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Praetzel R, Kepley C. Human Lung Mast Cells as a Possible Reservoir for Coronavirus: A Novel Unrecognized Mechanism for SARS-CoV-2 Immune-Mediated Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6511. [PMID: 38928216 PMCID: PMC11204339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health concern. Cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 depends on viral spike (S) proteins binding to cellular receptors (ACE2) and their subsequent priming by host cell proteases (TMPRSS2). Assessing effects of viral-induced host response factors and determining which cells are used by SARS-CoV-2 for entry might provide insights into viral transmission, add clarity to the virus' pathogenesis, and possibly reveal therapeutic targets. Mast cells (MCs) are ubiquitously expressed tissue cells that act as immune sentinels given their ability to react specifically to pathogens at environmental interfaces, such as in the lung. Several lines of evidence suggest a critical role for MCs in SARS-CoV-2 infections based on patients' mediator profiles, especially the "cytokine storm" responsible for most morbidity and mortality. In this pilot study, we demonstrated that human lung MCs (n = 3 donors) are a source of renin and that they upregulate the membrane receptor for SARS-CoV-2 (ACE2) as well as the protease required for cellular entry (TMPRSS2) under certain conditions. We hypothesized that infection of human MCs with SARS-CoV-2 may be a heretofore-unrecognized mechanism of viral pathogenesis, and further studies are required to assess this question.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Kepley
- Molecular and Cellular Sciences, Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, VA 24502, USA
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Gupta A, Shrivastav K, Agrawal A, Purohit A, Chanchlani R. Estimating the prevalence of oral manifestations in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review. Osong Public Health Res Perspect 2023; 14:388-417. [PMID: 37920896 PMCID: PMC10626325 DOI: 10.24171/j.phrp.2023.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) present with a variety of oral manifestations. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to estimate the prevalence of oral lesions among COVID-19 patients. METHODS An extensive literature search of several electronic bibliographic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Litcovid) was conducted to retrieve all articles published in the English language from January 1, 2020 to March 31, 2023 that reported the prevalence of oral manifestations among COVID-19 patients. A meta-analysis of pooled prevalence was performed using Jamovi ver. 2.3 (2022). The I2 and Q statistics were used to assess heterogeneity between studies, and p-values <0.01 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS In total, 79 studies with data from 13,252 patients were included. The articles were predominantly published in 2020 (n=33), and Italy was the most common country (n=14). Most of the affected patients more than 50 years old and women (56.6%). The most common sites of involvement were the tongue (n=65), followed by the oral mucosa (n=37) and lips (n=19). High heterogeneity was found between studies. The most common oral manifestation was taste alteration, followed by xerostomia and ulceration, showing pooled prevalence rates of 48%, 35%, and 21%, respectively. CONCLUSION COVID-19 patients show various oral manifestations that may help clinicians identify the disease promptly. Recognition of the signs and symptoms of COVID-19 is critical for an early diagnosis and better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Gupta
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Rishiraj College of Dental Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Kriti Shrivastav
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rishiraj College of Dental Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Department of Pediatrics, Gandhi Medical College and Hamidia Hospital, Bhopal, India
| | - Abhishek Purohit
- Department of Dentistry, Regional Training Center for Oral Health Promotion, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Roshan Chanchlani
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
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Gutierrez-Camacho JR, Avila-Carrasco L, Martinez-Vazquez MC, Garza-Veloz I, Zorrilla-Alfaro SM, Gutierrez-Camacho V, Martinez-Fierro ML. Oral Lesions Associated with COVID-19 and the Participation of the Buccal Cavity as a Key Player for Establishment of Immunity against SARS-CoV-2. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11383. [PMID: 36141654 PMCID: PMC9517300 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some oral lesions have been described in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); the possibility has been raised that the buccal lesions observed in patients with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are due to this virus and the patient's systemic condition. The aim of this review was to integrate the knowledge related to the oral lesions associated with COVID-19 and the participation of the buccal cavity in the establishment of immunity against SARS-CoV-2. METHODS A literature search on the manifestations of buccal lesions from the beginning of the pandemic until October 2021 was carried out by using the PubMed database. A total of 157 scientific articles were selected from the library, which included case reports and reports of lesions appearing in patients with COVID-19. RESULTS Oral lesions included erosions, ulcers, vesicles, pustules, plaques, depapillated tongue, and pigmentations, among others. The oral cavity is a conducive environment for the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the mucosal immune system and target cells; direct effects of the virus in this cavity worsen the antiviral inflammatory response of underlying oral disorders, immunodeficiencies, and autoimmunity primarily. CONCLUSIONS The oral cavity is an accessible and privileged environment for the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the mucosal immune system and target cells; the direct effects of the virus in this cavity worsen the antiviral inflammatory response of underlying oral disorders, in particular those related to immunodeficiencies and autoimmunity.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a well established respiratory tract illness. Recent studies in adults and children have shown an increasing number of patients reporting polymorphic cutaneous manifestations during COVID-19, including different types of rashes, from maculopapular, vascular, vesicular to atypical forms. RECENT FINDINGS Although pathogenesis of skin manifestations is still not fully understood, it has been proposed that cutaneous involvement during COVID-19 may be the results of the activation of the immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, the reactivation or co-infection of herpesviruses or drug hypersensitivity. SUMMARY According to available literature, skin manifestations in patients with COVID-19 may be categorized on the basis of their clinical presentations as follows: erythematous rashes, lesions of vascular origin, vesicular rash, urticarial rash and acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), erythema multiforme and other polymorphic erythema/atypical reactions. Prompt recognition of these cutaneous manifestations represents a crucial point to facilitate diagnosis and management of COVID-19 patients.
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Toader M, Branisteanu D, Glod M, Esanu I, Branisteanu C, Capsa MS, Dimitriu A, Nicolescu A, Pinzariu A, Branisteanu D. Mucocutaneous lesions associated with SARS‑CoV‑2 infection (Review). Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:258. [PMID: 35251324 PMCID: PMC8892620 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, declared by the World Health Organisation in March 2020, with the emergence of new, possibly more contagious and more virulent strains, remains a research subject, with the complex systemic involvement better described and understood, but also with a variety of skin and mucosal lesions described in the literature. Mucocutaneous lesions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection are still under investigation, due to their polymorphic clinical aspect and incompletely understood pathogenic mechanism. The cutaneous inflammatory, exanthematous and purpuric rashes, erythemato-purpuric enanthems, oral ulcers, lichenoid oral lesions, conjunctivitis, conjunctival pseudomembranes, or corneal lesions have been described in patients with COVID-19. Several classifications have been proposed based on the clinical pattern, histological findings, and possible pathogenic mechanisms. The pathogenic mechanism, the diagnostic criteria, the prognostic importance of these lesions are still being debated. The diverse clinical aspects of dermatological manifestations render the diagnosis difficult. However, several clinical patterns strongly associated with COVID-19, such as chilblains, papulovesicular exanthems, and febrile rash require increased awareness and changes to the investigation protocols for these conditions, to include testing for SARS-CoV-2. In the present review, the mucocutaneous findings associated with the novel coronavirus infection, reported thus far in the literature, was provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Toader
- Department of Oral Dermatology, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Daniel Branisteanu
- Department of Ophthalmology, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Glod
- Department of Surgery, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Esanu
- Department of Internal Medicine, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Maria-Stefana Capsa
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Railway Clinical Hospital’, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andreea Dimitriu
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Arcadia’ Hospitals and Medical Centers, 700620 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alin Nicolescu
- Department of Dermatology, Roma Medical Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, 011773 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alin Pinzariu
- Department of Physiology, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Daciana Branisteanu
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Grigore T. Popa’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Orilisi G, Mascitti M, Togni L, Monterubbianesi R, Tosco V, Vitiello F, Santarelli A, Putignano A, Orsini G. Oral Manifestations of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312511. [PMID: 34886241 PMCID: PMC8656958 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 disease first appeared in 2019 and quickly spread worldwide, causing a global pandemic. The oral cavity represents a target of SARS-CoV-2, and oral lesions are observed in both non-hospitalized and hospitalized patients. This systematic review aims to investigate the frequency of oral manifestations in COVID-19 hospitalized patients. Methods: An electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, including articles published up to September 2021. The review protocol was based on PRISMA-P. The risk of bias of the studies was assessed using the Joana Briggs Institute. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE instrument. Results: Fifty-nine articles were included: 19 case reports, 17 case series, 2 case-control studies, 13 cross-sectional studies, 4 observational studies, and 4 retrospective studies. Oral ulcers, cheilitis, and tongue lesions were more common in patients before hospitalization, while perioral pressure ulcers, macroglossia, blisters, and oral candidiasis were more recurrent in patients during hospitalization. The first could be related directly to COVID-19, while the latter could be caused by medical devices, treatments, prone position, and immunological impairment. Conclusions: An accurate oral examination during the hospital admission of all confirmed COVID-19 cases is encouraged to recognize oral early manifestations and to apply appropriate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Orilisi
- Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.O.); (M.M.); (L.T.); (R.M.); (V.T.); (F.V.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Marco Mascitti
- Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.O.); (M.M.); (L.T.); (R.M.); (V.T.); (F.V.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Lucrezia Togni
- Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.O.); (M.M.); (L.T.); (R.M.); (V.T.); (F.V.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Riccardo Monterubbianesi
- Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.O.); (M.M.); (L.T.); (R.M.); (V.T.); (F.V.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Tosco
- Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.O.); (M.M.); (L.T.); (R.M.); (V.T.); (F.V.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Flavia Vitiello
- Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.O.); (M.M.); (L.T.); (R.M.); (V.T.); (F.V.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Santarelli
- Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.O.); (M.M.); (L.T.); (R.M.); (V.T.); (F.V.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
- Dentistry Clinic, National Institute of Health and Science of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Angelo Putignano
- Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.O.); (M.M.); (L.T.); (R.M.); (V.T.); (F.V.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Giovanna Orsini
- Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (G.O.); (M.M.); (L.T.); (R.M.); (V.T.); (F.V.); (A.S.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-34-7248-3290
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Oral mucosal lesions in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 59:1024-1030. [PMID: 34563354 PMCID: PMC8233061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a new disease that presents mainly with respiratory symptoms. However, it can present with a multitude of signs and symptoms that affect various body systems and several oral manifestations have also been reported. We carried out a systematic review to explore the types of oral mucosal lesions that have been reported in the COVID-19-related literature up to 25 March 2021. A structured electronic database search using Medline, Embase, and CINAHL, as well as a grey literature search using Google Scholar, revealed a total of 322 studies. After the removal of duplicates and completion of the primary and secondary filtering processes, 12 studies were included for final appraisal. In patients with COVID-19 infection, we identified several different types of oral mucosal lesions at various locations within the oral cavity. Most of the studies appraised had a high risk of bias according to the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. The current published literature does not allow differentiation as to whether the oral lesions were caused by the viral infection itself, or were related to oral manifestations secondary to existing comorbidities or the treatment instigated to combat the disease. It is important for healthcare professionals to be aware of the possible link between COVID-19 and oral mucosal lesions, and we hereby discuss our findings.
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Mascitti H, Jourdain P, Bleibtreu A, Jaulmes L, Dechartres A, Lescure X, Yordanov Y, Dinh A. Prognosis of rash and chilblain-like lesions among outpatients with COVID-19: a large cohort study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:2243-2248. [PMID: 34255231 PMCID: PMC8276548 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In a large regional observational cohort study of adult (≥ 18 years), outpatients with COVID-19, prevalence, characteristics, and outcome of patients with rash and/or chilblain-like lesions (CLL), compared with population without cutaneous features, were studied. In total, 28,957 outpatients were included; the prevalence of rash and CCL were 9.5% and 3.7%, respectively. Presence of rash was significantly associated with presence of asthenia, shivers or myalgia, respiratory and gastro-intestinal symptoms, and anosmia/ageusia. The presence of CCL was associated with chest pain, chest oppression, nausea/vomiting, and anosmia/ageusia. Patients with CCL were significantly less prone to an unfavourable outcome (hospitalization or death).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Mascitti
- Infectious Disease Department, University Hospital R. Poincaré, APHP, Paris Saclay University, 104 Bd R. Poincaré, 92380, Garches, France
| | - Patrick Jourdain
- Cardiology Department, University Hospital Kremlin Bicêtre, APHP, Paris Saclay University, 104 Bd R. Poincaré, 92380, Garches, France
| | - Alexandre Bleibtreu
- Infectious Disease Department, University Hospital Pitié Salpétrière, APHP, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Luc Jaulmes
- Centre de Pharmaco-Épidémiologie (Cephepi), Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Dechartres
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis D'Epidémiologie Et de Santé Publique, UMR-S 1136, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Département de Santé Publique, Centre de Pharmacoépidémiologie de L'AP-HP (Cephepi), Paris, France
| | - Xavier Lescure
- Infectious Disease Department, University Hospital Bichat, APHP, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Youri Yordanov
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Saint Antoine, APHP, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Aurélien Dinh
- Infectious Disease Department, University Hospital R. Poincaré, APHP, Paris Saclay University, 104 Bd R. Poincaré, 92380, Garches, France.
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Davido B, Mascitti H, Fortier-Beaulieu M, Jaffal K, de Truchis P. 'Blue toes' following vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. J Travel Med 2021; 28:6146880. [PMID: 33620081 PMCID: PMC7928759 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Highlights: COVID toes can be encountered in young individuals during acute COVID-19 infection while it results from the direct action of Spike protein on vessels. We report the case of COVID toes during the French campaign of vaccination that occurred 4 days after the vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Davido
- Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Universitaire Raymond-Poincaré, AP-HP, 104 Bld Raymond Poincare, Garches 92380, France
| | - Helene Mascitti
- Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Universitaire Raymond-Poincaré, AP-HP, 104 Bld Raymond Poincare, Garches 92380, France
| | - Marc Fortier-Beaulieu
- Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Universitaire Raymond-Poincaré, AP-HP, 104 Bld Raymond Poincare, Garches 92380, France
| | - Karim Jaffal
- Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Universitaire Raymond-Poincaré, AP-HP, 104 Bld Raymond Poincare, Garches 92380, France
| | - Pierre de Truchis
- Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Universitaire Raymond-Poincaré, AP-HP, 104 Bld Raymond Poincare, Garches 92380, France
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Gisondi P, Di Leo S, Bellinato F, Cazzaniga S, Piaserico S, Naldi L. Time of Onset of Selected Skin Lesions Associated with COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2021; 11:695-705. [PMID: 33811315 PMCID: PMC8018690 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Distinct skin lesions associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been described, but data regarding their time of onset during the COVID-19 course are scant. Our objective was to systematically review the studies reporting the time of onset of selected skin lesions with respect to the reported onset of the COVID-19 core symptoms. METHODS A comprehensive search of studies published before 21 January 2021 was performed on MEDLINE via PubMed database using a predefined strategy to identify relevant articles. RESULTS Out of 354 references, 87 were selected, reporting a total of 895 patients with skin lesions associated with COVID-19. The most frequent pattern was exanthema (n = 430, 48%), followed by vascular (n = 299, 33%), urticarial (n = 105, 12%) and others (n = 66, 7%). Skin lesions occurred more frequently in the first 4 weeks from the COVID-19 onset (n = 831, 92%), whereas prodromal or late lesions were rarer (n = 69, 8%). The urticarial and exanthema patterns were more frequent in the first 2 weeks. About the vascular pattern some differences were noted among its subtypes. Livedoid lesions occurred mainly in the first 2 weeks, while chilblain-like lesions between weeks 2 and 4. Purpuric/petechial lesions were equally distributed during the first 4 weeks. Several skin manifestations did not fall into the pattern classification, including erythema multiforme, generalized pruritus, Kawasaki disease and others. CONCLUSION The diversity in the time of onset of skin lesions as well as their polymorphic nature likely reflects the diversity of the pathogenetic underlying mechanisms. PROSPERO DATABASE REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021236331.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Gisondi
- Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Sara Di Leo
- Division of Dermatology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Francesco Bellinato
- Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Simone Cazzaniga
- Centro Studi GISED, Bergamo, Italy
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Piaserico
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldi
- Division of Dermatology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
- Centro Studi GISED, Bergamo, Italy
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