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Transcriptomic and metabolomic adaptation of Nannochloropsis gaditana grown under different light regimes. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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2
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Subramanian V, Wecker MSA, Gerritsen A, Boehm M, Xiong W, Wachter B, Dubini A, González-Ballester D, Antonio RV, Ghirardi ML. Ferredoxin5 Deletion Affects Metabolism of Algae during the Different Phases of Sulfur Deprivation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:426-441. [PMID: 31350361 PMCID: PMC6776842 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ferredoxin5 (FDX5), a minor ferredoxin protein in the alga Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii), helps maintain thylakoid membrane integrity in the dark. Sulfur (S) deprivation has been used to achieve prolonged hydrogen production in green algae. Here, we propose that FDX5 is involved in algal responses to S-deprivation as well as to the dark. Specifically, we tested the role of FDX5 in both the initial aerobic and subsequent anaerobic phases of S-deprivation. Under S-deprived conditions, absence of FDX5 causes a distinct delay in achieving anoxia by affecting photosynthetic O2 evolution, accompanied by reduced acetate uptake, lower starch accumulation, and delayed/lower fermentative metabolite production, including photohydrogen. We attribute these differences to transcriptional and/or posttranslational regulation of acetyl-CoA synthetase and ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase, and increased stability of the PSII D1 protein. Interestingly, increased levels of FDX2 and FDX1 were observed in the mutant under oxic, S-replete conditions, strengthening our previously proposed hypothesis that other ferredoxins compensate in response to a lack of FDX5. Taken together, the results of our omics and pull-down experiments confirmed biochemical and physiological results, suggesting that FDX5 may have other effects on Chlamydomonas metabolism through its interaction with multiple redox partners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matt S A Wecker
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
- GeneBiologics, LLC, Boulder, Colorado 80303
| | - Alida Gerritsen
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Marko Boehm
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Wei Xiong
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Benton Wachter
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Alexandra Dubini
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | | | - Regina V Antonio
- University Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, 476 Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Maria L Ghirardi
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
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3
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Kottke T, Oldemeyer S, Wenzel S, Zou Y, Mittag M. Cryptochrome photoreceptors in green algae: Unexpected versatility of mechanisms and functions. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 217:4-14. [PMID: 28619534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Green algae have a highly complex and diverse set of cryptochrome photoreceptor candidates including members of the following subfamilies: plant, plant-like, animal-like, DASH and cryptochrome photolyase family 1 (CPF1). While some green algae encode most or all of them, others lack certain members. Here we present an overview about functional analyses of so far investigated cryptochrome photoreceptors from the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (plant and animal-like cryptochromes) and Ostreococcus tauri (CPF1) with regard to their biological significance and spectroscopic properties. Cryptochromes of both algae have been demonstrated recently to be involved to various extents in circadian clock regulation and in Chlamydomonas additionally in life cycle control. Moreover, CPF1 even performs light-driven DNA repair. The plant cryptochrome and CPF1 are UVA/blue light receptors, whereas the animal-like cryptochrome responds to almost the whole visible spectrum including red light. Accordingly, plant cryptochrome, animal-like cryptochrome and CPF1 differ fundamentally in their structural response to light as revealed by their visible and infrared spectroscopic signatures, and in the role of the flavin neutral radical acting as dark form or signaling state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Kottke
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Sabine Oldemeyer
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sandra Wenzel
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yong Zou
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Mittag
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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4
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He YY, Wang YB, Zheng Z, Liu FM, An ML, He XD, Qu CF, Li LL, Miao JL. Cloning and Stress-Induced Expression Analysis of Calmodulin in the Antarctic Alga Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L. Curr Microbiol 2017; 74:921-929. [PMID: 28516199 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is a Ca2+-binding protein that plays a role in several Ca2+ signaling pathways, which dynamically regulates the activities of hundreds of proteins. The ice alga Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L, which has the ability to adapt to extreme polar conditions, is a crucial primary producer in Antarctic ecosystem. This study hypothesized that Cam helps the ICE-L to adapt to the fluctuating conditions in the polar environment. It first verified the overall length of Cam, through RT-PCR and RACE-PCR, based on partial Cam transcriptome library of ICE-L. Then, the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences were, respectively, analyzed by various bioinformatics approaches to gain more insights into the computed physicochemical properties of the CaM. Potential involvements of Cam in responding to certain stimuli (i.e., UVB radiation, high salinity, and temperature) were investigated by differential expression, measuring its transcription levels by means of quantitative RT-PCR. Results showed that CaM was indeed inducible and regulated by high UVB radiation, high salinity, and nonoptimal temperature conditions. Different conditions had different expression tendencies, which provided an important basis for investigating the adaptation mechanism of Cam in ICE-L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying He
- The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, No. 6 of Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, SOA, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Yi-Bin Wang
- The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, No. 6 of Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China. .,Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, SOA, Qingdao, 266061, China. .,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China.
| | - Zhou Zheng
- The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, No. 6 of Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, SOA, Qingdao, 266061, China.,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China
| | - Fang-Ming Liu
- The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, No. 6 of Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, SOA, Qingdao, 266061, China.,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China
| | - Mei-Ling An
- The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, No. 6 of Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, SOA, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Xiao-Dong He
- The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, No. 6 of Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, SOA, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Chang-Feng Qu
- The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, No. 6 of Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, SOA, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Lu-Lu Li
- The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, No. 6 of Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, SOA, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Jin-Lai Miao
- The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, No. 6 of Xianxialing Road, Qingdao, 266061, China. .,Key Laboratory of Marine Bioactive Substances, SOA, Qingdao, 266061, China. .,Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China.
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5
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Kinoshita A, Niwa Y, Onai K, Yamano T, Fukuzawa H, Ishiura M, Matsuo T. CSL encodes a leucine-rich-repeat protein implicated in red/violet light signaling to the circadian clock in Chlamydomonas. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006645. [PMID: 28333924 PMCID: PMC5363811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii shows various light responses in behavior and physiology. One such photoresponse is the circadian clock, which can be reset by external light signals to entrain its oscillation to daily environmental cycles. In a previous report, we suggested that a light-induced degradation of the clock protein ROC15 is a trigger to reset the circadian clock in Chlamydomonas. However, light signaling pathways of this process remained unclear. Here, we screened for mutants that show abnormal ROC15 diurnal rhythms, including the light-induced protein degradation at dawn, using a luciferase fusion reporter. In one mutant, ROC15 degradation and phase resetting of the circadian clock by light were impaired. Interestingly, the impairments were observed in response to red and violet light, but not to blue light. We revealed that an uncharacterized gene encoding a protein similar to RAS-signaling-related leucine-rich repeat (LRR) proteins is responsible for the mutant phenotypes. Our results indicate that a previously uncharacterized red/violet light signaling pathway is involved in the phase resetting of circadian clock in Chlamydomonas. The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is used as a model system in many biological researches. Although blue light responses of this alga (e.g., phototaxis) are well known and well characterized, far less is understood about responses to other wavelengths. One such photoresponse is the circadian clock, which can be reset by various wavelengths of light, ranging from violet to red, to entrain its oscillation to daily environmental cycles. In this study, we identified a gene responsible for red and violet light responses of the circadian clock by a forward genetic screen. Our results shed light on a previously unrecognized red/violet light signaling pathway in green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Kinoshita
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Niwa
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Onai
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamano
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideya Fukuzawa
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ishiura
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsuo
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
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6
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Porter BW, Yuen CYL, Christopher DA. Dual protein trafficking to secretory and non-secretory cell compartments: clear or double vision? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 234:174-9. [PMID: 25804820 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 18% of Arabidopsis thaliana proteins encode a signal peptide for translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the gateway of the eukaryotic secretory pathway. However, it was recently discovered that some ER proteins can undergo both co-translational import into the ER/secretory pathway and trafficking to compartments outside of the secretory pathway. This phenomenon is observed among members of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family, which are traditionally regarded as ER enzymes involved in protein folding. Although classical PDIs possess an N-terminal signal peptide and a C-terminal ER retention signal, some also dual localize to secretory and non-secretory compartments, including mammalian PDI ERp57, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii PDI RB60, and A. thaliana AtPDI2. ERp57 is present in both the ER and nucleus where it influences gene transcription. RB60 localizes to the ER and chloroplast where it modulates the redox state of polyadenylate-binding protein RB47. AtPDI2, which interacts with transcription factor MEE8, localizes to the ER-secretory pathway and the nucleus. A model proposing secretory trafficking of AtPDI2 and nuclear co-translocation of an AtPDI2-MEE8 complex illustrates the diversity of dual targeting mechanisms, the multifunctional roles of some PDIs, and the potential co-translocation of other proteins to multiple subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad W Porter
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Agricultural Science Building Room 218, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Christen Y L Yuen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Agricultural Science Building Room 218, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - David A Christopher
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Agricultural Science Building Room 218, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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7
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Kianianmomeni A. Cell-type specific light-mediated transcript regulation in the multicellular alga Volvox carteri. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:764. [PMID: 25194509 PMCID: PMC4167131 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The multicellular green alga Volvox carteri makes use of none less than 13 photoreceptors, which are mostly expressed in a cell-type specific manner. This gives reason to believe that trasncriptome pattern of each cell type could change differentially in response to environmental light. Here, the cell-type specific changes of various transcripts from different pathways in response to blue, red and far-red light were analyzed. RESULTS In response to different light qualities, distinct changes in transcript accumulation of genes encoding proteins involved in chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis, light-harvesting complexes, circadian clock and cell cycle control were observed. Namely, blue light tends to be effective to accumulate transcripts in the somatic cells; while red light leads to accumulate transcripts predominantly in the reproductive cells. Blue light also induced marked accumulation of two components of circadian rhythms only in the somatic cells, indicating that these clock-relevant components are affected by blue light in a cell-type specific manner. Further, we show that photosynthetic associated genes are regulated distinctly among cell types by different light qualities. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that Volvox uses different sophisticated cell-type specific light signaling pathways to modulate expression of genes involved in various cellular and metabolic pathways including circadian rhythms and photosynthesis in response to environmental light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Kianianmomeni
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr, 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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8
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Kianianmomeni A, Hallmann A. Algal photoreceptors: in vivo functions and potential applications. PLANTA 2014; 239:1-26. [PMID: 24081482 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-013-1962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many algae, particularly microalgae, possess a sophisticated light-sensing system including photoreceptors and light-modulated signaling pathways to sense environmental information and secure the survival in a rapidly changing environment. Over the last couple of years, the multifaceted world of algal photobiology has enriched our understanding of the light absorption mechanisms and in vivo function of photoreceptors. Moreover, specific light-sensitive modules have already paved the way for the development of optogenetic tools to generate light switches for precise and spatial control of signaling pathways in individual cells and even in complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Kianianmomeni
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology of Plants, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany,
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9
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Castillo-Medina RE, Islas-Flores T, Thomé PE, Iglesias-Prieto R, Lin S, Zhang H, Villanueva MA. The PsbO homolog from Symbiodinium kawagutii (Dinophyceae) characterized using biochemical and molecular methods. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 115:167-78. [PMID: 23708979 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A photosystem II component, the PsbO protein is essential for maximum rates of oxygen production during photosynthesis, and has been extensively characterized in plants and cyanobacteria but not in symbiotic dinoflagellates. Its close interaction with D1 protein has important environmental implications since D1 has been identified as the primary site of damage in endosymbiotic dinoflagellates after thermal stress. We identified and biochemically characterized the PsbO homolog from Symbiodinium kawagutii as a 28-kDa protein, and immunolocalized it to chloroplast membranes. Chloroplast association was further confirmed by western blot on photosynthetic membrane preparations. TX-114 phase partitioning, chromatography, and SDS-PAGE for single band separation and partial peptide sequencing yielded peptides identical or with high identity to PsbO from dinoflagellates. Analysis of a cDNA library revealed three genes differing by only one aminoacid residue in the in silico-translated ORFs despite greater differences at nucleotide level in the untranslated, putative regulatory sequences. The consensus full amino acid sequence displayed all the characteristic domains and features of PsbO from other sources, but changes in functionally critical, highly conserved motifs were detected. Our biochemical, molecular, and immunolocalization data led to the conclusion that the 28-kDa protein from S. kawagutii is the PsbO homolog, thereby named SkPsbO. We discuss the implications of critical amino acid substitutions for a putative regulatory role of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl E Castillo-Medina
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-UNAM, Prol. Avenida Niños Héroes S/N, 77580 Puerto Morelos, Q ROO, Mexico
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10
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Behnen P, Davis E, Delaney E, Frohm B, Bauer M, Cedervall T, O'Connell D, Åkerfeldt KS, Linse S. Calcium-dependent interaction of calmodulin with human 80S ribosomes and polyribosomes. Biochemistry 2012; 51:6718-27. [PMID: 22856685 DOI: 10.1021/bi3005939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomes are the protein factories of every living cell. The process of protein translation is highly complex and tightly regulated by a large number of diverse RNAs and proteins. Earlier studies indicate that Ca(2+) plays a role in protein translation. Calmodulin (CaM), a ubiquitous Ca(2+)-binding protein, regulates a large number of proteins participating in many signaling pathways. Several 40S and 60S ribosomal proteins have been identified to interact with CaM, and here, we report that CaM binds with high affinity to 80S ribosomes and polyribosomes in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. No binding is observed in buffer with 6 mM Mg(2+) and 1 mM EGTA that chelates Ca(2+), suggesting high specificity of the CaM-ribosome interaction dependent on the Ca(2+) induced conformational change of CaM. The interactions between CaM and ribosomes are inhibited by synthetic peptides comprising putative CaM-binding sites in ribosomal proteins S2 and L14. Using a cell-free in vitro translation system, we further found that these synthetic peptides are potent inhibitors of protein synthesis. Our results identify an involvement of CaM in the translational activity of ribosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Behnen
- Biophysical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Lund University, Chemical Centre, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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11
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Beel B, Prager K, Spexard M, Sasso S, Weiss D, Müller N, Heinnickel M, Dewez D, Ikoma D, Grossman AR, Kottke T, Mittag M. A flavin binding cryptochrome photoreceptor responds to both blue and red light in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:2992-3008. [PMID: 22773746 PMCID: PMC3426128 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.098947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2012] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Cryptochromes are flavoproteins that act as sensory blue light receptors in insects, plants, fungi, and bacteria. We have investigated a cryptochrome from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with sequence homology to animal cryptochromes and (6-4) photolyases. In response to blue and red light exposure, this animal-like cryptochrome (aCRY) alters the light-dependent expression of various genes encoding proteins involved in chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis, light-harvesting complexes, nitrogen metabolism, cell cycle control, and the circadian clock. Additionally, exposure to yellow but not far-red light leads to comparable increases in the expression of specific genes; this expression is significantly reduced in an acry insertional mutant. These in vivo effects are congruent with in vitro data showing that blue, yellow, and red light, but not far-red light, are absorbed by the neutral radical state of flavin in aCRY. The aCRY neutral radical is formed following blue light absorption of the oxidized flavin. Red illumination leads to conversion to the fully reduced state. Our data suggest that aCRY is a functionally important blue and red light-activated flavoprotein. The broad spectral response implies that the neutral radical state functions as a dark form in aCRY and expands the paradigm of flavoproteins and cryptochromes as blue light sensors to include other light qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Beel
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Katja Prager
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Meike Spexard
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Severin Sasso
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Weiss
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Nico Müller
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Mark Heinnickel
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
| | - David Dewez
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Danielle Ikoma
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Arthur R. Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Tilman Kottke
- Physical and Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Maria Mittag
- Institute of General Botany and Plant Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Address correspondence to
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Mulo P, Sakurai I, Aro EM. Strategies for psbA gene expression in cyanobacteria, green algae and higher plants: from transcription to PSII repair. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:247-57. [PMID: 21565160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Photosystem (PS) II of cyanobacteria, green algae and higher plants is prone to light-induced inactivation, the D1 protein being the primary target of such damage. As a consequence, the D1 protein, encoded by the psbA gene, is degraded and re-synthesized in a multistep process called PSII repair cycle. In cyanobacteria, a small gene family codes for the various, functionally distinct D1 isoforms. In these organisms, the regulation of the psbA gene expression occurs mainly at the level of transcription, but the expression is fine-tuned by regulation of translation elongation. In plants and green algae, the D1 protein is encoded by a single psbA gene located in the chloroplast genome. In chloroplasts of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii the psbA gene expression is strongly regulated by mRNA processing, and particularly at the level of translation initiation. In chloroplasts of higher plants, translation elongation is the prevalent mechanism for regulation of the psbA gene expression. The pre-existing pool of psbA transcripts forms translation initiation complexes in plant chloroplasts even in darkness, while the D1 synthesis can be completed only in the light. Replacement of damaged D1 protein requires also the assistance by a number of auxiliary proteins, which are encoded by the nuclear genome in green algae and higher plants. Nevertheless, many of these chaperones are conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here, we describe the specific features and fundamental differences of the psbA gene expression and the regeneration of the PSII reaction center protein D1 in cyanobacteria, green algae and higher plants. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Mulo
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Finland.
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