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Alveal M, Méndez A, García A, Henríquez M. Purinergic regulation of pulmonary vascular tone. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-10010-5. [PMID: 38713328 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-10010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is a crucial determinant in the regulation of pulmonary vascular physiology and presents a promising avenue for addressing lung diseases. This intricate signaling system encompasses two primary receptor classes: P1 and P2 receptors. P1 receptors selectively bind adenosine, while P2 receptors exhibit an affinity for ATP, ADP, UTP, and UDP. Functionally, P1 receptors are associated with vasodilation, while P2 receptors mediate vasoconstriction, particularly in basally relaxed vessels, through modulation of intracellular Ca2+ levels. The P2X subtype receptors facilitate extracellular Ca2+ influx, while the P2Y subtype receptors are linked to endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release. Notably, the primary receptor responsible for ATP-induced vasoconstriction is P2X1, with α,β-meATP and UDP being identified as potent vasoconstrictor agonists. Interestingly, ATP has been shown to induce endothelium-dependent vasodilation in pre-constricted vessels, associated with nitric oxide (NO) release. In the context of P1 receptors, adenosine stimulation of pulmonary vessels has been unequivocally demonstrated to induce vasodilation, with a clear dependency on the A2B receptor, as evidenced in studies involving guinea pigs and rats. Importantly, evidence strongly suggests that this vasodilation occurs independently of endothelium-mediated mechanisms. Furthermore, studies have revealed variations in the expression of purinergic receptors across different vessel sizes, with reports indicating notably higher expression of P2Y1, P2Y2, and P2Y4 receptors in small pulmonary arteries. While the existing evidence in this area is still emerging, it underscores the urgent need for a comprehensive examination of the specific characteristics of purinergic signaling in the regulation of pulmonary vascular tone, particularly focusing on the disparities observed across different intrapulmonary vessel sizes. Consequently, this review aims to meticulously explore the current evidence regarding the role of purinergic signaling in pulmonary vascular tone regulation, with a specific emphasis on the variations observed in intrapulmonary vessel sizes. This endeavor is critical, as purinergic signaling holds substantial promise in the modulation of vascular tone and in the proactive prevention and treatment of pulmonary vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Alveal
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, 7500975, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Méndez
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, 7500975, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud y Ciencias Sociales, Campus Providencia, Sede Santiago, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aline García
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, 7500975, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
- Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias,, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Mauricio Henríquez
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, 7500975, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
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Lassen ML, Byrne C, Hartmann JP, Kjaer A, Berg RMG, Hasbak P. Pulmonary blood volume assessment from a standard cardiac rubidium-82 imaging protocol: impact of adenosine-induced hyperemia. J Nucl Cardiol 2023; 30:2504-2513. [PMID: 37349559 PMCID: PMC10682170 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-023-03308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess the feasibility of estimating the pulmonary blood volume noninvasively using standard Rubidium-82 myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) and characterize the changes during adenosine-induced hyperemia. METHODS This study comprised 33 healthy volunteers (15 female, median age = 23 years), of which 25 underwent serial rest/adenosine stress Rubidium-82 MPI sessions. Mean bolus transit times (MBTT) were obtained by calculating the time delay from the Rubidium-82 bolus arrival in the pulmonary trunk to the arrival in the left myocardial atrium. Using the MBTT, in combination with stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR), we estimated pulmonary blood volume (PBV = (SV × HR) × MBTT). We report the empirically measured MBTT, HR, SV, and PBV, all stratified by sex [male (M) vs female (F)] as mean (SD). In addition, we report grouped repeatability measures using the within-subject repeatability coefficient. RESULTS Mean bolus transit times was shortened during adenosine stressing with sex-specific differences [(seconds); Rest: Female (F) = 12.4 (1.5), Male (M) = 14.8 (2.8); stress: F = 8.8 (1.7), M = 11.2 (3.0), all P ≤ 0.01]. HR and SV increased during stress MPI, with a concomitant increase in the PBV [mL]; Rest: F = 544 (98), M = 926 (105); Stress: F = 914 (182), M = 1458 (338), all P < 0.001. The following test-retest repeatability measures were observed for MBTT (Rest = 17.2%, Stress = 17.9%), HR (Rest = 9.1%, Stress = 7.5%), SV (Rest = 8.9%, Stress = 5.6%), and for PBV measures (Rest = 20.7%, Stress = 19.5%) CONCLUSION: Pulmonary blood volume can be extracted by cardiac rubidium-82 MPI with excellent test-retest reliability, both at rest and during adenosine-induced hyperemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lyngby Lassen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, University Hospital Copenhagen-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Christina Byrne
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, University Hospital Copenhagen-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Peter Hartmann
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, University Hospital Copenhagen-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Renal, Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, University Hospital Copenhagen-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, University Hospital Copenhagen-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ronan M G Berg
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, University Hospital Copenhagen-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Renal, Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Centre for Physical Activity Research, University Hospital Copenhagen-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Philip Hasbak
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, University Hospital Copenhagen-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Scali MC, Zagatina A, Ciampi Q, Cortigiani L, D'Andrea A, Daros CB, Zhuravskaya N, Kasprzak JD, Wierzbowska-Drabik K, Luis de Castro E Silva Pretto J, Djordjevic-Dikic A, Beleslin B, Petrovic M, Boskovic N, Tesic M, Monte I, Simova I, Vladova M, Boshchenko A, Vrublevsky A, Citro R, Amor M, Vargas Mieles PE, Arbucci R, Merlo PM, Lowenstein Haber DM, Dodi C, Rigo F, Gligorova S, Dekleva M, Severino S, Lattanzi F, Morrone D, Galderisi M, Torres MAR, Salustri A, Rodrìguez-Zanella H, Costantino FM, Varga A, Agoston G, Bossone E, Ferrara F, Gaibazzi N, Celutkiene J, Haberka M, Mori F, D'Alfonso MG, Reisenhofer B, Camarozano AC, Miglioranza MH, Szymczyk E, Wejner-Mik P, Wdowiak-Okrojek K, Preradovic-Kovacevic T, Bombardini T, Ostojic M, Nikolic A, Re F, Barbieri A, Di Salvo G, Merli E, Colonna P, Lorenzoni V, De Nes M, Paterni M, Carpeggiani C, Lowenstein J, Picano E. Lung Ultrasound and Pulmonary Congestion During Stress Echocardiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2020; 13:2085-2095. [PMID: 32682714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess the functional and prognostic correlates of B-lines during stress echocardiography (SE). BACKGROUND B-profile detected by lung ultrasound (LUS) is a sign of pulmonary congestion during SE. METHODS The authors prospectively performed transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and LUS in 2,145 patients referred for exercise (n = 1,012), vasodilator (n = 1,054), or dobutamine (n = 79) SE in 11 certified centers. B-lines were evaluated in a 4-site simplified scan (each site scored from 0: A-lines to 10: white lung for coalescing B-lines). During stress the following were also analyzed: stress-induced new regional wall motion abnormalities in 2 contiguous segments; reduced left ventricular contractile reserve (peak/rest based on force, ≤2.0 for exercise and dobutamine, ≤1.1 for vasodilators); and abnormal coronary flow velocity reserve ≤2.0, assessed by pulsed-wave Doppler sampling in left anterior descending coronary artery and abnormal heart rate reserve (peak/rest heart rate) ≤1.80 for exercise and dobutamine (≤1.22 for vasodilators). All patients completed follow-up. RESULTS According to B-lines at peak stress patients were divided into 4 different groups: group I, absence of stress B-lines (score: 0 to 1; n = 1,389; 64.7%); group II, mild B-lines (score: 2 to 4; n = 428; 20%); group III, moderate B-lines (score: 5 to 9; n = 209; 9.7%) and group IV, severe B-lines (score: ≥10; n = 119; 5.4%). During median follow-up of 15.2 months (interquartile range: 12 to 20 months) there were 38 deaths and 28 nonfatal myocardial infarctions in 64 patients. At multivariable analysis, severe stress B-lines (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.544; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.466 to 8.687; p = 0.006), abnormal heart rate reserve (HR: 2.276; 95% CI: 1.215 to 4.262; p = 0.010), abnormal coronary flow velocity reserve (HR: 2.178; 95% CI: 1.059 to 4.479; p = 0.034), and age (HR: 1.031; 95% CI: 1.002 to 1.062; p = 0.037) were independent predictors of death and nonfatal myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS Severe stress B-lines predict death and nonfatal myocardial infarction. (Stress Echo 2020-The International Stress Echo Study [SE2020]; NCT03049995).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Scali
- Cardiothoracic Department, University of Pisa, and Nottola Cardiology Division, Montepulciano, Siena, Italy
| | - Angela Zagatina
- Cardiology Department, Saint Petersburg University Clinic, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Quirino Ciampi
- Cardiology Division, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Antonello D'Andrea
- Cardiology Department, Echocardiography Lab and Rehabilitation Unit, Monaldi Hospital, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Nadezhda Zhuravskaya
- Cardiology Department, Saint Petersburg University Clinic, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | | | | | | | - Ana Djordjevic-Dikic
- Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Medical School, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branko Beleslin
- Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Medical School, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Petrovic
- Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Medical School, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Boskovic
- Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Medical School, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milorad Tesic
- Cardiology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Medical School, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ines Monte
- Cardio-Thorax-Vascular Department, Echocardiography lab, "Policlinico Vittorio Emanuele", Catania University, Catania, Italy
| | - Iana Simova
- Head of Cardiology Department, Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Martina Vladova
- Head of Cardiology Department, Acibadem City Clinic Cardiovascular Center, University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Alla Boshchenko
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Vrublevsky
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russian Federation
| | - Rodolfo Citro
- Cardiology Department and Echocardiography Lab, University Hospital "San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona", Salerno, Italy
| | - Miguel Amor
- Cardiology Department, Ramos Mejia Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Rosina Arbucci
- Cardiodiagnosticos, Investigaciones Medicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Claudio Dodi
- Casa di Cura Figlie di San Camillo, Cremona, Italy
| | - Fausto Rigo
- Cardiology Department, Ospedale dell'Angelo Mestre-Venice, Venice, Italy
| | | | - Milica Dekleva
- Clinical Cardiology Department, Clinical Hospital Zvezdara, Medical School, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sergio Severino
- Cardiology Department, Coronary Care Unit, Monaldi Hospital, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Lattanzi
- Cardiothoracic Department, University of Pisa, and Nottola Cardiology Division, Montepulciano, Siena, Italy
| | - Doralisa Morrone
- Cardiothoracic Department, University of Pisa, and Nottola Cardiology Division, Montepulciano, Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Galderisi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco A R Torres
- Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Salustri
- Non-invasive Cardiology, Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Albert Varga
- Institute of Family Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Agoston
- Institute of Family Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eduardo Bossone
- Azienda Ospedaliera Rilevanza Nazionale A. Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrara
- Azienda Ospedaliera Rilevanza Nazionale A. Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Gaibazzi
- Cardiology Department, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | - Jelena Celutkiene
- Centre of Cardiology and Angiology, Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Maciej Haberka
- Department of Cardiology, SHS, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Fabio Mori
- SOD Diagnostica Cardiovascolare, DAI Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia D'Alfonso
- SOD Diagnostica Cardiovascolare, DAI Cardio-Toraco-Vascolare, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Barbara Reisenhofer
- Cardiology Division, Pontedera-Volterra Hospital, ASL Toscana Nord-Ovest, Italy
| | - Ana Cristina Camarozano
- Hospital de Clinicas UFPR, Medicine Department, Federal University of Paranà, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Ewa Szymczyk
- Chair of Cardiology, Bieganski Hospital, Medical University, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Wejner-Mik
- Chair of Cardiology, Bieganski Hospital, Medical University, Lodz, Poland
| | | | | | - Tonino Bombardini
- School of Medicine, University Clinical Center of The Republic of Srpska, Banja-Luka, Bosnia-Herzegovina
| | - Miodrag Ostojic
- School of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Disease Dedinje, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Nikolic
- School of Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Disease Dedinje, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Federica Re
- Ospedale San Camillo, Cardiology Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbieri
- Cardiology Division, Policlinico University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Salvo
- Pediatric Cardiology Department, Cardiology Division, Brompton Hospital, Imperial College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Merli
- Department of Cardiology, Ospedale per gli Infermi, Faenza, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Paolo Colonna
- Cardiology Hospital, Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Michele De Nes
- CNR, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Biomedicine Department, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Paterni
- CNR, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Biomedicine Department, Pisa, Italy
| | - Clara Carpeggiani
- CNR, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Biomedicine Department, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jorge Lowenstein
- Cardiodiagnosticos, Investigaciones Medicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eugenio Picano
- CNR, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Biomedicine Department, Pisa, Italy.
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Abstract
The circulation of the lung is unique both in volume and function. For example, it is the only organ with two circulations: the pulmonary circulation, the main function of which is gas exchange, and the bronchial circulation, a systemic vascular supply that provides oxygenated blood to the walls of the conducting airways, pulmonary arteries and veins. The pulmonary circulation accommodates the entire cardiac output, maintaining high blood flow at low intravascular arterial pressure. As compared with the systemic circulation, pulmonary arteries have thinner walls with much less vascular smooth muscle and a relative lack of basal tone. Factors controlling pulmonary blood flow include vascular structure, gravity, mechanical effects of breathing, and the influence of neural and humoral factors. Pulmonary vascular tone is also altered by hypoxia, which causes pulmonary vasoconstriction. If the hypoxic stimulus persists for a prolonged period, contraction is accompanied by remodeling of the vasculature, resulting in pulmonary hypertension. In addition, genetic and environmental factors can also confer susceptibility to development of pulmonary hypertension. Under normal conditions, the endothelium forms a tight barrier, actively regulating interstitial fluid homeostasis. Infection and inflammation compromise normal barrier homeostasis, resulting in increased permeability and edema formation. This article focuses on reviewing the basics of the lung circulation (pulmonary and bronchial), normal development and transition at birth and vasoregulation. Mechanisms contributing to pathological conditions in the pulmonary circulation, in particular when barrier function is disrupted and during development of pulmonary hypertension, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Suresh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Larissa A. Shimoda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Laughlin MH, Davis MJ, Secher NH, van Lieshout JJ, Arce-Esquivel AA, Simmons GH, Bender SB, Padilla J, Bache RJ, Merkus D, Duncker DJ. Peripheral circulation. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:321-447. [PMID: 23728977 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow (BF) increases with increasing exercise intensity in skeletal, respiratory, and cardiac muscle. In humans during maximal exercise intensities, 85% to 90% of total cardiac output is distributed to skeletal and cardiac muscle. During exercise BF increases modestly and heterogeneously to brain and decreases in gastrointestinal, reproductive, and renal tissues and shows little to no change in skin. If the duration of exercise is sufficient to increase body/core temperature, skin BF is also increased in humans. Because blood pressure changes little during exercise, changes in distribution of BF with incremental exercise result from changes in vascular conductance. These changes in distribution of BF throughout the body contribute to decreases in mixed venous oxygen content, serve to supply adequate oxygen to the active skeletal muscles, and support metabolism of other tissues while maintaining homeostasis. This review discusses the response of the peripheral circulation of humans to acute and chronic dynamic exercise and mechanisms responsible for these responses. This is accomplished in the context of leading the reader on a tour through the peripheral circulation during dynamic exercise. During this tour, we consider what is known about how each vascular bed controls BF during exercise and how these control mechanisms are modified by chronic physical activity/exercise training. The tour ends by comparing responses of the systemic circulation to those of the pulmonary circulation relative to the effects of exercise on the regional distribution of BF and mechanisms responsible for control of resistance/conductance in the systemic and pulmonary circulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Harold Laughlin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, and the Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.
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Abstract
It has been known for more than 60 years, and suspected for over 100, that alveolar hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction by means of mechanisms local to the lung. For the last 20 years, it has been clear that the essential sensor, transduction, and effector mechanisms responsible for hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) reside in the pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell. The main focus of this review is the cellular and molecular work performed to clarify these intrinsic mechanisms and to determine how they are facilitated and inhibited by the extrinsic influences of other cells. Because the interaction of intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms is likely to shape expression of HPV in vivo, we relate results obtained in cells to HPV in more intact preparations, such as intact and isolated lungs and isolated pulmonary vessels. Finally, we evaluate evidence regarding the contribution of HPV to the physiological and pathophysiological processes involved in the transition from fetal to neonatal life, pulmonary gas exchange, high-altitude pulmonary edema, and pulmonary hypertension. Although understanding of HPV has advanced significantly, major areas of ignorance and uncertainty await resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. T. Sylvester
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Larissa A. Shimoda
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip I. Aaronson
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy P. T. Ward
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, King's College, London, United Kingdom
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Control of pulmonary vascular tone during exercise in health and pulmonary hypertension. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 119:242-63. [PMID: 18586325 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of the pulmonary circulation as a determinant of exercise capacity in health and disease, studies into the regulation of pulmonary vascular tone in the healthy lung during exercise are scarce. This review describes the current knowledge of the role of various endogenous vasoactive mechanisms in the control of pulmonary vascular tone at rest and during exercise. Recent studies demonstrate an important role for endothelial factors (NO and endothelin) and neurohumoral factors (noradrenaline, acetylcholine). Moreover, there is evidence that natriuretic peptides, reactive oxygen species and phosphodiesterase activity can influence resting pulmonary vascular tone, but their role in the control of pulmonary vascular tone during exercise remains to be determined. K-channels are purported end-effectors in control of pulmonary vascular tone. However, K(ATP) channels do not contribute to regulation of pulmonary vascular tone, while the role of K(V) and K(Ca) channels at rest and during exercise remains to be determined. Pulmonary hypertension is associated with alterations in pulmonary vascular function and structure, resulting in blunted pulmonary vasodilatation during exercise and impaired exercise capacity. Although there is a paucity of studies pertaining to the regulation of pulmonary vascular tone during exercise in idiopathic pulmonary hypertension, the few studies that have been performed in models of pulmonary hypertension secondary to left ventricular dysfunction suggest altered control of pulmonary vascular tone during exercise. Since the increased pulmonary vascular tone during exercise limits exercise capacity, future studies are needed to investigate the vasomotor mechanisms that are responsible for the blunted exercise-induced pulmonary vasodilatation in pulmonary hypertension.
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Agteresch HJ, Dagnelie PC, van den Berg JW, Wilson JH. Adenosine triphosphate: established and potential clinical applications. Drugs 1999; 58:211-32. [PMID: 10473017 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-199958020-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a purine nucleotide found in every cell of the human body. In addition to its well established role in cellular metabolism, extracellular ATP and its breakdown product adenosine, exert pronounced effects in a variety of biological processes including neurotransmission, muscle contraction, cardiac function, platelet function, vasodilatation and liver glycogen metabolism. These effects are mediated by both P1 and P2 receptors. A cascade of ectonucleotidases plays a role in the effective regulation of these processes and may also have a protective function by keeping extracellular ATP and adenosine levels within physiological limits. In recent years several clinical applications of ATP and adenosine have been reported. In anaesthesia, low dose adenosine reduced neuropathic pain, hyperalgesia and ischaemic pain to a similar degree as morphine or ketamine. Postoperative opioid use was reduced. During surgery, ATP and adenosine have been used to induce hypotension. In patients with haemorrhagic shock, increased survival was observed after ATP treatment. In cardiology, ATP has been shown to be a well tolerated and effective pulmonary vasodilator in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Bolus injections of ATP and adenosine are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias. Adenosine also allowed highly accurate diagnosis of coronary artery disease. In pulmonology, nucleotides in combination with a sodium channel blocker improved mucociliary clearance from the airways to near normal in patients with cystic fibrosis. In oncology, there are indications that ATP may inhibit weight loss and tumour growth in patients with advanced lung cancer. There are also indications of potentiating effects of cytostatics and protective effects against radiation tissue damage. Further controlled clinical trials are warranted to determine the full beneficial potential of ATP, adenosine and uridine 5'-triphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Agteresch
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Cortigiani L, Baroni M, Picano E, Palmieri C, Boni A, Ravani M, Biagini A, Nannini E. Acute hemodynamic effects of endogenous adenosine in patients with chronic heart failure. Am Heart J 1998; 136:37-42. [PMID: 9665216 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-8703(98)70179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the acute hemodynamic effects of endogenous adenosine accumulation in patients with chronic heart failure. Exogenously administered adenosine has been shown to reduce pulmonary vascular resistance and to increase cardiac index in normal subjects and in patients with pulmonary hypertension or end-stage biventricular heart failure. Endogenous adenosine accumulation can be provoked by dipyridamole. METHODS AND RESULTS Ultra-low-dose dipyridamole (0.07 mg/kg/min for 4 minutes) was administered in 20 patients with either symptomatic idiopathic (n = 12) or ischemic (n = 8) dilated cardiomyopathy and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (mean 25%+/-5%). Hemodynamic variables were measured before and within 1 minute from the end of dipyridamole infusion. After dipyridamole administration, a mild but significant increase in heart rate (4.5%; p = 0.03) and reduction in mean blood pressure (6.8%; p < 0.001) without changes in right atrial pressure (p = NS) were detected. Dipyridamole increased cardiac output by 26.6% (p < 0.001), cardiac index by 24% (p < 0.001), and stroke volume by 19.8% (p < 0.001), with concomitant 24.6% reduction of systemic vascular resistance (p < 0.001). Moreover, dipyridamole reduced mean pulmonary artery pressure by 8.3% (p < 0.01) and pulmonary vascular resistance by 33.3% (p = 0.001), without changes in pulmonary wedge pressure (p = NS). A significant correlation between percent decrease from baseline in pulmonary and systemic vascular resistance (r = 0.66; p = 0.002) was found after administration of dipyridamole. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous adenosine accumulation induced by ultra-low-dose dipyridamole infusion acutely improves the hemodynamic profile, decreasing pulmonary and, to a lower extent, systemic vascular resistance and increasing cardiac index in patients with severe chronic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cortigiani
- CNR, Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy
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11
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Rongen GA, Brooks SC, Ando S, Notarius CF, Floras JS. Caffeine abstinence augments the systolic blood pressure response to adenosine in humans. Am J Cardiol 1998; 81:1382-5. [PMID: 9631984 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00177-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Blood pressure and heart rate responses to adenosine infusion (35, 70, and 140 microg/kg/min, intravenously) were studied in 7 healthy men after 6, 30, 78, 150, and 318 hours of abstinence from regular caffeine use. The finding that caffeine abstinence augmented the systolic pressor response (from -1 +/- 2 mm Hg at 6 hours to +9 +/- 2 mm Hg at 318 hours; p = 0.01) but not the tachycardic response to adenosine has implications for current clinical and research applications of this purine.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Rongen
- Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, and Centre for Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Hemodynamic and Inotropic Effects of Antiarrhythmic Drugs Used to Treat Paroxysmal Supraventricular Arrhythmias. Int J Angiol 1998; 7:197-201. [PMID: 9585449 DOI: 10.1007/bf01617392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Episodes of sustained paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias can be terminated by antiarrhythmic drugs given intravenously. The cardiodepressive effects of these drugs are an important limitation of this therapeutic procedure. The dose-dependent circulatory and myocardial effects of the nucleoside adenosine (0.5, 2.0, 5.0 mg/kg/minute) and the class I antiarrhythmic drug ajmaline (1.0, 2.0, 4.0 mg/kg) were investigated in 73 open-chest rats. Hemodynamic measurements in the intact circulation and isovolumic registrations (peak isovolumic left ventricular systolic pressure and peak isovolumic dP/dtmax) were compared with saline controls. Adenosine has a short-lasting, negative, chronotropic effect that causes a dose-dependent reduction of cardiac output (-34%, -54%, -65% vs control). The peak isovolumic left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) is not changed significantly by adenosine (-6%, -4%, +5% vs control). The negative chronotropic effect of ajmaline with consecutive reduction of cardiac output is less pronounced (cardiac output: -18%, -20%, -38% vs control). The highest dose of ajmaline causes a significant reduction of peak isovolumic LVSP (-2%, -1%, -7% vs control). Adenosine has an impressive negative chronotropic effect with a consequent marked decrease of cardiac output. The reduction of cardiac output by adenosine is more pronounced compared with ajmaline. Nevertheless, adenosine has-in contrast to ajmaline-no cardiodepressive effects in vivo.
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13
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Bakker SJ, Leunissen KM. Hypothesis on cellular ATP depletion and adenosine release as causes of heart failure and vasodilatation in cardiovascular beriberi. Med Hypotheses 1995; 45:265-7. [PMID: 8569549 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(95)90115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular beriberi is a syndrome caused by thiamine deficiency and characterized by systemic vasodilatation, heart failure and lactic acidosis. The occurrence of heart failure and vasodilatation is yet unexplained: neither theoretical nor experimental data are known. In this article, it is suggested that a fall of cellular ATP levels causes heart failure and that the release of adenosine is the cause of vasodilatation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Bakker
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands
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14
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Nussbacher A, Ariê S, Kalil R, Horta P, Feldman MD, Bellotti G, Pileggi F, Ellis M, Johnson WH, Camarano GB. Mechanism of adenosine-induced elevation of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in humans. Circulation 1995; 92:371-9. [PMID: 7634451 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.92.3.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous intravenous administration of adenosine to humans often results in a paradoxical rise in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), whereas arterial resistance is lowered and cardiac output and heart rate increase. This is believed to be due to diastolic stiffening of the ventricle or to a negative inotropic effect. In the present study, we tested these and other mechanisms by using pressure-volume (PV) analysis and echocardiography. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifteen patients with normal rest left ventricular function underwent cardiac catheterization and received adenosine at a rate of 140 micrograms/kg per minute IV for 6 to 10 minutes. PV relations were measured in 9 patients (without coronary artery disease) using the conductance catheter method. In 6 additional patients with coronary artery disease, echocardiograms were used to assess wall thickness and function, and aortic and coronary sinus blood, lactate, oxygen, and adenosine levels were measured. Adenosine increased PCWP by 19% (+2.6 mm Hg) in both patient groups while lowering arterial load by 30% and increasing cardiac output by 45% (all P < .001). There was no significant effect of adenosine on mean linear chamber compliance or monoexponential elastic stiffness, as the diastolic PV relation was unchanged in most patients. Diastolic wall thickness also was unaltered. Thus, the PCWP rise did not appear to be due to diastolic stiffening. Adenosine induced a rightward shift of the end-systolic PV relation (ESPVR) (+12.7 +/- 3.7 mL) without a slope change. This shift likely reflected effects of afterload reduction, as other indexes (stroke work-end-diastolic volume relation and dP/dtmax at matched preload) were either unchanged or increased. Furthermore, this modest shift in ESPVR was more than compensated for by vasodilation and tachycardia, so reduced systolic function could not explain the increase in PCWP. There also was no net lactate production to suggest ischemia. Rather than arising from direct myocardial effects, PCWP elevation was most easily explained by a change in vascular loading, as both left ventricular end-diastolic volume and right atrial pressure increased (P < .05). This suggests that adenosine induced a redistribution of blood volume toward the central thorax. CONCLUSIONS PCWP elevation in response to adenosine primarily results from changes in vascular loading rather than from direct effects on cardiac diastolic or systolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nussbacher
- Instituto do Coraçao, University of Sáo Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Abstract
Because adenine nucleotide catabolites may be important during postischemic lung reperfusion, we examined the pathway of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) degradation in ischemic lung tissue. Once the pattern of degradation is known, pharmacological interventions can be considered, offering new methods of reducing lung reperfusion injury. For this purpose we used the isolated rabbit lung. Rabbit lungs were flushed in situ with a modified Krebs Henseleit solution (60 ml/kg). The lungs were removed and stored deflated, immersed in saline solution at 37 degrees C. At regular times, biopsies were taken, and adenine nucleotides, nucleosides, and bases were measured in these biopsies using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). During lung ischemia, a very significant increase of inosine monophosphate (IMP) was found. Adenosine levels on the other hand did not increase. Hypoxanthine was the major end catabolite of ischemic lung tissue (constituting 92% of the nucleoside and purine base fraction at 4 hours ischemia). To further determine the pathway of AMP degradation, 400 mM of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor erythro-9-[2-hydroxy-3-nonyl]adenine (EHNA) was added to the lung flush solution. During ischemia, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) breakdown was unaltered but adenosine became the major catabolite (2.8 times the concentration of hypoxanthine at 4 hours ischemia). These data suggest that: 1) in rabbit lung tissue, dephosphorylation of AMP to adenosine is more important than deamination to IMP; 2) hypoxanthine is the major end catabolite of ischemic lung tissue. By inhibiting the enzyme deaminase, reduced hypoxanthine levels and increased adenosine levels were obtained. Pharmacological interventions are now available to interfere with the formation of adenine nucleosides and bases in ischemic lung tissue. The importance of adenine nucleotide catabolites to postischemic lung reperfusion injury is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P De Leyn
- Centre of Experimental Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
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16
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White RD. Acceleration of the ventricular response in paroxysmal lone atrial fibrillation following the injection of adenosine. Am J Emerg Med 1993; 11:245-6. [PMID: 8489669 DOI: 10.1016/0735-6757(93)90136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of a patient with new onset atrial fibrillation with intravenous adenosine was followed by transient but significant acceleration of the ventricular rate. This unexpected response to adenosine can be explained by a predominating increase in sympathetic discharge relative to the drug's direct atrial ventricular nodal-blocking action.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D White
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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17
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Inbar S, Schrader BJ, Kaufmann E, Vestal RE, Rich S. Effects of adenosine in combination with calcium channel blockers in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993; 21:413-8. [PMID: 8426006 DOI: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90683-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of vasodilator combination therapy in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. BACKGROUND Calcium channel blockers and adenosine have each been shown to be effective in reducing pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. However, the effects of combining these vasodilators have not been studied. METHODS To test the combination, 12 patients were placed on oral nifedipine and 3 on diltiazem therapy, using a dose titrated to maximal effect (mean nifedipine dose 103 +/- 24 mg, mean diltiazem dose 300 +/- 49 mg). Patients were then given maintenance doses of the calcium channel blocker at half the cumulative loading dose at 6-h intervals. One hour after the maintenance dose of calcium blocker, all patients received an infusion of adenosine, starting with 50 micrograms/kg per min and increasing by 50 micrograms/kg per min at 2-min intervals to a maximally tolerated dose (180 +/- 63 micrograms/kg per min). RESULTS Ten patients responded to calcium channel blockers (defined as a > or = 20% decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance), with a 16% decrease in mean pulmonary artery pressure (p = 0.057), a 39% decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance (p = 0.002) and a 24% increase in stroke volume (p = 0.007). Five patients were nonresponders, with no significant changes in pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, cardiac index or stroke volume. In the calcium channel blocker responders, the combination of adenosine and calcium blocker reduced pulmonary vascular resistance by 49%, increased stroke volume by 33% and decreased mean pulmonary artery pressure by 14% compared with drug-free baseline values. In nonresponders, combination therapy resulted in nonsignificant changes in pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance. CONCLUSIONS Adenosine has the ability to further decrease pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension who respond to calcium channel blockers. Those who fail to respond to these agents have little added effect from adenosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Inbar
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago 60612
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18
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Bernat A, Dol F, Herbert J, Sainte-Marie M, Maffrand J. Potentiating effects of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents on streptokinase-induced thrombolysis in the rabbit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0268-9499(93)90051-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Haywood GA, Sneddon JF, Bashir Y, Jennison SH, Gray HH, McKenna WJ. Adenosine infusion for the reversal of pulmonary vasoconstriction in biventricular failure. A good test but a poor therapy. Circulation 1992; 86:896-902. [PMID: 1516202 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.86.3.896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance is an important determinant of right ventricular function in patients with end-stage biventricular heart failure. Vasodilator drug therapy directed at the pulmonary vasculature is used in the hemodynamic assessment of patients for orthotopic heart transplantation, and therapy aimed at decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance and transpulmonary pressure gradient has been advocated in patients awaiting heart transplantation. Adenosine infusion has been shown to cause selective pulmonary vasodilatation in normal subjects and in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension but has not been assessed in patients with biventricular heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS Using two infusion doses, we studied the pulmonary and renal hemodynamic effects of adenosine on patients referred for heart transplantation (n = 21) and compared it with sodium nitroprusside (n = 18). Patients received 30% oxygen via face mask throughout the study. Adenosine at 100 micrograms/kg min achieved the same percentage fall in pulmonary vascular resistance as nitroprusside (41 +/- 6% versus 42 +/- 4%) and a greater and more consistent fall in transpulmonary pressure gradient (35 +/- 6% versus 9 +/- 30%, p less than 0.02). The mean arterial blood pressure fell by 16 mm Hg with nitroprusside but was unchanged by adenosine, indicating that in contrast to nitroprusside, adenosine acted as a selective pulmonary vasodilator. Despite this, cardiac index showed only a modest increase with adenosine (1.73 +/- 0.09 to 1.89 +/- 0.16 l.m-2, p less than 0.05), and there was a rise in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure from baseline at the higher dose (29.7 +/- 2.5 to 33.4 +/- 3.4 mm Hg, p less than 0.05). Renal blood flow was unchanged during adenosine infusion. CONCLUSIONS Adenosine is a potent selective pulmonary vasodilator in patients with biventricular heart failure and is preferable to sodium nitroprusside as a test for the reversibility of pulmonary vasoconstriction. However, its deleterious effects on left atrial pressure make it unsuitable as a therapeutic agent in patients awaiting heart transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Haywood
- Department of Cardiological Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK
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20
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Orebaugh SL, Handy M. Intravenous adenosine therapy accelerating rate of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Emerg Med 1992; 10:326-30. [PMID: 1616520 DOI: 10.1016/0735-6757(92)90012-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two cases of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia are reported in which the administration of adenosine produced sustained elevation of the rate of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. In each case, sinus rhythm was restored readily through the use of intravenous verapamil. This adverse reaction to adenosine has not been previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Orebaugh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Naval Hospital, San Diego, CA 92134-5000
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21
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Schrader BJ, Inbar S, Kaufmann L, Vestal RE, Rich S. Comparison of the effects of adenosine and nifedipine in pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 19:1060-4. [PMID: 1552096 DOI: 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The hemodynamic effects of intravenously administered adenosine, a potent vasodilator, were examined in 15 patients with pulmonary hypertension. All patients were given adenosine, 50 micrograms/kg per min, increased by 50 micrograms/kg per min at 2 min intervals to a maximum of 500 micrograms/kg per min or until the development of untoward side effects. The patients were then given oral nifedipine, 20 mg every hour, until a greater than or equal to 20% decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance or systemic hypotension occurred. The administration of maximal doses of adenosine, 256 +/- 46 micrograms/kg per min, produced a 2.4% reduction in pulmonary artery pressure (p = NS), a 37% decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance (p less than 0.001) and a 57% increase in cardiac index (p less than 0.001). The administration of maximally effective doses of nifedipine (91 +/- 36 mg) produced a 15% reduction in the mean pulmonary artery pressure (p less than 0.05), a 24% decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance (p less than 0.01) and an 8% increase in cardiac index (p = NS). There was a significant correlation (r = 0.714, p = 0.01) between the reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance that resulted from adenosine administration and that achieved with the administration of nifedipine. Six patients had substantial reductions in pulmonary vascular resistance with adenosine but not with nifedipine. Thus, adenosine is an effective vasodilator in patients with pulmonary hypertension and can be used for safe and rapid assessment of vasodilator reserve in these patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Schrader
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois, Chicago
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Camm
- Department of Cardiological Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School
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23
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Reid PG, Watt AH, Penny WJ, Newby AC, Smith AP, Routledge PA. Plasma adenosine concentrations during adenosine-induced respiratory stimulation in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991; 40:175-80. [PMID: 2065697 DOI: 10.1007/bf00280073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous infusion of the nucleoside adenosine stimulates respiration, probably at least partly by an action in the carotid bodies, and also potentiates the ventilatory response to hypoxia, suggesting that it might be involved in the control of breathing. Whether the effects of adenosine occur at concentrations likely to be achieved in vivo is unknown and was investigated in 7 patients with arterial catheters inserted for diagnostic purposes. During intravenous infusion of adenosine (Maximum dose per min: mean 130 micrograms kg-1) mean minute ventilation increased from 5.5 to 10.9 l min-1 while mean plasma adenosine concentration in the aortic arch increased from 0.07 to 1.2 microM. In 3 patients ventilation first increased without a detectable increase in aortic adenosine concentration, suggesting a possible intra-pulmonary effect of adenosine, although increased concentrations were apparent at higher doses. Micromolar concentrations of adenosine are probably achieved in vivo in tissues during hypoxia. The present results show that at such concentrations adenosine stimulates respiration and are consistent with the suggestion that adenosine release may mediate or modulate the ventilatory response to hypoxia. A possible intra-pulmonary effect of adenosine merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Reid
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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24
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Newby AC. Adenosine: origin and clinical roles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1991; 309A:265-70. [PMID: 1789223 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-2638-8_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A C Newby
- Department of Cardiology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff
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