 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, the primary addictive substance in tobacco, produces the psychomotor, rewarding, and reinforcing effects of tobacco dependence by stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the brain. The present study determined that α4β2 nAChRs regulate locomotor sensitization by altering dopamine concentration in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) after systemic challenge exposure to whole cigarette smoke condensate (WCSC). Rats were administered subcutaneous injection of WCSC (0.2 mg/kg nicotine/day) for 7 consecutive days and then re-exposed to WCSC after 3 days of withdrawal. Challenge exposure to WCSC significantly increased locomotor activity. This increase was decreased by the subcutaneous injection of the α4β2 nAChR antagonist, DHβE (3 mg/kg), but not by the intraperitoneal injection of the α7 nAChR antagonist, MLA (5 mg/kg). In parallel with a decrease in locomotor activity, blockade of α4β2 nAChRs with DHβE decreased dopamine concentration in the NAc which was elevated by challenge exposure to WCSC. These findings suggest that challenge WCSC leads to the expression of locomotor sensitization by elevating dopamine concentration via stimulation of α4β2 nAChRs expressed in neurons of the NAc in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Oc-Hee Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - In Soo Ryu
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hyun Kim
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea; Department of Environment & Energy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea; School of Civil, Environmental and Resources-Energy Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabukdo 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Oh Jeon
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Li-Na Lim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Sohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Wook Seo
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sang Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Young Jang
- Department of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
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Bruijnzeel AW. The unhealthy association between smoking, vaping, and other drug use. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1139-1140. [PMID: 35584805 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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