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Coker C, Uysal S. Validation of an In-House-Developed GC-MS Method for 5α-Cholestanol According to ISO 15189:2012 Requirements. Lab Med 2021; 53:278-284. [PMID: 34894144 DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to validate a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the measurement of 5α-cholestanol in the clinical laboratory in agreement with ISO 15189:2012. MATERIALS AND METHODS The GC-MS performance was evaluated and proficiency testing data were used to estimate the measurement uncertainty of the method considering the recommendations of international guidelines. RESULTS The calibration curves were linear from 6 to 50 μmol/L, with r2 >.99. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were determined to be 0.36 and 2.58 μmol/L, respectively. The bias ranged from -18.9% to 15.2% for 6.5, 18.3, and 66 μmol/L. The intra- and interassay reproducibility was <20% at the various concentrations studied. The expanded uncertainty was determined to be 50.9%. CONCLUSION The GC-MS method for the measurement of 5α-cholestanol has proved to have acceptable analytical performance for use in the clinical laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Coker
- Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sezer Uysal
- Dokuz Eylül University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Izmir, Turkey
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2
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Wang S, Chen S, Shang K, Gao X, Wang X. Sensitive electrochemical detection of cholesterol using a portable paper sensor based on the synergistic effect of cholesterol oxidase and nanoporous gold. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 189:356-362. [PMID: 34450139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As a crucial biomarker for some diseases, the determination of cholesterol in human serum is of great significance for the diagnosis and prevention of these diseases. Hence, a portable cholesterol detection method is necessary for clinical and domestic applications. Here, a portable paper sensor was designed for cholesterol detection by modifying screen-printed electrode (SPE) with nanoporous gold (NPG). To achieve the reliable cholesterol detection, a synergistic strategy was proposed based on the oxidation of cholesterol by cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) and the reduction of oxidation product (H2O2) by NPG. Compared to existing electrochemical sensors, the resulting paper sensor exhibited a wider linear response in a range from 50 μM to 6 mM as well as a higher sensitivity of 32.68 μA mM-1 cm-2 with a lower detection limit of 8.36 μM. Moreover, the portable paper sensor presented strong anti-interference capability and stability in the detection of cholesterol in human serum, and the data detected by the portable paper sensor were consistent with that obtained by an automatic biochemical analyzer. These unique performances confirmed that the proposed paper sensor was a sensitive, reliable, and portable cholesterol detection method, making it a good choice for cholesterol detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Siyu Chen
- The Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Information Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Keshuai Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Xinyu Gao
- College of Arts & Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill 27514, NC, United States of America
| | - Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
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Jalalvand AR, Zangeneh MM, Jalili F, Soleimani S, Díaz-Cruz JM. An elegant technology for ultrasensitive impedimetric and voltammetric determination of cholestanol based on a novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 229:104895. [PMID: 32165169 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor (MIES) has been fabricated based on electropolymerization of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with gold-palladium alloy nanoparticles (AuPd NPs)/polydopamine film (PDA)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes-chitosan-ionic liquid (MWCNTs-CS-IL) for voltammetric and impedimetric determination of cholestanol (CHO). Modifications applied to the bare GCE formed an excellent biocompatible composite film which was able to selectively detect CHO molecules. Modifications applied to the bare GCE were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (SEM). Under optimal experimental conditions, the sensor was able to detect CHO in the range of 0.1-60 pM and 1-50 pM by EIS and DPV, respectively. Moreover, the sensor showed high sensitivity, selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility, low interference and good stability towards CHO determination. Our records confirmed that the sensor was successfully able to the analysis real samples for determination of CHO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali R Jalalvand
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Research Institute for Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Zangeneh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran; Biotechnology and Medicinal Plants Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Faramarz Jalili
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Research Institute for Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shokoufeh Soleimani
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Research Institute for Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Jose Manuel Díaz-Cruz
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química i Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franques 1-11, E-8028 Barcelona, Spain
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4
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ESI-MS/MS quantification of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one facilitates rapid, convenient diagnostic testing for cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 411:43-8. [PMID: 19808031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genetic disorder cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) frequently remains undiagnosed for many years. Left untreated CTX is associated with the development of cataracts, xanthomas and severe neurological dysfunction. The method routinely used to screen for CTX is GC-based measurement of elevated 5alpha-cholestanol from hydrolyzed plasma. A plasma test for CTX utilizing ESI-MS/MS methodology would be beneficial. METHODS Development of rapid, simple LC-ESI-MS/MS methodology to test plasma for CTX is described. Two hour Girard derivatization allowed for 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one quantification by isotope dilution LC-ESI-MS/MS within 12 min from un-hydrolyzed affected patient plasma (5 microl). RESULTS Adequate sensitivity and reproducibility were achieved for quantification of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, which demonstrated improved utility as a diagnostic marker of disease and to monitor treatment compared to 5alpha-cholestanol. The mean plasma concentration of 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in untreated CTX-affected patients (n=6) was 107-fold that in unaffected subjects (n=9), with the lowest concentration in affected patients >10-fold the highest concentration in unaffected subjects. CONCLUSION Quantification of the bile acid precursor 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one with LC-ESI-MS/MS is a novel approach to improved diagnostic testing of plasma for CTX, amenable to high-throughput analysis and automated sample handling. Development of ESI-MS/MS methodology should make CTX testing more widely available and facilitate easier diagnosis of CTX.
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5
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Hojo K, Hakamata H, Takahashi A, Hosokawa YY, Kusu F. Determination of serum cholestanol by semi-micro high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 24:600-5. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Gonzalez-Cuyar LF, Morrison AL, Perry G, DeJong JJ, Smith MA, Castellani RJ. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis: a critical update. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.2217/14796708.3.4.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) also known as van Bogaert–Scherer–Epstein syndrome, Thiebaut’s syndrome and cerebrotendinous cholesterosis, is an autosomal-recessive lipid-storage disease characterized by the triad of juvenile cataracts, tendon xanthomas and progressive neurodegeneration. Excess cholesterol and cholestanol are deposited in multiple organs, including the cerebrum, cerebellum, lens and tendons. Approximately 300 cases are reported worldwide, but it is suspected that the incidence of CTX is underestimated. The disease is attributed to approximately 50 mutations in the CYP27A1 gene coding for the enzyme sterol 27-hydoxylase, which is responsible for initial oxidation of the side chain of the cholesterol molecule in bile acid biosynthesis. CTX has varied clinical presentations, but no genotype–phenotype relationship has been documented. In some intrafamilial cases, clinical presentations may vary considerably. MRI for CTX is sensitive for diagnosis and classically demonstrates cerebral and cerebellar atrophy and xanthomatous lesions preferentially affecting the dentate nuclei. Patients have high serum levels of cholestanol with normal total cholesterol and increased urinary excretion of bile acids. Treatment of patients with chenodeoxycholic acid, particularly when used along with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) or low-density lipoprotein apheresis, can normalize cholestanol levels as well as prevent further degeneration. Therefore, the need for early diagnosis is well documented in the literature, as it prevents the significant morbidity and mortality associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allan L Morrison
- University of Maryland, Department of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George Perry
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pathology, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Joyce J DeJong
- Sparrow Health Systems, Division of Forensic Pathology, Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Mark A Smith
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pathology, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- University of Maryland, Department of Pathology, 22 South Greene Street, NBW81, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Abstract
Cholestanol, not cholesterol, is a minor component in the human body and in foods, but an increase in cholestanol concentration in serum induces a pathological condition named cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX). In our investigation of this disease for more than 25 years, a procedure for quantification of cholestanol by high-performance liquid chromatography and an assay method for sterol 27-hydroxylase were established, and several mutations of the CYP 27 gene in 10 CTX families were identified. We also established experimental animal models with symptoms of CTX by feeding a high cholestanol diet. Corneal dystrophy and gallstones were produced in mice, and an apoptosis of cerebellar neuronal cells was observed in rats. We propose the following underlying mechanism of CTX pathogenesis: When cholesterol in the plasma membrane is replaced by cholestanol to some extent, the membrane fluidity is reduced, and the calcium channel fails to open, inducing cell death. CTX patients are treated with oral administration of chenodeoxycholic acid, which reduces the cholestanol concentration in serum. Cholestanol has a toxic effect, and an imbalance of the cholesterol/cholestanol ratio in plasma membrane is suspected to cause the disturbance of calcium channel function of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Seyama
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Human Life and Environmental Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
This article describes the most commonly used procedures and recent laboratory methodologies using gas and liquid chromatography developed for separation and quantitation of non-saponifiable steroidal lipids from clinical (human) studies, edible fats and oils or fatty foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Volin
- Caloniuksenk. 10 C 47, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Halperin G, Elisaf M, Leitersdorf E, Harats D. A new method for determination of serum cholestanol by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 742:345-52. [PMID: 10901139 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We developed a method for the determination of serum 5alpha-cholestan-3beta-ol (cholestanol). The sterols were derivatized to the 4'-bromobenzenesulfonyl esters and heated in isopropanol. The cholesterol-4'-bromobenzenesulfonate was solvolyzed to cholesteryl isopropyl ether, but the derivatized cholestanol did not change and could be measured in a high-performance liquid chromatographic system equipped with a UV detector at 235 nm. On the other hand, the resulting cholesteryl isopropyl ether, having different absorbance and chromatographic mobility was not detected. This method was used for measuring cholestanol levels in patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), liver cirrhosis and serum from healthy control subjects. Reproducibility, linearity and recovery tests were done on 0.3 ml of serum samples containing >2 microg/ml cholestanol, using stigmastanol as an internal standard (I.S.). Determining cholestenol by this method can be used for diagnosis and follow-up of patients with CTX and various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Halperin
- Institute of Lipid and Atherosclerosis Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
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10
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Larking PW. Cancer and low levels of plasma cholesterol: the relevance of cholesterol precursors and products to incidence of cancer. Prev Med 1999; 29:383-90. [PMID: 10564630 DOI: 10.1006/pmed.1999.0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is proposed that the mechanism responsible for the low plasma cholesterol-cancer associations reported in the literature is related to blood and tissue levels of cholesterol precursors and products, reflecting rates of cholesterol synthesis rather than the plasma cholesterol level itself. METHODS Data have been collated from Japanese and Northern European studies on plasma levels of a cholesterol precursor, lathosterol, and one product, cholestanol, each a marker of cholesterol metabolism. Situations in which the rate of cholesterol synthesis is altered have also been examined for their relationship to cancer incidence. RESULTS The data though minimal suggest that lathosterol and cholestanol may be higher in the blood of the Japanese compared with the Northern Europeans, despite lower plasma cholesterol levels in the Japanese. In accord with the hypothesis the Japanese have a low incidence of many cancers. Cholesterol synthesis is lowered when dietary cholesterol and fat intake are increased and incidence of cancer is increased in these states. Conversely cholesterol synthesis is raised in vegetarianism, the Mediterranean diet, pregnancy, and lactation, and incidence of some cancers is lowered. CONCLUSIONS At least some of the variation in cancer incidence with plasma cholesterol levels and also with dietary saturated fat and cholesterol, as well as vegetarianism, the Mediterranean diet, pregnancy, and lactation, can be accounted for by their effects on the rate of cholesterol synthesis and the level of cholesterol precursors and/or products so generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Larking
- Decision Support Group, Dunedin Hospital, First Floor, Private Bag, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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11
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Nielsen JH, Olsen CE, Duedahl C, Skibsted LH. Isolation and quantification of cholesterol oxides in dairy products by selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry. J DAIRY RES 1995; 62:101-13. [PMID: 7738238 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029900033719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A method for isolation, detection and quantification of cholesterol oxidation products based on solid phase extraction in combination with preparative HPLC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry selected ion monitoring has been developed for dairy products. The isolation procedure had a high recovery and artifact formation was minimal, as shown by isotope labelling. The limits of detection ranged from 0.3 to 35 pg/microliters of the isomeric forms of 7-hydroxycholesterol, 20 alpha-hydroxycholesterol, the isomeric forms of cholesterol-5,6-epoxides, cholestanetriol, 25-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol corresponding to a limit of quantification of 2-6 ng oxysterol/g lipid in the dairy product, depending on the nature of the cholesterol oxidation product.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Nielsen
- Department of Dairy and Food Science, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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12
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Tsuruta Y, Teranishi T, Date Y, Kohashi K. Simultaneous determination of cholesterol and cholestanol in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography using 3-(5,6-methylenedioxy-2-phthalimidyl)benzoyl azide as precolumn fluorescent labelling reagent. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 617:213-20. [PMID: 8408386 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80490-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescent labelling reagent, 3-(5,6-methylenedioxy-2-phthalimidyl) benzoyl azide, designed for the determination of alcohols by precolumn high-performance liquid chromatography, has been applied to the simultaneous determination of cholesterol and cholestanol in human serum. The reagent reacts with cholesterol and cholestanol at 140 degrees C for 10 min to produce the fluorescent derivatives, which can be separated on a reversed-phase column with acetonitrile-ethanol-water (60:35:7.5, v/v) as eluent. The detection limits for cholesterol and cholestanol were 45 and 50 fmol per injection (20 microliters), respectively. The values of cholesterol and cholestanol in normal human sera were 135-212 mg/dl and 137-928 micrograms/dl, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tsuruta
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Nakamura T, Matsuzawa Y, Takemura K, Kubo M, Miki H, Tarui S. Combined treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid and pravastatin improves plasma cholestanol levels associated with marked regression of tendon xanthomas in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Metabolism 1991; 40:741-6. [PMID: 1908036 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(91)90094-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and a competitive HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, pravastatin, on clinical symptoms and sterol metabolism in a 36-year-old Japanese man with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX). He had marked tendon xanthomas and mild dementia, with obvious electroencephalographic (EEG) abnormalities. He was treated for 2 years with CDCA alone (0.6 g/d) and then for a further year with the combination of pravastatin (10 mg/d) and CDCA (0.6 g/d). For the following year, he was given pravastatin alone, and then was returned to combined treatment again. The plasma cholestanol level before treatment was 3.12 mg/dL, which was 20 times above the control level. After CDCA alone, the plasma cholestanol was reduced to 1.96 mg/dL, and this was further reduced to 0.92 mg/dL by combination therapy with CDCA and pravastatin. However, after the discontinuation of CDCA, his cholestanol levels returned to the pretreatment levels despite the continuing of pravastatin treatment. When the combination therapy was restarted, his cholestanol level was once again markedly reduced. His clinical symptoms showed a close association with the plasma cholestanol level; the xanthomas regressed remarkably and the mental retardation improved in association with normalization of EEG findings during treatment with CDCA alone or in combination with pravastatin. However, during treatment with pravastatin alone, his tendon xanthomas enlarged again and slow waves reappeared on the EEG. Because inhibition of cholesterol synthesis by treatment with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor alone was not effective in causing a reduction of cholestanol, the increase in plasma cholestanol levels in CTX may not have been solely due to increased cholesterol synthesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakamura
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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14
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Kosaka D, Hiraoka T, Kohoda T, Kajiyama G, Yamauchi T, Kihira K, Kuramoto T, Hoshita T. Stable isotope dilution assay for 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,25-tetrol and 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha,23,25-pentol in human serum using [26,27-D6] labeled internal standards; a highly accurate approach to the serological diagnosis of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Clin Chim Acta 1991; 199:83-9. [PMID: 1934504 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(91)90011-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Kosaka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Japan
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15
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Kuriyama M, Fujiyama J, Kasama T, Osame M. High levels of plant sterols and cholesterol precursors in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. J Lipid Res 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)42083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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16
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McKenna P, Morgan SJ, Bosanquet RC, Laker MF. A case of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. II: The sterol content of a cataractous lens. Br J Ophthalmol 1990; 74:629-30. [PMID: 2285688 PMCID: PMC1042235 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.74.10.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cholestanol content of a cataractous lens nucleus from a patient with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) was quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and found to be 0.27 micrograms per mg freeze-dried lens tissue. The cholestanol-cholesterol ratio of 1.7% in the lens nucleus was similar to that in the serum of the CTX patient. The cholestanol content and cholestanol-cholesterol ratio in the CTX lens were approximately four-fold and six-fold greater respectively than the mean levels found in three senile cataractous lens nuclei analysed simultaneously for comparative purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P McKenna
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne
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17
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Michalec C, Ranný M. Potential application of thin-layer chromatography and thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection of cholestanol in the diagnosis of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. J Chromatogr A 1988; 452:543-7. [PMID: 3243858 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)81478-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Michalec
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Charles University Medical Faculty, Prague, Czechoslovakia
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18
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Myher JJ, Kuksis A. Facile gas-liquid chromatographic resolution of saturated and unsaturated sterols using a polar capillary column. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 1987; 15:111-21. [PMID: 3437098 DOI: 10.1016/0165-022x(87)90039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The 5 alpha-stanol-3 beta-ol analogs of cholesterol, campesterol and beta-sitosterol along with many other sterol types were resolved using a Supelcowax 10 (Bonded Carbowax PEG 20M) fused silica capillary column (15 m x 0.25 mm). Unlike non-polar capillary columns, the semi-polar Carbowax liquid phase retains the unsaturated sterols longer than the corresponding saturated sterols, allowing an orderly elution and quantitation. The unnatural epicholestanol (5 alpha-cholestan-3 alpha-ol) was used as internal standard. By this method the stanol content of human plasma and of the unsaponifiable matter of dietary fats and oils is readily determined. Because of low column bleed the Supelcowax 10 liquid phase can be used for combined GC/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Myher
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Iwata T, Yamaguchi M, Nakamura M. Highly sensitive and simple determination of cholesterol and cholestanol in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1987; 421:43-50. [PMID: 3429574 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(87)80377-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A simple and highly sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of cholesterol and cholestanol in human serum is described. After extraction of serum with n-hexane, these compounds and 1-eicosanol (internal standard) are converted into the corresponding fluorescent carbamic esters by treatment with 3,4-dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-4-methyl-3-oxo-quinoxaline-2-carbonyl azide in benzene. The derivatives are separated within 32 min on a reversed-phase column (YMC Pack C8) with acetonitrile-methanol-water (81:9:10, v/v/v) as eluent and detected fluorimetrically. The detection limits are 2 pg (5 fmol) and 3 pg (7 fmol) for cholesterol and cholestanol, respectively, at a signal-to-noise ratio of 2 in a 20-microliters injection volume. This sensitivity permits precise determination of cholesterol and cholestanol in 1-5 microliters of normal human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iwata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan
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20
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Kasama T, Byun DS, Seyama Y. Quantitative analysis of sterols in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. Application to the biochemical diagnosis of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. J Chromatogr A 1987; 400:241-6. [PMID: 3667750 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)81617-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous determination of 5 alpha-cholestan-3 beta-ol and cholesterol in serum by high-performance liquid chromatography was developed. After addition of internal standard (5 beta-cholestan-3 alpha-ol) and saponification with ethanolic potassium hydroxide, the sterols were converted into their benzoyl derivatives, which were subjected to reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection at 228 nm. Only 0.1 ml of serum was needed to give a reproducible result. This method has been used for the biochemical diagnosis of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, a hereditary disorder of cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kasama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Matsuoka C, Nohta H, Kuroda N, Ohkura Y. Simultaneous determination of cholestanol and cholesterol in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1985; 341:432-6. [PMID: 3928671 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)84057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Brunnekreeft JW, Boerma GJ, Leijnse B. Direct determination of total serum cholesterol by on-column gas-liquid chromatographic analysis without previous derivatisation compared with WHO-CDC reference method. Ann Clin Biochem 1983; 20 (Pt 6):360-3. [PMID: 6418055 DOI: 10.1177/000456328302000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A method for the direct determination of total serum cholesterol by on-column gas-liquid chromatography is described. The French reference method developed by Gambert et al. served as a model for our method, which is fast and less laborious than the well-known CDC reference method of Cooper et al. based on the Abell-Kendall technique. The accuracy and precision of our on-column gas-liquid chromatographic method and the CDC reference method are comparable. The obvious advantage of this proposed gas-liquid chromatographic reference method is its increased analytical speed. The problem of the specificity of our method in relation to cholestanol is discussed.
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Lin HJ, Wang C, Salen G, Lam KC, Chan TK. Sitosterol and cholesterol metabolism in a patient with coexisting phytosterolemia and cholestanolemia. Metabolism 1983; 32:126-33. [PMID: 6827984 DOI: 10.1016/0026-0495(83)90216-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sitosterol and cholesterol metabolism were studied in a patient with coexisting phytosterolemia and cholestanolemia, and in a control subject, both on similar diets containing about 170 mg cholesterol and 135 mg phytosterols per day. The turnover of 22,23-3H-sitosterol and 4-14C-cholesterol, given intravenously, were followed for up to 372 days. The specific activity-time curves for both sterols were resolved into two exponentials and fitted into a two-pool model. The half-lives of both exponential curves for sitosterol, in the patient, were abnormally long. Equilibration of the tracer between the two pools, in the patient, occurred at about 30 days as compared to 10-15 days in the control subject. The daily turnover of sitosterol in the patient was estimated to be 10 times greater than that in the control subject. The patient's total body exchangeable pool of sitosterol was 9.6 g or about 80 times the amount found in the control. The patient's plasma phytosterol levels fell by 25% when he went on a diet containing only 10 mg phytosterols per day. During this period the specific activity of his plasma sitosterol with respect to an equilibrated dose of 3H-labeled tracer remained constant; this was compatible with the absence of endogenous synthesis. Cholesterol turnover in the patient showed prolonged half-lives for both exponential curves and reduced fractional daily loss from the fast-exchanging pool. The patient's xanthoma sterols underwent 16% and 55% exchange with plasma sitosterol and cholesterol, respectively, on day 60, indicating the presence of a third exchangeable pool.
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Beppu T, Seyama Y, Kasama T, Serizawa S, Yamakawa T. Serum bile acid profiles in cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Clin Chim Acta 1982; 118:167-75. [PMID: 7055978 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(82)90004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Non-sulfated bile acid concentrations in sera of 10 cases of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) were determined by mass fragmentography. Total bile acid (TBA) in serum was 0.492 +/- 0.436 microgram/ml (mean +/- SD) which was significantly lower than that (1.481 +/- 0.571) in healthy control sera. Cholic acid was 0.342 +/- 0.291 microgram/ml and was the dominant bile acid, which constituted 69.5% of TBA in serum. Chenodeoxycholic acid was 0.111 +/- 0.133 microgram/ml being a minor component in CTX sera, although it was the major bile acid in healthy control sera. Other bile acids such as deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid were scarcely detected. Subnormal TBA level and deranged bile acid composition in CTX sera may reflect the defect of bile acid biosynthesis in CTX patients. Determination of serum bile acid may be useful in the diagnosis of CTX.
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Wang C, Lin HJ, Chan TK, Salen G, Chan WC, Tse TF. A unique patient with coexisting cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis and beta-sitosterolemia. Am J Med 1981; 71:313-9. [PMID: 7258222 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(81)90134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
An adult Chinese man presented with tendinous and tuberous xanthomatosis and severe atheromatous changes in the coronary arteries. In addition, he had chronic hemolytic anemia, with spherostomatocytic erythrocytes. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis was diagnosed on the basis of increased cholestanol levels in his plasma, red cells and xanthoma, changes in bile acid composition due to the defective synthesis of chenodeoxycholic acid. Coexisting beta-sitosterolemia was confirmed by the finding of large amounts of the plant sterols such as beta-sitosterol and campesterol. This is the first report of these two rare lipid storage disorders in the same patient.
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