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Emmerich K, Hageter J, Hoang T, Lyu P, Sharrock AV, Ceisel A, Thierer J, Chunawala Z, Nimmagadda S, Palazzo I, Matthews F, Zhang L, White DT, Rodriguez C, Graziano G, Marcos P, May A, Mulligan T, Reibman B, Saxena MT, Ackerley DF, Qian J, Blackshaw S, Horstick E, Mumm JS. A large-scale CRISPR screen reveals context-specific genetic regulation of retinal ganglion cell regeneration. Development 2024; 151:dev202754. [PMID: 39007397 PMCID: PMC11361637 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Many genes are known to regulate retinal regeneration after widespread tissue damage. Conversely, genes controlling regeneration after limited cell loss, as per degenerative diseases, are undefined. As stem/progenitor cell responses scale to injury levels, understanding how the extent and specificity of cell loss impact regenerative processes is important. Here, transgenic zebrafish enabling selective retinal ganglion cell (RGC) ablation were used to identify genes that regulate RGC regeneration. A single cell multiomics-informed screen of 100 genes identified seven knockouts that inhibited and 11 that promoted RGC regeneration. Surprisingly, 35 out of 36 genes known and/or implicated as being required for regeneration after widespread retinal damage were not required for RGC regeneration. The loss of seven even enhanced regeneration kinetics, including the proneural factors neurog1, olig2 and ascl1a. Mechanistic analyses revealed that ascl1a disruption increased the propensity of progenitor cells to produce RGCs, i.e. increased 'fate bias'. These data demonstrate plasticity in the mechanism through which Müller glia convert to a stem-like state and context specificity in how genes function during regeneration. Increased understanding of how the regeneration of disease-relevant cell types is specifically controlled will support the development of disease-tailored regenerative therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Emmerich
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute and the Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - John Hageter
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Thanh Hoang
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Pin Lyu
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Abigail V. Sharrock
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Anneliese Ceisel
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - James Thierer
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Zeeshaan Chunawala
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Saumya Nimmagadda
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Isabella Palazzo
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Frazer Matthews
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Liyun Zhang
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - David T. White
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Catalina Rodriguez
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Gianna Graziano
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Patrick Marcos
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Adam May
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Tim Mulligan
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Barak Reibman
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Meera T. Saxena
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - David F. Ackerley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Jiang Qian
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute and the Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Eric Horstick
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Jeff S. Mumm
- Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- McKusick-Nathans Institute and the Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
- Center for Nanomedicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Pavlou M, Probst M, Blasdel N, Prieve AR, Reh TA. The impact of timing and injury mode on induced neurogenesis in the adult mammalian retina. Stem Cell Reports 2024; 19:239-253. [PMID: 38278154 PMCID: PMC10874861 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of neurons has important implications for human health, and the retina provides an accessible system to study the potential of replacing neurons following injury. In previous work, we generated transgenic mice in which neurogenic transcription factors were expressed in Müller glia (MG) and showed that they stimulated neurogenesis following inner retinal damage. It was unknown, however, whether the timing or mode of injury mattered in this process. Here, we explored these parameters on induced neurogenesis from MG and show that MG expressing Ascl1 will generate new bipolar neurons with similar efficiency irrespective of injury mode or timing. However, MG that express Ascl1-Atoh1 produce a new type of retinal ganglion-like cell after outer retinal damage, which is absent with inner retinal damage. Our data suggest that although cell fate is primarily dictated by neurogenic transcription factors, the inflammatory state of MG relative to injury can influence the outcome of induced neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pavlou
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marlene Probst
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicolai Blasdel
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aric R Prieve
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas A Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Rzhanova LA, Markitantova YV, Aleksandrova MA. Recent Achievements in the Heterogeneity of Mammalian and Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium: In Search of a Stem Cell. Cells 2024; 13:281. [PMID: 38334673 PMCID: PMC10854871 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells are important fundamentally for the development and function of the retina. In this regard, the study of the morphological and molecular properties of RPE cells, as well as their regenerative capabilities, is of particular importance for biomedicine. However, these studies are complicated by the fact that, despite the external morphological similarity of RPE cells, the RPE is a population of heterogeneous cells, the molecular genetic properties of which have begun to be revealed by sequencing methods only in recent years. This review carries out an analysis of the data from morphological and molecular genetic studies of the heterogeneity of RPE cells in mammals and humans, which reveals the individual differences in the subpopulations of RPE cells and the possible specificity of their functions. Particular attention is paid to discussing the properties of "stemness," proliferation, and plasticity in the RPE, which may be useful for uncovering the mechanisms of retinal diseases associated with pathologies of the RPE and finding new ways of treating them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuliya V. Markitantova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilov Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (L.A.R.); (M.A.A.)
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