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Potthoff J, Herrmann C, Schienle A. Cookie cravings - Examining the impact of sugar content information on Christmas treat preferences via mobile eye-tracking. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 245:104213. [PMID: 38479215 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diets high in added sugar can promote the development of overweight. Especially during the Holiday season, when high-sugar food is abundant, people overeat and gain more weight than during other times of the year. The present study with mobile eye-tracking glasses (Pupil Labs Invisible) investigated how sugar content information affects food preference (liking/wanting) and visual attention (where and how long one is looking) in a buffet-like situation. METHODS Fifty-eight participants who were well acquainted with the local Christmas traditions and foods (38 female, 19 male, one diverse; mean age = 25 years, SD = 6.3 years; mean body mass index = 22.2 kg/m2, SD = 3.2 kg/m2) were presented with four cookies and two non-food items (wrapped presents) in a free viewing task. Two of the displayed cookies were 'Christmas cookies' (cookies that are traditionally eaten only during the Holiday season) and two cookies had no Christmas association. The cookies were either labeled as cookies made with or without sugar, resulting in a 3 (Category: cookies with sugar, cookies without sugar, non-food) by 2 (Christmas association: yes, no) repeated-measures design. RESULTS Analyses of variance indicated that participants reported higher wanting and liking for cookies with sugar, particularly Christmas cookies (interaction effect for wanting: p = .047, ηp2 = .059; interaction effect for liking: p = .017, ηp2 = .084). Sugar-free cookies were fixated more often (p = .028; d = 0.35) and shorter (p < .001; d = 0.64) than sugar cookies. CONCLUSION Assuming that cookies are sugar-free reduced the reported preference for this product, which was associated with a more detail-oriented (critical) viewing pattern. The study's findings have potential implications for public health and can aid in developing targeted interventions to promote healthier food choices during festive periods. The new strategies should not focus on the sugar content of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Schienle
- University of Graz, Department of Psychology, Austria
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Miller C, Ettridge K, Pettigrew S, Wittert G, Coveney J, Wakefield M, Roder D, Durkin S, Martin J, Kay E, Dono J. Warning labels for sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juice: evaluation of 27 different labels on health effects, sugar content, energy and exercise equivalency. Public Health 2024; 230:138-148. [PMID: 38547760 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Front-of-pack warning labels may reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, potentially mitigating negative health outcomes. Comparisons between different warning label types to inform future research and policy directions are lacking. This study compared 27 warning labels across six message types for their potential to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. DESIGN AND METHODS A national sample of regular soda (n = 2578) and juice (n = 1048) consumers aged 14-60 years participated in an online survey. Participants evaluated randomly allocated labels; one from each of six warning label sets (health-graphic, sugar-pictogram, sugar-text, exercise equivalents, health-text, energy information) on four measures of perceived effectiveness (PE: overall effectiveness, discourage from drinking, emotional response, persuasive potential). Participants could also provide open comments. A general linear model compared differences in mean scores across label sets for each measure of PE. RESULTS PE ratings differed significantly between label sets. Labels clearly quantifying sugar content (sugar-teaspoons) received consistently high PE ratings, whereas 'high in sugar' labels did not. Health-graphic labels were rated highly across all PE measures except persuasive potential. Exercise labels only rated highly on persuasive potential. Health-text results were mixed, and energy labels were consistently low. CONCLUSIONS Simple, factual labels were easily interpreted and perceived as most effective. Labels quantifying sugar content were consistently high performers and should be advanced into policy to help decrease overconsumption of sugar-sweetened beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Miller
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - K Ettridge
- Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - S Pettigrew
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - G Wittert
- Freemasons Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - J Coveney
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D Roder
- Cancer Epidemiology and Population Health, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - S Durkin
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - J Martin
- Food for Health Alliance, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - E Kay
- Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; College of Education Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - J Dono
- Health Policy Centre, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Jindahra P, Phumpradab P. Label copresence for healthier choices: How sugar content per daily limit and sugar warning labels balance out the health halos of nutrient-content claim. Food Qual Prefer 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2023.104853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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Flexner N, Ng AP, Ahmed M, Khandpur N, Acton RB, Lee JJ, L’Abbe MR. Estimating the dietary and health impact of implementing front-of-pack nutrition labeling in Canada: A macrosimulation modeling study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1098231. [PMID: 37006927 PMCID: PMC10065472 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1098231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Front-of-pack labeling (FOPL) has been identified as a cost-effective policy to promote healthy diets. Health Canada has recently published FOPL regulations that will require food and beverages that meet or exceed set thresholds for sodium, sugars, or saturated fat to display a 'high in' symbol on the front of the package. Although a promising measure, its potential impact on dietary intakes and health have not yet been estimated in Canada. Objective This study aims to estimate (1) the potential dietary impact of implementing a mandatory FOPL among Canadian adults; and (2) the number of diet-related non-communicable disease (NCD) deaths that could be averted or delayed due to these estimated dietary changes. Methods Baseline and counterfactual usual intakes of sodium, total sugars, saturated fats, and calories were estimated among Canadian adults (n = 11,992) using both available days of 24 h recalls from the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey-Nutrition. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate usual intakes, and adjusted for age, sex, misreporting status, weekend/weekday, and sequence of recall. Estimated counterfactual dietary intakes were modeled from reductions observed in experimental and observational studies that examined changes in sodium, sugars, saturated fat, and calorie content of food purchases in the presence of a 'high in' FOPL (four counterfactual scenarios). The Preventable Risk Integrated ModEl was used to estimate potential health impacts. Results Estimated mean dietary reductions were between 31 and 212 mg/day of sodium, 2.3 and 8.7 g/day of total sugars, 0.8 and 3.7 g/day of saturated fats, and 16 and 59 kcal/day of calories. Between 2,183 (95% UI 2,008-2,361) and 8,907 (95% UI 8,095-9,667) deaths due to diet-related NCDs, mostly from cardiovascular diseases (~70%), could potentially be averted or delayed by implementing a 'high in' FOPL in Canada. This estimation represents between 2.4 and 9.6% of the total number of diet-related NCD deaths in Canada. Conclusion Results suggest that implementing a FOPL could significantly reduce sodium, total sugar, and saturated fat intakes among Canadian adults and subsequently prevent or postpone a substantial number of diet-related NCD deaths in Canada. These results provide critical evidence to inform policy decisions related to implementing FOPL in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Flexner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alena P. Ng
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mavra Ahmed
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Joannah and Brian Lawson Centre for Child Nutrition, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Neha Khandpur
- Department of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rachel B. Acton
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer J. Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary R. L’Abbe
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Daniel-Weiner R, Cardel MI, Skarlinski M, Goscilo A, Anderson C, Foster GD. Enabling Informed Decision Making in the Absence of Detailed Nutrition Labels: A Model to Estimate the Added Sugar Content of Foods. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040803. [PMID: 36839162 PMCID: PMC9961734 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes have emerged as an increasing threat to public health, and the consumption of added sugar can contribute to their development. Though nutritional content information can positively influence consumption behavior, added sugar is not currently required to be disclosed in all countries. However, a growing proportion of the world's population has access to mobile devices, which allow for the development of digital solutions to support health-related decisions and behaviors. To test whether advances in computational science can be leveraged to develop an accurate and scalable model to estimate the added sugar content of foods based on their nutrient profile, we collected comprehensive nutritional information, including information on added sugar content, for 69,769 foods. Eighty percent of this data was used to train a gradient boosted tree model to estimate added sugar content, while 20% of it was held out to assess the predictive accuracy of the model. The performance of the resulting model showed 93.25% explained variance per default portion size (84.32% per 100 kcal). The mean absolute error of the estimate was 0.84 g per default portion size (0.81 g per 100 kcal). This model can therefore be used to deliver accurate estimates of added sugar through digital devices in countries where the information is not disclosed on packaged foods, thus enabling consumers to be aware of the added sugar content of a wide variety of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reka Daniel-Weiner
- WW International, Inc., New York, NY 10100, USA
- Correspondence: (R.D.-W.); (M.I.C.)
| | - Michelle I. Cardel
- WW International, Inc., New York, NY 10100, USA
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Correspondence: (R.D.-W.); (M.I.C.)
| | | | | | | | - Gary D. Foster
- WW International, Inc., New York, NY 10100, USA
- Center for Weight and Eating Disorders, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Riesenberg D, Peeters A, Backholer K, Martin J, Ni Mhurchu C, Blake MR. Exploring the effects of added sugar labels on food purchasing behaviour in Australian parents: An online randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271435. [PMID: 36006973 PMCID: PMC9409597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence of the effects of front-of-pack added sugar labelling remains limited, especially for foods other than sugary drinks. More information is needed about which labels are likely to be most effective in reducing intended purchases of products with higher added sugar content in realistic contexts to inform policymakers’ decisions. Objective To determine the impact of added sugar labels on intended purchases of high sugar breakfast cereals, yoghurt, and non-alcoholic beverages. Methods Australian parents who were regular purchasers of relevant product categories completed an online parallel randomised controlled trial from 31 August 2020 to 13 February 2021. Participants selected their intended purchase from 10 products in each of packaged beverages, breakfast cereal, and yoghurt categories after randomisation to one of seven added sugar labelling conditions in current use or under consideration by the Australian Government. Logistic regressions assessed differences between intervention and control conditions in the odds of intended purchases of a high sugar product. Results 2825 eligible participants were randomised with 2582 valid surveys analysed (Control n = 367; ‘Nutrition Information Panel (NIP) with Added Sugar’ n = 364; ‘Teaspoons of Sugar’ n = 369; ‘Warning’ n = 371; ‘Health Star Rating (HSR) using Total Sugar’ n = 368; ‘HSR with Added Sugar’ n = 371; ‘Sugar in the Ingredients List’ n = 372). No consistent effects were found on intended purchases of high sugar products overall or within product categories for any of the tested labels compared to controls (overall, ‘NIP with Added Sugar’: OR 1.00 [95%CI 0.83,1.20]; ‘Teaspoons of Sugar’: 0.94[0.80,1.11]; ‘Warning’: 1.10[0.93,1.30]; ‘HSR with Total Sugar’: 1.01[0.85,1.21]; ‘HSR with Added Sugar’: 1.09[0.92,1.30]; ‘Sugar in the Ingredients List’: 1.01[0.85,1.21]). Conclusions Findings reinforce the importance of ensuring nutrition labelling policies are introduced as part of a suite of interventions to influence both consumer and manufacturer behaviour. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12620000858998. Registered 28 August 2020, https://anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12620000858998.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devorah Riesenberg
- Global Obesity Centre, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Peeters
- Global Obesity Centre, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathryn Backholer
- Global Obesity Centre, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Martin
- Obesity Policy Coalition, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cliona Ni Mhurchu
- National Institute for Health Innovation, School of Population Health, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Miranda R. Blake
- Global Obesity Centre, Institute for Health Transformation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Kühne SJ, Reijnen E, Granja G, Hansen RS. Labels Affect Food Choices, but in What Ways? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153204. [PMID: 35956380 PMCID: PMC9370702 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To reduce obesity and thus promote healthy food choices, front-of-pack (FOP) labels have been introduced. Though FOP labels help identify healthy foods, their impact on actual food choices is rather small. A newly developed so-called swipe task was used to investigate whether the type of label used (summary vs. nutrient-specific) had differential effects on different operationalizations of the "healthier choice" measure (e.g., calories and sugar). After learning about the product offerings of a small online store, observers (N = 354) could, by means of a swipe gesture, purchase the products they needed for a weekend with six people. Observers were randomly assigned to one of five conditions, two summary label conditions (Nutri-Score and HFL), two nutrient (sugar)-specific label conditions (manga and comic), or a control condition without a label. Unexpectedly, more products (+7.3 products)-albeit mostly healthy ones-and thus more calories (+1732 kcal) were purchased in the label conditions than in the control condition. Furthermore, the tested labels had different effects with respect to the different operationalizations (e.g., manga reduced sugar purchase). We argue that the additional green-labeled healthy products purchased (in label conditions) "compensate" for the purchase of red-labeled unhealthy products (see averaging bias and licensing effect).
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Singh SK, Taillie LS, Gupta A, Bercholz M, Popkin B, Murukutla N. Front-of-Package Labels on Unhealthy Packaged Foods in India: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153128. [PMID: 35956305 PMCID: PMC9370292 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Policies to require front-of-package labels (FOPLs) on packaged foods may help Indian consumers to better identify foods high in nutrients of concern, including sugar, saturated fat, and sodium, and discourage their consumption, which are outcomes that are critical for preventing rises in diet-related non-communicable disease. The objective was to test whether FOPLs helped Indian consumers identify “high-in” packaged foods and reduce intentions to purchase them. We conducted an in-person randomized experiment (n = 2869 adults between ages 18 and 60 years old) in six states of India in 2022. Participants were randomized to one of five FOPLs: a control label (barcode), warning label (octagon with “High in [nutrient]”), Health Star Rating (HSR), Guideline Daily Amount (GDA), or traffic light label. Participants then viewed a series of packaged foods high in sugar, saturated fat, or sodium with the assigned FOPL, and rated product perceptions and label reactions. Fewer than half of participants in the control group (39.1%) correctly identified all products high in nutrient(s) of concern. All FOPLs led to an increase in this outcome, with the biggest differences observed for the warning label (60.8%, p < 0.001), followed by the traffic light label (54.8%, p < 0.001), GDA (55.0%, p < 0.001), and HSR (45.0%, p < 0.01). While no FOPLs led to a reduction in intentions to purchase the packaged foods, the overall pattern of results suggested that warning labels are the most effective FOPL to help Indian consumers identify unhealthy foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. K. Singh
- Department of Survey Research and Data Analytics, International Institute for Population Sciences, Deemed University, Mumbai 400088, India
- Correspondence: (S.K.S.); (L.S.T.)
| | - Lindsey Smith Taillie
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA;
- Correspondence: (S.K.S.); (L.S.T.)
| | - Ashish Gupta
- Vital Strategies, New York, NY 27599, USA; (A.G.); (N.M.)
| | - Maxime Bercholz
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA;
| | - Barry Popkin
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27516, USA;
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Scapin T, Fernandes AC, Shahid M, Pettigrew S, Khandpur N, Bernardo GL, Uggioni PL, Proença RPDC. Consumers' Response to Sugar Label Formats in Packaged Foods: A Multi-Methods Study in Brazil. Front Nutr 2022; 9:896784. [PMID: 35782932 PMCID: PMC9245067 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.896784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Providing information about the sugar content of packaged foods on product labels is an important strategy to lower consumers' sugar intake. This study assessed the effect of exposure to different sugar labels on consumers' understanding of the sugar content of foods and their food choices. In the first phase, five focus groups were conducted with a convenience sample of Brazilian adults to explore their perceptions about food labelling in general and sugar labelling in particular. Based on the qualitative results, four sugar label formats were developed and subsequently tested in a five-arm study on 1,277 adults via a randomised controlled online survey. The formats were: (i) no sugar information—control, (ii) total and added sugar content displayed in the Nutrition Information Panel (NIP), (iii) a front-of-package (FoP) octagonal warning for “high-in-sugar” products, (iv) a FoP magnifying glass warning for “high-in-sugar” products, and (v) a “high-in-sugar” warning text embedded on the NIP. Participants from the focus groups reported being confused about the meaning of “sugar” and “added sugar” on food labels and indicated that more interpretive labels, such as the FoP warnings, would help them choose products with low sugar content. In the experiment, all intervention sugar label formats improved participants' understanding of the sugar content of the tested food products, with the FoP warnings (iii and iv) showing the best results. While non-significant differences among label conditions were observed for food choices, the FoP octagonal warning prompted participants to choose high-in-sugar products less often. Given current public policy agendas aiming to reduce added sugar intake, there is a need to strengthen food labelling policies and nutrition disclosure policies that target the display of added sugar and build consumer awareness in using these tools to avoid high-in-sugar products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tailane Scapin
- Nutrition in Foodservice Research Centre (NUPPRE), Nutrition Postgraduate Program (PPGN), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Tailane Scapin
| | - Ana Carolina Fernandes
- Nutrition in Foodservice Research Centre (NUPPRE), Nutrition Postgraduate Program (PPGN), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Maria Shahid
- The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simone Pettigrew
- The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Neha Khandpur
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Greyce Luci Bernardo
- Nutrition in Foodservice Research Centre (NUPPRE), Nutrition Postgraduate Program (PPGN), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Paula Lazzarin Uggioni
- Nutrition in Foodservice Research Centre (NUPPRE), Nutrition Postgraduate Program (PPGN), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rossana Pacheco da Costa Proença
- Nutrition in Foodservice Research Centre (NUPPRE), Nutrition Postgraduate Program (PPGN), Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
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Royo Bordonada MÁ. [The battle of interpretive frontal labeling in Spain]. GACETA SANITARIA 2021; 36:97-99. [PMID: 34711440 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The adaptation, validation, and application of a methodology for estimating the added sugar content of packaged food products when total and added sugar labels are not mandatory. Food Res Int 2021; 144:110329. [PMID: 34053533 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition policies recommend limiting the intake of added sugars. Information about added sugar content is not provided on packaged foods in Brazil, and even total sugar content information is often absent. This study aimed to (i) adapt a systematic methodology for estimating added sugar content in packaged foods when information on total and added sugar contents is not mandatory on labels, (ii) apply the adapted methodology to a Brazilian food composition database to estimate the extent of added sugar content in the national food supply, and (iii) assess the validity of the adapted methodology. We developed an 8-step protocol to estimate added sugar content using information provided on food labels. These steps included objective and subjective estimation procedures. Mean, median, and quartiles of the added sugar content of 4,805 Brazilian foods were determined and presented by food categories. Validity was assessed using a US database containing values of added sugar as displayed on the product labels. Objective estimation of added sugar content could be conducted for 3,119 products (64.9%), with the remainder 1,686 (35.1%) being assessed using subjective estimation. We found that 3,093 (64.4%) foods contained added sugar ingredients and the overall estimated median added sugar content was 4.7 g (interquartile range 0-29.3) per 100 g or 100 ml. The validity testing on US data for products with known added sugar values showed excellent agreement between estimated and reported added sugar values (ICC = 0.98). This new methodology is a useful approach for estimating the added sugar content of products in countries where both added and total sugar information are not mandated on food labels. The method can be used to monitor added sugar levels and support interventions aimed at limiting added sugar intake.
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