1
|
Lin X, Huang Y, Rao Y, Ouyang L, Zhou D, Zhu C, Fu J, Chen C, Yin J, Bian J, He H, Zou G, Xu J. A base substitution in OsphyC disturbs its Interaction with OsphyB and affects flowering time and chlorophyll synthesis in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:612. [PMID: 36572865 PMCID: PMC9793604 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-04011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytochromes are important photoreceptors in plants, and play essential roles in photomorphogenesis. The functions of PhyA and PhyB in plants have been fully analyzed, while those of PhyC in plant are not well understood. RESULTS A rice mutant, late heading date 3 (lhd3), was characterized, and the gene LHD3 was identified with a map-based cloning strategy. LHD3 encodes phytochrome C in rice. Animo acid substitution in OsphyC disrupted its interaction with OsphyB or itself, restraining functional forms of homodimer or heterodimer formation. Compared with wild-type plants, the lhd3 mutant exhibited delayed flowering under both LD (long-day) and SD (short-day) conditions, and delayed flowering time was positively associated with the day length via the Ehd1 pathway. In addition, lhd3 showed a pale-green-leaf phenotype and a slower chlorophyll synthesis rate during the greening process. The transcription patterns of many key genes involved in photoperiod-mediated flowering and chlorophyll synthesis were altered in lhd3. CONCLUSION The dimerization of OsPhyC is important for its functions in the regulation of chlorophyll synthesis and heading. Our findings will facilitate efforts to further elucidate the function and mechanism of OsphyC and during light signal transduction in rice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Lin
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045, Nanchang, China
| | - Yongping Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Rice (Nanchang), Rice Research Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 330200, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuchun Rao
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 321004, Jinhua, China
| | - Linjuan Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045, Nanchang, China
| | - Dahu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045, Nanchang, China
| | - Changlan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045, Nanchang, China
| | - Junru Fu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045, Nanchang, China
| | - Chunlian Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Rice (Nanchang), Rice Research Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 330200, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianhua Yin
- National Engineering Laboratory of Rice (Nanchang), Rice Research Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 330200, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianmin Bian
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045, Nanchang, China
| | - Haohua He
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045, Nanchang, China.
| | - Guoxing Zou
- National Engineering Laboratory of Rice (Nanchang), Rice Research Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 330200, Nanchang, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045, Nanchang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hoang QTN, Cho JY, Choi DM, Shin AY, Kim JA, Han YJ, Kim JI. Protein Kinase Activity of Phytochrome A Positively Correlates With Photoresponses in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:706316. [PMID: 34394163 PMCID: PMC8362889 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.706316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant phytochromes are known as autophosphorylating serine/threonine protein kinases. However, the functional importance of their kinase activity is not fully elucidated. Previously, the kinase activity is shown to be necessary for the function of Avena sativa phytochrome A (AsphyA) using transgenic plants with mutants displaying reduced kinase activity, such as K411L and T418D. In this study, we isolated and analyzed two AsphyA mutants, K411R and T418V, that showed increased kinase activity. Transgenic phyA-201 plants with these mutants showed hypersensitive responses to far-red (FR) light, such as shorter hypocotyls and more expanded cotyledons than those of control plant (i.e., transgenic phyA-201 plant with wild-type AsphyA). Contrary to the mutants with reduced kinase activity, these mutants accelerated FR-induced phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of phytochrome-interacting factor 3 (PIF3) in Arabidopsis. Moreover, elongated hypocotyl 5 (HY5), a critical positive regulator of photoresponses in plants, accumulated in higher amounts in the transgenic plants under FR light than in the control plant. In addition, PIF1 degradation was accelerated in the transgenic plants. Consequently, the transgenic plants exhibit higher germination frequencies than the control plant. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the AsphyA mutants with increased kinase activity are hyperactive in plants, supporting a positive relationship between the kinase activity of phytochromes and photoresponses in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quyen T. N. Hoang
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Cho
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Da-Min Choi
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ah-Young Shin
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jin A. Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
| | - Yun-Jeong Han
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Kim
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
- Kumho Life Science Laboratory, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Quian-Ulloa R, Stange C. Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Plastid Development in Plants: The Role of Light. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1184. [PMID: 33530294 PMCID: PMC7866012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is an important cue that stimulates both plastid development and biosynthesis of carotenoids in plants. During photomorphogenesis or de-etiolation, photoreceptors are activated and molecular factors for carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis are induced thereof. In fruits, light is absorbed by chloroplasts in the early stages of ripening, which allows a gradual synthesis of carotenoids in the peel and pulp with the onset of chromoplasts' development. In roots, only a fraction of light reaches this tissue, which is not required for carotenoid synthesis, but it is essential for root development. When exposed to light, roots start greening due to chloroplast development. However, the colored taproot of carrot grown underground presents a high carotenoid accumulation together with chromoplast development, similar to citrus fruits during ripening. Interestingly, total carotenoid levels decrease in carrots roots when illuminated and develop chloroplasts, similar to normal roots exposed to light. The recent findings of the effect of light quality upon the induction of molecular factors involved in carotenoid synthesis in leaves, fruit, and roots are discussed, aiming to propose consensus mechanisms in order to contribute to the understanding of carotenoid synthesis regulation by light in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Stange
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kovács H, Aleksza D, Baba AI, Hajdu A, Király AM, Zsigmond L, Tóth SZ, Kozma-Bognár L, Szabados L. Light Control of Salt-Induced Proline Accumulation Is Mediated by ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1584. [PMID: 31921239 PMCID: PMC6914869 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants have to adapt their metabolism to constantly changing environmental conditions, among which the availability of light and water is crucial in determining growth and development. Proline accumulation is one of the sensitive metabolic responses to extreme conditions; it is triggered by salinity or drought and is regulated by light. Here we show that red and blue but not far-red light is essential for salt-induced proline accumulation, upregulation of Δ1-PYRROLINE-5-CARBOXYLATE SYNTHASE 1 (P5CS1) and downregulation of PROLINE DEHYDROGENASE 1 (PDH1) genes, which control proline biosynthetic and catabolic pathways, respectively. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that the transcription factor ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) binds to G-box and C-box elements of P5CS1 and a C-box motif of PDH1. Salt-induced proline accumulation and P5CS1 expression were reduced in the hy5hyh double mutant, suggesting that HY5 promotes proline biosynthesis through connecting light and stress signals. Our results improve our understanding on interactions between stress and light signals, confirming HY5 as a key regulator in proline metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajnalka Kovács
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dávid Aleksza
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Abu Imran Baba
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anita Hajdu
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna Mária Király
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Laura Zsigmond
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Z. Tóth
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Kozma-Bognár
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Szabados
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- *Correspondence: László Szabados,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Biological activity and dimerization state of modified phytochrome A proteins. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186468. [PMID: 29049346 PMCID: PMC5648194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess potential physical interactions of type I phyA with the type II phyB-phyE phytochromes in vivo, transgenes expressing fusion gene forms of phyA were introduced into the Arabidopsis phyA mutant background. When a single c-Myc (myc) epitope is added to either the N- or C-terminus of phyA, the constructs completely complement phyA mutant phenotypes. However, addition of larger tags, such as six consecutive myc epitopes or the yellow fluorescent protein sequence, result in fusion proteins that show reduced activity. All the tagged phyA proteins migrate as dimers on native gels and co-immunoprecipitation reveals no binding interaction of phyA to any of the type II phys in the dark or under continuous far-red light. Dimers of the phyA 1–615 amino acid N-terminal photosensory domain (NphyA), generated in vivo with a yeast GAL4 dimerization domain and attached to a constitutive nuclear localization sequence, are expressed at a low level and, although they cause a cop phenotype in darkness and mediate a very low fluence response to pulses of FR, have no activity under continuous FR. It is concluded that type I phyA in its Pr form is present in plants predominantly or exclusively as a homodimer and does not stably interact with type II phys in a dimer-to-dimer manner. In addition, its activity in mediating response to continuous FR is sensitive to modification of its N- or C-terminus.
Collapse
|
6
|
Bernula P, Crocco CD, Arongaus AB, Ulm R, Nagy F, Viczián A. Expression of the UVR8 photoreceptor in different tissues reveals tissue-autonomous features of UV-B signalling. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1104-1114. [PMID: 28058744 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis UV-B photoreceptor UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) orchestrates the expression of hundreds of genes, many of which can be associated with UV-B tolerance. UV-B does not efficiently penetrate into tissues, yet UV-B regulates complex growth and developmental responses. To unravel to what extent and how UVR8 located in different tissues contributes to UV-B-induced responses, we expressed UVR8 fused to the YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (YFP) under the control of tissue-specific promoters in a uvr8 null mutant background. We show that (1) UVR8 localized in the epidermis plays a major role in regulating cotyledon expansion, and (2) expression of UVR8 in the mesophyll is important to protect adult plants from the damaging effects of UV-B. We found that UV-B induces transcription of selected genes, including the key transcriptional regulator ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), only in tissues that express UVR8. Thus, we suggest that tissue-autonomous and simultaneous UVR8 signalling in different tissues mediates, at least partly, developmental and defence responses to UV-B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Bernula
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Carlos Daniel Crocco
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Adriana Beatriz Arongaus
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Roman Ulm
- Department of Botany and Plant Biology, Sciences III, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Ferenc Nagy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Molecular Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
| | - András Viczián
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Evidence that phytochrome functions as a protein kinase in plant light signalling. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11545. [PMID: 27173885 PMCID: PMC4869175 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that plant phytochromes are autophosphorylating serine/threonine kinases. However, the biochemical properties and functional roles of putative phytochrome kinase activity in plant light signalling are largely unknown. Here, we describe the biochemical and functional characterization of Avena sativa phytochrome A (AsphyA) as a potential protein kinase. We provide evidence that phytochrome-interacting factors (PIFs) are phosphorylated by phytochromes in vitro. Domain mapping of AsphyA shows that the photosensory core region consisting of PAS-GAF-PHY domains in the N-terminal is required for the observed kinase activity. Moreover, we demonstrate that transgenic plants expressing mutant versions of AsphyA, which display reduced activity in in vitro kinase assays, show hyposensitive responses to far-red light. Further analysis reveals that far-red light-induced phosphorylation and degradation of PIF3 are significantly reduced in these transgenic plants. Collectively, these results suggest a positive relationship between phytochrome kinase activity and photoresponses in plants. Phytochromes regulate plant responses to environmental light conditions but despite extensive research the initial events in phytochrome signaling remain uncertain. Here, Shin et al. provide evidence that phytochrome phosphorylates target proteins via kinase activity in the N-terminal core domain.
Collapse
|
8
|
Rattanapisit K, Cho MH, Bhoo SH. Lysine 206 in Arabidopsis phytochrome A is the major site for ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation. J Biochem 2015; 159:161-9. [PMID: 26314334 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochrome A (phyA) is a light labile phytochrome that mediates plant development under red/far-red light condition. Degradation of phyA is initiated by red light-induced phyA-ubiquitin conjugation through the 26S proteasome pathway. The N-terminal of phyA is known to be important in phyA degradation. To determine the specific lysine residues in the N-terminal domain of phyA involved in light-induced ubiquitination and protein degradation, we aligned the amino acid sequence of the N-terminal domain of Arabidopsis phyA with those of phyA from other plant species. Based on the alignment results, phytochrome over-expressing Arabidopsis plants were generated. In particular, wild-type and mutant (substitutions of conserved lysines by arginines) phytochromes fused with GFP were expressed in phyA(-)211 Arabidopsis plants. Degradation kinetics of over-expressed phyA proteins revealed that degradation of the K206R phyA mutant protein was delayed. Delayed phyA degradation of the K206R phyA mutant protein resulted in reduction of red-light-induced phyA-ubiquitin conjugation. Furthermore, seedlings expressing the K206R phyA mutant protein showed an enhanced phyA response under far-red light, resulting in inhibition of hypocotyl elongation as well as cotyledon opening. Together, these results suggest that lysine 206 is the main lysine for rapid ubiquitination and protein degradation of Arabidopsis phytochrome A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaewta Rattanapisit
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Plant Metabolism Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Man-Ho Cho
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Plant Metabolism Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Seong Hee Bhoo
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Plant Metabolism Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xie X, Kagawa T, Takano M. The phytochrome B/phytochrome C heterodimer is necessary for phytochrome C-mediated responses in rice seedlings. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97264. [PMID: 24853557 PMCID: PMC4031084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background PhyC levels have been observed to be markedly lower in phyB mutants than in Arabidopsis or rice wild type etiolated seedlings, but the mechanism of this phenomenon has not been fully elucidated. Results In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which phyB affects the protein concentration and photo-sensing abilities of phyC and demonstrated that rice phyC exists predominantly as phyB/phyC heterodimers in etiolated seedlings. PHYC-GFP protein was detected when expressed in phyA phyC mutants, but not in phyA phyB mutants, suggesting that phyC requires phyB for its photo-sensing abilities. Interestingly, when a mutant PHYB gene that has no chromophore binding site, PHYB(C364A), was introduced into phyB mutants, the phyC level was restored. Moreover, when PHYB(C364A) was introduced into phyA phyB mutants, the seedlings exhibited de-etiolation under both far-red light (FR) and red light (R) conditions, while the phyA phyB mutants were blind to both FR and R. These results are the first direct evidence that phyC is responsible for regulating seedling de-etiolation under both FR and R. These findings also suggest that phyB is indispensable for the expression and function of phyC, which depends on the formation of phyB/phyC heterodimers. Significance The present report clearly demonstrates the similarities and differences in the properties of phyC between Arabidopsis and rice and will advance our understanding of phytochrome functions in monocots and dicots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Xie
- Photobiology and Photosynthesis Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Shandong Rice Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Takatoshi Kagawa
- Photobiology and Photosynthesis Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Makoto Takano
- Photobiology and Photosynthesis Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yao H, Wang G, Guo L, Wang X. Phosphatidic acid interacts with a MYB transcription factor and regulates its nuclear localization and function in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:5030-42. [PMID: 24368785 PMCID: PMC3904003 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.120162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidic acid (PA) has emerged as a class of cellular mediators involved in various cellular and physiological processes, but little is known about its mechanism of action. Here we show that PA interacts with werewolf (WER), a R2R3 MYB transcription factor involved in root hair formation. The PA-interacting region is confined to the end of the R2 subdomain. The ablation of the PA binding motif has no effect on WER binding to DNA, but abolishes its nuclear localization and its function in regulating epidermal cell fate. Inhibition of PA production by phospholipase Dζ also suppresses WER's nuclear localization, root hair formation, and elongation. These results suggest a role for PA in promoting protein nuclear localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yao
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Geliang Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri 63121
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
- Address correspondence to
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu FQ, Fan CM, Zhang XM, Fu YF. The phytochrome gene family in soybean and a dominant negative effect of a soybean PHYA transgene on endogenous Arabidopsis PHYA. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2013; 32:1879-90. [PMID: 24013793 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The evolutionary origin of the phytochrome genes in soybean was analyzed. The expression profiles of PHYA paralogs were characterized. The heterologous expression of GmPHYA1 in Arabidopsis resulted in longer hypocotyls. The phytochromes (PHY) are a small family of red/far-red light photoreceptors which regulate a number of important developmental responses in plants. So far, the members of the PHY gene family in soybean (Glycine max) remain unclear and an understanding of each member's physiological functions is limited. Our present in silico analysis revealed that the soybean genome harbors four PHYA, two PHYB and two PHYE, totally four pairs of eight PHY loci. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that the four PHY paralogous pairs originated from the latest round of genome duplication (~13 million years ago) and the four copies of PHYA were remnants of the two rounds of genome duplication (~58 and ~13 million years ago). A possible evolutionary history of PHYA homologs in the three legume species (soybean, Medicago truncatula, and Lotus japonicus) was proposed and the fate of duplicate soybean PHYA genes following polyploidization was discussed. The expression profiles of a soybean PHYA paralogous pair (GmPHYA1 and GmPHYA2) showed that the transcript abundance was highest in the aerial organs of young plants. The physiological role of GmPHYA1 was explored by observing the de-etiolation phenotype of transgenic Arabidopsis plants constitutively expressing GmPHYA1. The GmPHYA1 protein interfered with the function of endogenous PHYA with respect to de-etiolation in a dominant negative manner when exogenously expressed in Arabidopsis. The elucidation of the PHY gene family members in soybean provide us with a general description and understanding of the photoreceptor gene family in this important crop plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Qiang Wu
- MOA Key Lab of Soybean Biology (Beijing), National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resource and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ádám É, Kircher S, Liu P, Mérai Z, González-Schain N, Hörner M, Viczián A, Monte E, Sharrock RA, Schäfer E, Nagy F. Comparative functional analysis of full-length and N-terminal fragments of phytochrome C, D and E in red light-induced signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:86-96. [PMID: 23772959 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes (phy) C, D and E are involved in the regulation of red/far-red light-induced photomorphogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana, but only limited data are available on the mode of action and biological function of these lesser studied phytochrome species. We fused N-terminal fragments or full-length PHYC, D and E to YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (YFP), and analyzed the function, stability and intracellular distribution of these fusion proteins in planta. The activity of the constitutively nuclear-localized homodimers of N-terminal fragments was comparable with that of full-length PHYC, D, E-YFP, and resulted in the regulation of various red light-induced photomorphogenic responses in the studied genetic backgrounds. PHYE-YFP was active in the absence of phyB and phyD, and PHYE-YFP controlled responses, as well as accumulation, of the fusion protein in the nuclei, was saturated at low fluence rates of red light and did not require functional FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL1 (FHY-1) and FHY-1-like proteins. Our data suggest that PHYC-YFP, PHYD-YFP and PHYE-YFP fusion proteins, as well as their truncated N-terminal derivatives, are biologically active in the modulation of red light-regulated photomorphogenesis. We propose that PHYE-YFP can function as a homodimer and that low-fluence red light-induced translocation of phyE and phyA into the nuclei is mediated by different molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Éva Ádám
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt.62., H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Stefan Kircher
- Institute of Botany, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Zsuzsanna Mérai
- Institute of Botany, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nahuel González-Schain
- Departament de Genètica Molecular, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maximilian Hörner
- BIOSS Center for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 18, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - András Viczián
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt.62., H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Elena Monte
- Departament de Genètica Molecular, Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert A Sharrock
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Eberhard Schäfer
- Institute of Botany, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Center for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 18, D-79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ferenc Nagy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Temesvári krt.62., H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
- Institute of Molecular Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Oka Y, Ono Y, Toledo-Ortiz G, Kokaji K, Matsui M, Mochizuki N, Nagatani A. Arabidopsis phytochrome a is modularly structured to integrate the multiple features that are required for a highly sensitized phytochrome. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:2949-62. [PMID: 22843485 PMCID: PMC3426125 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.094201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Phytochrome is a red (R)/far-red (FR) light-sensing photoreceptor that regulates various aspects of plant development. Among the members of the phytochrome family, phytochrome A (phyA) exclusively mediates atypical phytochrome responses, such as the FR high irradiance response (FR-HIR), which is elicited under prolonged FR. A proteasome-based degradation pathway rapidly eliminates active Pfr (the FR-absorbing form of phyA) under R. To elucidate the structural basis for the phyA-specific properties, we systematically constructed 16 chimeric phytochromes in which each of four parts of the phytochrome molecule, namely, the N-terminal extension plus the Per/Arnt/Sim domain (N-PAS), the cGMP phosphodiesterase/adenyl cyclase/FhlA domain (GAF), the phytochrome domain (PHY), and the entire C-terminal half, was occupied by either the phyA or phytochrome B sequence. These phytochromes were expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana to examine their physiological activities. Consequently, the phyA N-PAS sequence was shown to be necessary and sufficient to promote nuclear accumulation under FR, whereas the phyA sequence in PHY was additionally required to exhibit FR-HIR. Furthermore, the phyA sequence in PHY alone substantially increased the light sensitivity to R. In addition, the GAF phyA sequence was important for rapid Pfr degradation. In summary, distinct structural modules, each of which confers different properties to phyA, are assembled on the phyA molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Oka
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Plant Functional Genomics Research Group, Plant Science Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Tsurumiku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300-0045, Japan
| | - Yuya Ono
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Gabriela Toledo-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Keio Kokaji
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Minami Matsui
- Plant Functional Genomics Research Group, Plant Science Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Tsurumiku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2300-0045, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Akira Nagatani
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Address correspondence to
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Viczián A, Ádám É, Wolf I, Bindics J, Kircher S, Heijde M, Ulm R, Schäfer E, Nagy F. A short amino-terminal part of Arabidopsis phytochrome A induces constitutive photomorphogenic response. MOLECULAR PLANT 2012; 5:629-641. [PMID: 22498774 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phytochrome A (phyA) is the dominant photoreceptor of far-red light sensing in Arabidopsis thaliana. phyA accumulates at high levels in the cytoplasm of etiolated seedlings, and light-induced phyA signaling is mediated by a complex regulatory network. This includes light- and FHY1/FHL protein-dependent translocation of native phyA into the nucleus in vivo. It has also been shown that a short N-terminal fragment of phyA (PHYA406) is sufficient to phenocopy this highly regulated cellular process in vitro. To test the biological activity of this N-terminal fragment of phyA in planta, we produced transgenic phyA-201 plants expressing the PHYA406-YFP (YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN)-DD, PHYA406-YFP-DD-NLS (nuclear localization signal), and PHYA406-YFP-DD-NES (nuclear export signal) fusion proteins. Here, we report that PHYA406-YFP-DD is imported into the nucleus and this process is partially light-dependent whereas PHYA406-YFP-DD-NLS and PHYA406-YFP-DD-NES display the expected constitutive localization patterns. Our results show that these truncated phyA proteins are light-stable, they trigger a constitutive photomorphogenic-like response when localized in the nuclei, and neither of them induces proper phyA signaling. We demonstrate that in vitro and in vivo PHYA406 Pfr and Pr bind COP1, a general repressor of photomorphogenesis, and co-localize with it in nuclear bodies. Thus, we conclude that, in planta, the truncated PHYA406 proteins inactivate COP1 in the nuclei in a light-independent fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- András Viczián
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Van Buskirk EK, Decker PV, Chen M. Photobodies in light signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:52-60. [PMID: 21951469 PMCID: PMC3252093 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.186411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
|
16
|
Sokolova V, Bindics J, Kircher S, Ádám É, Schäfer E, Nagy F, Viczián A. Missense mutation in the amino terminus of phytochrome A disrupts the nuclear import of the photoreceptor. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 158:107-18. [PMID: 21969386 PMCID: PMC3252074 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.186288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes are the red/far-red photoreceptors in higher plants. Among them, phytochrome A (PHYA) is responsible for the far-red high-irradiance response and for the perception of very low amounts of light, initiating the very-low-fluence response. Here, we report a detailed physiological and molecular characterization of the phyA-5 mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which displays hyposensitivity to continuous low-intensity far-red light and shows reduced very-low-fluence response and high-irradiance response. Red light-induced degradation of the mutant phyA-5 protein appears to be normal, yet higher residual amounts of phyA-5 are detected in seedlings grown under low-intensity far-red light. We show that (1) the phyA-5 mutant harbors a new missense mutation in the PHYA amino-terminal extension domain and that (2) the complex phenotype of the mutant is caused by reduced nuclear import of phyA-5 under low fluences of far-red light. We also demonstrate that impaired nuclear import of phyA-5 is brought about by weakened binding affinity of the mutant photoreceptor to nuclear import facilitators FHY1 (for FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL1) and FHL (for FHY1-LIKE). Finally, we provide evidence that the signaling and degradation kinetics of constitutively nuclear-localized phyA-5 and phyA are identical. Taken together, our data show that aberrant nucleo/cytoplasmic distribution impairs light-induced degradation of this photoreceptor and that the amino-terminal extension domain mediates the formation of the FHY1/FHL/PHYA far-red-absorbing form complex, whereby it plays a role in regulating the nuclear import of phyA.
Collapse
|
17
|
Kircher S, Terecskei K, Wolf I, Sipos M, Adam E. Phytochrome A-specific signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1714-1719. [PMID: 22067110 PMCID: PMC3329343 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.11.17509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Among the five phytochromes in Arabidopsis thaliana, phytochrome A (phyA) plays a major role in seedling de-etiolation. Until now more then ten positive and some negative components acting downstream of phyA have been identified. However, their site of action and hierarchical relationships are not completely understood yet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kircher
- Institute of Botany, University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kata Terecskei
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology; Szeged, Hungary
| | - Iris Wolf
- Institute of Botany, University of Freiburg; Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark Sipos
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology; Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eva Adam
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology; Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen M, Chory J. Phytochrome signaling mechanisms and the control of plant development. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 21:664-71. [PMID: 21852137 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
As they emerge from the ground, seedlings adopt a photosynthetic lifestyle, which is accompanied by dramatic changes in morphology and global alterations in gene expression that optimizes the plant body plan for light capture. Phytochromes are red and far-red photoreceptors that play a major role during photomorphogenesis, a complex developmental program that seedlings initiate when they first encounter light. The earliest phytochrome signaling events after excitation by red light include their rapid translocation from the cytoplasm to subnuclear bodies (photobodies) that contain other proteins involved in photomorphogenesis, including a number of transcription factors and E3 ligases. In the light, phytochromes and negatively acting transcriptional regulators that interact directly with phytochromes are destabilized, whereas positively acting transcriptional regulators are stabilized. Here, we discuss recent advances in our knowledge of the mechanisms linking phytochrome photoactivation in the cytoplasm and transcriptional regulation in the nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|