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Carrillo-Sierra SM, Cárdenas-Cáceres L, Cadrazco-Urquijo JA, Salazar-Gómez AN, Rivera-Porras D, Bermúdez V. Psychological Therapies Used for the Reduction of Habitual Cigarette Smoking Cigarette Consumption: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 21:753. [PMID: 38929001 PMCID: PMC11203857 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph21060753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Globally, there are around 1.3 billion cigarette consumers, indicating it to be the second highest risk factor for early death and morbidity. Meanwhile, psychological therapy offers tools based on its different models and techniques, which can contribute to smoking cessation. In this context, this study gathers scientific evidence to identify psychological therapies that can be used to reduce cigarette consumption. A systematic review of controlled clinical studies was conducted, implementing the PRISMA methodology. Search queries were performed with terms extracted from MESH (Medical Subject Headings) and DECS (Descriptors in Health Sciences). Subsequently, the search was queried in the scientific databases of Medline/PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, Science Direct, ProQuest, and PsycNet, with subsequent verification of methodological quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists. The selected documents revealed that cognitive behavioral therapy prevails due to its use and effectiveness in seven publications (25%). The cognitive approach with mindfulness therapy is found in 4 publications (14%), the transtheoretical model with motivational therapy in 4 publications (14%), brief psychological therapy in 3 publications (10%), and the remaining 10 documents (37%) correspond with others. Intervention studies refer to cognitive behavioral therapy as the most used in reducing cigarette consumption; in terms of the duration of abstinence, scientific evidence shows beneficial effects with short-term reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra-Milena Carrillo-Sierra
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Centro de Investigación en Estudios Fronterizos, Cúcuta 540001, Colombia; (L.C.-C.); (J.A.C.-U.); (A.N.S.-G.); (D.R.-P.)
| | - Lorena Cárdenas-Cáceres
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Centro de Investigación en Estudios Fronterizos, Cúcuta 540001, Colombia; (L.C.-C.); (J.A.C.-U.); (A.N.S.-G.); (D.R.-P.)
| | - John Anderson Cadrazco-Urquijo
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Centro de Investigación en Estudios Fronterizos, Cúcuta 540001, Colombia; (L.C.-C.); (J.A.C.-U.); (A.N.S.-G.); (D.R.-P.)
| | - Angie Natalia Salazar-Gómez
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Centro de Investigación en Estudios Fronterizos, Cúcuta 540001, Colombia; (L.C.-C.); (J.A.C.-U.); (A.N.S.-G.); (D.R.-P.)
| | - Diego Rivera-Porras
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Centro de Investigación en Estudios Fronterizos, Cúcuta 540001, Colombia; (L.C.-C.); (J.A.C.-U.); (A.N.S.-G.); (D.R.-P.)
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Vida, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia;
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Jackson SE, Kock L, Kotz D, Brown J. Real-world effectiveness of smoking cessation aids: A population survey in England with 12-month follow-up, 2015-2020. Addict Behav 2022; 135:107442. [PMID: 35908322 PMCID: PMC9587352 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the real-world effectiveness of popular smoking cessation aids, adjusting for potential confounders measured up to 12 months before the quit attempt. METHODS 1,045 adult (≥18y) smokers in England provided data at baseline (April 2015-November 2020) and reported a serious past-year quit attempt at 12-month follow-up. Our outcome was smoking cessation, defined as self-reported abstinence at 12 months. Independent variables were use in the most recent quit attempt of: varenicline, prescription NRT, over-the-counter NRT, e-cigarettes, and traditional behavioural support. Potential confounders were age, sex, social grade, alcohol consumption, and level of dependence (measured at baseline), variables relating to the most recent quit attempt (measured at 12-month follow-up), and survey year. RESULTS Participants who reported using varenicline in their most recent quit attempt had significantly higher odds of abstinence than those who did not, after adjustment for potential confounders and use of other aids (OR = 2.69, 95 %CI = 1.43-5.05). Data were inconclusive regarding whether using prescription NRT, over-the-counter NRT, e-cigarettes, or traditional behavioural support was associated with increased odds of abstinence (p > 0.05; Bayes factors = 0.41-1.71, expected effect size OR = 1.19), but provided moderate evidence that using e-cigarettes was more likely associated with no effect than reduced odds (Bayes factor = 0.31, expected effect size OR = 0.75). CONCLUSIONS Use of varenicline in a quit attempt was associated with increased odds of successful smoking cessation. Data were inconclusive regarding a benefit of e-cigarettes for cessation but showed use of e-cigarettes was unlikely to be associated with reduced odds of cessation. Associations between other cessation aids and cessation were inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Jackson
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK; SPECTRUM Consortium, UK.
| | - Loren Kock
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK; SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
| | - Daniel Kotz
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK; Institute of General Practice, Addiction Research and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jamie Brown
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK; SPECTRUM Consortium, UK
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Watkins SL, Thrul J, Max W, Ling PM. Real-World Effectiveness of Smoking Cessation Strategies for Young and Older Adults: Findings From a Nationally Representative Cohort. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 22:1560-1568. [PMID: 31807784 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young adults have high combustible cigarette and e-cigarette use rates, and low utilization of evidence-based smoking cessation strategies compared to older adults. It is unknown whether young adults who try to quit smoking without assistance, with evidence-based strategies, or with e-cigarettes, are equally successful compared to older adults. AIMS AND METHODS This analysis used a population-based sample from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study of young adult (aged 18-24, n = 745) and older adult (aged 25-64, n = 2057) established cigarette smokers at Wave 1 (2013-2014) who reported having made a quit attempt at Wave 2 (2014-2015). Cessation strategies were: behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy, product substitution, 2+ strategies, and unassisted. Logistic regression estimated associations between cessation strategy and short-term cessation status at Wave 2 (quit, no quit); multinomial logistic regression predicted long-term cessation patterns at Waves 2 and 3 (sustained quit, temporary quit, delayed quit, no quit). RESULTS No cessation strategy (ref: unassisted) significantly predicted short-term cessation. No cessation strategy (ref: unassisted) significantly predicted long-term cessation patterns for young adults. Substitution with e-cigarettes predicted short-term cessation for older daily smokers of ≥5 cigarettes/day (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.70; 95% confidence interval: 1.08, 2.67) but did not predict long-term cessation patterns. CONCLUSIONS Despite differences in cessation strategy use between young and older adult smokers, strategy effectiveness largely did not differ by age group. No strategy examined, including e-cigarettes, was significantly associated with successful cessation for young adults. More work is needed to identify effective interventions that help young adult smokers quit. IMPLICATIONS (1) Neither behavioral support, pharmacotherapy, nor product substitution was associated with short-term cessation for young or older adults compared to quitting unassisted. (2) Neither behavioral support, pharmacotherapy, nor product substitution was associated with longer-term cessation for young or older adults compared to quitting unassisted. (3) Substitution with e-cigarettes predicted short-term cessation for older daily smokers of ≥5 cigarettes/day but was not associated with longer-term cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Lea Watkins
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA
| | - Johannes Thrul
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wendy Max
- Institute for Health & Aging, School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Pamela M Ling
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education and Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Jackson SE, Kotz D, West R, Brown J. Moderators of real-world effectiveness of smoking cessation aids: a population study. Addiction 2019; 114:1627-1638. [PMID: 31117151 PMCID: PMC6684357 DOI: 10.1111/add.14656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Understanding whether and how far smokers' characteristics influence the effectiveness of treatment may be important for tailoring recommendations on cessation aids to those most likely to help the user achieve abstinence. This study aimed to estimate the effectiveness of commonly used smoking cessation aids and test whether their effectiveness differs according to cigarette addiction, socio-economic status, age or sex. DESIGN Correlational design using cross-sectional survey data collected monthly between 2006 and 2018. SETTING England. PARTICIPANTS A total of 18 929 adults (aged ≥ 16 years, 52.0% female) who had smoked within the previous 12 months and had made at least one quit attempt during that period. MEASUREMENTS The outcome was self-reported abstinence from quit date to survey. Independent variables were self-reported use during the most recent quit attempt of: prescription nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), NRT over-the-counter, varenicline, bupropion, e-cigarettes, face-to-face behavioural support, telephone support, written self-help materials, websites and hypnotherapy. Moderators were cigarette addiction, social grade, age and sex. FINDINGS After adjustment for covariates and use of other cessation aids, users of e-cigarettes [odds ratio (OR) = 1.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.69-2.24] and varenicline (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.51-2.21) had significantly higher odds of reporting abstinence than those who did not report use of these cessation aids. Use of prescription NRT was associated with increased abstinence in older (≥ 45 years) (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.25-2.00) but not younger (< 45 years) smokers (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.85-1.42). Use of websites was associated with increased abstinence in smokers from lower (OR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.22-3.98) but not higher social grades (OR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.40-1.38). There was little evidence of benefits of using other cessation aids. CONCLUSIONS Use of e-cigarettes and varenicline are associated with higher abstinence rates following a quit attempt in England. Use of prescription of nicotine replacement therapy is also associated with higher abstinence rates, but only in older smokers, and use of websites only in smokers from lower socio-economic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Jackson
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Kotz
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- Addiction Research and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Institute of General Practice, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert West
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jamie Brown
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
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Chaiton MO, Nicolau I, Schwartz R, Cohen JE, Soule E, Zhang B, Eissenberg T. Ban on menthol-flavoured tobacco products predicts cigarette cessation at 1 year: a population cohort study. Tob Control 2019; 29:341-347. [PMID: 31147474 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The province of Ontario, Canada, banned the use of menthol-flavoured tobacco products as of 1 January 2017. The long-term impact of a menthol ban on smoking behaviour has not been previously evaluated. METHODS Population cohort study with baseline survey conducted September-December 2016 and follow-up January-August 2018 among residents of Ontario, Canada, 16 years old and over who reported current smoking (past 30 days) at baseline survey and completed follow-up (n=913) including 187 reporting smoking menthol cigarettes daily, 420 reported smoking menthol cigarettes occasionally, and 306 were non-menthol cigarette smokers. Relative rates of making a quit attempt and being a non-smoker at follow-up were estimated with Poisson regression controlling for smoking and demographic characteristics at baseline. RESULTS At follow-up, 63% of daily menthol smokers reported making a quit attempt since the ban compared with 62% of occasional menthol smokers and 43% of non-menthol smokers (adjusted relative rate (ARR) for daily menthol smokers compared with non-menthol smokers: 1.25; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.50). At follow-up, 24% of daily menthol smokers reported making a quit since the ban compared with 20% of occasional menthol smokers and 14% of non-menthol smokers (ARR for daily menthol smokers compared with non-menthol smokers: 1.62; 95% CI 1.08 to 2.42). CONCLUSIONS The study found higher rates of quitting among daily and occasional menthol smokers in Ontario 1 year after the implementation of a menthol ban compared with non-menthol smokers. Our findings suggest that restrictions on menthol may lead to substantial improvements in public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Chaiton
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada .,Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ioana Nicolau
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Schwartz
- Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanna E Cohen
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Soule
- Health Education and Promotion, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Ontario Tobacco Research Unit, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Department of Psychology and Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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