Difference spectroscopic study of the interaction between soybean beta-amylase and substrate or substrate analogues

Crystal structure of recombinant soybean beta-amylase complexed with beta-cyclodextrin

In order to study the interaction of soybean beta-amylase with substrate, we solved the crystal structure of beta-cyclodextrin-enzyme complex and compared it with that of alpha-cyclodextrin-enzyme complex. The enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli at a high level as a soluble and catalytically active protein. The purified recombinant enzyme had properties nearly identical to those of native soybean beta-amylase and formed the same crystals as the native enzyme. The crystal structure of recombinant enzyme complexed with beta-cyclodextrin was refined at 2. 07-A resolution with a final crystallographic R value of 15.8% (Rfree = 21.1%). The root mean square deviation in the position of C-alpha atoms between this recombinant enzyme and the native enzyme was 0.22 A. These results indicate that the expression system established here is suitable for studying structure-function relationships of beta-amylase. The conformation of the bound beta-cyclodextrin takes an ellipsoid shape in contrast to the circular shape of the bound alpha-cyclodextrin. The cyclodextrins shared mainly two glucose binding sites, 3 and 4. The glucose residue 4 was slightly shifted from the maltose binding site. This suggests that the binding site of the cyclodextrins is important for its holding of a cleaved substrate, which enables the multiple attack mechanism of beta-amylase.

Roles of the aromatic side chains in the binding of substrates, inhibitors, and cyclomalto-oligosaccharides to the glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger probed by perturbation difference spectroscopy, chemical modification, and mutagenesis

The roles of the aromatic side chains of the glucoamylase from Aspergillus niger in the binding of ligands, as determined by difference spectroscopy using four types of inhibitors (a) valienamine-derived, (b) 1-deoxynojirimycins, (c) D-glucono-1,5-lactone, and (d) maltitol, two types of disaccharide substrates (a) alpha-(1----4)-linked and (b) alpha-(1----6)-linked, and three cyclomalto-oligosaccharides (cyclodextrins, CDs) are discussed. An unusual change in absorbance from 300 to 310-320 nm, obtained only with the valienamine-derived inhibitors or when D-glucono-1,5-lactone and maltose are combined, is concluded to arise when subsite 2 is occupied in a transition-state-type of complex. The single mutations of two residues thought to be involved in binding, namely, Tyr116----Ala and Trp120----Phe, alter, but do not abolish this perturbation. The perturbations in the spectra also suggest that maltose and isomaltose have different modes of binding. The following Kd values (M) were determined: acarbose, less than 6 x 10(-12); methyl acarviosinide, 1.6 x 10(-6); and the D-gluco and L-ido forms of hydrogenated acarbose, 1.4 x 10(-8) and 5.2 x 10(-6), respectively. Therefore, both the valienamine moiety and the chain length of acarbose are important for tight binding. In contrast to the valienamine-derived inhibitors, none of the 1-deoxynojirimycin type protected glucoamylase against inactivating oxidation of tryptophanyl residues, although each had a Kd value of approximately 4 x 10(-6) M. There are two distinct carbohydrate-binding areas in glucoamylase, namely, the active site in the catalytic domain and a starch-granule-binding site in the C-terminal domain. The alpha-, beta-, and gamma-CDs have high affinity for the starch-binding domain and low affinity for the active site, whereas the reverse was found for acarbose.