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Jukić T, Margetić BA, Jakšić N, Boričević V. Personality differences in patients with and without gallstones. J Psychosom Res 2023; 169:111322. [PMID: 37018955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Presence of gallstones is associated with a range of risk factors that have previously shown associations with personality traits. Our aim was to assess the differences in personality traits between the patients with and without gallstones. METHODS This study used a case-control design with 308 participants from the general population, 68.2% female, mean age 49.2 (SD 9.24) years, of whom 154 (50%) participants had asymptomatic gallstones. Personality was assessed with the Temperament and Character Inventory - Revised - 140 (TCI-R-140) and depression with the Center for Epidemiological Study of Depression Scale (CESD). Cut-off ≥16 on the CES-D was used as an exclusion criterion. Subjects were also checked for metabolic risk factors and sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS The group with gallstones had significantly more pronounced metabolic risk factors and higher prevalence of smoking and alcohol usage in comparison with the group without gallstones. This group also exhibited higher temperament dimension Harm avoidance (HA) and lower character dimension Self-directedness (SD). Metabolic variables differed based on character dimension Cooperativeness (CO), smoking based on temperament dimensions Novelty seeking (NS) and HA, and alcohol usage on dimension NS within the gallstones group. In the logistic regression, controlled for smoking, alcohol usage and metabolic variables, temperament dimension HA was shown to be a significant predictor of the presence of gallstones. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that personality may be associated with the presence of gallstones. Future longitudinal studies addressing the complex interplay of personality traits, psychological mechanisms and the associated behavioral, metabolic and neurobiological factors, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Jukić
- Neuropsychiatric Hospital Dr. Ivan Barbot, Popovaca, Croatia
| | - Branka Aukst Margetić
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia; School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; Croatian Catholic University, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nenad Jakšić
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Mata JL, Miranda Gálvez AL, López Torrecillas F, Miccoli L. Cardiac sensitivity to rewards in cognitively inflexible nonclinical participants. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15318. [PMID: 37180586 PMCID: PMC10174053 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In psychopathologies characterized by compulsive decision-making, core impairments include cognitive inflexibility and excessive sensitivity to rewards. It has been posited that traits shared by nonclinical individuals and psychiatric patients could help explain the pathogenesis of compulsive decision-making. Methods To investigate whether cognitive inflexibility predisposes nonclinical individuals to poor choices and hyper-reactivity to reward, we recruited people with high and low scores for cognitive persistence and used the Iowa Gambling Task to assess decision-making and cardiac reactivity to monetary gains/losses. Results As is frequently observed in psychophysiological research, the data indicated discrepancies among self-reports, behavior, and physiology. Cognitive inflexibility was not related to worse performance; however, monetary gains, in line with the literature, prompted marked cardiac accelerations. Consistent with our research goal, only inflexible participants showed large cardiac accelerations during the largest monetary wins. Discussion Taken together, the data confirm an association between cognitive persistence and physiological reward sensitivity in a nonclinical population. The findings are in line with recent theories on the development of compulsive behaviors that consider cognitive inflexibility as a transdiagnostic impairment and predisposing factor for excessive reactivity to rewards, and might act both as a preexisting individual trait and drug-induced deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Mata
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Andalucía, Spain
| | | | - Francisca López Torrecillas
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, University of Granada, Granada, Andalucía, Spain
| | - Laura Miccoli
- Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences, University of Jaén, Jaén, Andalucía, Spain
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3
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Tobacco Smoking Behaviors in Cancer Survivors: The Mediation Effect of Personality and Emotional Intelligence. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:9437-9451. [PMID: 36547156 PMCID: PMC9777259 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29120742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The smoking behaviour of patients following a cancer diagnosis is a critical risk factor for several physical diseases; it can increase the risk of second primary tumors and lower cancer treatment efficacy. Despite this, a great number of survivors continue to smoke after the diagnosis. This observational, cross-sectional on-line study aimed to assess the relationship between the impact of cancer diagnosis on survivors and their smoking behavior, and whether emotional intelligence and personality might mediate this relationship. Ninety-four Italian survivors completed a set of questionnaires: Big Five Inventory; Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence; Impact of Event Scale; Brief Emotional Intelligence Scale. The results obtained from the mediation analyses highlighted that the indirect effect on the relationship between the psychological impact of the diagnosis and smoking behaviors was partially mediated by neuroticism (Intrusion: 95% CI [0.00; 0.11]; Avoidance: 95% CI [0.00; 0.18]). Additionally, the data suggested that the relationship between the psychological impact of the diagnosis and smoking behaviors was partially mediated by the utilization of emotions dimension of emotional intelligence (Intrusion: 95% CI [0.00; 0.10]; Avoidance: 95% CI [0.00; 0.22]). Overall, this study suggests the importance of designing interventions to support smoking interruption based on the "mapping" of individual needs and emotional regulation strategies.
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Yee Hway Ann A, Yoke Yuen SL, Chong Wee M, Gan CK, Mogan @ Mohan S, Mahadhir MAHB. Personality trait and associate factors among smokers: systematic review and meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2022.2120426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Yee Hway Ann
- Psychiatrist and Addiction Medicine Specialist, Department of Psychological Medicine, University Malaya Centre of Addiction Sciences (UMCAS), KL, Malaysia
| | | | - Melissa Chong Wee
- Department of Physiological Medicine, University of Malaya Faculty of Medicine, KL, Malaysia
| | - Choo Kian Gan
- Department of Physiological Medicine, University of Malaya Faculty of Medicine, KL, Malaysia
| | - Suja Mogan @ Mohan
- Department of Physiological Medicine, University of Malaya Faculty of Medicine, KL, Malaysia
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Masiero M, Cutica I, Mazzocco K, Zunino A, Cropley M, Pravettoni G. A Comprehensive Model of Tobacco Cigarette Smoking in Adolescence: The Role of Attachment Style and Personality. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 155:589-605. [PMID: 34185624 DOI: 10.1080/00223980.2021.1934374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several previous studies have investigated the association between smoking, attachment style and personality, but they were either focused on personality or on attachment style and considered these variables separately. Starting from such findings, the study aims to investigate both factors, as they might not be independent, in order to clarify their role in the onset of smoking behavior in adolescence. This study was conducted on a convenience sample of 338 adolescents [male: 55% (186) - female: 45% (152)] (aged 16.63 ± 1.63). All participants completed a set of standardized questionnaires that assessed attachment style, personality and smoking behavior (starting age, daily cigarettes, nicotine dependence). Results showed that the dismissing attachment style, novelty seeking, and older age were associated with a higher likelihood of having a cigarette smoking experience; while self-directedness and gender (being female) were associated with a lower likelihood of having a cigarette smoking experience (p < .001). The secure and avoidant attachment styles were associated with a late smoking onset, whereas dismissing attachment and reward dependence were associated with an earlier smoking onset (p < .009). These findings highlight the possibility of developing a psycho-cognitive profile of adolescent smokers, and help to describe a smoking trajectory that may aid in designing tailored interventions and treatments to discourage smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ketti Mazzocco
- University of Milan
- European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS
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Masiero M, Oliveri S, Cutica I, Monzani D, Faccio F, Mazzocco K, Pravettoni G. The psychometric properties of the Italian adaptation of the Health Orientation Scale (HOS). Health Qual Life Outcomes 2020; 18:69. [PMID: 32169082 PMCID: PMC7071689 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-020-01298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A novel approach suggested that cognitive and dispositional features may explain in depth the health behaviors adoption and the adherence to prevention programs. The Health Orientation Scale (HOS) has been extensively used to map the adoption of health and unhealthy behaviors according to cognitive and dispositional features. Coherently, the main aim of the current research was to assess the factor structure of the Italian version of the HOS using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and testing the construct validity of the scale by assessing differences in health orientations between tobacco cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. Method The research protocol was organized in two studies. Study 1 evaluated the dimensionality of the HOS in a sample of Northern Italian healthy people. Three hundred and twenty-one participants were enrolled; they were 229 women (71.3%) and 92 men (28.7%). In Study 2, the factor structure and construct validity of the HOS Italian version was assessed trough confirmatory factor analysis using a tobacco cigarette smokers and nonsmokers population. Two hundred and nineteen participants were enrolled; they were 164 women (75.2%) and 55 men (24.8%). Results In Study 1, a seven factors solution was obtained explaining 60% of cumulative variance instead of 10 factors solution of the original version of the HOS. In Study 2, the factor structure of the Italian version of the HOS was confirmed and applied to the smokers and nonsmokers; nonsmokers reported higher values than smokers in Factor 1 (MHPP) [t (208) = − 2.739 p < .007] (CI 95–4.96% to −.809), Factor 2 (HES) [t (209) = − 3.387 p < .001] (CI 95–3.93% to -. 1.03), Factor 3 (HIC) [t(213) = − 2.468 p < .014] (CI 95–2.56% to −.28) and Factor 7 (HEX) [t(217) = − 3.451 p < .001] (CI 95%- 1.45 to .39). Conclusions Results of the Italian adaptation of HOS lead to a partial redistribution of items and confirmed 7 subscales to distinguish psycho-cognitive dispositional dimensions involved in health orientation styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Masiero
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, Milan, Italy. .,Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, IRCSS, Milan, Italy.
| | - S Oliveri
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, IRCSS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - I Cutica
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, IRCSS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - D Monzani
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, IRCSS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - F Faccio
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, IRCSS, Milan, Italy
| | - K Mazzocco
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, IRCSS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Pravettoni
- Applied Research Division for Cognitive and Psychological Science, European Institute of Oncology, IRCSS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Fekih-Romdhane F, Ben Hamouda A, Halayem S, BelHadj A, Cheour M. [Correlates of psychopathic personality traits in a sample of college students in Tunisia]. Encephale 2020; 46:427-435. [PMID: 32151454 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although psychopathy and its predictive factors are well documented in clinical samples, studies in non-clinical populations are relatively rare. We proposed to assess psychopathy traits in a population of Tunisian university students and to analyze their predictive factors. METHOD This was a cross-sectional study of 516 university students enrolled at three major Tunisian universities (Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of Tunis, National Engineering School of Tunis, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis). Participants responded to a survey sheet containing sociodemographic data and the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale. RESULTS The students were female in 63.2 % of the cases, with a mean age of 22.7years. The socio-economic level was middle class in 62.4% of the cases. More than one-quarter of students (26.7%) consumed tobacco. The majority of students (81.4%) spent their free time on the Internet, while 11.8% participated in associative work. Psychopathy scores were relatively high (mean LSRPS scores=64.8) with no noticeable gender differences. Psychopathic traits were significantly associated with university (P=0.017), maternal occupational status (P=0.038), and tobacco use (P=0.029). In addition, the total psychopathy score was significantly lower among students sharing activities with their families (P=0.044) and among students participating in associational work (P=0.025). The multivariate multiple regression has retained as predictive factors of psychopathic traits the fact of being the eldest of his siblings and the associative work. CONCLUSION Prevention strategies should be put in place to prevent psychopathy and its individual and social impacts in young adults in general, and in university students in particular, especially promoting associative activity in the university environment which is currently lacking in our context.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fekih-Romdhane
- Faculté de médecine de Tunis, université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie; Hôpital Razi, La Manouba, Tunisie.
| | - A Ben Hamouda
- Faculté de médecine de Tunis, université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie; Hôpital Mongi Slim, La Marsa, Tunisie
| | - S Halayem
- Faculté de médecine de Tunis, université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie; Hôpital Razi, La Manouba, Tunisie
| | - A BelHadj
- Faculté de médecine de Tunis, université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie; Hôpital Mongi Slim, La Marsa, Tunisie
| | - M Cheour
- Faculté de médecine de Tunis, université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisie; Hôpital Razi, La Manouba, Tunisie
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Hezer H, Karalezli A. The Effect of Psychological Dependence on Smoking Urge and Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms. ANKARA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.17098/amj.651955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Ding X, Salmeron BJ, Wang J, Yang Y, Stein EA, Ross TJ. Evidence of subgroups in smokers as revealed in clinical measures and evaluated by neuroimaging data: a preliminary study. Addict Biol 2019. [PMID: 29516603 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To date, fractionation of the nicotine addiction phenotype has been limited to that based primarily on characteristics of cigarette use, although it is widely appreciated that a variety of individual factors are associated with tobacco use disorder. Identifying subtypes of tobacco use disorder based on such factors may lead to better understanding of potential treatment targets, individualize treatments and improve outcomes. In this preliminary study, to identify potential subgroups, we applied hierarchical clustering to a broad range of assessments measuring personality, IQ and psychiatric symptoms, as well as various environmental and experiential characteristics from 102 otherwise healthy cigarette smokers. The identified subgroups were further compared on various resting-state fMRI measures from a subset (N = 65) of individuals who also underwent resting-state fMRI scanning. The clustering dendrogram indicated that smokers can be divided into three subgroups. Each subgroup had unique clinical assessment characteristics. The division yielded imaging differences between subgroups in the supplementary motor area/middle cingulate cortex and the cuneus. Regression analyses showed that amplitude of low frequency fluctuations in the supplementary motor area/middle cingulate cortex differed between groups and were negatively correlated with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale subscale Difficulty Describing Feelings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ding
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health Baltimore MD USA
| | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health Baltimore MD USA
| | - Jamei Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health Baltimore MD USA
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health Baltimore MD USA
| | - Thomas J. Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health Baltimore MD USA
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Kapitány-Fövény M, Vagdalt E, Ruttkay Z, Urbán R, Richman MJ, Demetrovics Z. Potential of an Interactive Drug Prevention Mobile Phone App (Once Upon a High): Questionnaire Study Among Students. JMIR Serious Games 2018; 6:e19. [PMID: 30514697 PMCID: PMC6299233 DOI: 10.2196/games.9944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, drug prevention networks and drug education programs have started using Web-based or mobile phone apps as novel prevention tools, testing their efficacy compared with face-to-face prevention. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the potential of an interactive app called Once Upon a High (VoltEgySzer). METHODS The app approaches drug prevention from 6 different aspects, and it addresses youngsters with 6 different modules: (1) interactive comics/cartoons, telling stories of recovery; (2) quiz game; (3) roleplay game; (4) introduction of psychoactive drugs; (5) information on the somatic and psychological effects of psychoactive substances; (6) list of available treatment units, rehabs, and self-support groups in Hungary. Students of 2 vocational schools and 2 high schools filled out a questionnaire at a baseline (T0) and a 2-month follow-up (T1) data collection session. Students of 1 vocational school and 1 high school downloaded the Once Upon a High app (app group), whereas students from the other vocational school and high school did not (nonapp group). The time points of T0 and T1 questionnaires contained demographic variables, items with regard to substance use characteristics for both legal and illegal substances, including novel psychoactive substance, exercise habits, knowledge about psychoactive substances, attitudes toward substance users and validated instruments measuring the severity of tobacco (Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence), alcohol (Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test), cannabis (Cannabis Abuse Screening Test), and synthetic cannabinoid consumption. Beliefs about substance use (Beliefs About Substance Abuse) and perceived self-efficacy (General Perceived Self-Efficacy) were also measured. At T1, members of the app group provided additional evaluation of the app. RESULTS There were 386 students who participated in the T0 session. After dropout, 246 students took part in T1 data collection procedure. Alcohol was the most frequently consumed psychoactive substance (334/364, 91.8% lifetime use), followed by tobacco (252/386, 65.3%, lifetime use) and cannabis (43/323, 13.3% lifetime use). Decreased self-efficacy (beta=-.29, P=.04) and increased daily physical exercise frequencies (beta=.04, P<.001) predicted higher frequencies of past month energy drink consumption, whereas elevated past month alcohol consumption was mainly predicted by a decrease in negative attitudes toward substance users (beta=-.13, P=.04) in the regression models. Once Upon a High was found to be effective only in reducing energy drink consumption (beta=-1.13, P=.04) after controlling for design effect, whereas perceived utility of the app showed correlation with a decreasing alcohol use (rS(44)=.32, P=.03). The roleplay module of the app was found to be the most preferred aspect of the app by the respondents. CONCLUSIONS The Once Upon a High app can be a useful tool to assist preventive intervention programs by increasing knowledge and self-efficacy; however, its efficacy in reducing or preventing substance use needs to be improved and further studied. Additional potential impacts of the app need further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Kapitány-Fövény
- Department of Addiction, Semmelweis University Faculty of Health Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
- Drug Outpatient Centre, Nyírő Gyula National Institute of Psychiatry and Addictions, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Vagdalt
- Budapest Center for Vocational Education and Training in Engineering, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Ruttkay
- Creative Technology Lab, Moholy-Nagy University of Art and Design, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Urbán
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mara J Richman
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Etter JF. Gateway effects and electronic cigarettes. Addiction 2018; 113:1776-1783. [PMID: 28786147 DOI: 10.1111/add.13924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND E-cigarettes are alleged to be a gateway to cigarette smoking in non-smokers. This study examines whether the gateway theory has value, whether the criteria to establish causality have been met and what type of evidence is required to test this theory. ANALYSIS Experiments are impractical, and we may not be able to test properly the gateway effects via observational studies that simply adjust for confounders. Multivariate models cannot eliminate all the variance in propensity to smoke captured by the variable 'vaping' because of the proximity of these two behaviours. It may be difficult to prove that vaping precedes smoking when product use co-occurs and when, in fact, smoking usually precedes vaping. The gateway theory is not compatible with either (1) the decrease in smoking prevalence observed in adolescents in countries where vaping increased or (2) an increase in smoking among teenagers after age restrictions were imposed on e-cigarette purchases. A spurious gateway effect can be produced artificially by mathematical models in which a propensity to use substances is correlated with opportunities to use substances. Finally, neither nicotine medications nor smokeless tobacco produce gateway effects. Available data are compatible with a common liability model in which people who are liable to use nicotine are more likely to use both e-cigarettes and cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS Despite its weaknesses and scant empirical support, the gateway theory of smoking initiation has had enormous political influence. Policies based on this theory will not have the intended effects if the association between vaping and smoking is explained by common liabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Etter
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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12
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Trait Persistence Moderates the Association between Gender and Change in Smoking Urge Across Repeated Cue Exposure Trials. J Smok Cessat 2018. [DOI: 10.1017/jsc.2018.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research suggests that persistence, an individual difference characteristic representing the ability and willingness to maintain engagement in challenging or aversive contexts, may relate to smoking relapse. Improving understanding of the persistence-relapse risk association could guide improvements in behavioural interventions. We explored whether persistence and gender related to change in smoking urges across multiple cue exposure trials (an analogue of extinction learning and relapse risk). Participants included abstinent smokers who completed 12 massed, 5-minute smoking cue exposure trials using guided imagery as well as olfactory, tactile, visual and motor cues associated with smoking. We used multilevel logistic growth curve modelling to explore predictor associations with change in urge. Results suggested that gender related to urge whereby males showed greater initial and sustained reactivity than females. Persistence was not associated with female urge trajectories. However, compared to males with high persistence, males with low persistence evidenced sustained urge reactivity over time. Results suggest that greater persistence relates to reduction of conditioned responding (e.g., urges) among abstinent male smokers when exposure trials include complex cues most closely related to nicotine self-administration. Because persistence is modifiable, males with low persistence may benefit from interventions that include elements designed to increase persistence in urge eliciting situations.
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Kale D, Stautz K, Cooper A. Impulsivity related personality traits and cigarette smoking in adults: A meta-analysis using the UPPS-P model of impulsivity and reward sensitivity. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 185:149-167. [PMID: 29453142 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although there is considerable evidence of an association between impulsivity and cigarette smoking, the magnitude of this association varies across studies. Impulsivity comprises several discrete traits that may influence cigarette use in different ways. The present meta-analysis aims to examine the direction and magnitude of relationships between specific impulsivity-related traits, namely lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking, negative urgency, positive urgency and reward sensitivity and both smoking status and severity of nicotine dependence in adults across studies and to delineate differences in effects across these relationships. METHODS Ninety-seven studies were meta-analysed using random-effects models to examine the relationship between impulsivity-related traits and smoking status and severity of nicotine dependence. A number of demographic and methodological variables were also assessed as potential moderators. RESULTS Smoking status and severity of nicotine dependence were significantly associated with all impulsivity-related traits except reward sensitivity. Lack of premeditation and positive urgency showed the largest associations with smoking status (r = 0.20, r = 0.24 respectively), while positive urgency showed the largest association with severity of nicotine dependence (r = 0.23). Study design moderated associations between lack of premeditation and lack of perseverance and smoking status, with larger effects found in cross-sectional compared to prospective studies. CONCLUSIONS Finding suggest that impulsivity is associated with an increased likelihood of being a smoker and greater nicotine dependence. Specific impulsivity-related traits differentially relate to smoking status and severity of nicotine dependence. Understanding the complexity of impulsivity-related traits in relation to smoking can help to identify potential smokers and could inform cessation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Kale
- Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK.
| | - Kaidy Stautz
- Behaviour and Health Research Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Cooper
- Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK
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Unzueta CR, Lahortiga-Ramos F, Santiago S, Zazpe I, Molero P, Sánchez-Villegas A, Martínez-González MA. Self-perceived level of competitiveness, tension, and dependency and lifestyles in the 'Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra' cohort study. Public Health 2018; 157:32-42. [PMID: 29477787 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to assess the differences in lifestyles according to levels of self-perceived competitiveness, psychological tension, and dependency in a Mediterranean cohort of university graduates. STUDY DESIGN Levels of personality traits, food consumption, nutrient intake, eating attitudes, physical activity, sedentary lifestyle, and alcohol and tobacco consumption were assessed through a questionnaire administered at baseline. This was a cross-sectional study in the context of the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra cohort. Participants are 15,346 Spanish adults. RESULTS Participants with a high level of self-perceived competitiveness consumed more vegetables and fish but less refined grains; they had higher protein intake and healthier eating attitudes. They were more physically active and less likely to be smokers. Participants with a high level of tension or dependency were less physically active, and participants more dependent also had poorer adherence to the Mediterranean diet. CONCLUSIONS Self-perceived personality traits, especially the trait of competitiveness, are likely to be associated with healthier dietary patterns, better nutrient profile, better eating attitudes, physical activity, and less exposure to smoking. The use of short questions about self-perceived levels of competitiveness, psychological tension, and dependency can contribute to add additional information when assessing lifestyles and diet in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Unzueta
- University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Physiology, Campus Universitario, 31080, Pamplona, Spain
| | - F Lahortiga-Ramos
- University Clinic of Navarra, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain; University of Navarra, University of Navarra Medical School, Campus Universitario, 31080, Spain.
| | - S Santiago
- University of Navarra, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Physiology, Campus Universitario, 31080, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - I Zazpe
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain; University of Navarra, School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Campus Universitario, 31080, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - P Molero
- University Clinic of Navarra, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Pamplona, Spain; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain; University of Navarra, University of Navarra Medical School, Campus Universitario, 31080, Spain
| | - A Sánchez-Villegas
- IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Nutrition Research Group, Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - M A Martínez-González
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdisNA), Pamplona, Spain; University of Navarra, School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Campus Universitario, 31080, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA
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Affective temperaments in nicotine-dependent and non-nicotine-dependent individuals. CURRENT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.5114/cipp.2016.61379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
<b>Background</B><br />
One of the smoking risk factors influencing nicotine dependency may be human personality; however, few studies have examined the association between Akiskal’s affective temperaments and smoking in adults. Our study aims to evaluate the associations between nicotine dependence and affective temperaments using the TEMPS-A.<br />
<br />
<b>Participants and procedure</B><br />
The sample in this study consisted of 678 healthy Caucasian adults aged from 17 to 69 years, including 134 self-declared nicotine-dependent subjects (89 females and 45 males) and 544 self-declared non-nicotine-dependent subjects (352 females and 192 males). The Polish version of the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) was used to assess affective temperaments (depressive, cyclothymic, hyperthymic, irritable and anxious).<br />
<br />
<b>Results</B><br />
Nicotine-dependent individuals scored higher on cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperaments than non-nicotine-dependents (no significant differences with regard to depressive and hyperthymic temperaments). Among the nicotine-dependent individuals, females scored higher on anxious temperaments than males (no differences with regard to the other affective temperaments), and among the non-nicotine-dependent individuals, females exhibited more depressive, cyclothymic and anxious temperaments than males, while males exhibited more hyperthymic temperaments than females.<br />
<br />
<b>Conclusions</B><br />
The results suggest that affective, cyclothymic and irritable temperaments in both genders and anxious temperaments in females may be predictors of nicotine dependence in adults.
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16
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Morisaki N, Fujiwara T, Horikawa R. The Impact of Parental Personality on Birth Outcomes: A Prospective Cohort Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157080. [PMID: 27331908 PMCID: PMC4917221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of parental personality on birth outcomes. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting 727 pregnant women and 579 spouses receiving antenatal care at a single-center in rural Tokyo, Japan during 2010–2013. Methods We measured the association between maternal effect of parental personality traits assessed by the Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory on birth outcomes, using multiple regression and adjusting for demographics. Results Maternal self-transcendence personality was inversely associated with gestational age [-0.26 (95% confidence interval (CI): -0.51 to -0.01) weeks per unit] and positively associated with preterm birth [odds ratio (OR) 2.60 (95% CI: 1.00 to 6.75) per unit], while paternal self-transcendence personality was positively associated with gestational age [0.31 (95% CI: 0.07 to 0.55) weeks per unit]. Maternal reward dependence was positively associated with fetal growth [0.30 (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.59) per unit]. Other maternal and paternal personality traits associated with adverse maternal behavior, such as novelty seeking, harm avoidance and self-directedness, were not associated with birth outcomes. Conclusion We found that specific parental personality traits can be associated with birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naho Morisaki
- Department of Social Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Fujiwara
- Department of Social Medicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Reiko Horikawa
- Department of Endocrinology, National Research Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Cui Y, Tang R, Lam CY, Cinciripini PM, Robinson JD. The influence of personality traits on smokers' affect, withdrawal and cessation intervention outcome. Addict Behav 2016; 54:7-11. [PMID: 26656672 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The personality traits of harm avoidance (HA), novelty seeking (NS), and reward dependence (RD), as measured by the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), have been linked to smoking behavior. The extent to which these traits are associated with smoking withdrawal and cessation outcome is unclear. We sought to address this question among 131 treatment-seeking smokers who were randomly assigned to either a smoking cessation treatment (four 30-min behavioral counseling sessions) or a control condition. We found that HA was positively associated with baseline depressive symptoms, baseline negative affect, and post-quit withdrawal, and negatively associated with positive affect at both baseline and post-quit. Additionally, we found that smokers with higher HA scores were more likely to be abstinent. NS was negatively associated with post-quit positive affect and positively associated with post-quit negative affect and withdrawal. RD was not found to be related to any outcome measures. Our findings suggest that, despite experiencing greater baseline and post-quit negative affect, smokers higher in trait harm avoidance are more likely to quit smoking. The treatment and theoretical ramifications of these findings are discussed.
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18
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Massey SH, Reiss D, Neiderhiser JM, Leve LD, Shaw DS, Ganiban JM. Maternal personality traits associated with patterns of prenatal smoking and exposure: Implications for etiologic and prevention research. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2016; 53:48-54. [PMID: 26655208 PMCID: PMC4703540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the characteristics of women who smoke during pregnancy beyond demographic factors. We examined the relationship between novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and self-directedness and (a) abstinence from smoking during pregnancy and (b) average daily cigarette consumption during pregnancy. METHODS Participants were 826 birth mothers who made adoption placements in the Early Growth and Development Study and completed the Temperament and Character Inventory - Short Form, and interview-based smoking assessments 3-6 months postpartum. Never smokers (n=199), pregnancy abstainers (n=277), pregnancy light smokers (n=184), and pregnancy heavy smokers (n=166) were compared on personality dimensions and smoking-related processes. Using regression analyses we examined relationships between personality and (a) abstinence versus smoking during pregnancy; and (b) average daily cigarette consumption among lifetime smokers, controlling for nicotine dependence, birth father substance dependence, maternal antisocial behavior, and depressive symptoms during pregnancy. RESULTS Smokers with higher self-directedness and lower harm avoidance were more likely to abstain during pregnancy [O.R. 1.380; 95% C.I. (1.065-1.787); B(SE)=.322(.132); p=.015] and [O.R. .713; 95% C.I. (.543-.935); B(SE)=-.339(.138); p=.014], respectively. Novelty seeking differentiated never smokers from lifetime smokers (t=-3.487; p=.001), but was not significant in multivariate models. Lifetime smokers who abstained during pregnancy reported fewer depressive symptoms relative to never smokers. CONCLUSIONS Personality dimensions associated with abstinence from smoking and cigarettes per day during pregnancy may be important to consider in etiologic and intervention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suena H Massey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 North Saint Clair Street, Suite 1000, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 633 North Saint Clair Street, 19th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - David Reiss
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, 230 South Frontage Rd., New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
| | - Jenae M Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, 141 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Leslie D Leve
- Department of Counseling Psychology and Human Services, College of Education 6217, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
| | - Daniel S Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 4101 Sennott Square, 3rd Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Jody M Ganiban
- Department of Psychology, George Washington University Columbian College of Arts and Sciences, 2125 G Street, NW, Room 308, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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19
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Mota NR, Rovaris DL, Kappel DB, Picon FA, Vitola ES, Salgado CAI, Karam RG, Rohde LA, Grevet EH, Bau CHD. NCAM1-TTC12-ANKK1-DRD2 gene cluster and the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of adults with ADHD. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168:433-444. [PMID: 25989041 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctions of the dopaminergic system have been implicated on the etiology of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Meta-analyses addressing the association of the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) gene and ADHD were inconclusive due to excessive heterogeneity across studies. Both the great phenotypic heterogeneity of ADHD and the complexity of the genomic region where DRD2 is located could contribute to the inconsistent findings. Most previous DRD2 studies focused on the well-known Taq1A (rs1800497) SNP, which is actually placed in a neighbor gene (ANKK1). These two genes, together with NCAM1 and TTC12, form the NTAD gene cluster on Chr11q22-23. In order to address the reasons for the high heterogeneity previously reported on DRD2 effects on ADHD, this study investigates the role of NTAD variants on ADHD susceptibility in adults and on the modulation of comorbidity and personality profiles in these patients. Functional polymorphisms from NTAD were analyzed, both individually and in haplotypes, on a sample of 520 adults with ADHD and 630 non-ADHD controls. No direct association of NTAD variants with ADHD susceptibility itself was observed. However, different NTAD polymorphisms and haplotypes were associated to various phenotypes relevant to the clinical heterogeneity of ADHD, including Major Depressive Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Harm Avoidance and Persistence temperament scores. Therefore, these findings represent a possible explanation for the multiple conflicting findings regarding polymorphisms in this genomic region in psychiatry. The NTAD cluster may comprise a variety of independent molecular influences on various brain and behavior characteristics eventually associated with ADHD comorbidities and personality traits. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina R Mota
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diego L Rovaris
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Djenifer B Kappel
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe A Picon
- ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S Vitola
- ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos A I Salgado
- ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafael G Karam
- ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis A Rohde
- ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eugenio H Grevet
- ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Claiton H D Bau
- Department of Genetics, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program-Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas, de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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20
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Sutin AR, English D, Evans MK, Zonderman AB. Perceived sex discrimination amplifies the effect of antagonism on cigarette smoking. Nicotine Tob Res 2014; 16:794-9. [PMID: 24477195 PMCID: PMC4015093 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Compared to men, the decline in smoking during the past few decades has been slower for women, and smoking-related morbidity and mortality has increased substantially. Identifying sex-specific risk factors will inform more targeted intervention/prevention efforts. The purpose of this research is to examine the interactive effect of psychological (trait antagonism) and social (perceived sex discrimination) factors on current cigarette smoking and whether these effects differ by sex. METHODS Participants in the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study (HANDLS; N = 454) and participants in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; N = 8,155) completed measures of antagonism, perceived sex discrimination, and reported whether they smoked currently. Logistic regressions were used to predict smoking from antagonism, discrimination, and their interaction. RESULTS Antagonism was associated with an increased risk of smoking. For women, there was an interaction between antagonism and discrimination: among women who perceived sex discrimination, every standard deviation increase in antagonism was associated with a 2.5 increased risk of current smoking in HANDLS (odds ratio [OR] = 2.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.46-4.39) and an almost 1.5 increased risk in HRS (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.18-1.73). This interaction was not significant for men in either sample. CONCLUSION In 2 independent samples, perceived sex discrimination amplified the effect of antagonism on cigarette smoking for women but not men. A hostile disposition and a perceived hostile social environment have a synergistic effect on current cigarette smoking for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina R. Sutin
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Social Medicine, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL
| | - Devin English
- Department of Psychology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Michele K. Evans
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
| | - Alan B. Zonderman
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD
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21
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Storage S, Mandelkern MA, Phuong J, Kozman M, Neary MK, Brody AL. A positive relationship between harm avoidance and brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptor availability. Psychiatry Res 2013; 214:415-21. [PMID: 24148908 PMCID: PMC3851586 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Prior research indicates that disturbance of cholinergic neurotransmission reduces anxiety, leading to the hypothesis that people with heightened cholinergic function have a greater tendency toward anxiety-like and/or harm-avoidant behavior. We sought to determine if people with elevated levels of harm avoidance (HA), a dimension of temperament from the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), have high α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) availability. Healthy adults (n=105; 47 non-smokers and 58 smokers) underwent bolus-plus-continuous infusion positron emission tomography (PET) scanning using the radiotracer 2-[18F]fluoro-3-(2(S)azetidinylmethoxy) pyridine (abbreviated as 2-FA). During the uptake period of 2-FA, participants completed the TCI. The central study analysis revealed a significant association between total HA and mean nAChR availability, with higher total HA scores being linked with greater nAChR availability. In examining HA subscales, both 'Fear of Uncertainty' and 'Fatigability' were significant, based on higher levels of these characteristics being associated with greater nAChR availabilities. This study adds to a growing body of knowledge concerning the biological basis of personality and may prove useful in understanding the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders (such as anxiety disorders) that have similar characteristics to HA. Study findings may indicate that heightened cholinergic neurotransmission is associated with increased anxiety-like traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Storage
- UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark A. Mandelkern
- Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Physics, University of California at Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Phuong
- Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maggie Kozman
- Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Meaghan K. Neary
- Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arthur L. Brody
- UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA,Department of Research, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Corresponding author at: UCLA Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 2200 Los Angeles, CA 90095. Tel.: +310 268 4778; fax: +310 206 2802.
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22
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Hartman C, Hopfer C, Corley R, Hewitt J, Stallings M. Using Cloninger's temperament scales to predict substance-related behaviors in adolescents: a prospective longitudinal study. Am J Addict 2013; 22:246-51. [PMID: 23617866 DOI: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2012.12010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We tested one of Cloninger's temperament theories - that high novelty seeking (NS), along with low harm avoidance (HA), reward dependence (RD), and persistence (PE), predicts early-onset substance problems. METHODS In a community-based sample of 777 adolescents examined at two time points (mean age 13 and 18, respectively), we examined whether Cloninger's four temperament dimensions at wave 1 predicted five substance-related outcomes at wave 2: age of initiation for cigarettes, alcohol, and illicit drugs, number of substance classes tried, and total number of DSM-IV substance use disorder (SUD) symptoms. RESULTS Cloninger's predicted temperament pattern did significantly predict the number of SUD symptoms at wave 2. For initiation of cigarettes/illicit drugs and number of substance classes tried, HA/NS/PE fit the pattern, but RD did not. For onset of alcohol, only NS and PE fit Cloninger's prediction. Results for NS and PE were most consistent. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Overall, this study provides evidence that Cloninger's theory may hold true for predicting problem use more than for predicting "use" or experimentation. In addition, youth with high novelty seeking and low persistence may find substances especially reinforcing, and identifying these youth and intervening before initiation has occurred may reduce the risk of future substance-related problems.
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23
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König von Borstel U, Pasing S, Gauly M, Christmann L. Status quo of the personality trait evaluation in horse breeding: Judges' assessment of the situation and strategies for improvement. J Vet Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2013.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Cubała WJ, Springer J. Quetiapine abuse and dependence in psychiatric patients: a systematic review of 25 case reports in the literature. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2013.810309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Steinberg ML, Williams JM, Gandhi KK, Foulds J, Epstein EE, Brandon TH. Task persistence predicts smoking cessation in smokers with and without schizophrenia. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2012; 26:850-8. [PMID: 22642860 PMCID: PMC3605732 DOI: 10.1037/a0028375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Smokers attempting to quit should benefit from persisting in cognitive and behavioral coping in order to achieve and maintain abstinence. Task persistence, which describes the act of persisting in a difficult or effortful task, is likely to be required in the face of distressing smoking cues, urges to smoke, or other nicotine withdrawal symptoms. This study examined whether task persistence (also called distress tolerance) could prospectively predict smoking cessation in a mixed sample of smokers with and without schizophrenia. Smokers with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (n = 71) and nonpsychiatric smokers (n = 78) seeking treatment at state-funded tobacco dependence treatment clinics completed tests of task persistence before their target quit date, and then provided tobacco use data over the 6 months after their quit date. Findings from generalized estimating equations support the hypothesis that task persistence as measured by a mirror-tracing task predicts smoking cessation while controlling for important covariates such as psychiatric diagnosis, nicotine dependence, and confidence in ability to quit. These findings add to the literature by corroborating reports suggesting that task persistence may make important contributions to smoking cessation success, and by indicating that the contribution of task persistence to smoking cessation is similar for smokers with schizophrenia and nonpsychiatric smokers. These results suggest that efforts to target task persistence in smoking cessation counseling protocols may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc L Steinberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 317 George Street, Suite 105, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether there is a positive, unique relation between smoker identity and smoking escalation. METHODS Adolescents from the Chicago area (n = 1263) completed paper-and-pencil questionnaires and in-person interviews at baseline, 6 months, 15 months, and 24 months of a longitudinal study. Smoking behavior, smoker identity, nicotine dependence, smoking expectancies, smoking motives, and novelty seeking were assessed. RESULTS There was a unique relation between smoker identity and smoking escalation. The more that adolescents thought smoking was a defining aspect of who they were, the more likely their smoking escalated. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that smoker identity could be targeted for preventing escalation. Research on its development is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Hertel
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60608, USA.
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28
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Walitzer KS, Dearing RL. Characteristics of alcoholic smokers, nonsmokers, and former smokers: personality, negative affect, alcohol involvement, and treatment participation. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 15:282-6. [PMID: 22573729 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous research has indicated that smoking behavior in the general population is linked to personality traits such as behavioral undercontrol and negative emotionality, but it is unknown whether these traits pertain to alcoholic smokers. Further, prior research has not established whether alcoholic smokers differ from their nonsmoking counterparts in terms of alcohol involvement severity and treatment participation. Exploration of these associations is important, given the high prevalence of cigarette smoking among alcoholics. METHODS Treatment-seeking alcoholics were categorized into daily cigarette smokers (n = 76), nonsmokers (n = 34), and former smokers (n = 33). These groups were compared on personality traits, negative affect, alcohol involvement, and alcohol outpatient treatment participation. RESULTS All three groups scored similarly on a variety of personality traits (e.g., extraversion and neuroticism), and on most aspects of negative affect, with the exception of anxiety (smokers scored higher than nonsmokers and former smokers). In terms of alcohol involvement, alcoholic smokers reported greater negative drinking consequences and alcohol physical dependence relative to former smokers, even considering that alcoholic smokers had relatively more abstinent days. Finally, alcoholic smokers attended considerably fewer alcohol outpatient treatment sessions relative to both nonsmokers and former smokers. CONCLUSIONS Common risk factors for both alcoholism and smoking behavior, such as personality traits and negative affect, may obscure personality differences between smokers and nonsmokers in an alcohol treatment sample. Furthermore, findings suggest that current nicotine use among alcoholics is associated with greater anxiety and severity of alcoholism than among their former-smoking counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S Walitzer
- Research Institute on Addictions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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Bernow N, Kruck B, Pfeifer P, Lieb K, Tüscher O, Fehr C. Impulsiveness and venturesomeness in German smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13:714-21. [PMID: 21498428 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking is a behavior, which is influenced by genetic, demographic, and psychological factors. A large body of research has examined the association of cigarette smoking variables with individual differences in personality traits. The aim of the current study was to replicate the findings of higher self-reported impulsivity in smokers compared with never-smokers in a German sample using Eysenck´s construct of impulsivity. Furthermore, it was intended to further the knowledge about associations between different self-reported impulsivity components and different smoking variables. METHODS We used the Impulsiveness-Venturesomeness-Empathy questionnaire (I7) to measure self-reported impulsiveness and venturesomeness and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) to measure novelty seeking (NS) in a sample of 82 nicotine-dependent smokers and 119 never-smokers. RESULTS Smokers scored higher on impulsiveness, venturesomeness, and NS than never-smokers independent of age, gender, and years of education. We found a significant association between venturesomeness, impulsiveness and smoking status in daily smokers. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study provides evidence that impulsiveness and venturesomeness as well as the novelty-seeking subscale extravagance are significantly associated with smoking status in a German sample of female and male smokers compared with never-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bernow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Strasse 8, Mainz, Germany.
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