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Saiman L, Waters V, LiPuma JJ, Hoffman LR, Alby K, Zhang SX, Yau YC, Downey DG, Sermet-Gaudelus I, Bouchara JP, Kidd TJ, Bell SC, Brown AW. Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Updated guidance for processing respiratory tract samples from people with cystic fibrosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0021521. [PMID: 39158301 PMCID: PMC11391703 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00215-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThis guidance presents recommendations for clinical microbiology laboratories for processing respiratory samples from people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF). Appropriate processing of respiratory samples is crucial to detect bacterial and fungal pathogens, guide treatment, monitor the epidemiology of cystic fibrosis (CF) pathogens, and assess therapeutic interventions. Thanks to CF transmembrane conductance regulator modulator therapy, the health of pwCF has improved, but as a result, fewer pwCF spontaneously expectorate sputum. Thus, the collection of sputum samples has decreased, while the collection of other types of respiratory samples such as oropharyngeal and bronchoalveolar lavage samples has increased. To optimize the detection of microorganisms, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Burkholderia cepacia complex; other less common non-lactose fermenting Gram-negative bacilli, e.g., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Inquilinus, Achromobacter, Ralstonia, and Pandoraea species; and yeasts and filamentous fungi, non-selective and selective culture media are recommended for all types of respiratory samples, including samples obtained from pwCF after lung transplantation. There are no consensus recommendations for laboratory practices to detect, characterize, and report small colony variants (SCVs) of S. aureus, although studies are ongoing to address the potential clinical impact of SCVs. Accurate identification of less common Gram-negative bacilli, e.g., S. maltophilia, Inquilinus, Achromobacter, Ralstonia, and Pandoraea species, as well as yeasts and filamentous fungi, is recommended to understand their epidemiology and clinical importance in pwCF. However, conventional biochemical tests and automated platforms may not accurately identify CF pathogens. MALDI-TOF MS provides excellent genus-level identification, but databases may lack representation of CF pathogens to the species-level. Thus, DNA sequence analysis should be routinely available to laboratories for selected clinical circumstances. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is not recommended for every routine surveillance culture obtained from pwCF, although selective AST may be helpful, e.g., for unusual pathogens or exacerbations unresponsive to initial therapy. While this guidance reflects current care paradigms for pwCF, recommendations will continue to evolve as CF research expands the evidence base for laboratory practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Saiman
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Valerie Waters
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John J LiPuma
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lucas R Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin Alby
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sean X Zhang
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yvonne C Yau
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damian G Downey
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University, Belfast, Ireland
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- University of Angers-University of Brest, Infections Respiratoires Fongiques, Angers, France
| | - Timothy J Kidd
- Microbiology Division, Pathology Queensland Central Laboratory, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Scott C Bell
- The Prince Charles Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- The Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - A Whitney Brown
- Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Inova Advanced Lung Disease and Transplant Program, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
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Blondeau JM, Blondeau LD, Fitch SD. In vitro killing of drug susceptible and multidrug resistant bacteria by amikacin considering pulmonary drug concentrations based on an inhaled formulation. J Chemother 2024; 36:389-397. [PMID: 38339845 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2024.2313908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Nosocomial infections with drug resistant bacteria impact morbidity and mortality, length of therapy and stay and the overall cost of treatment. Key pathogens with ventilator associated pneumonia may be drug-susceptible or multi-drug resistant and inhaled amikacin has been investigated as an adjunctive therapy option. High pulmonary drug concentrations (epithelial lining fluid [ELF]) along with minimal systemic toxicity is seen as an advantage to inhaled formulations. In vitro killing of bacteria using clinically relevant drug concentrations provide insight on bug-drug interactions. The aim of this study was to measure killing of clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), mutant prevention concentration (MPC) and median (976 µg/ml) ELF drug concentration for amikacin. Overall killing took longer at the MIC drug concentration and was inconsistent amongst the pathogens tested with the percentage of bacteria killed following 180 min of drug exposure ranging from growth in the presence of the drug to 95% kill. At the MPC drug concentrations, killing ranged from 55-88% for all pathogens following 30 min of drug exposure and increased to 99-100% following 180 min of drug exposure. At the ELF amikacin tested, killing was 81-100% following 20 min and 94-100% by 30 min of drug exposure. Rapid killing against MDR respiratory pathogens by amikacin ELF drug concentrations is encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Blondeau
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Royal University Hospital and Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Pathology and Ophthalmology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Leah D Blondeau
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Royal University Hospital and Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Shantelle D Fitch
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Royal University Hospital and Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Tan X, Huang Y, Rana A, Singh N, Abbey TC, Chen H, Toth PT, Bulman ZP. Optimization of an in vitro Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Model to Examine Antibiotic Pharmacodynamics at the Air-Liquid Interface. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2024; 10:16. [PMID: 38429317 PMCID: PMC10907394 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-024-00483-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important cause of lower respiratory tract infections, such as ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (VABP). Using inhaled antibiotics to treat VABP can achieve high drug concentrations at the infection site while minimizing systemic toxicities. Despite the theoretical advantages, clinical trials have failed to show a benefit for inhaled antibiotic therapy in treating VABP. A potential reason for this discordance is the presence of biofilm-embedded bacteria in lower respiratory tract infections. Drug selection and dosing are often based on data from bacteria grown planktonically. In the present study, an in vitro air-liquid interface pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic biofilm model was optimized to evaluate the activity of simulated epithelial lining fluid exposures of inhaled and intravenous doses of polymyxin B and tobramycin against two P. aeruginosa strains. Antibiotic activity was also determined against the P. aeruginosa strains grown planktonically. Our study revealed that inhaled antibiotic exposures were more active than their intravenous counterparts across biofilm and planktonic populations. Inhaled exposures of polymyxin B and tobramycin exhibited comparable activity against planktonic P. aeruginosa. Although inhaled polymyxin B exposures were initially more active against P. aeruginosa biofilms (through 6 h), tobramycin was more active by the end of the experiment (48 h). Together, these data slightly favor the use of inhaled tobramycin for VABP caused by biofilm-forming P. aeruginosa that are not resistant to either antibiotic. The optimized in vitro air-liquid interface pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic biofilm model may be beneficial for the development of novel anti-biofilm agents or to optimize antibiotic dosing for infections such as VABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Tan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yanqin Huang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Amisha Rana
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nidhi Singh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Taylor C Abbey
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hui Chen
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter T Toth
- Fluorescence Imaging Core, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zackery P Bulman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois Chicago College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Coenye T. Biofilm antimicrobial susceptibility testing: where are we and where could we be going? Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0002423. [PMID: 37812003 PMCID: PMC10732061 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00024-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Our knowledge about the fundamental aspects of biofilm biology, including the mechanisms behind the reduced antimicrobial susceptibility of biofilms, has increased drastically over the last decades. However, this knowledge has so far not been translated into major changes in clinical practice. While the biofilm concept is increasingly on the radar of clinical microbiologists, physicians, and healthcare professionals in general, the standardized tools to study biofilms in the clinical microbiology laboratory are still lacking; one area in which this is particularly obvious is that of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). It is generally accepted that the biofilm lifestyle has a tremendous impact on antibiotic susceptibility, yet AST is typically still carried out with planktonic cells. On top of that, the microenvironment at the site of infection is an important driver for microbial physiology and hence susceptibility; but this is poorly reflected in current AST methods. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the state of the art concerning biofilm AST and highlight the knowledge gaps in this area. Subsequently, potential ways to improve biofilm-based AST will be discussed. Finally, bottlenecks currently preventing the use of biofilm AST in clinical practice, as well as the steps needed to get past these bottlenecks, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Van den Bossche S, Abatih E, Grassi L, De Broe E, Rigole P, Boelens J, Van Caenegem J, Verhasselt B, Janssens I, Van Braeckel E, Versmessen N, Cools P, Coenye T, Crabbé A. Pooling isolates to address the diversity in antimicrobial susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0044923. [PMID: 37982625 PMCID: PMC10714813 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00449-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE People with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) often suffer from chronic lung infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While antibiotics are still commonly used to treat P. aeruginosa infections, there is a high discordance between in vitro and in vivo antibiotic efficacy, which contributes to suboptimal antibiotic therapy. In the present study, we found that isolates from the same sputum sample had highly diverse antibiotic resistance profiles [based on the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)], which may explain the reported discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo antibiotic efficacy. Through systematic analysis, we report that pooling nine isolates per sputum sample significantly decreased intrasample diversity in MIC and influenced clinical interpretation of antibiotic susceptibility tests compared to single isolate testing. Hence, pooling of isolates may offer a solution to obtain a consistent MIC test result and could lead to optimizing antibiotic therapy in pwCF and other infectious diseases where diversity in antibiotic resistance is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Abatih
- Data Analysis and Statistical Science (DASS), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lucia Grassi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emma De Broe
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Rigole
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jerina Boelens
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Caenegem
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Verhasselt
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Iris Janssens
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cystic Fibrosis Reference Centre, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Inflammation Research, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eva Van Braeckel
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cystic Fibrosis Reference Centre, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nick Versmessen
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Piet Cools
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Crabbé
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Thee S, Ekkelenkamp M, Shah A. AMR-Lung: a European Clinical Research Collaboration on antimicrobial resistance in chronic lung disease. Eur Respir J 2023; 62:2301700. [PMID: 38128951 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01700-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Thee
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Cystic Fibrosis, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Miquel Ekkelenkamp
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anand Shah
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- MRC Centre of Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Barbosa M, Chalmers JD. Bronchiectasis. Presse Med 2023; 52:104174. [PMID: 37778637 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2023.104174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchiectasis is a final common pathway of a wide variety of underlying conditions including infectious, autoimmune, allergic, genetic and inflammatory conditions. Patients experience a chronic disease with variable clinical symptoms and course, but most experience cough, sputum production and recurrent exacerbations. Symptoms of bronchiectasis lead to poor quality of life and exacerbations are the major driver of morbidity and mortality. Patients are often chronically infected with bacteria with the most common being Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Haemophilus influenzae. Treatment of bronchiectasis includes standardised testing to identify the underlying cause with targeted treatment if immune deficiency, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis or non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection, for example, are identified. Airway clearance is the mainstay of therapy for patients with symptoms of cough and sputum production. Frequently exacerbating patients may benefit from long term antibiotic or mucoactive therapies. Bronchiectasis is a heterogeneous disease and increasingly precision medicine approaches are advocated to target treatments most appropriately and to limit the emergence of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Barbosa
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - James D Chalmers
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
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Gipsman A, Prero M, Toltzis P, Craven D. Inhaled antibiotics in children with tracheostomy tubes: A descriptive study. Pediatr Pulmonol 2023; 58:1028-1033. [PMID: 36541025 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are common in children with tracheostomy tubes. Anecdotally, inhaled antibiotics are commonly prescribed, although to date there are no studies describing their use in this patient population. The objective of this study was to assess the variability of this practice at a single tertiary care children's hospital. METHODS All children admitted to our hospital with a tracheostomy tube who were prescribed inhaled antibiotics between 2013 and 2020 were included. Patient characteristics and data regarding inhaled antibiotic use were obtained retrospectively from the electronic medical record. RESULTS A total of 424 courses of inhaled antibiotics were prescribed during the study period. 296 (69.8%) courses were prescribed to treat an acute RTI, whereas 128 (30.2%) were prescribed prophylactically to prevent RTIs. 58.9% of children with tracheostomy tubes hospitalized during the study period received at least one course of inhaled antibiotics. The most common antibiotics prescribed were tobramycin and gentamicin; several different doses were used. In 53.2% of treatment courses, inhaled antibiotics were co-prescribed with systemic antibiotics. Therapy duration for treatment varied from 3 to 28 days. Respiratory cultures were used variably and antimicrobial susceptibility was often not taken into account when prescribing inhaled antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS Inhaled antibiotics were frequently prescribed as treatment and prophylaxis in children with tracheostomy tubes at our center, with significant variation in the prescribed antibiotic type, dose, frequency, duration, and co-prescription with systemic antibiotics. Prospective studies are needed to define best practice regarding inhaled antibiotics in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gipsman
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Moshe Prero
- Department of Pulmonology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Philip Toltzis
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel Craven
- Department of Pulmonology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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De Bleeckere A, Van den Bossche S, De Sutter PJ, Beirens T, Crabbé A, Coenye T. High throughput determination of the biofilm prevention concentration for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms using a synthetic cystic fibrosis sputum medium. Biofilm 2023; 5:100106. [PMID: 36845825 PMCID: PMC9945637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients suffering from chronic lung infections contributes to the failure of antimicrobial therapy. Conventionally, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of a pathogen, however this parameter fails to predict success in treating biofilm-associated infections. In the present study we developed a high throughput method to determine the antimicrobial concentration required to prevent P. aeruginosa biofilm formation, using a synthetic cystic fibrosis sputum medium (SCFM2). Biofilms were grown in SCFM2 for 24 h in the presence of antibiotics (tobramycin, ciprofloxacin or colistin), whereafter biofilms were disrupted and a resazurin staining was used to quantify the number of surviving metabolically active cells. In parallel, the content of all wells was plated to determine the number of colony forming units (CFU). Biofilm preventing concentrations (BPCs) were compared to MICs and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) determined according to EUCAST guidelines. Correlations between the resazurin-derived fluorescence and CFU counts were assessed with Kendall's Tau Rank tests. A significant correlation between fluorescence and CFU counts was observed for 9 out of 10 strains investigated, suggesting the fluorometric assay is a reliable alternative to plating for most P. aeruginosa isolates to determine biofilm susceptibility in relevant conditions. For all isolates a clear difference between MICs and BPCs of all three antibiotics was observed, with the BPCs being consistently higher than the MICs. Additionally, the extent of this difference appeared to be antibiotic-dependent. Our findings suggest that this high throughput assay could be a valuable addition to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility in P. aeruginosa biofilms in the context of CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber De Bleeckere
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Pieter-Jan De Sutter
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry and Clinical Analysis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tine Beirens
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Crabbé
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,Corresponding author.
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Drevinek P, Canton R, Johansen HK, Hoffman L, Coenye T, Burgel PR, Davies JC. New concepts in antimicrobial resistance in cystic fibrosis respiratory infections. J Cyst Fibros 2022; 21:937-945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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