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Phillips AA, Wu F, Sessions AL. Sulfur isotope analysis of cysteine and methionine via preparatory liquid chromatography and elemental analyzer isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9007. [PMID: 33201559 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sulfur isotope analysis of organic sulfur-containing molecules has previously been hindered by challenging preparatory chemistry and analytical requirements for large sample sizes. The natural-abundance sulfur isotopic compositions of the sulfur-containing amino acids, cysteine and methionine, have therefore not yet been investigated despite potential utility in biomedicine, ecology, oceanography, biogeochemistry, and other fields. METHODS Cysteine and methionine were subjected to hot acid hydrolysis followed by quantitative oxidation in performic acid to yield cysteic acid and methionine sulfone. These stable, oxidized products were then separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and verified via offline liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The sulfur isotope ratios (δ34 S values) of purified analytes were then measured via combustion elemental analyzer coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS). The EA was equipped with a temperature-ramped chromatographic column and programmable helium carrier flow rates. RESULTS On-column focusing of SO2 in the EA/IRMS system, combined with reduced He carrier flow during elution, greatly improved sensitivity, allowing precise (0.1-0.3‰ 1 s.d.) δ34 S measurements of 1 to 10 μg sulfur. We validated that our method for purification of cysteine and methionine was negligibly fractionating using amino acid and protein standards. Proof-of-concept measurements of fish muscle tissue and bacteria demonstrated differences up to 4‰ between the δ34 S values of cysteine and methionine that can be connected to biosynthetic pathways. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a sensitive, precise method for measuring the natural-abundance sulfur isotopic compositions of cysteine and methionine isolated from biological samples. This capability opens up diverse applications of sulfur isotopes in amino acids and proteins, from use as a tracer in organisms and the environment, to fundamental aspects of metabolism and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A Phillips
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Fenfang Wu
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Alex L Sessions
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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Juneta-Nor AS, Noordin NM, Azra MN, Ma HY, Husin NM, Ikhwanuddin M. Amino acid compounds released by the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii during ecdysis: a factor attracting cannibalistic behaviour? J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2020; 21:823-834. [PMID: 33043647 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ecdysis is a common phenomenon that happens throughout the life phase of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. It is vital to better understand the correlation between cannibalism and biochemical compound that exists during the moulting process. The objective of the present study was to determine the amino acid profile released by M. rosenbergii during the ecdysis process that promotes cannibalism. To accomplish this, changes in amino acid levels (total amino acid (TAA) and free amino acid (FAA)) of tissue muscle, exoskeleton, and sample water of culture medium from the moulting (E-stage) and non-moulting (C-stage) prawns were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Comparison study revealed that among the TAA compounds, proline and sarcosine of tissues from moulting prawn were found at the highest levels. The level of FAA from water that contains moulting prawns (E-stage) was dominated by tryptophan and proline. Significant values obtained in the present study suggested that these amino acid compounds act as a chemical cue to promote cannibalism in M. rosenbergii during ecdysis. The knowledge of compositions and compounds that were released during the moulting process should be helpful for better understanding of the mechanism and chemical cues that play roles on triggering cannibalism, and also for future dietary manipulation to improve feeding efficiencies and feeding management, which indirectly impacts productivity and profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Seman Juneta-Nor
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | - Noordiyana Mat Noordin
- Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Nor Azra
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | - Hong-Yu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China.,STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Norainy Mohd Husin
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia
| | - Mhd Ikhwanuddin
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia.,STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Guangdong 515063, China
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Judgment of pure fermented soy sauce by fluorescence resonance energy transfer of OPA-tryptophan adduct. Food Chem 2015; 178:122-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Analysis of amino acid composition in proteins of animal tissues and foods as pre-column o-phthaldialdehyde derivatives by HPLC with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 964:116-27. [PMID: 24731621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Studies of protein nutrition and biochemistry require reliable methods for analysis of amino acid (AA) composition in polypeptides of animal tissues and foods. Proteins are hydrolyzed by 6M HCl (110°C for 24h), 4.2M NaOH (105°C for 20 h), or proteases. Analytical techniques that require high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) include pre-column derivatization with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan, 9-fluorenyl methylchloroformate, phenylisothiocyanate, naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde, 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate, and o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA). OPA reacts with primary AA (except cysteine or cystine) in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol or 3-mercaptopropionic acid to form a highly fluorescent adduct. OPA also reacts with 4-amino-1-butanol and 4-aminobutane-1,3-diol produced from oxidation of proline and 4-hydroxyproline, respectively, in the presence of chloramine-T plus sodium borohydride at 60°C, or with S-carboxymethyl-cysteine formed from cysteine and iodoacetic acid at 25°C. Fluorescence of OPA derivatives is monitored at excitation and emission wavelengths of 340 and 455 nm, respectively. Detection limits are 50 fmol for AA. This technique offers the following advantages: simple procedures for preparation of samples, reagents, and mobile-phase solutions; rapid pre-column formation of OPA-AA derivatives and their efficient separation at room temperature (e.g., 20-25°C); high sensitivity of detection; easy automation on the HPLC apparatus; few interfering side reactions; a stable chromatography baseline for accurate integration of peak areas; and rapid regeneration of guard and analytical columns. Thus, the OPA method provides a useful tool to determine AA composition in proteins of animal tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle, liver, intestine, placenta, brain, and body homogenates) and foods (e.g., milk, corn grain, meat, and soybean meal).
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Badadani M, SureshBabu SV, Shetty KT. Optimum conditions of autoclaving for hydrolysis of proteins and urinary peptides of prolyl and hydroxyprolyl residues and HPLC analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 847:267-74. [PMID: 17112796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A method for urinary peptide(s) and protein hydrolysis, involving autoclaving at 15psi (121 degrees C) for 60min, is described. Using three candidate proteins (bovine serum albumin, casein and gelatin) and urine specimens, the effect of autoclaving with respect to the optimum time required for hydrolysis under both acidic (6N HCl) and alkaline (6N KOH) conditions was studied. Recoveries of total amino acids from proteins and urine hydrolysate(s) suggest that complete hydrolysis of proteins and urinary peptides could be achieved by autoclaving for 30-60min instead of 16h of incubation at 110 degrees C. Further, stability of some of the individual amino acids was also studied. The observed differential stability of amino acids under acidic and alkaline conditions, as demonstrated in this study by HPLC analysis, makes it imperative to choose the appropriate hydrolytic condition while studying the composition of any given amino acids in urinary peptide(s)/protein hydrolysates. Further, the finding that both Pro and Hyp were stable under alkaline conditions of hydrolysis by autoclaving renders this method suitable for assaying these two amino acids from urine hydrolysates, hence its utility in the study of urinary peptide derived Hyp and Pro in bone/cartilage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjun Badadani
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bangalore 560029, India
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Wu F, Tanoue E. Sensitive determination of dissolved tryptophan in freshwater by alkaline hydrolysis and HPLC. ANAL SCI 2001; 17:1063-6. [PMID: 11708060 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.17.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method involving alkaline hydrolysis and HPLC analysis has been developed to detect nanomolar levels of tryptophan dissolved in freshwater. The procedure includes 1) alkaline hydrolysis with nitrogen atmosphere in Teflon-lined Pyrex tubes with 4.2 M sodium hydroxide at 110 degrees C for 16 h, in which ascorbic acid was used as an antioxidant; 2) a determination step, in which tryptophan was separated efficiently from other amino acids by HPLC and measured by fluorescence. The mean recovery for tryptophan standard was 91.4% with an RSD of 3.3%. Using this method, dissolved tryptophan concentrations ranged from 10.91 to 41.83 nM in water samples from Lake Biwa, Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang, 550002, China.
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Novák L, Loubiere P. The metabolic network of Lactococcus lactis: distribution of (14)C-labeled substrates between catabolic and anabolic pathways. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:1136-43. [PMID: 10648541 PMCID: PMC94391 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.4.1136-1143.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis NCDO 2118 was grown in a simple synthetic medium containing only six essential amino acids and glucose as carbon substrates to determine qualitatively and quantitatively the carbon fluxes into the metabolic network. The specific rates of substrate consumption, product formation, and biomass synthesis, calculated during the exponential growth phase, represented the carbon fluxes within the catabolic and anabolic pathways. The macromolecular composition of the biomass was measured to distribute the global anabolic flux into the specific anabolic pathways. Finally, the distribution of radiolabeled substrates, both into the excreted fermentation end products and into the different macromolecular fractions of biomass, was monitored. The classical end products of lactic acid metabolism (lactate, formate, and acetate) were labeled with glucose, which did not label other excreted products, and to a lesser extent with serine, which was deaminated to pyruvate and represented approximately 10% of the pyruvate flux. Other minor products, keto and hydroxy acids, were produced from glutamate and branched-chain amino acids via deamination and subsequent decarboxylation and/or reduction. Glucose labeled all biomass fractions and accounted for 66% of the cellular carbon, although this represented only 5% of the consumed glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Novák
- Centre de Bioingénierie Gilbert Durand, UMR CNRS 5504, UR 792 INRA, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Complexe Scientifique de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Abstract
Amino acid composition analysis is a classical protein analysis method, which finds a wide application in medical and food science research and is indispensable for protein quantification. It is a complex technique, comprising two steps, hydrolysis of the substrate and chromatographic separation and detection of the residues. A properly performed hydrolysis is a prerequisite of a successful analysis. The most significant developments of the technology in the last decade consist in the (i) reduction of the hydrolysis time by the use of microwave radiation energy; (ii) improvement in the sensitivity of the residue detection, the quantification of the sensitive residues and separation of the enantiomeric forms of the amino acids; (iii) application of amino acid analysis in the large-scale protein identification by database search; and (iv) gradual replacement of the original ion exchange residue separation by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Amino acid analysis is currently facing an enormous competition in the determination of the identity of proteins and amino acid homologs by the essentially faster mass spectrometry techniques. The amino acid analysis technology needs further simplification and automation of the hydrolysis, chromatography and detection steps to withstand the pressure exerted by the other technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fountoulakis
- F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Pharma Division, Preclinical Central System--Gene Technology, Basel, Switzerland.
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Molnár-Perl I. Advances in tryptophan analysis in peptides and proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 398:635-48. [PMID: 8906338 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0381-7_104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Molnár-Perl
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, L. Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary
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Molnár-Perl I. Advances in the high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of phenylthiocarbamyl amino acids. J Chromatogr A 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)85175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tsugita A, Takamoto K, Satake K. Reaction of Pentafluoropropionic Anhydride Vapor on Polypeptide as Revealed by Mass Spectrometry. A Carboxypeptidase Mimetic Degradation. CHEM LETT 1992. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1992.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Yamada H, Moriya H, Tsugita A. Development of an acid hydrolysis method with high recoveries of tryptophan and cysteine for microquantities of protein. Anal Biochem 1991; 198:1-5. [PMID: 1789409 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(91)90496-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
High recoveries of tryptophan and cysteine were achieved by 12.5 min of hydrolysis with mercaptoethanesulfonic acid vapor. Proteins (1-100 micrograms) were modified by vapor-phase S-pyridylethylation before hydrolysis. The modified proteins were hydrolyzed with the vapor of 2.5 M mercaptoethanesulfonic acid at 176 degrees C. This method promoted efficient hydrolysis of the peptide bonds in proteins and resulted in high recoveries of both tryptophan and cysteine, of 90% or greater, in addition to the other amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yamada
- Research Institute for Biosciences, Science University of Tokyo, Japan
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