1
|
Is Ki67 Effective as a Prognostic Marker in Node-Positive Breast Cancer Patients? Indian J Surg 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-021-03199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
|
2
|
Koca B, Yildirim M, Kuru B. Prognostic Factors Affecting Disease-Free Survival in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Impact of Ki-67. Indian J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12262-021-03066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
3
|
Niranjan KC, Sarathy NA, Alrani D. MCM-2 expression differentiates potentially malignant verrucous lesions from oral carcinomas. Ann Diagn Pathol 2018; 34:72-76. [PMID: 29661732 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mcm-2 is a biomarker belonging to Mcm family of proteins which has rarely been used in oral potentially malignant and malignant lesions of the verrucous type. The objective of this study is to assess the expression of Mcm-2 in Normal Oral Mucosa (NM), Verrucous Hyperplasia (VH), Verrucous Carcinoma (VC) and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) and compare it with the clinicopathological characteristics. METHODOLOGY A total of 70 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue samples (10 cases of Normal Mucosa NM- Group A, 10 cases of Verrucous Hyperplasia- VH without Dysplasia- Group B, 10 cases of Verrucous Hyperplasia- VH with Dysplasia- Group C, 20 cases of Verrucous Carcinoma VC-Group D, 20 cases of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma OSCC- Group E) were subjected to immunohistochemistry with Mcm-2 antibody. Statistical analysis was carried out with various tests like ANOVA, Tukey HSD, Chi-Square and Shapiro-Wilk test by using the SPSS software. RESULTS There was a significant difference in Mcm-2 expression with quantitative analysis among all the groups (p < 0.05). There was a significant progressive increase in nuclear Labelling Indices (nLI) from NM (49.08%), VC (60.45%), VH with Dysplasia (64.10%), and OSCC (89.22%). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that Mcm-2 may be a sensitive proliferation marker in oral potentially malignant and malignant lesions which may be useful for differentiating between VH with/ without dysplasia, VC and OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kochli Channappa Niranjan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad 580 009, Karnataka, India.
| | - Niharika Abhay Sarathy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad 580 009, Karnataka, India
| | - Devendra Alrani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad 580 009, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The aim of this study was to reexamine the prognostic role of tumor cell kinetics measured by S-phase fraction (SPF) and to establish its clinically relevant threshold values. SPF was determined by flow cytometry in a group of 920 consecutive breast cancer patients, all followed at our institute for 10 years (1988 to 1998). Mean age was 60.5 years (27–89 years). Median follow-up was 63 months (3–150 months). All patients had initial surgical treatment. SPF quartiles were: Q1=3.08%, median value = 5.98%, Q3=10.22%. A significant difference in overall specific survival was obtained between two populations divided by a cutoff at Q1 (p<0.0001). A multifactorial analysis including SPF and known prognostic factors such as tumor size, node status, histological grade, ER and PR status was performed using the Cox model in a population of 719 patients: univariate analysis showed that each of these factors had significant influence on overall survival. Multivariate analysis selected three of them, ranked by decreasing order of hazard ratio (HR) value: SPF (HR: 3.88, p<0.001), tumor size (HR: 2.49, p<0.001) and nodal status (HR: 2.28, p<0.001). In addition, when tumors were stratified according to SPF quartile values, there were statistically different overall survival curves in patients with small tumors (<2 cm) and in axillary node-negative patients.
Collapse
|
5
|
The Performance of Ki-67 Labeling Index in Different Specimen Categories of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast Using 2 Scoring Methods. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2017; 25:86-90. [PMID: 26509909 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In breast carcinoma proliferative rate is not only prognostic, but also predictive factor. Ki-67 labeling index (Ki-67 LI) is a superior and more reproducible way to assess proliferation than counting mitoses. There are different Ki-67 LI cut-off values proposed for stratification. The best method of scoring Ki-67 LI is still controversial. Our aim was to test the consensus of Ki-67 LI read in the 2 most common specimens, diagnostic core biopsies (CNB) and surgical excision (SE), first using the hot spot (HS) for counting, and then the average (Av) Ki-67 LI. Cases diagnosed as having invasive duct breast carcinoma on CNB followed by SE over 6 years were recruited (n=96). Ki-67 LI was counted in both specimen types using HS and Av scoring methods. For both methods, agreement between the 2 specimen categories was tested using different cut-off values. Intraobserver reproducibility was also measured for both scoring methods. Ki-67 LI was significantly lower in CNBs compared with SEs (mean difference: -13.3 and -6.3, P<0.001, using HS and Av methods, respectively). The agreement between Ki-67 LI in CNBs and SEs using 10, 14, and 20 as cut-off value was superior when we used Av method (for κ=0.793, 0.814, and 0.745; vs. for HS: κ=0.542, 0.525, and 0.672, respectively). Intraobserver reproducibility ranged from very good to perfect for both methods. Our results suggested that specimen-specific cut-off value should be applied for both scoring methods.
Collapse
|
6
|
A comparative study of Ki-67 antigen expression between luminal A and triple-negative subtypes of breast cancer. Med Oncol 2017; 34:156. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-1019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
7
|
Raddaoui N, Stazzoni S, Möckl L, Viverge B, Geiger F, Engelke H, Bräuchle C, Carell T. Dendrimer-Based Signal Amplification of Click-Labelled DNA in Situ. Chembiochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nada Raddaoui
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM); Department of Chemistry; LMU München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Samuele Stazzoni
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM); Department of Chemistry; LMU München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Leonhard Möckl
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM); Department of Chemistry; LMU München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Bastien Viverge
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM); Department of Chemistry; LMU München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Florian Geiger
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM); Department of Chemistry; LMU München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Hanna Engelke
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM); Department of Chemistry; LMU München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Christoph Bräuchle
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM); Department of Chemistry; LMU München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 München Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM); Department of Chemistry; LMU München; Butenandtstrasse 5-13 81377 München Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang W, Wu J, Zhang P, Fei X, Zong Y, Chen X, Huang O, He JR, Chen W, Li Y, Shen K, Zhu L. Prognostic and predictive value of Ki-67 in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:31079-87. [PMID: 27145269 PMCID: PMC5058740 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was to investigate the prognostic role of Ki-67 in further classification of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), and to test whether high expression level of Ki67 can predict benefit from carboplatin. From January 2004 to December 2012, 363 patients operated for TNBC were identified through the institutional clinical database. After a median follow-up time of 34 months (5.2-120.0 months), 62 patients (17.1%) had relapses and 33 patients (9.1%) died of breast cancer. In univariate analysis, high Ki-67 index as well as larger tumor size and lymph node involvement was associated with shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). In multivariate analysis, high Ki-67 is an independent risk factor for DFS (Risk Ratio, RR: 2.835, 95% confidence interval, 95% CI: 1.586-5.068, P < 0.001) and OS (RR: 3.180, 95% CI: 1.488-6.793, P = 0.003). When analyzing the 3-year DFS by Ki-67 distribution, Subpopulation Treatment Effect Pattern Plot analysis showed a beneficial effect of carboplatin in patients with high Ki-67 index. In conclusion, TNBC is probably a heterogeneous disease with different characteristics and prognosis, and may be further subdivided according to the Ki-67 expression levels. Patients in the high Ki- 67 group seem to benefit more from treatment with carboplatin, but this needs to be further verified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Jiayi Wu
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Peifeng Zhang
- Department of Information Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochun Fei
- Pathology Department, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zong
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Xiaosong Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Ou Huang
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Rong He
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Weiguo Chen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yafen Li
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Kunwei Shen
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhu
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Winnicka K, Wroblewska M, Sosnowska K, Car H, Kasacka I. Evaluation of cationic polyamidoamine dendrimers' dermal toxicity in the rat skin model. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2015; 9:1367-77. [PMID: 25834395 PMCID: PMC4357618 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s78336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers are multi-branched, three-dimensional polymers with unique architecture, which makes these molecules attractive for medical and pharmaceutical applications. Using PAMAM as drug carriers for topical delivery might be beneficial as they only produce a transient effect without skin irritation. To evaluate the dermal toxicity of cationic PAMAM dendrimers generation 2 and generation 3, skin irritation studies were performed in vivo in the rat skin model. After 10 days topical application of various concentrations of PAMAM-NH2 (0.3 mg/mL, 3 mg/mL, 6 mg/mL, 30 mg/mL, 300 mg/mL), skin irritation was evaluated by visual, histopathological, and immunohistochemical examination. Microscopic assessment after hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed significant morphological changes of epidermal cells after application of PAMAM-NH2 at a concentration of ≥6 mg/mL. Morphological alterations of epidermal cells included cytoplasmic vacuolization of keratinocytes in the basal and spinous layers. Cytomorphological changes in keratinocytes, overall picture of the epidermis, and histopathological changes in the dermis were dose dependent. Detected alterations concerned hyperplasia of connective tissue fibers and leukocyte infiltration. Visible granulocyte infiltration in the upper dermis and sockets formed by necrotic, cornified cells in the hyperplastic foci of epithelium were also noted. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that increased nuclear immunoreactivity to PCNA correlated with the concentration of PAMAM-NH2, but no significant differences in the cell proliferation activity in skin treated with PAMAM-NH2 generation 2 or generation 3 were observed. Significantly higher expression of PCNA extended throughout the skin layers might suggest abnormal cell proliferation, which, as a consequence, might even lead to neoplastic changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Winnicka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wroblewska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sosnowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Halina Car
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Irena Kasacka
- Department of Histology and Cytophysiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhong X, Guan X, Liu W, Zhang L. Aberrant expression of NEK2 and its clinical significance in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:1470-1476. [PMID: 25202351 PMCID: PMC4156209 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to identify a potential biomarker that is more effective than those already available for the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The expression of never in mitosis gene A (NIMA)-related kinase 2 (NEK2), minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (Mcm7) and Ki67 was evaluated in 270 NSCLC tissues using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques. Associations between protein expression and clinicopathological characters were assessed, and the impact on overall survival was analyzed. High levels of NEK2, Mcm7 and Ki67 expression were detected in 25.9, 35.2 and 24.4% of the NSCLC tissues. Overexpression of NEK2 was detected more frequently in cases with high T and N stages (P<0.0001 and P=0.011, respectively). Correlations were present between the expression of NEK2, Mcm7 and Ki67. Kaplan-Meier curves indicated that the patients with overexpressed NEK2, Mcm7 and Ki67 had a poorer overall survival time compared to those with low expression for all stages (P<0.0001). In particular, the patients with NEK2 overexpression had a poorer prognosis. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that NEK2, Mcm7 and Ki67 are independent prognostic indicators for NSCLC. In conclusion, the data indicate that compared with Mcm7 and Ki67, NEK2 may be a more effective tumor proliferation marker of poor prognosis for NSCLC patients, and that NEK2 may represent a novel potential target for NSCLC therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Zhong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojiao Guan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China ; Department of Pathology, Basic Science College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Wenke Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Luminal breast cancer classification according to proliferative indices: clinicopathological characteristics and short-term survival analysis. Med Oncol 2014; 31:55. [PMID: 24935624 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0055-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The classification of luminal breast cancer has been a popular topic regarding its heterogeneity with distinct biological features and clinical outcomes. This study aimed to assess the power of proliferative indices (Ki67 and histological grade) to determine various clinicopathological characteristics and survival in luminal disease. A total of 541 patients with stage I-III luminal breast cancer were enrolled. Subtypes were determined using proliferative indices and were compared with clinicopathological variables and short-term survival. The significance of various treatments was evaluated in a subgroup of pN0 (lymph node negative) patients. Histological grade, independent of other variables, was a better predictor in the ER/PR+, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2) subgroup (p = 0.011) and the pN0 subgroup (p = 0.044) compared with Ki67, which only showed significance in the ER/PR+, Her-2 subgroup (p = 0.008). Neither grade nor Ki67 was associated with outcomes in the luminal Her-2 class. In pN0 patients, various treatments did not show significance in short-term survival. Histological grade outperformed Ki67 as a determinant for the stratification of luminal class regarding short-term survival. Chemotherapy most likely did not provide additional benefit to pN0 patients with luminal breast cancer compared with endocrine therapy.
Collapse
|
12
|
Tryfonidis K, Kafousi M, Perraki M, Apostolaki S, Agelaki S, Georgoulias V, Stathopoulos E, Mavroudis D. Detection of circulating cytokeratin-19 mRNA-positive cells in the blood and the mitotic index of the primary tumor have independent prognostic value in early breast cancer. Clin Breast Cancer 2014; 14:442-50. [PMID: 24958324 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed that molecular detection of CK-19 mRNA in peripheral blood and the mitotic index of primary tumors have prognostic value in early breast cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the association between these variables. PATIENTS AND METHODS The primary tumors of 223 operable breast cancer patients (92 premenopausal and 131 postmenopausal) were evaluated for the MAI classified as either ≤ 5 per 10, 6 to 10 per 10 and > 10 per 10 or < 10 per 10 and ≥ 10 per 10 mitoses per high power field using a standardized protocol previously reported. Peripheral blood was also collected before and after the end of adjuvant chemotherapy for detection of CK-19 mRNA-positive cells using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction previously described. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 118 months, 75 patients (33.6%) experienced disease relapse and 56 (25.1%) died of breast cancer. MAI was strongly associated with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) (P < .001 for DFS and OS together). Detecting CK-19 mRNA-positive cells in the peripheral blood before but not after adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with marginally worse DFS (P = .055) and OS (P = .059). Cox regression analysis revealed that MAI and CK-19 mRNA-positive cell detection before adjuvant chemotherapy were independent variables associated with decreased DFS (P < .001 and P = .038, respectively) and OS (P < .001 and P = .029, respectively). There was no significant interaction between MAI and detection of CK-19 mRNA-positive cells. CONCLUSION MAI of the primary tumor and detection of CK-19 mRNA-positive cells in the blood before adjuvant chemotherapy in early breast cancer patients are 2 independent prognostic factors associated with clinical outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Tryfonidis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Kafousi
- Department of Pathology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Perraki
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Stella Apostolaki
- Department of Pathology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sofia Agelaki
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Vassilis Georgoulias
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Dimitris Mavroudis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Examining Nek2 as a better proliferation marker in non-small cell lung cancer prognosis. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:7155-62. [PMID: 24763826 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1935-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to identify a better potential biomarker for the prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The expressions of Nek2, MCM7, and Ki-67 were evaluated in 270 NSCLC tissues using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence techniques. Associations between protein expression and clinical pathologic characters were assessed, and the impact on overall survival was analyzed. We detected high levels of Nek2, MCM7, and Ki-67 expression in 25.9, 35.2, and 24.4 % of NSCLC tissues, respectively. Overexpressions of Nek2 were detected more frequently in high T-stage and N-stage cases (P = 0.000, 0.011). The expressions of Nek2, MCM7, and Ki-67 were correlated with each other. Kaplan-Meier curves indicated that patients with overexpression of Nek2, MCM7, and Ki-67 had a poorer overall survival rate compared to those with low expression for all stages (P = 0.000). In particular, the patients with Nek2 overexpression had the most negative prognosis. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that Nek2, MCM7, and Ki-67 are independent prognostic indicators for NSCLC. Our data suggest that among Nek2 kinase, MCM7, and Ki-67, it is Nek2 kinase that is the more effective tumor proliferation marker of poor prognosis for NSCLC patients. Thus, Nek2 may represent a new potential target for NSCLC therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
14
|
André F, Delaloge S, Guinebretière JM, Petit T, Pierga JY, Zarca D, Zarca K. Prolifération des cancers du sein et biomarqueurs décisionnels en pratique RPC (RPC 2013). ONCOLOGIE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10269-013-2341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
15
|
Cell proliferation of the primary tumor predicts ipsilateral axillary node disease in elderly breast cancer patients. Int J Biol Markers 2013; 28:24-31. [PMID: 23558937 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.2013.10574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated whether tumor markers such as cell proliferation and steroid receptor status, which have been shown to have relevance for important endpoints (relapse-free and overall survival), can also predict axillary disease in elderly patients with breast cancer. We evaluated 351 consecutive elderly women with breast cancer ≥70 years of age with estrogen receptor (ER)‑positive tumors with no palpable axillary nodes, for whom information on cell proliferation determined by the 3H-thymidine labeling index (TLI) and progesterone receptor (PgR) was available. Patients underwent quadrantectomy (70.1%) or quadrantectomy plus radiotherapy (29.9%) without axillary node dissection, followed by adjuvant tamoxifen for at least 2 years. Univariable (cumulative incidence curves) and multivariable analyses (Fine and Gray models) were carried out. After a median follow-up of 16 years, ipsilateral axillary relapse was not related to PgR status but was strongly associated with tumor cell proliferation in both small (pT1) and large (pT2-4b) tumors. Axillary relapse cumulative incidence increased from 1% in patients with low-TLI (≤3%), PgR-positive and pT1 tumors to a maximum of 20% in patients with high-TLI, PgR-negative and pT2-4b tumors. Tumor cell proliferation, determined by TLI at primary surgery, is an important predictor of axillary relapse in elderly ER-positive breast cancer patients and could help to identify patients who should undergo axillary surgery.
Collapse
|
16
|
Bertucci F, Finetti P, Roche H, Le Doussal J, Marisa L, Martin A, Lacroix-Triki M, Blanc-Fournier C, Jacquemier J, Peyro-Saint-Paul H, Viens P, Sotiriou C, Birnbaum D, Penault-Llorca F. Comparison of the prognostic value of genomic grade index, Ki67 expression and mitotic activity index in early node-positive breast cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2013; 24:625-32. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
17
|
Taxane resistance in breast cancer: mechanisms, predictive biomarkers and circumvention strategies. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 38:890-903. [PMID: 22465195 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taxanes are established in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and early breast cancer (EBC) as potent chemotherapy agents. However, their therapeutic usefulness is limited by de-novo refractoriness or acquired resistance, which are common drawbacks to most anti-cancer cytotoxics. Considering that the taxanes will remain principle chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of breast cancer, we reviewed known mechanisms of resistance in with an outlook of optimizing their clinical use. METHODS We searched the PubMed and MEDLINE databases for articles (from inception through to 9th January 2012; last search 10/01/2012) and journals known to publish information relevant to taxane chemotherapy. We imposed no language restrictions. Search terms included: cancer, breast cancer, response, resistance, taxane, paclitaxel, docetaxel, taxol. Due to the possibility of alternative mechanisms of resistance all combination chemotherapy treated data sets were removed from our overview. RESULTS Over-expression of the MDR-1 gene product Pgp was extensively studied in vitro in association with taxane resistance, but data are conflicting. Similarly, the target components microtubules, which are thought to mediate refractoriness through alterations of the expression pattern of tubulins or microtubule associated proteins and the expression of alternative tubulin isoforms, failed to confirm such associations. Little consensus has been generated for reported associations between taxane-sensitivity and mutated p53, or taxane-resistance and overexpression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL or NFkB. In contrary sufficient in vitro data support an association of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) defects with resistance. Clinical data have been limited and inconsistent, which relate to the variety of methods used, lack of standardization of cut-offs for quantitation, differences in clinical endpoints measured and in methods of tissue collection preparation and storage, and study/patient heterogeneity. The most prominent finding is that pharmaceutical down-regulation of HER-2 appears to reverse the taxane resistance. CONCLUSIONS Currently no valid practical biomarkers exist that can predict resistance to the taxanes in breast cancer supporting the principle of individualized cancer therapy. The incorporation of several biomarker analyses into prospectively designed studies in this setting are needed.
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu YZ, Jiang YY, Hao JJ, Lu SS, Zhang TT, Shang L, Cao J, Song X, Wang BS, Cai Y, Zhan QM, Wang MR. Prognostic significance of MCM7 expression in the bronchial brushings of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung Cancer 2012; 77:176-82. [PMID: 22456526 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify potential biomarkers for the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients by using bronchial brushing specimens. METHODS The expression of MCM7, Ki67 and EGFR was evaluated in 494 NSCLC tissues and 174 bronchial brushings using immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical techniques. Associations between protein expression and clinico-pathologic parameters were assessed, and the impact on overall survival (OS) was analyzed. RESULTS High expression of MCM7, Ki67 and EGFR was detected in 33.3%, 23.5% and 12.7% of tissues and in 52.4%, 52.7% and 20.6% of bronchial brushings, respectively. Expression of MCM7 and Ki67 was associated with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in both tissues and bronchial brushings (MCM7: P = 0.0007, 0.00003; Ki67: P < 0.00001, 0.00001). Overexpression of MCM7 in tumor tissues was detected more frequently in poorly differentiated tumors (P = 0.0120) and non-bronchioloalveolar carcinomas (non-BACs) (P = 0.0238). EGFR overexpression was observed in tissues of larger tumors (P = 0.00004) and in bronchial brushings at later stage (P = 0.0262). Kaplan-Meier curves indicated that patients with overexpression of MCM7 or Ki67 had a poorer OS compared to those with low expression for all stages (P < 0.00001, 0.0233) and early-stages (P < 0.00001, 0.0032). In particular, the patients with MCM7 overexpression in bronchial brushings had a poorer prognosis (P = 0.0045). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that MCM7 was an independent prognostic indicator both in tissue samples and bronchial brushings. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that MCM7 and Ki67 in tumor tissues may be potential markers of a poor prognosis for NSCLC patients. MCM7 in bronchial brushings also showed an independent prognostic value, which may be useful when biopsies are unavailable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Aleskandarany MA, Green AR, Benhasouna AA, Barros FF, Neal K, Reis-Filho JS, Ellis IO, Rakha EA. Prognostic value of proliferation assay in the luminal, HER2-positive, and triple-negative biologic classes of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R3. [PMID: 22225836 PMCID: PMC3496118 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Although the prognostic significance of proliferation in early invasive breast cancer has been recognized for a long time, recent gene-expression profiling studies have reemphasized its biologic and prognostic value and the potential application of its assessment in routine practice, particularly to define prognostic subgroups of luminal/hormone receptor-positive (HR+) tumors. This study aimed to assess the prognostic value of a proliferation assay by using Ki-67 immunohistochemistry as compared with mitotic count scores. Method Proliferation was assessed by using Ki-67 labeling index (Ki-67LI) and mitotic scores in a large (n = 1,550) and well-characterized series of clinically annotated primary operable invasive breast cancer with long-term follow-up. Tumors were phenotyped based on their IHC profiles into luminal/HR+, HER2+, and triple-negative (TN) classes. We used a split-sample development and validation approach to determine the optimal Ki-67LI cut-offs. Results The optimal cut-points of Ki-67LI were 10% and 50% for the luminal class. Both Ki7LI and MS were able to split luminal tumors into subgroups with significantly variable outcomes, independent of other variables. Neither mitotic count scores nor Ki-67LI was associated with outcome in the HER2+ or the TN classes. Conclusions Assessment of proliferation by using Ki-67LI and MS can distinguish subgroups of patients within luminal/hormone receptor-positive breast cancer significantly different in clinical outcomes. Overall, both Ki-67 LI and mitotic-count scores showed comparable results. The method described could provide a cost-effective method for prognostic subclassification of luminal/hormone receptor-positive breast cancer in routine clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Aleskandarany
- Department of Histopathology, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zeestraten ECM, Maak M, Shibayama M, Schuster T, Nitsche U, Matsushima T, Nakayama S, Gohda K, Friess H, van de Velde CJH, Ishihara H, Rosenberg R, Kuppen PJK, Janssen KP. Specific activity of cyclin-dependent kinase I is a new potential predictor of tumour recurrence in stage II colon cancer. Br J Cancer 2011; 106:133-40. [PMID: 22108518 PMCID: PMC3251853 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There are no established biomarkers to identify tumour recurrence in stage II colon cancer. As shown previously, the enzymatic activity of the cyclin-dependent kinases 1 and 2 (CDK1 and CDK2) predicts outcome in breast cancer. Therefore, we investigated whether CDK activity identifies tumour recurrence in colon cancer. Methods: In all, 254 patients with completely resected (R0) UICC stage II colon cancer were analysed retrospectively from two independent cohorts from Munich (Germany) and Leiden (Netherlands). None of the patients received adjuvant treatment. Development of distant metastasis was observed in 27 patients (median follow-up: 86 months). Protein expression and activity of CDKs were measured on fresh-frozen tumour samples. Results: Specific activity (SA) of CDK1 (CDK1SA), but not CDK2, significantly predicted distant metastasis (concordance index=0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55–0.79, P=0.036). Cutoff derivation by maximum log-rank statistics yielded a threshold of CDK1SA at 11 (SA units, P=0.029). Accordingly, 59% of patients were classified as high-risk (CDK1SA ⩾11). Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed CDK1SA as independent prognostic variable (hazard ratio=6.2, 95% CI: 1.44–26.9, P=0.012). Moreover, CKD1SA was significantly elevated in microsatellite-stable tumours. Conclusion: Specific activity of CDK1 is a promising biomarker for metastasis risk in stage II colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E C M Zeestraten
- Department of Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kim SJ, Nakayama S, Shimazu K, Tamaki Y, Akazawa K, Tsukamoto F, Torikoshi Y, Matsushima T, Shibayama M, Ishihara H, Noguchi S. Recurrence risk score based on the specific activity of CDK1 and CDK2 predicts response to neoadjuvant paclitaxel followed by 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide in breast cancers. Ann Oncol 2011; 23:891-7. [PMID: 21821547 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We established the cell cycle profiling (C2P) assay for specific activity (SA; activity/expression) of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). C2P risk score (C2P-RS) based on CDK1 and CDK2 SAs was significantly associated with relapse in breast cancer (BC). This study was conducted to investigate the predictive value of C2P-RS for neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Among 124 eligible patients, 122 were treated with weekly paclitaxel followed by 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin and cyclophosphamide (P-FEC) and 2 were treated with paclitaxel monotherapy. C2P-RS was determined via C2P using frozen biopsy samples before NAC. RESULTS Negative estrogen receptor (ER), negative progesterone receptor (PR), positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), high Ki-67 expression and intermediate + high C2P-RS were significantly associated with high pathological complete response (pCR) rates compared with positive ER (30% versus 9%), positive PR (25% versus 6%), negative HER2 (34% versus 11%), low Ki-67 expression (24% versus 7%) or low C2P-RS (24% versus 9%), respectively. The combination of C2P-RS and Ki-67 had a stronger impact on pCR than each parameter alone, and a multivariate analysis showed that the combination was an independent predictor of pCR (odds ratio 3.3, 95% confidence interval 1.1-9.5). CONCLUSIONS C2P-RS was significantly associated with pCR after P-FEC and may be a useful predictor for chemotherapy in BCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Kim
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Johansson P, Fohlin H, Arnesson LG, Dufmats M, Nordenskjöld K, Nordenskjöld B, Stål O, The South-East Sweden Breast Cancer, Agrup M, Arnesson LG, Asking B, Blomkvist T, Bång H, Dabrosin C, Dufmats M, Einarsson E, Fohlin H, Gustavsson R, Klintenberg C, Linderholm B, Malmström A, Malterling R, Sundquist M, Norberg B, Rundcrantz A, Skoog P, Starkhammar H, Askmalm MS, Tejler G, Thorstenson S, Vahlin S, Vitak B. Improved survival for women with stage I breast cancer in south-east Sweden: a comparison between two time periods before and after increased use of adjuvant systemic therapy. Acta Oncol 2009; 48:504-13. [PMID: 19235568 DOI: 10.1080/02841860902718754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Continuous minor steps of improvement in the management of breast cancer have resulted in decreased mortality rates during the last decades. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcome of patients with stage I breast cancer diagnosed during two time periods that differed with respect to adjuvant systemic therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS The studied population consisted of all women < 60 years of age, who were diagnosed breast cancer stage I between 1986 and 1999 in south-east Sweden, a total of 1 407 cases. The cohort was divided into two groups based on the management programmes of 1986 and 1992, hereafter referred to as Period 1 and Period 2. Before 1992 the only adjuvant systemic therapy recommended was tamoxifen for hormone receptor positive patients aged 50 years or older. During Period 2 the use of adjuvant treatment was extended to younger patients at high risk, identified by a high tumour S-phase fraction, with either hormonal or cytotoxic treatment. RESULTS The estimated distant recurrence-free survival rate was significantly higher during Period 2 than during Period 1 (p = 0.008). Subgroup analysis showed that the most evident reduction of distant recurrence risk was among hormone receptor-negative patients (HR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.31-1.09, p = 0.09) and among patients with a high tumour S-phase fraction (HR = 0.53, 0.30-0.93, p = 0.028). The risk reduction between the periods was still statistically significant in multivariate analysis when adjusting for different tumour characteristics and treatment modalities, indicating an influence of other factors not controlled for. One such factor may be the duration of tamoxifen treatment, which likely was more frequently five years during Period 2 than during Period 1. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the causes of the increase in distant recurrence free survival for women with breast cancer stage I are complex. The results support though that high-risk subgroups of stage I breast cancer patients did benefit from increased use of systemic therapy as a consequence of an updated management programme.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
We have developed a new approach for breast cancer prevention, capitalizing in the preventive effect of early first full-term pregnancy, hormonally induced differentiation and our ability to identify specific genomic signatures that allow us to predict risk reduction. Early pregnancy imprints in the breast permanent genomic changes or a 'signature' that reduces the susceptibility of this organ to cancer. At cellular level, what we have achieved is the shifting of the Stem Cell 1 population, highly susceptible to cancer, to a population of Stem Cell 2 that is refractory to carcinogenesis. In a case-control study, we have compared the gene expression profile in normal breast tissue from nulliparous and parous postmenopausal women with (case) and without (control) breast cancer. We have determined that early first full-term pregnancy induces a specific genomic signature in the postmenopausal breast that is the biomarker for the Stem cell 2. The Stem cell 2 contains specific genes controlling transcription, RNA processing, immune response, apoptosis and DNA repair. We have further detected in the plasma, using an ELISA assay, the proteins coded by the gene signature. We are developing clinical trials to demonstrate the proof of the principle that r-hCG can induce in the human breast a genomic signature of the Stem cell 2. This is a concept that challenges the currently available chemopreventive agents that need to be given for extended periods for maintaining the suppression of a specific metabolic pathway or the abrogation of the function of an organ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Russo
- Breast Cancer Research Laboratory, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Malinowski DP. Multiple biomarkers in molecular oncology. II. Molecular diagnostics applications in breast cancer management. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 7:269-80. [PMID: 17489734 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.7.3.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the application of genomic and proteomic technologies to the problem of breast cancer prognosis and the prediction of therapy response have begun to yield encouraging results. Independent studies employing transcriptional profiling of primary breast cancer specimens using DNA microarrays have identified gene expression profiles that correlate with clinical outcome in primary breast biopsy specimens. Recent advances in microarray technology have demonstrated reproducibility, making clinical applications more achievable. In this regard, one such DNA microarray device based upon a 70-gene expression signature was recently cleared by the US FDA for application to breast cancer prognosis. These DNA microarrays often employ at least 70 gene targets for transcriptional profiling and prognostic assessment in breast cancer. The use of PCR-based methods utilizing a small subset of genes has recently demonstrated the ability to predict the clinical outcome in early-stage breast cancer. Furthermore, protein-based immunohistochemistry methods have progressed from using gene clusters and gene expression profiling to smaller subsets of expressed proteins to predict prognosis in early-stage breast cancer. Beyond prognostic applications, DNA microarray-based transcriptional profiling has demonstrated the ability to predict response to chemotherapy in early-stage breast cancer patients. In this review, recent advances in the use of multiple markers for prognosis of disease recurrence in early-stage breast cancer and the prediction of therapy response will be discussed.
Collapse
|
25
|
Liu H, Takeuchi S, Moroi Y, Lin N, Urabe K, Kokuba H, Imafuku S, Dainichi T, Uchi H, Furue M, Tu Y. Expression of minichromosome maintenance 5 protein in proliferative and malignant skin diseases. Int J Dermatol 2008; 46:1171-6. [PMID: 17988337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The entire minichromosome maintenance (MCM) family (MCM2-7) play roles in the initiation and elongation of DNA replication. Many studies have demonstrated that MCM proteins may be better indicators of a wide variety of proliferative or cancer cells in malignant tissues. OBJECTIVES To characterize the pattern and frequency of MCM5 expression in proliferative and malignant skin diseases in comparison with those of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). METHODS Twelve normal skin specimens, 12 specimens of psoriasis, 21 specimens of bowenoid papulosis (BP), 16 specimens of Bowen's disease (BD), 38 specimens of skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and 11 specimens of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for MCM5 and PCNA. Results MCM5 protein was expressed in the lower layers of epidermis in psoriasis, while MCM5 protein were present throughout the tumor cells in BP, BD, and moderately/poorly differentiated SCC. MCM5 protein was preferentially expressed in the periphery of well-differentiated SCC or bigger nests of BCC, although some small nests of BCC seemingly showed diffuse staining patterns. The percentages of MCM5-positive cells were 15.7% in normal skin, 21.8% in psoriasis, 75.9% in BP, 83.8% in BD, 63.5% in well-differentiated SCC, 77.5% in moderately differentiated SCC, 79.8% in poorly differentiated SCC, and 21.2% in BCC in average. Well-differentiated SCC showed a significantly lower percentage of positive cells than did moderately differentiated SCC or poorly differentiated SCC. MCM5 staining basically show a similar staining pattern to that of PCNA, but more cells tended to be stained with MCM5 than with PCNA. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate pattern and frequency of MCM5 expression in various skin diseases and suggest that MCM5 may be a useful marker to detect cell proliferation in skin tissue sections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houjun Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kim S, Nakayama S, Miyoshi Y, Taguchi T, Tamaki Y, Matsushima T, Torikoshi Y, Tanaka S, Yoshida T, Ishihara H, Noguchi S. Determination of the specific activity of CDK1 and CDK2 as a novel prognostic indicator for early breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2008; 19:68-72. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdm358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
27
|
Biomarkers for Breast Cancer: Towards the Proposition of Clinically Relevant Tools. Breast Cancer 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-36781-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
28
|
Nicolini A, Ferrari P, Cavazzana A, Carpi A, Berti P, Miccoli P. Conventional and new emerging prognostic factors in breast cancer: an update. Biomark Med 2007; 1:525-40. [DOI: 10.2217/17520363.1.4.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the conventional clinicopathological, as well as the principal new emerging prognostic factors of breast cancer and proposes a tumor marker utility grading system for their use. In spite of the many advances in molecular biology toward better defining the biological aggressiveness of the primary malignancy, the conventional node-negative status, tumor size and grade are still the strongest predictors of relapse-free survival and/or overall survival. Microvessel count and bone-marrow micrometastases, among the more recently studied clinicopathological prognostic factors, and amplification and/or p53 mutation and S-phase fraction among the biological ones must be considered investigational, although, with enough documentation recommending their usefulness. Estrogen and/or progesterone expression, c-erbB-2 amplification and/or mutation are the prognostic factors currently included in the principal clinical guidelines. They also enable probable forecast of the response to endocrine treatment or chemotherapy. In particular, c-erbB-2 is used to define the different risk categories of node-negative operated breast cancer patients. In recent years, microarray and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR technologies have enabled the study of multiple genetic alterations and computer algorithms have been developed for visual recognition of tumors that share so-called ‘signatures’. So far, different gene-expression patterns with different prognoses have been identified but methodological problems remain to be solved prior to routine use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolini
- University of Pisa, Department of Internal Medicine, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Cavazzana
- University of Pisa, Department of Oncology, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Carpi
- University of Pisa, Department of Ageing & Reproduction, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Piero Berti
- University of Pisa, Department of Surgery, Via Roma 67, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
There is a clear association between the development of breast cancer and increasing age, with 80% of cancers occurring in women more than 50 years of age and one-third in women over 70 years. Following the menopause the breast undergoes involution, with the main changes affecting the terminal ductal lobular unit. There is an increase in oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)-positive cells, a decrease in proliferation but, in comparison to premenopausal breasts, a greater number of ERalpha-proliferating cells. The breast cancers that occur in women >/= 75 years are more likely to be ER-positive, with a low growth rate and limited expression of HER-2 and p53. It is proposed that uneven involution of the breast, the persistence of at-risk lesions, the presence of ERalpha-proliferating cells and local oestrogen metabolism in breast adipose tissue are factors in the development of breast cancers with a well-differentiated phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Walker
- Breast Cancer Research Unit, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, PO Box 65, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Treré D, Ceccarelli C, Migaldi M, Santini D, Taffurelli M, Tosti E, Chieco P, Derenzini M. Cell Proliferation in Breast Cancer is a Major Determinant of Clinical Outcome in Node-Positive but Not in Node-Negative Patients. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2006; 14:314-23. [PMID: 16932023 DOI: 10.1097/00129039-200609000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The growth rate of a tumor cell population depends on two major factors: the percentage of proliferating cells (cell growth fraction) and the rapidity of their duplication (cell proliferation rate). The authors evaluated the prognostic and predictive value of both kinetics parameters in a large series of breast cancer patients (n=504). The cell growth fraction was determined by MIB-1 immunostaining, the cell proliferation rate by AgNOR analysis. Ki-67 LI (labeling index) and AgNOR area were significantly associated with histotype, histologic grade, tumor size, estrogen/progesterone receptor status, patient age, and lymph node involvement (P<0.005). In the entire series of patients, both kinetics variables were significantly and independently associated with the clinical outcome, but their prognostic relevance was quite different when node-negative and node-positive patients were considered separately. Although in node-positive patients Ki-67 LI and AgNOR area were the unique independent predictors of disease-free and overall survival, they were excluded by the multivariate Cox model in node-negative patients, where only tumor size and estrogen receptor status retained a significant P-value. These results show that in breast carcinoma the cell growth fraction and the cell proliferation rate have a different prognostic impact with respect to the lymph node status and are major determinants of clinical outcome in node-positive patients only. Within this subgroup, the rapidity of cell proliferation as assessed by AgNOR analysis also served as a sensitive predictor of the response to adjuvant treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Treré
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Unit of Clinical Pathology, University of Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Baak JPA, Colpaert CGA, van Diest PJ, Janssen E, van Diermen B, Albernaz E, Vermeulen PB, Van Marck EA. Multivariate prognostic evaluation of the mitotic activity index and fibrotic focus in node-negative invasive breast cancers. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:2093-101. [PMID: 16153819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We validated with univariate and multivariate (Cox) analysis, the prognostic value of the mitotic activity index (MAI), the fibrotic focus (FF) and other prognosticators in 448 patients with lymph node-negative (LN-) invasive breast cancer <55 years without adjuvant systemic treatment (72.5 months median follow-up, range 4-119). Of these patients, 24.8% developed distant and 1.6% loco-regional recurrence. FF showed excellent inter-observer reproducibility (kappa = 0.93). Strong prognosticators were MAI, grade, nuclear atypia, FF and the St. Gallen criterion (SG). The subgroup with excellent survival selected by SG was only 16% of all patients, implying over-treatment of more than 70% of all LN- patients when using SG as adjuvant therapy selection criterion. If MAI <10, 13% showed distant metastases, contrasting with 41% if MAI > or = 10. FF was prognostic in the ductal and mixed ductal cancers, but not in the lobular and other subtype cancers. Patients with invasive (mixed) ductal cancers with FF absent, FF < 1/3 or FF > 1/3 of the tumour area, had distant metastasis rates of 17%, 35% and 48%; in MAI < 10 and FF absent, FF < 1/3 or FF > 1/3, metastasis rates were 11%, 13% and 42% and if MAI > or = 10, metastasis rates were 31%, 48% and 50%, respectively. In the 12 patients with MAI < 10 and a large FF > 1/3, event-free survival was similar to patients with MAI > or = 10. With multiple regression MAI < 10 versus > or = 10 is the strongest prognosticator (also stronger than the SG). The FF may be important as it has additional prognostic value to the MAI in the small subgroup of invasive ductal or mixed-ductal breast cancer patients with combined MAI < 10 and an FF > 1/3 of the tumour area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan P A Baak
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Armauer Hansensveg 20, P.O. Box 8100, 4068 Stavanger, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Andre F, Khalil A, Slimane K, Massard C, Mathieu MC, Vignot S, Assi H, Delaloge S, Spielmann M. Mitotic Index and Benefit of Adjuvant Anthracycline-Based Chemotherapy in Patients With Early Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:2996-3000. [PMID: 15860855 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We have evaluated whether the mitotic index could predict the benefit of adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy in patients with early breast cancer who are eligible for adjuvant chemotherapy according to Saint Gallen guidelines. Patients and Methods A total of 937 patients from a single institution were included in two randomized trials that compared adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy with no chemotherapy. These patients account for 83% of the overall population included in these trials. The first trial included premenopausal patients with node-negative disease, and the second one included postmenopausal patients, regardless of lymph node status. The treatment benefit was assessed according to the number of mitoses per field (×400). Results The mitotic index was assessable in 888 patients (94%). All the patients presented as either node-positive or an average-risk breast cancer according to 2003 Saint Gallen consensus conference guidelines. The 5-year overall survival rates were 91% and 87% for patients treated or not with adjuvant chemotherapy (P = .09). In patients with low/medium mitotic index (< three mitoses/field; n = 450), the 5-year overall survival rate was 95% for patients treated or not with adjuvant chemotherapy (P = .56). In patients with high mitotic index (≥ three mitoses/field; n = 438), the 5-year overall survival rates were 86% and 79% for patients treated or not treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, respectively (P = .02). Conclusion A high mitotic index is associated with the efficacy of adjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy in patients eligible for adjuvant chemotherapy in daily practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Andre
- Comite 050, Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 Rue C. Desmoulins, Villejuif, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Abstract
Cyclin D1 (CCND1) is a key cell cycle regulatory protein that governs cell cycle progression from the G1 to S phase. A common polymorphism (A870G) in exon 4 of the CCND1 gene produces an alternate transcript (transcript-b) that preferentially encodes a protein with enhanced cell transformation activity and possible prolonged half-life. We evaluated the association of CCND1 A870G polymorphism with breast cancer risk and survival in 1,130 breast cancer cases and 1,196 controls who participated in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Approximately 81% of cases and 79% of controls carried the A allele at A870G of the CCND1 gene [odds ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.9-1.4]. As lightly stronger but nonsignificant association was found for the A allele among younger women (odds ratio, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.9-1.8). However, this polymorphism seems to modify the effect of hormonal exposures on postmenopausal breast cancer, as the positive associations of postmenopausal breast cancer with body mass index (Pfor interaction = 0.02) and waist-to-hip ratios (P for interaction < 0.03; all Ps are two sided) were only observed among women who carry the A allele at A870G of the CCND1 gene. Following up with this cohort of patients for an average of 4.84 years, we found that the CCND1 A870G polymorphism was inversely associated with overall and disease-free survival, particularly among women with late stage or estrogen/progesterone receptor-negative breast cancer. The adjusted hazard ratios for disease-free survival associated with GA and AA genotypes were 0.94 (95% CI, 0.49-1.82) and 0.41 (95% CI, 0.19-0.91) for tumor-node-metastasis stage III to IV breast cancer, and 0.35 (95% CI, 0.15-0.80) and 0.32 (95% CI, 0.13-0.79) for estrogen/progesterone receptor-negative breast cancer. This study suggests that CCND1 A870G polymorphism may modify the postmenopausal breast cancer risk associated with hormonal exposure and predict survival after breast cancer diagnosis.
Collapse
|
34
|
van Diest PJ, van der Wall E, Baak JPA. Prognostic value of proliferation in invasive breast cancer: a review. J Clin Pathol 2004; 57:675-81. [PMID: 15220356 PMCID: PMC1770351 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2003.010777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among solid tumours in women, and its incidence is increasing in the West. Adjuvant chemotherapy and hormonal treatment improve survival but have potentially serious side effects, and are costly. Because adjuvant treatment should be given to high risk patients only, and traditional prognostic factors (lymph node status, tumour size) are insufficiently accurate, better predictors of high risk and treatment response are needed. Invasive breast cancer metastasises haematogenously very early on, so many breast cancer prognosticators are directly or indirectly related to proliferation. Although studies evaluating the role of individual proliferation regulating genes have greatly increased our knowledge of this complex process, the functional end result-cells dividing-has remained the most important prognostic factor. This article reviews the prognostic value of different proliferation assays in invasive breast cancer, and concludes that increased proliferation correlates strongly with poor prognosis, irrespective of the methodology used. Mitosis counting provides the most reproducible and independent prognostic value, and Ki67/MIB1 labelling and cyclin A index are promising alternatives that need methodological fine tuning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To update clinicians on recent findings concerning the clinical usefulness of biomarkers in breast cancer, this review examines recently published papers dealing with promising prognostic/predictive biological factors. These factors can be classified according to their involvement in the main alterations characterizing tumor cells: self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replicative potential, sustained angiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis. RECENT FINDINGS Despite relevant research efforts and the identification of many putative good prognosticators, few of these factors are proving clinically useful for identifying patients at minimal risk of relapse, patients with a worse prognosis, or patients likely to benefit from specific treatments. Most of them, such as HER-2/neu, epidermal growth factor receptor, cyclin E, p53, bcl-2, vascular endothelial growth factor, urokinase-type plasminogen activator-1 and the recently discovered anti-apoptosis protein survivin, are suggested for possible inclusion in the category of biomarkers with a high level of clinico-laboratory effectiveness. However, no single biomarker was able to identify those patients with the best (or worst) prognosis or those which would be responsive to a given therapy. Novel findings derived from gene-expression analysis indicate that the simultaneous consideration of molecular alterations contributing to the hallmarks of cancer might provide clinically useful prognostic, and perhaps therapeutic, information. SUMMARY Rapid translation of laboratory findings to clinical practice was hampered by many difficulties, including technical and statistical concerns, a lack of assay standardization and comparability, and the modest design of translational studies. Many studies are performed on too small series of patients to provide reliable results; the studies are often heterogeneous in terms of treatment, patients and tumor characteristics, and data may be evaluated using different analytical approaches and are thus not easily comparable. Adequately planned prospective studies are required to assess the clinical utility of biomarker determinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danila Coradini
- Biomolecular Markers of Prognosis and Treatment Response Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gonzalez MA, Pinder SE, Callagy G, Vowler SL, Morris LS, Bird K, Bell JA, Laskey RA, Coleman N. Minichromosome maintenance protein 2 is a strong independent prognostic marker in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 21:4306-13. [PMID: 14645419 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2003.04.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that prognostic information in breast cancer may be derived from an accurate assessment of epithelial cell cycle entry, as indicated by expression of minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used immunohistochemistry to examine the distribution of Mcm-2 in breast tissue. Power calculations based on a pilot study of 67 whole tissue sections led to selection of an independent 347-core breast carcinoma tissue microarray validation set. We tested for associations between Mcm-2 (and Ki-67) labeling index (LI) and various clinicopathologic parameters. RESULTS Mcm-2 was expressed more frequently than the standard proliferation marker Ki-67 in whole tissue sections of normal breast (P =.0003) and breast carcinoma (P <.0001). In 221 assessable cores of invasive carcinoma, the Mcm-2 LI showed a positive association with tumor size (P =.002), mitotic index (P <.0001), histologic grade (P <.0001), and the Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) score (P <.0001). Using a cutoff value of 50%, Mcm-2 LI was associated with overall survival (P =.0007), disease-free interval (P =.0002), and with the development of regional recurrence (P =.011) and distant metastases (P =.0016). Cox regression analysis suggested that the Mcm-2 LI is a strong prognostic factor in breast cancer that is independent and superior to histologic grade, lymph node stage, and Ki-67 LI, but not the NPI score. CONCLUSION Mcm-2 may be of utility as a prognostic marker to refine the prediction of outcome in breast cancer, for example when combined with parameters currently used in the NPI.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- DNA Replication
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Ki-67 Antigen/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 2
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/diagnosis
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/diagnosis
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm Staging
- Neoplasms, Ductal, Lobular, and Medullary/diagnosis
- Neoplasms, Ductal, Lobular, and Medullary/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Ductal, Lobular, and Medullary/pathology
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Pilot Projects
- Premenopause
- Prognosis
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Gonzalez
- Medical Research Council Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison/Medical Research Council Research Centre, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Daidone MG, Coradini D, Martelli G, Veneroni S. Primary breast cancer in elderly women: biological profile and relation with clinical outcome. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2003; 45:313-25. [PMID: 12633842 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(02)00144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A biological characterisation carried out on 14,007 primary breast cancers provided evidence in favour of a relation between advanced age and favourable features (positivity for oestrogen/progesterone receptors, low proliferative rate, absence of p53 accumulation, bcl-2 overexpression, diploid DNA content), showed a similar pattern of association between patho-biological variables regardless of patient age, and demonstrated a relation between biological variables and disease outcome in the elderly, comparable to that already reported for younger patients. In fact, oestrogen receptor and proliferative activity provided independent prognostic information either in node-negative or in node-positive tumours treated with radical or conservative surgery plus radiotherapy, alone or followed by adjuvant hormonal therapy. It would be thus reasonable to use biomarkers as a complement to clinico-pathological features in a 'risk-factor profile system' even for elderly patients, upon their validation in prospective studies and after assessing the cost-benefit of treatments planned on the basis of biological information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Daidone
- Dipartimento di Oncologia Sperimentale, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Via Venezian, 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Paradiso A, Volpe S, Iacobacci A, Marubini E, Verderio P, Costa A, Daidone MG, Marchetti A, Mottolese M, Amadori D, De Paola F, Saragoni L, Medri L, Nenci I, Querzoli P, Gion M, Dittadi R, Plebani M, Orlando C, Bevilacqua G, Silvestrini R. Quality control for biomarker determination in oncology: the experience of the Italian Network for Quality Assessment of Tumor Biomarkers (INQAT). Int J Biol Markers 2002; 17:201-14. [PMID: 12408472 DOI: 10.1177/172460080201700310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biomarker analysis and evaluation in oncology is the product of a number of processes (including managerial, technical and interpretation steps) which need to be monitored and controlled to prevent and correct errors and guarantee a satisfactory level of quality. Several biomarkers have recently moved to clinical validation studies and successively to clinical practice without any definition of standard procedures and/or quality control (QC) schemes necessary to guarantee the reproducibility of the laboratory information. In Italy several national scientific societies and single researchers have activated -- often on a pilot level -- specific external quality assessment protocols, thereby potentially jeopardizing the clinical reality even further. In view of the seriousness of the problem, in 1998 the Italian Ministry of Health sponsored a National Survey Project to coordinate and standardize the procedures and to develop QC programs for the analysis of cancer biomarkers of potential clinical relevance. Twelve QC programs focused on biomarkers and concerning morphological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, molecular, and immunoenzymatic assays were coordinated and implemented. Specifically, external QC programs for the analytical phase of immunohistochemical p53, Bcl-2, c-erb-2/neu/HER2, and microvessel density determination, of morphological evaluation of tumor differentiation grade, and of molecular p53 analysis were activated for the first time within the project. Several hundreds of Italian laboratories took part in these QC programs, the results of which are available on the web site of the Network (www.cqlaboncologico.it). Financial support from the Italian Government and the National Research Council (CNR) will guarantee the pursuit of activities that will be extended to new biomarkers, to preanalytical phases of the assays, and to revision of the criteria of clinical usefulness for evaluating the cost/benefit ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Paradiso
- Clinical Experimental Oncology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute of Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|