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Makar GS, Davis W, Udoeyo IF, Grandizio LC, Klena JC. Monkey Bar-Associated Pediatric Fractures: A National Epidemiologic Study of Emergency Department Visits. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2024:00124635-990000000-01027. [PMID: 38968696 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-23-01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emergency department (ED) visits because of pediatric fractures are not only burdensome for patients and their families but also result in an increased healthcare expenditure. Almost half of all children experience at least one fracture by the age of 15. Many fractures occur in playgrounds, with monkey bars and other climbing apparatuses noted as frequent mechanisms of injury. Our purpose was to identify the pattern of injury and the population sustaining monkey bar-associated fractures. METHODS We queried the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database for all monkey bar-associated injuries in patients aged 0 to 18 years from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2019. We described demographic data, patient disposition from the ED, fracture pattern, and injury setting using unweighted and weighted estimates. Weighted results that more closely reflect national estimates were calculated. RESULTS During the study period, 30,920 (862,595 weighted) monkey bar-associated injuries presented to EDs; 16,410 (53.1%) (weighted injuries: 408,722 [47.4%]) were fracture injuries. The average age of kids sustaining fractures was 6.5 years, with most injuries (66.4%) occurring in kids between 6 and 12 years. A higher percentage of male patients presented to the ED with fractures compared with female patients (53% versus 47%). Upper extremity fractures were most common, 382,672 (94%) with forearm fractures constituting the majority (156,691 [38%]). Most children were treated and released (354,323 [87%]), with only 35,227 children (9%) being admitted for treatment. Places of recreation/sports were the most common setting of fractures (148,039 [36%]), followed by schools (159,784 [39%]). A notable association was observed between year and ethnicity and between month period and injury setting. CONCLUSION Monkey bar-associated injuries are a major cause of upper extremity fractures in children, with most injuries occurring in recreational areas or schools. Young elementary school children are at the highest risk of injury. ED visits because of monkey bar-associated fractures have increased over the study period, and these injuries continue to be a major cause of fractures in children. Additional measures should be installed to decrease these preventable fractures among children, with schools as a potential starting point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Makar
- From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA (Makar, Udoeyo, Grandizio, and Klena) and the Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian-Queens, NY (Davis)
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Kolbow M, Quick JD, Powell LE, Wang Q, Nguyen MDT, Barta RJ. A 10-Year Retrospective Review of Playground-Associated Craniofacial Injuries in the Pediatric Patient Population. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2024; 63:680-688. [PMID: 38142360 DOI: 10.1177/00099228231219871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
This retrospective study utilized the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) database to identify pediatric emergency department (ED) patients with playground-associated craniofacial injuries between January 2012 and December 2021. A total of 25 414 patients were identified. The majority of injuries occurred in preschool and elementary school-age children (90.3%) and patients were more commonly boys (59.3%). Injuries most often involved the head/scalp (52.4%), face (30.4%), and mouth (11.9%). Infant (32.7%) and teen (40.0%) injuries most commonly involved swings, whereas preschool (23.1%) and elementary school (28.1%) injuries were mostly associated with slides and climbers, respectively. Most patients were treated in the ED and discharged to home (96.5%), a small portion required hospitalization (1.6%), and one death was reported. Although the majority of the injuries were relatively minor and resulted in same-day discharges, these injuries can result in serious physical harm, emotional stress, and unexpected financial burdens. Proper education and supervision regarding safe play is important to prevent these injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Kolbow
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Lauren E Powell
- Division of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Minh-Doan T Nguyen
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Regions Hospital, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Ruth J Barta
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Gillette Children's Hospital, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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Cox A, Morrongiello BA. A Pilot Randomized Trial Evaluating the Cool 2 Be Safe Junior Playground Safety Program for Preschool Children. J Pediatr Psychol 2024; 49:279-289. [PMID: 38287650 DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Unintentional injury is the leading cause of death to children worldwide, and playgrounds pose a significant risk of injury. Those aged 5 and 6 years are particularly vulnerable to playground injuries. Previous interventions have typically targeted environmental modifications or increased supervision to reduce playground injuries; however, minimal research has focused on implementing behavioral interventions that seek to change children's safety knowledge and risk-taking behaviors on the playground. The current randomized trial addressed these gaps in the literature and sought to increase preschool children's hazard awareness skills and knowledge of unsafe playground behaviors and decrease their intentions to engage in risk-taking behaviors on the playground. METHOD A total of 77 children aged 5 and 6 years were tested at a laboratory on a university campus, using a parallel group design, with 38 randomized to the playground intervention group and 39 randomly assigned to a control group. The intervention was manualized and delivered to small groups of children (3-5) over several sessions. RESULTS Statistical analyses revealed significant group differences. Intervention experience led to significant increases in hazard awareness skills and knowledge of unsafe playground behaviors, and significant decreases in children's risk-taking behavioral intentions, whereas those in the control group showed no significant changes in these scores. Attention scores for those in the intervention group highlighted that the program content was successful in maintaining children's attention and engagement, and memory scores indicated excellent retention of lesson content. CONCLUSION The program shows promise in addressing the issue of unintentional playground injuries in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cox
- Psychology Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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The Current Status of Public Playground Safety and Children’s Risk Taking Behavior in the Park: Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9071034. [PMID: 35884022 PMCID: PMC9316752 DOI: 10.3390/children9071034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The playground is perhaps the one area where school children feel like they can roam free, and public playgrounds provide many learning opportunities through different types of play. A cross-sectional descriptive study is presented with the objective of studying playground safety and the play behavior of primary school children at a park in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand. The total number of playground equipment pieces was 22, the sample group of children was 362 children, and the data were collected using a playground safety survey and an observation form on playground play behavior. Data were collected from 2017 to 2018 and were analyzed using descriptive statistics including frequency, average, and standard deviation. The research showed that: (1) the most common defects of playground equipment included the material selection, the distance of the stair steps, and the height of the playground equipment; (2) the lack of awareness of children in terms of using the playground equipment safely; and (3) the three top risks in the play behavior of children were not checking equipment or toys before play, playing on the equipment over-adventurously, and playing on the equipment carelessly with friends. Related government agencies should provide support and management for playground areas and playground equipment by continuously implementing equipment checks, improvements, and repairs.
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Nabavizadeh B, Namiri NK, Hakam N, Li KD, Amend GM, Breyer BN. Playground Equipment-related Genital Injuries in Children: An Analysis of United States Emergency Departments Visits, 2010-2019. Urology 2021; 152:84-90. [PMID: 33775786 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the demographics, epidemiology, and common mechanisms associated with playground equipment-related genital injuries in children. METHODS We examined the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database to obtain playground-related genital injuries sustained in children ≤17 years from 2010 to 2019. Demographics of the patients and injury characteristics were analyzed using sample weights to produce national estimates. RESULTS During the study period, an estimated 27,738 (95% confidence interval 18,602-36,874) emergency department visits with an average annual incidence of 3.8 (95% confidence interval 2.5-5) per 100,000 United States population ≤17 years were reported. The mean age was 6.6 (standard error 0.152) years with most injuries occurring in pre-school children (48.1%) and females (81.1%). Over ½ of genital injuries (55.2%) were associated with climbing apparatus. This was followed by slides (10.7%), swings (9%), and seesaws (4.8%). Most genital injuries occurred at public (41.4%) and school settings (36.3%). Straddling and/or falling was the most common mechanism leading to genital injuries (84.4%). The incidence of injuries remained constant during the 10-year study period (change = + 2.6%; r2 = 0.121, P = .326). Monthly variations in the number of injuries existed with peak injuries in April-May, and September-October. CONCLUSION Despite current safety standards, genital injuries arising from playground equipment have remained stable since 2010. By defining common devices, mechanisms, and conditions associated with genital injuries, this study may help guide efforts aimed at the prevention of such injuries in various locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Nabavizadeh
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Nikan K Namiri
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Nizar Hakam
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kevin D Li
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Gregory M Amend
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Benjamin N Breyer
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
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Bierbaum M, Curtis K, Mitchell R. Incidence and cost of hospitalisation of children with injuries from playground equipment falls in New South Wales, Australia. J Paediatr Child Health 2018; 54:556-562. [PMID: 29111619 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To describe the epidemiological profile and cost of hospitalised injuries caused by playground equipment falls of children aged 0-14 years, in New South Wales, Australia. METHODS Linked New South Wales hospitalisation data from 1 January 2010 to 30 June 2014 were used to describe the incidence of hospitalisation for playground falls, the age-standardised rate of hospitalisation per year, age group and gender, the characteristics of the injured children and the injury incident. Health outcomes, such as length of stay in hospital, and the hospital costs associated with the injuries were examined by age group. Negative binomial regression assessed the trend in hospitalisation rates over time. RESULTS There were 7795 hospitalisations of children for playground fall injuries. The highest hospitalisation rate was for the 5-9 year olds (220.7 per 100 000 population) and was higher in males than females (234.2 and 206.3 per 100 000 population, respectively). The majority of these injuries occurred in schools (17.1%) and homes (14.6%), and were as a result of falls from trampolines (34.3%) and climbing apparatuses (28.2%). Over half the playground falls led to fractures of the elbow and wrist (54.7%). The total hospital cost of playground fall-related injuries was $18 million. CONCLUSION Rates of hospitalisation of children for playground fall injuries remain high despite implementation of national playground safety standards in Australia. This research highlights where interventions should be targeted to reduce the incidence and burden of injuries following falls from playground equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Bierbaum
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate Curtis
- Sydney Nursing School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Mitchell
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Playground slide-related injuries in preschool children: increased risk of lower extremity injuries when riding on laps. Inj Epidemiol 2018; 5:13. [PMID: 29637487 PMCID: PMC5893512 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-018-0139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to better understand the factors associated with playground slide-related injuries in preschool children and to test the hypothesis that riding on laps increases the likelihood of lower extremity injuries. Methods Playground slide-related injuries (product code 1242) in children ≤5 years of age treated in emergency departments from 2002 to 2015 were identified (N = 12,686) using the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission’s National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). Descriptive and comparative analyses, including chi-square testing and binary logistic regression, were performed. Results Based on NEISS stratified national sampling estimates, over 350,000 children ≤5 years of age were injured on slides from 2002 to 2015. Overall, 59% of the children were male, and 65% were white. Almost 60% of injuries occurred in parks or other public areas. The most frequent diagnosis was a fracture (36%); lacerations were 19% of the injuries. A higher proportion of musculoskeletal injuries were seen in toddlers < 3 years old as compared to those 3–5 years of age (p < 0.001). Injuries to the lower extremities increased in frequency as age decreased, whereas injuries to the upper extremities and head/neck/face were more common in older preschoolers. Children < 3 years of age were 12 times more likely to be identified from narratives as being on another person’s lap at the time of injury. Children identified as being on a lap had an increased odds of injury to the lower extremity than to other body parts (OR 43.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 32.0–58.0), and of lower leg/ankle fracture than fractures elsewhere (OR 49.5, 95% CI 31.7–77.4). Conclusions Decreasing age was associated with a higher likelihood of being identified as sliding down on another person’s lap and a higher likelihood of lower extremity injuries. Healthcare providers should be mindful of the potential for these slide-related injuries as they can result in a toddler’s fracture of the tibia, which may be occult. Parents should also be made aware of this increased risk and counseled that a child’s foot can catch on the slide’s surfaces when going down on a person’s lap with subsequent twisting forces that can result in a fracture.
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Richmond SA, Clemens T, Pike I, Macpherson A. A systematic review of the risk factors and interventions for the prevention of playground injuries. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2018; 109:134-149. [PMID: 29981068 DOI: 10.17269/s41997-018-0035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objectives of this work were to (1) identify the risk and/or protective factors associated with playground injuries among children less than 18 years of age and (2) identify interventions/programs/policies aimed at preventing playground-related injuries among children less than 18 years of age. Secondary objectives include a summary of the data that reflect alignment with current playground standards. METHODS For the primary outcome, 4 databases and 12 online resources were systematically searched to include observational and experimental studies examining risk and/or protective factors or interventions associated with playground injury or outcomes related to playground injury (e.g., risky playground behaviour). Data extraction included study design, participants, outcome, exposure or intervention, data analysis, and effect estimates. The quality of evidence for all studies was assessed using the Downs and Black criteria. RESULTS This review included studies of moderate quality, revealing a number of risk factors and effective interventions for playground injury. Risk factors included absence of handrails and guardrails on playground equipment, non-impact-absorbing surfacing, and critical fall heights. Effective interventions included modifying playground surfacing and reducing equipment height to less than 1.5 m. CONCLUSION Equipment- and structure-based playgrounds should adhere to and maintain playground standards in order to reduce the risk of serious injury. Organizations responsible for installing and maintaining playgrounds should consider alternative play spaces that allow children to play outdoors, in a natural environment that supports healthy child development and promotes physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Richmond
- Faculty of Health, Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 339 Bethune College, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Tessa Clemens
- Faculty of Health, Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 339 Bethune College, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Ian Pike
- BC Injury Research and Prevention Unit, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Alison Macpherson
- Faculty of Health, Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 339 Bethune College, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental trauma is a relatively common occurrence in childhood, with an impact exceeding that of periodontal diseases. It places a significant burden on the public health system because of its high frequency, impact on quality of life and consumption of resources. OBJECTIVES To identify changing trends of dental injury in patients between 0-18 years of age in Canada and provide a detailed assessment of dental injury patterns in patients attending a large pediatric tertiary care hospital. METHODS This retrospective study was carried out in two parts. Firstly, data from patients who presented to the emergency departments of the 15 Canadian hospitals involved in the Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP) from 1st January 1990 to 31st December 2013 was collected. Secondly, at the Hospital for Sick Children, charts of patients identified from the aforementioned database from the years 2008, 2012 and 2015 were accessed for additional clinical data. RESULTS Based on CHIRPP data there appears to be an increasing incidence in dental injuries presenting to emergency departments nationally. Participation in sports and cycling contributed to the majority of dental injuries. The use of safety equipment such as helmets with a face-grill and mouth-guard was low. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates a rising incidence of dental injuries in young patients. Most dental injuries occurred during sports and playground related activities. The low rate of use of safety equipment and playground safety measures suggests that Canadian Standards Association standards for playgrounds could be more effective if strengthened by mandatory legislation.
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What is the Relationship between Risky Outdoor Play and Health in Children? A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:6423-54. [PMID: 26062038 PMCID: PMC4483710 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120606423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Risky outdoor play has been associated with promoting children’s health and development, but also with injury and death. Risky outdoor play has diminished over time, concurrent with increasing concerns regarding child safety and emphasis on injury prevention. We sought to conduct a systematic review to examine the relationship between risky outdoor play and health in children, in order to inform the debate regarding its benefits and harms. We identified and evaluated 21 relevant papers for quality using the GRADE framework. Included articles addressed the effect on health indicators and behaviours from three types of risky play, as well as risky play supportive environments. The systematic review revealed overall positive effects of risky outdoor play on a variety of health indicators and behaviours, most commonly physical activity, but also social health and behaviours, injuries, and aggression. The review indicated the need for additional “good quality” studies; however, we note that even in the face of the generally exclusionary systematic review process, our findings support the promotion of risky outdoor play for healthy child development. These positive results with the marked reduction in risky outdoor play opportunities in recent generations indicate the need to encourage action to support children’s risky outdoor play opportunities. Policy and practice precedents and recommendations for action are discussed.
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Tremblay MS, Gray C, Babcock S, Barnes J, Costas Bradstreet C, Carr D, Chabot G, Choquette L, Chorney D, Collyer C, Herrington S, Janson K, Janssen I, Larouche R, Pickett W, Power M, Sandseter EBH, Simon B, Brussoni M. Position Statement on Active Outdoor Play. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:6475-505. [PMID: 26062040 PMCID: PMC4483712 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120606475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A diverse, cross-sectorial group of partners, stakeholders and researchers, collaborated to develop an evidence-informed Position Statement on active outdoor play for children aged 3–12 years. The Position Statement was created in response to practitioner, academic, legal, insurance and public debate, dialogue and disagreement on the relative benefits and harms of active (including risky) outdoor play. The Position Statement development process was informed by two systematic reviews, a critical appraisal of the current literature and existing position statements, engagement of research experts (N = 9) and cross-sectorial individuals/organizations (N = 17), and an extensive stakeholder consultation process (N = 1908). More than 95% of the stakeholders consulted strongly agreed or somewhat agreed with the Position Statement; 14/17 participating individuals/organizations endorsed it; and over 1000 additional individuals and organizations requested their name be listed as a supporter. The final Position Statement on Active Outdoor Play states: “Access to active play in nature and outdoors—with its risks— is essential for healthy child development. We recommend increasing children’s opportunities for self-directed play outdoors in all settings—at home, at school, in child care, the community and nature.” The full Position Statement provides context for the statement, evidence supporting it, and a series of recommendations to increase active outdoor play opportunities to promote healthy child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S. Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L1, Canada; E-Mails: casgray@cheo,on.ca (C.G.); (J.B.); (R.L.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L1, Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Private, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 1A2, Canada
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-613-737-7600; Fax: +1-613-738-4800
| | - Casey Gray
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L1, Canada; E-Mails: casgray@cheo,on.ca (C.G.); (J.B.); (R.L.)
| | - Shawna Babcock
- KidActive, 559A, Burtron Lane, Combermere, Ontario, K0J 1L0, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Joel Barnes
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L1, Canada; E-Mails: casgray@cheo,on.ca (C.G.); (J.B.); (R.L.)
| | | | - Dawn Carr
- Canadian Parks Council, 455 Hunter Street West, Peterborough, Ontario, K9H 2M7, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Guylaine Chabot
- Evaluation Platform on Obesity Prevention, Quebec Heart and Lung Research Institute, Laval University, 2725 Chemin Ste-Foy, Québec City, Québec, G1V 4G5, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Louise Choquette
- Best Start Resource Centre—Health Nexus, 180 Dundas Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1Z8, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - David Chorney
- PHE Canada, 301-2197 Riverside Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 7X3, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Cam Collyer
- Evergreen, 550 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4W 3X8, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Susan Herrington
- School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, University of British Columbia, 379-2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, B6T 1Z4, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Katherine Janson
- ParticipACTION, 77 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1M2, Canada; E-Mails: (C.C.B.); (K.J.)
| | - Ian Janssen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, 99 University Avenue, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 2P5, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Richard Larouche
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity Research Group, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L1, Canada; E-Mails: casgray@cheo,on.ca (C.G.); (J.B.); (R.L.)
| | - William Pickett
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Carruthers Hall, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 2P5, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Marlene Power
- Forest School Canada, Child and Nature Alliance of Canada, 411 Corkstown Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K2K 2Y1, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Ellen Beate Hansen Sandseter
- Department of Physical Education and Health, College of Early Childhood Education, Queen Maud University, Thrond Nergaardsvei 7, NO-7044 Trondheim, Norway; E-Mail:
| | - Brenda Simon
- PLAYbynature, 226 Albany Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5R 3C6, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Mariana Brussoni
- British Columbia Injury Research & Prevention Unit, Department of Pediatrics, School of Population & Public Health, Child & Family Research Institute, British Columbia Children’s Hospital, University of British Columbia, , F511-4480 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6H 3V4, Canada; E-Mail:
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Anna B. Preventing unintentional injuries in Indigenous children and youth in Canada. Paediatr Child Health 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/pch/17.7.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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