1
|
Chakraborty A, Kamat SS. Lysophosphatidylserine: A Signaling Lipid with Implications in Human Diseases. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5470-5504. [PMID: 38607675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylserine (lyso-PS) has emerged as yet another important signaling lysophospholipid in mammals, and deregulation in its metabolism has been directly linked to an array of human autoimmune and neurological disorders. It has an indispensable role in several biological processes in humans, and therefore, cellular concentrations of lyso-PS are tightly regulated to ensure optimal signaling and functioning in physiological settings. Given its biological importance, the past two decades have seen an explosion in the available literature toward our understanding of diverse aspects of lyso-PS metabolism and signaling and its association with human diseases. In this Review, we aim to comprehensively summarize different aspects of lyso-PS, such as its structure, biodistribution, chemical synthesis, and SAR studies with some synthetic analogs. From a biochemical perspective, we provide an exhaustive coverage of the diverse biological activities modulated by lyso-PSs, such as its metabolism and the receptors that respond to them in humans. We also briefly discuss the human diseases associated with aberrant lyso-PS metabolism and signaling and posit some future directions that may advance our understanding of lyso-PS-mediated mammalian physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Chakraborty
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Siddhesh S Kamat
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Takagi Y, Nishikado S, Omi J, Aoki J. The Many Roles of Lysophospholipid Mediators and Japanese Contributions to This Field. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1008-1021. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yugo Takagi
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Shun Nishikado
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Jumpei Omi
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Current Knowledge on Mammalian Phospholipase A1, Brief History, Structures, Biochemical and Pathophysiological Roles. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082487. [PMID: 35458682 PMCID: PMC9031518 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A1 (PLA1) is an enzyme that cleaves an ester bond at the sn-1 position of glycerophospholipids, producing a free fatty acid and a lysophospholipid. PLA1 activities have been detected both extracellularly and intracellularly, which are well conserved in higher eukaryotes, including fish and mammals. All extracellular PLA1s belong to the lipase family. In addition to PLA1 activity, most mammalian extracellular PLA1s exhibit lipase activity to hydrolyze triacylglycerol, cleaving the fatty acid and contributing to its absorption into the intestinal tract and tissues. Some extracellular PLA1s exhibit PLA1 activities specific to phosphatidic acid (PA) or phosphatidylserine (PS) and serve to produce lysophospholipid mediators such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS). A high level of PLA1 activity has been detected in the cytosol fractions, where PA-PLA1/DDHD1/iPLA1 was responsible for the activity. Many homologs of PA-PLA1 and PLA2 have been shown to exhibit PLA1 activity. Although much has been learned about the pathophysiological roles of PLA1 molecules through studies of knockout mice and human genetic diseases, many questions regarding their biochemical properties, including their genuine in vivo substrate, remain elusive.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kitsiouli E, Tenopoulou M, Papadopoulos S, Lekka ME. Phospholipases A2 as biomarkers in ARDS. Biomed J 2021; 44:663-670. [PMID: 34478892 PMCID: PMC8847824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a multifactorial life-threatening lung injury, characterized by diffuse lung inflammation and increased alveolocapillary barrier permeability. The different stages of ARDS have distinctive biochemical and clinical profiles. Despite the progress of our understanding on ARDS pathobiology, the mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis are still obscure. Herein, we review the existing literature about the implications of phospholipases 2 (PLA2s), a large family of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of fatty acids at the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids, in ARDS-related pathology. We emphasize on the versatile way of participation of different PLA2s isoforms in the distinct ARDS subgroup phenotypes by either potentiating lung inflammation and damage or by preserving the normal lung. Current research supports that PLA2s are associated with the progression and the outcome of ARDS. We herein discuss the transcellular communication of PLA2s through secreted extracellular vesicles and suggest it as a new mechanism of PLA2s involvement in ARDS. Thus, the elucidation of the spatiotemporal features of PLA2s expression may give new insights and provide valuable information about the risk of an individual to develop ARDS or advance to more severe stages, and potentially identify PLA2 isoforms as biomarkers and target for pharmacological intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Kitsiouli
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Margarita Tenopoulou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Stylianos Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Marilena E Lekka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao Y, Hasse S, Bourgoin SG. Phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1: A friend or the devil in disguise. Prog Lipid Res 2021; 83:101112. [PMID: 34166709 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Various human tissues and cells express phospholipase A1 member A (PLA1A), including the liver, lung, prostate gland, and immune cells. The enzyme belongs to the pancreatic lipase family. PLA1A specifically hydrolyzes sn-1 fatty acid of phosphatidylserine (PS) or 1-acyl-lysophosphatidylserine (1-acyl-lysoPS). PS externalized by activated cells or apoptotic cells or extracellular vesicles is a potential source of substrate for the production of unsaturated lysoPS species by PLA1A. Maturation and functions of many immune cells, such as T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells, can be regulated by PLA1A and lysoPS. Several lysoPS receptors, including GPR34, GPR174 and P2Y10, have been identified. High serum levels and high PLA1A expression are associated with autoimmune disorders such as Graves' disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. Increased expression of PLA1A is associated with metastatic melanomas. PLA1A may contribute to cardiometabolic disorders through mediating cholesterol transportation and producing lysoPS. Furthermore, PLA1A is necessary for hepatitis C virus assembly and can play a role in the antivirus innate immune response. This review summarizes recent findings on PLA1A expression, lysoPS and lysoPS receptors in autoimmune disorders, cancers, cardiometabolic disorders, antivirus immune responses, as well as regulations of immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Centre ARThrite de l'Université Laval, Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Stephan Hasse
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Centre ARThrite de l'Université Laval, Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sylvain G Bourgoin
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Centre ARThrite de l'Université Laval, Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d'immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 4G2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alangode A, Reick M, Reick M. Sodium oleate, arachidonate, and linoleate enhance fibrinogenolysis by Russell's viper venom proteinases and inhibit FXIIIa; a role for phospholipase A 2 in venom induced consumption coagulopathy. Toxicon 2020; 186:83-93. [PMID: 32755649 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Life-threatening symptoms produced by Russell's viper (RV, Daboia russelii) envenomation result largely from venom induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC). VICC is thought to be mediated to a large degree by venom serine and metalloproteinases, as well as by snake venom phospholipase A2 (svPLA2), the most abundant constituent of RV venom (RVV). The observation that the phenolic lipid anacardic acid markedly enhances proteolytic degradation of fibrinogen by RVV proteinases led us to characterize the chemical basis of this phenomenon with results indicating that svPLA2 products may be major contributors to VICC. RESULTS: Of the chemical analogs tested, the anionic detergents sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium deoxycholate, N-lauryl sodium sarcosine, and the sodium salts of the fatty acids arachidonic, oleic and to a lesser extend linoleic acid were able to enhance fibrinogenolysis by RVV proteinases. Enhanced Fibrinogenolysis (EF) was observed with various venom size exclusion fractions containing different proteinases, and also with trypsin, indicating that conformational changes of the substrate and increased accessibility of otherwise cryptic cleavage sites are likely to be responsible for EF. In addition to enhancing fibrinogenolysis, sodium arachidonate and oleate were found to partially inhibit thrombin induced, factor XIIIa (FXIIIa) mediated ligation of fibrin chains. In clotting experiments with fresh blood RVV was found to disrupt normal coagulation, leading to small, partial clot formation, whereas RVV pretreated with the PLA2 inhibitor Varespladib induced rapid and complete clot formation (after 5 min) compared to blood alone. CONCLUSION: The observations that fatty acid anions and anionic detergents induce conformational changes that render fibrin(ogen) more susceptible to proteolysis by RVV proteinases and that RVV-PLA2 activity (which produces FFA) is required to render blood incoagulable in clotting experiments with RVV indicate a mechanism by which the activity of highly abundant RVV-PLA2 promotes degradation and depletion of fibrin(ogen) resulting in incoagulable blood seen following RVV envenomation (VICC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy Alangode
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam, 690 525, Kerala, India
| | - Margaret Reick
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam, 690 525, Kerala, India
| | - Martin Reick
- School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Clappana P.O., Kollam, 690 525, Kerala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Regulation of plasma glycero-lysophospholipid levels by lipoprotein metabolism. Biochem J 2020; 476:3565-3581. [PMID: 31746967 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycero-lysophospholipids, such as lysophosphatidic acids and lysophosphatidylserine, are gathering attention, since specific receptors have been identified. Most of these compounds have been proposed to be bound to albumin, while their associations with lipoproteins have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the contents of glycero-lysophospholipids (lysophosphatidic acids, lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylglycerol, lysophosphatidylinositol, and lysophosphatidylserine) on lipoproteins and the modulation of their metabolism by lipoprotein metabolism. We observed that moderate amounts of glycero-lysophospholipids, with the exception of lysophosphatidylserine, were distributed on the LDL and HDL fractions, and glycero-lysophospholipids that had bound to albumin were observed in lipoprotein fractions when they were co-incubated. The overexpression of cholesteryl ester transfer protein decreased the plasma levels of lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylglycerol, and lysophosphatidylinositol and it increased their contents in apoB-containing lipoproteins, while it decreased their contents in HDL and lipoprotein-depleted fractions in mice. The overexpression of the LDL receptor (LDLr) decreased the plasma levels of lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylglycerol, and lysophosphatidylinositol and decreased the contents of these compounds in the LDL, HDL, and lipoprotein-depleted fractions, while the knockdown of the LDLr increased them. These results suggest the potential importance of glycero-lysophospholipids in the pleiotropic effects of lipoproteins as well as the importance of lipoprotein metabolism in the regulation of glycero-lysophospholipids.
Collapse
|
8
|
YATOMI Y, KURANO M, IKEDA H, IGARASHI K, KANO K, AOKI J. Lysophospholipids in laboratory medicine. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2018; 94:373-389. [PMID: 30541965 PMCID: PMC6374142 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.94.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysophospholipids (LPLs), such as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), and lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS), are attracting attention as second-generation lipid mediators. In our laboratory, the functional roles of these lipid mediators and the mechanisms by which the levels of these mediators are regulated in vivo have been studied. Based on these studies, the clinical introduction of assays for LPLs and related proteins has been pursued and will be described in this review. Although assays of these lipids themselves are possible, autotaxin (ATX), apolipoprotein M (ApoM), and phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 (PS-PLA1) are more promising as alternate biomarkers for LPA, S1P, and LysoPS, respectively. Presently, ATX, which produces LPA through its lysophospholipase D activity, has been shown to be a useful laboratory test for the diagnosis and staging of liver fibrosis, whereas PS-PLA1 and ApoM are considered to be promising clinical markers reflecting the in vivo actions induced by LysoPS and S1P.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka YATOMI
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed: Y. Yatomi, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Makoto KURANO
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi IKEDA
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji IGARASHI
- Bioscience Division, TOSOH Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki KANO
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Junken AOKI
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kurano M, Dohi T, Nojiri T, Kobayashi T, Hirowatari Y, Inoue A, Kano K, Matsumoto H, Igarashi K, Nishikawa M, Miyauchi K, Daida H, Ikeda H, Aoki J, Yatomi Y. Blood levels of serotonin are specifically correlated with plasma lysophosphatidylserine among the glycero-lysophospholipids. BBA CLINICAL 2015; 4:92-8. [PMID: 26675681 PMCID: PMC4661731 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Backgrounds Glycero-lysophospholipids (glycero-LPLs), which are known to exert potent biological activities, have been demonstrated to be secreted from activated platelets in vitro; however, their association with platelet activation in vivo has not been yet elucidated. In this study, we investigated the correlations between the blood levels of each glycero-LPL and serotonin, a biomarker of platelet activation, in human subjects to elucidate the involvement of platelet activation in glycero-LPLs in vivo. Methods and Results We measured the plasma serotonin levels in 141 consecutive patients undergoing coronary angiography (acute coronary syndrome, n = 38; stable angina pectoris, n = 71; angiographically normal coronary arteries, n = 32) and investigated the correlations between the plasma levels of serotonin and glycero-LPLs. The results revealed the existence of a specific and significant association between the plasma serotonin and plasma lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS) levels. On the contrary, regular aspirin intake failed to affect the plasma LysoPS levels despite the fact that the plasma lysophosphatidic acid, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylglycerol, and lysophosphatidylinositol levels were lower in those who had taken aspirin regularly. Conclusion We found a specific positive correlation between the blood levels of serotonin and LysoPS, a new lipid mediator. Thus, LysoPS might be specifically involved in strong platelet activation, which is associated with the release of serotonin. General Significance Our present results suggest the possible involvement of LysoPS in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic diseases. A significant positive correlation between the plasma serotonin and lysophosphatidylserine was observed. Regular intake of aspirin had no influence on plasma lysophosphatidylserine. PS-PLA1 was correlated with lysophosphatidylserine only in acute coronary syndrome.
Collapse
Key Words
- ACS, acute coronary syndrome
- Acute coronary syndrome
- Aspirin
- Glycero-LPL, glycero-lysophospholipid
- Glycero-lysophospholipids
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- LPL, lysophospholipid
- LysoPA, lysophosphatidic acids
- LysoPC, lysophosphatidylcholine
- LysoPE, lysophosphatidylethanolamine
- LysoPG, lysophosphatidylglycerol
- LysoPI, lysophosphatidylinositol
- LysoPS, lysophosphatidylserine
- Lysophosphatidylserine
- NCA, angiographically normal coronary arteries
- PS, phosphatidylserine
- PS-PLA1, phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1;
- SAP, stable angina pectoris
- Serotonin
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kurano
- The University of Tokyo, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Japan
| | - Tomotaka Dohi
- Juntendo University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nojiri
- The University of Tokyo Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamaki Kobayashi
- The University of Tokyo Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Hirowatari
- Bioscience Division, TOSOH Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
- Saitama Prefectural University, Laboratory Science, Department of Health Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Tohoku University, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Miyagi, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Japan
- Tohoku University, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Tohoku University, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Koji Igarashi
- Bioscience Division, TOSOH Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masako Nishikawa
- The University of Tokyo, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Japan
| | - Katsumi Miyauchi
- Juntendo University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Daida
- Juntendo University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ikeda
- The University of Tokyo, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Japan
- The University of Tokyo Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Japan
- Tohoku University, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- The University of Tokyo, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation (JST), Japan
- The University of Tokyo Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan
- Corresponding author at: The University of Tokyo, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.The University of TokyoDepartment of Clinical Laboratory MedicineGraduate School of Medicine7-3-1 HongoBunkyo-kuTokyo113-8655Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ikubo M, Inoue A, Nakamura S, Jung S, Sayama M, Otani Y, Uwamizu A, Suzuki K, Kishi T, Shuto A, Ishiguro J, Okudaira M, Kano K, Makide K, Aoki J, Ohwada T. Structure-activity relationships of lysophosphatidylserine analogs as agonists of G-protein-coupled receptors GPR34, P2Y10, and GPR174. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4204-19. [PMID: 25970039 DOI: 10.1021/jm5020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS) is an endogenous lipid mediator generated by hydrolysis of membrane phospholipid phosphatidylserine. Recent ligand screening of orphan G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) identified two LysoPS-specific human GPCRs, namely, P2Y10 (LPS2) and GPR174 (LPS3), which, together with previously reported GPR34 (LPS1), comprise a LysoPS receptor family. Herein, we examined the structure-activity relationships of a series of synthetic LysoPS analogues toward these recently deorphanized LysoPS receptors, based on the idea that LysoPS can be regarded as consisting of distinct modules (fatty acid, glycerol, and l-serine) connected by phosphodiester and ester linkages. Starting from the endogenous ligand (1-oleoyl-LysoPS, 1), we optimized the structure of each module and the ester linkage. Accordingly, we identified some structural requirements of each module for potency and for receptor subtype selectivity. Further assembly of individually structure-optimized modules yielded a series of potent and LysoPS receptor subtype-selective agonists, particularly for P2Y10 and GPR174.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Ikubo
- †Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- ‡Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Sho Nakamura
- †Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Sejin Jung
- †Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Misa Sayama
- †Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuko Otani
- †Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Akiharu Uwamizu
- ‡Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Keisuke Suzuki
- ‡Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kishi
- ‡Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Akira Shuto
- ‡Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jun Ishiguro
- ‡Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Michiyo Okudaira
- ‡Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kuniyuki Kano
- ‡Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kumiko Makide
- ‡Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- ‡Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ohwada
- †Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Long JZ, Cravatt BF. The metabolic serine hydrolases and their functions in mammalian physiology and disease. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6022-63. [PMID: 21696217 DOI: 10.1021/cr200075y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Long
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hosono H, Homma M, Ogasawara Y, Makide K, Aoki J, Niwata H, Watanabe M, Inoue K, Ohkohchi N, Kohda Y. Expression of Phosphatidylserine-Specific Phospholipase A1 mRNA in Human THP-1-Derived Macrophages. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:759-64. [DOI: 10.3727/096368910x508861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 (PS-PLA1) is most upregulated in the genes of peripheral blood cells from chronic rejection model rats bearing long-term surviving cardiac allografts. The expression profile of PS-PLA1 in peripheral blood cells responsible for the immune response may indicate a possible biological marker for rejection episodes. In this study, PS-PLA1 mRNA expression was examined in human THP-1-derived macrophages. The effects of several immunosuppressive agents on this expression were also examined in in vitro experiments. A real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that PS-PLA1 mRNA expression was found in human THP-1-derived macrophages. This expression was enhanced in the cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 ligand. Other TLR ligands (TLR2, 3, 5, 7, and 9) did not show a significant induction of PS-PLA1 mRNA. The time course of the mRNA expression profiles was different between PS-PLA1 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which showed a maximal expression at 12 and 1 h after LPS stimulation, respectively. Among the observed immunosuppressive agents, corticosteroids, prednisolone, 6α-methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, and beclomethasone inhibited PS-PLA1 expression with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations less than 3.0 nM, while methotrexate, cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, 6-mercaptopurine, and mycophenoic acid showed either a weak or moderate inhibition. These results suggest that the expression of PS-PLA1 mRNA in THP-1-derived macrophages is activated via TLR4 and it is inhibited by corticosteroids, which are used at high dosages to suppress chronic allograft rejection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hosono
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masato Homma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoko Ogasawara
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kumiko Makide
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Junken Aoki
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biochemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hideaki Niwata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Machiko Watanabe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keizo Inoue
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ohkohchi
- Department of Surgery, Advanced Biomedical Applications, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukinao Kohda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Emerging lysophospholipid mediators, lysophosphatidylserine, lysophosphatidylthreonine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylglycerol. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2009; 89:135-9. [PMID: 19427394 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that lysophospholipids (LPLs), a product of the phospholipase A reaction, function as mediators through G-protein-coupled receptors. Notably, recent studies of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) have revealed their essential roles in vivo. On the other hand, other LPLs such as lysophosphatidylserine (LPS), lysophosphatidylthreonine (LPT), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) and lysophosphatidylglycerol (LPG) have been reported to show lipid mediator-like responses both in vivo (LPS and LPT) and in vitro (LPS, LPT, LPE and LPG), while very little is known about their receptor, synthetic enzyme and patho-physiological roles. In this review, we summarize the actions of these LPLs as lipid mediators including LPS, LPT, LPE and LPG.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mayer RJ, Marshall LA. Section Review: Pulmonary-Allergy, Dermatological, Gastrointestinal & Arthritis: Therapeutic regulation of 14 kDa phospholipase A2(s). Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.5.5.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
15
|
Rábai G, Váradi B, Longstaff C, Sótonyi P, Kristóf V, Timár F, Machovich R, Kolev K. Fibrinolysis in a lipid environment: modulation through release of free fatty acids. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:1265-73. [PMID: 17403096 PMCID: PMC1974781 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombolysis is conventionally regarded as dissolution of the fibrin matrix of thrombi by plasmin, but the structure of clots in vivo includes additional constituents (proteins, phospholipids) that modulate their solubilization. OBJECTIVE We examined the presence of free fatty acids in thrombi and their effects on distinct stages of fibrinolysis (plasminogen activation, plasmin activity). METHODS AND RESULTS Using the fluorescent probe acrylodated intestinal fatty acid-binding protein, variable quantities (up to millimolar concentrations) of free fatty acids were demonstrated in surgically removed human thrombi. Oleic acid at relevant concentrations reversibly inhibits more than 90% of the amidolytic activity of plasmin on a synthetic substrate (Spectrozyme PL), but only partially inhibits its fibrinolytic activity measured using turbidimetry. Chromogenic assays detecting the generated plasmin activity show that plasminogen activation by tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is completely blocked by oleic acid in the fluid phase, but is accelerated on a fibrin matrix. A recombinant derivative of t-PA (reteplase) develops higher fibrin specificity in the presence of oleic acid, because both the inhibition of plasminogen activation in free solution and its enhancement on fibrin template are stronger than with wild-type t-PA. CONCLUSION Through the stimulation of plasminogen activation on a fibrin template and the inhibition of plasminogen activators and plasmin in the fluid phase, free fatty acids confine the action of fibrinolytic proteases to the site of clotting, where they partially oppose the thrombolytic barrier function of phospholipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Rábai
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid is one of the most attractive phospholipid mediator with multiple biological functions and is implicated in various human diseases. In the past ten years much has been learned about the physiological roles of LPA through series of studies on LPA actions and its receptors. However, the molecular mechanisms of LPA have been poorly understood. LPA is produced in various conditions both in cells and in biological fluids, where multiple synthetic reactions occur. At least two pathways are postulated. In serum and plasma, LPA is mainly converted from lysophospholipids. By contrast, in platelets and some cancer cells, LPA is converted from phosphatidic acid. In each pathway, at least two phospholipase activities are required: phospholipase A1 (PLA1)/PLA2 plus lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activities are involved in the first pathway and phospholipase D (PLD) plus PLA1/PLA2 activities are involved in the second pathway. Now multiple phospholipases are identified that account for PLA1, PLA2, PLD, and lysoPLD activities. In the absence of specific inhibitors and genetically modified animals and individuals, the contribution of each phospholipase to LPA production can not be easily determined. However, apparently certain extracellular phospholipases such as secretory PLA2 (sPLA2-IIA), membrane-associated PA-selective PLA1 (mPA-PLA1), lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), and lysoPLD are involved in LPA production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang Y, Song S, Fong CC, Tsang CH, Yang Z, Yang M. cDNA microarray analysis of gene expression profiles in human fibroblast cells irradiated with red light. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 120:849-57. [PMID: 12713592 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the cDNA microarray technique was used to investigate the gene expression profiles of human fibroblasts irradiated by low-intensity red light. Proliferation assays showed that the fibroblast HS27 cells responded with a curve effect to different doses of low-intensity red light irradiation at a wavelength of 628 nm. An optimal dose of 0.88 J per cm2 was chosen for subsequent cDNA microarray experiments. The gene expression profiles revealed that 111 genes were regulated by the red light irradiation and can be grouped into 10 functional categories. Most of these genes directly or indirectly play roles in the enhancement of cell proliferation and the suppression of apoptosis. Two signaling pathways, the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and the platelet-derived growth factor signaling pathway, were found to be involved in cell growth induced by irradiation of low-intensity red light. Several genes related to antioxidation and mitochondria energy metabolism were also found to express differentially upon irradiation. This study provides insight into the molecular mechanisms associated with the beneficial effects of red light irradiation in accelerating wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaou Zhang
- Applied Research Center for Genomic Technology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Aoki J, Taira A, Takanezawa Y, Kishi Y, Hama K, Kishimoto T, Mizuno K, Saku K, Taguchi R, Arai H. Serum lysophosphatidic acid is produced through diverse phospholipase pathways. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:48737-44. [PMID: 12354767 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m206812200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid mediator with multiple biological activities that accounts for many biological properties of serum. LPA is thought to be produced during serum formation based on the fact that the LPA level is much higher in serum than in plasma. In this study, to better understand the pathways of LPA synthesis in serum, we evaluated the roles of platelets, plasma, and phospholipases by measuring LPA using a novel enzyme-linked fluorometric assay. First, examination of platelet-depleted rats showed that half of the LPA in serum is produced via a platelet-dependent pathway. However, the amount of LPA released from isolated platelets after they are activated by thrombin or calcium ionophore accounted for only a small part of serum LPA. Most of the platelet-derived LPA was produced in a two-step process: lysophospholipids such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and lysophosphatidylserine, were released from activated rat platelets by the actions of two phospholipases, group IIA secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)-IIA) and phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A(1) (PS-PLA(1)), which were abundantly expressed in the cells. Then these lysophospholipids were converted to LPA by the action of plasma lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD). Second, accumulation of LPA in incubated plasma was strongly accelerated by the addition of recombinant lysoPLD with a concomitant decrease in LPC accumulation, indicating that the enzyme produces LPA by hydrolyzing LPC produced during the incubation. In addition, incubation of plasma isolated from human subjects who were deficient in lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) did not result in increases of either LPC or LPA. The present study demonstrates multiple pathways for LPA production in serum and the involvement of several phospholipases, including PS-PLA(1), sPLA(2)-IIA, LCAT, and lysoPLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of membrane glycerophospholipids to liberate arachidonic acid (AA), a precursor of eicosanoids including prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The same reaction also produces lysophosholipids, which represent another class of lipid mediators. So far, at least 19 enzymes that possess PLA2 activity have been identified and cloned in mammals. The secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) family, in which 10 isozymes have been identified, consists of low-molecular weight, Ca2+-requiring secretory enzymes that have been implicated in a number of biological processes, such as modification of eicosanoid generation, inflammation, and host defense. The cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) family consists of three enzymes, among which cPLA2alpha has been paid much attention by researchers as an essential component of the initiation of AA metabolism. The activation of cPLA2alpha is tightly regulated by Ca2+ and phosphorylation. The Ca2+-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) family contains two enzymes and may play a major role in phospholipid remodeling. The platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) family contains four enzymes that exhibit unique substrate specificity toward PAF and/or oxidized phospholipids. Degradation of these bioactive phospholipids by PAF-AHs may lead to the termination of inflammatory reaction and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kudo
- Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- M Murakami
- Department of Health Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hosono H, Aoki J, Nagai Y, Bandoh K, Ishida M, Taguchi R, Arai H, Inoue K. Phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 stimulates histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells through production of 2-acyl-1-lysophosphatidylserine. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:29664-70. [PMID: 11395520 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104597200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylserine (1-acyl-2-lyso-PS) has been shown to stimulate histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) triggered by FcepsilonRI (high affinity receptor for IgE) cross-linking, although the precise mechanism of lyso-PS production has been obscure. In the present study we show that phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A(1), PS-PLA(1), stimulates histamine release from RPMC through production of 2-acyl-1-lyso-PS in the presence of FcepsilonRI cross-linker. The potency of 2-acyl-1-lyso-PS was almost equal to that of 1-acyl-2-lyso-PS. A catalytically inactive PS-PLA(1), in which an active serine residue (Ser(166)) was replaced with an alanine residue did not show such activity. sPLA(2)-IIA, another secretory PLA(2) that is capable of producing lyso-PS in vitro, was also a poor histamine inducer against RPMC. PS-PLA(1) significantly stimulated histamine release from crude RPMC, indicating that lyso-PS is mainly derived from cells other than mast cells. In agreement with this phenomenon, the enzyme stimulated the histamine release more efficiently when RPMC were mixed with apoptotic Jurkat cells. Under these conditions, lyso-PS with unsaturated fatty acid was released from the apoptotic cells treated with PS-PLA(1). Finally, heparin, which has affinity for PS-PLA(1), completely blocked the stimulatory effect of the enzyme. In conclusion, PS-PLA(1) may bind to heparan sulfate proteoglycan, efficiently hydrolyze PS appearing on plasma membranes of apoptotic cells, and stimulate mast cell activation mediated by 2-acyl-1-lyso-PS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Hosono
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yokoyama K, Saitoh S, Ishida M, Yamakawa Y, Nakamura K, Inoue K, Taguchi R, Tokumura A, Nishijima M, Yanagida M, Setaka M. Very-long-chain fatty acid-containing phospholipids accumulate in fatty acid synthase temperature-sensitive mutant strains of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe fas2/lsd1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1532:223-33. [PMID: 11470243 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(01)00134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fission yeast lsd1 strains show aberrant mitosis with a lsd phenotype, large and small daughter nuclei, and a very thick septum, the phenotypic expression being temperature-sensitive. The lsd1(+) gene is the homologue of the budding yeast FAS2 gene encoding the fatty acid synthase alpha-subunit as reported previously (S. Saitoh, K. Takahashi, K. Nabeshima, Y. Yamashita, Y. Nakaseko, A. Hirata, M. Yanagida, J. Cell Biol. 134 (1996) 949--961). In this paper, lsd1 is considered to represent fas2. Here, three fas2 strains were investigated and found to have missense point mutations at different sites in the gene encoding the alpha-subunit of fatty acid synthase. The mutation affected only slightly the enzymatic activities monitored in vitro. Unexpectedly, abnormal phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, both of which contain a very-long-chain fatty acyl residue (1-melissoyl-2-oleolyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1-melissoyl-2-oleolyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine), accumulated in fas2 strains in a temperature-sensitive manner. Rescue of the fas2 strains by addition of palmitate to the medium at restrictive temperature was accompanied by disappearance of these abnormal phospholipids. Accumulation of these lipids in membranes may cause alteration of various cellular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Yokoyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamiko, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Simultaneous separation of lysophospholipids from the total lipid fraction of crude biological samples using two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. J Lipid Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
|
24
|
Baker RR, Chang HY. Lysophosphatidic acid, alkylglycerophosphate and alkylacetylglycerophosphate increase the neuronal nuclear acetylation of 1-acyl lysophosphatidyl choline by inhibition of lysophospholipase. Mol Cell Biochem 1999; 198:47-55. [PMID: 10497877 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006933625802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal nuclei were isolated from rabbit cerebral cortex, and lipid acetylation reactions were studied because of the high nuclear concentration of acetyltransferases that generate platelet activating factor (PAF) and its acyl analogue AcylPAF. The neuronal nuclear acetylation of 1-palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso PC) was found to be increased more than twofold when low concentrations of lyso PC were incubated in acetylation assays in the presence of 1-palmitoyl lysophosphatidic acid (lyso PA) or 1-hexadecyl glycerophosphate (AGP). This effect was not found for a variety of other acidic and neutral 1-acyl lysoglycerophospholipids. At 4 microM concentrations, AGP was the more effective in increasing rates of lyso PC acetylation, while lyso PA was more effective at 25-35 microM. 1-Stearoyl, 1-alkenyl and 1-decanoyl analogues of lyso PA were all less effective than 1-palmitoyl lyso PA. Phosphatidic acid was considerably less effective than lyso PA, while the acetylated analogue of AGP, AAcGP (alkylacetylglycerophosphate), increased rates of lyso PC acetylation to maxima similar to those seen with lyso PA or AGP. In addition, AAcGP promoted these maxima at considerably lower concentrations (2-4 microM). A mechanism for these effects was suggested when nuclear envelopes (NE), isolated in the presence of PMSF, showed these maximal acetylation rates at low lyso PC concentrations, and these rates were not elevated by the presence of lyso PA. PMSF is a protease inhibitor but can also inhibit lysophospholipase activity. We found a nuclear lysophospholipase that degraded lyso PC at rates more than 13 times those of nuclear lyso PC acetylation. PMSF did inhibit this nuclear lysophospholipase, as did lyso PA, AGP and AAcGP. Kinetic analyses of the effects of lyso PA, AGP and AAcGP on lyso PC lysophospholipase indicated that these three lipids acted as competitive inhibitors for the lyso PC substrate. It is possible that low rates of lyso PC acetylation seen in neuronal nuclei at low lyso PC concentrations, are caused by lyso PC loss mediated by a very strong nuclear lysophospholipase. The effects of lyso PA, AGP and AAcGP in boosting rates of lyso PC acetylation likely come from the inhibition of nuclear lysophospholipase and a preservation of lyso PC concentrations. Competing neuronal nuclear reactions for low endogenous levels of lyso PC may regulate the formation of AcylPAF, and rising lyso PA, AGP or AAcGP concentrations can increase rates of nuclear AcylPAF synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R R Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- A Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Revelle College and School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nagai Y, Aoki J, Sato T, Amano K, Matsuda Y, Arai H, Inoue K. An alternative splicing form of phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 that exhibits lysophosphatidylserine-specific lysophospholipase activity in humans. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:11053-9. [PMID: 10196188 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.16.11053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase A1 (PS-PLA1), which acts specifically on phosphatidylserine (PS) and 1-acyl-2-lysophosphatidylserine (lyso-PS) to hydrolyze fatty acids at the sn-1 position of these phospholipids, was first identified in rat platelets (Sato, T., Aoki, J., Nagai, Y., Dohmae, N., Takio, K., Doi, T., Arai, H., and Inoue, K. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 2192-2198). In this study we isolated and sequenced cDNA clones encoding human PS-PLA1, which showed 80% homology with rat PS-PLA1 at the amino acid level. In addition to an mRNA encoding a 456-amino acid product (PS-PLA1), an mRNA with four extra bases inserted at the boundary of the exon-intron junction was detected in human tissues and various human cell lines. This mRNA is most probably produced via an alternative use of the 5'-splicing site (two consensus sequences for RNA splicing occur at the boundary of the exon-intron junction) and encodes a 376-amino acid product (PS-PLA1DeltaC) that lacks two-thirds of the C-terminal domain of PS-PLA1. Unlike PS-PLA1, PS-PLA1DeltaC hydrolyzed exclusively lyso-PS but not PS appreciably. Any other phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidic acid (PA), and their lyso derivatives were not hydrolyzed at all. These data demonstrated that PS-PLA1DeltaC exhibits lyso-PS-specific lysophospholipase activity and that the C-terminal domain of PS-PLA1 is responsible for recognizing diacylphospholipids. In addition, human PS-PLA1 gene was mapped to chromosome 3q13.13-13.2 and was unexpectedly identical to the nmd gene, which is highly expressed in nonmetastatic melanoma cell lines but poorly expressed in metastatic cell lines (van Groningen, J. J., Bloemers, H. P., and Swart, G. W. (1995) Cancer Res. 55, 6237-6243).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Nagai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sato T, Aoki J, Nagai Y, Dohmae N, Takio K, Doi T, Arai H, Inoue K. Serine phospholipid-specific phospholipase A that is secreted from activated platelets. A new member of the lipase family. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:2192-8. [PMID: 8999922 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.4.2192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rat platelets secrete two types of phospholipases upon stimulation; one is type II phospholipase A2 and the other is serine-phospholipid-selective phospholipase A. In the current study we purified serine-phospholipid-selective phospholipase A and cloned its cDNA. The final preparation, purified from extracellular medium of activated rat platelets, gave a 55-kDa protein band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. [3H]Diisopropyl fluorophosphate, an inhibitor of the enzyme, labeled the 55-kDa protein, suggesting that this polypeptide possesses active serine residues. The cDNA for the enzyme was cloned from a rat megakaryocyte cDNA library. The predicted 456-amino acid sequence contains a putative short N-terminal signal sequence and a GXSXG sequence, which is a motif of an active serine residue of serine esterase. Amino acid sequence homology analysis revealed that the enzyme shares about 30% homology with mammalian lipases (lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and pancreatic lipase). Regions surrounding the putative active serine, histidine, and aspartic acid, which may form a "lipase triad," were highly conserved among these enzymes. The recombinant protein, which we expressed in Sf9 insect cells using the baculovirus system, hydrolyzed a fatty acyl residue at the sn-1 position of lysophosphatidylserine and phosphatidylserine, but did not appreciably hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid, and triglyceride. The present enzyme, named phosphatidylserine-phospholipase A1, is the first phospholipase that exclusively hydrolyses the sn-1 position and has a strict head group specificity for the substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|