1
|
Robinson K, Chia KS, Guyon A, Schornack S, Carella P. An efficient sulfadiazine selection scheme for stable transformation in the model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:5585-5591. [PMID: 38824404 PMCID: PMC11427837 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Plant macroevolutionary studies leverage the phylogenetic position of non-flowering model systems like the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha to investigate the origin and evolution of key plant processes. To date, most molecular genetic studies in Marchantia rely on hygromycin and/or chlorsulfuron herbicide resistance markers for the selection of stable transformants. Here, we used a sulfonamide-resistant dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) gene to enable sulfadiazine-based transformation selection in M. polymorpha. We demonstrate the reliability of sulfadiazine selection on its own and in combination with existing hygromycin and chlorsulfuron selection schemes through transgene stacking experiments. The utility of this system is further demonstrated through confocal microscopy of a triple transgenic line carrying fluorescent proteins labelling the plasma membrane, cortical microtubules, and the nucleus. Collectively, our findings and resources broaden the capacity to genetically manipulate the increasingly popular model liverwort M. polymorpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Robinson
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Khong-Sam Chia
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alex Guyon
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LRUK
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LRUK
| | - Philip Carella
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hernández-Muñoz A, Agreda-Laguna KA, Ramírez-Bernabé IE, Oltehua-López O, Arteaga-Vázquez MA, Leon P. Marchantia polymorpha GOLDEN2-LIKE transcriptional factor; a central regulator of chloroplast and plant vegetative development. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1406-1423. [PMID: 38922903 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The GOLDEN2-LIKE (GLK) transcription factors act as a central regulatory node involved in both developmental processes and environmental responses. Marchantia polymorpha, a basal terrestrial plant with strategic evolutionary position, contains a single GLK representative that possesses an additional domain compared to spermatophytes. We analyzed the role of MpGLK in chloroplast biogenesis and development by altering its levels, preforming transcriptomic profiling and conducting chromatin immunoprecipitation. Decreased MpGLK levels impair chloroplast differentiation and disrupt the expression of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes, while overexpressing MpGLK leads to ectopic chloroplast biogenesis. This demonstrates the MpGLK functions as a bona fide GLK protein, likely representing an ancestral GLK architecture. Altering MpGLK levels directly regulates the expression of genes involved in Chl synthesis and degradation, similar to processes observed in eudicots, and causes various developmental defects in Marchantia, including the formation of dorsal structures such as air pores and gemma cups. MpGLK, also directly activates MpMAX2 gene expression, regulating the timing of gemma cup development. Our study shows that MpGLK functions as a master regulator, potentially coupling chloroplast development with vegetative reproduction. This illustrates the complex regulatory networks governing chloroplast function and plant development communication and highlight the evolutionary conservation of GLK-mediated regulatory processes across plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arihel Hernández-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Kenny Alejandra Agreda-Laguna
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Ignacio E Ramírez-Bernabé
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Omar Oltehua-López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| | - Mario A Arteaga-Vázquez
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Avenida de las Culturas Veracruzanas 101, Col. Emiliano Zapata, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91090, Mexico
| | - Patricia Leon
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yong LK, Keino I, Kanna Y, Noguchi M, Fujisawa M, Kodama Y. Functional comparison of phototropin from the liverworts Apopellia endiviifolia and Marchantia polymorpha. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:782-792. [PMID: 37882095 DOI: 10.1111/php.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Phototropin (phot) is a blue light (BL) receptor and thermosensor that mediates chloroplast movements in plants. Liverworts, as early-diverging plant species, have a single copy of PHOT gene, and the phot protein in each liverwort activates the signaling pathway adapted to its specific growing environment. In this study, we functionally compared phot from two different liverworts species: Apopellia endiviifolia (Aephot) and Marchantia polymorpha (Mpphot). The BL-dependent photochemical activity of Aephot was similar to that of Mpphot, whereas the thermochemical activity of Aephot was lower than that of Mpphot. Therefore, the phot-mediated signaling pathways of the two plant species may differ more in response to temperature than to BL. Furthermore, we analyzed the functional compatibility of Aephot and Mpphot in chloroplast movements by transiently expressing AePHOT or MpPHOT. The transient expression of AePHOT did not mediate chloroplast movement in M. polymorpha, showing the incompatibility of Aephot with the signaling pathway of M. polymorpha. By contrast, the transient expression of MpPHOT mediated chloroplast movement in A. endiviifolia, indicating the compatibility of Mpphot with the signaling pathway of A. endiviifolia. Our findings reveal both functional similarities and differences between Aephot and Mpphot proteins from the closely related liverworts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Kien Yong
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Issei Keino
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- Graduate School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yui Kanna
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- Graduate School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Minoru Noguchi
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- Graduate School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Mami Fujisawa
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Poveda J. Analysis of Marchantia polymorpha-microorganism interactions: basis for understanding plant-microbe and plant-pathogen interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1301816. [PMID: 38384768 PMCID: PMC10879820 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1301816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Marchantia polymorpha is a bryophyte gaining significance as a model plant in evolutionary studies in recent years. This is attributed to its small-sequenced genome, standardized transformation methodology, global distribution, and easy and rapid in vitro culturing. As an evolutionary model, M. polymorpha contributes to our understanding of the evolution of plant defensive responses and the associated hormonal signaling pathways. Through its interaction with microorganisms, M. polymorpha serves as a valuable source of knowledge, yielding insights into new microbial species and bioactive compounds. Bibliographic analysis involved collecting, reading, and categorizing documents obtained from the Scopus and Web of Science databases using different search terms. The review was based on 30 articles published between 1995 and 2023, with Japanese and Spanish authors emerging as the most prolific contributors in this field. These articles have been grouped into four main themes: antimicrobial metabolites produced by M. polymorpha; identification and characterization of epiphytic, endophytic, and pathogenic microorganisms; molecular studies of the direct interaction between M. polymorpha and microorganisms; and plant transformation using bacterial vectors. This review highlights the key findings from these articles and identifies potential future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Poveda
- Recognised Research Group AGROBIOTECH, UIC-370 (JCyL), Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, Higher Technical School of Agricultural Engineering of Palencia, University Institute for Research in Sustainable Forest Management (iuFOR), University of Valladolid, Palencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Messant M, Hani U, Lai TL, Wilson A, Shimakawa G, Krieger-Liszkay A. Plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) protects photosystem I and not photosystem II against photoinhibition in Arabidopsis thaliana and Marchantia polymorpha. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:669-678. [PMID: 37921075 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The plastid terminal oxidase PTOX controls the oxidation level of the plastoquinone pool in the thylakoid membrane and acts as a safety valve upon abiotic stress, but detailed characterization of its role in protecting the photosynthetic apparatus is limited. Here we used PTOX mutants in two model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Marchantia polymorpha. In Arabidopsis, lack of PTOX leads to a severe defect in pigmentation, a so-called variegated phenotype, when plants are grown at standard light intensities. We created a green Arabidopsis PTOX mutant expressing the bacterial carotenoid desaturase CRTI and a double mutant in Marchantia lacking both PTOX isoforms, the plant-type and the alga-type PTOX. In both species, lack of PTOX affected the redox state of the plastoquinone pool. Exposure of plants to high light intensity showed in the absence of PTOX higher susceptibility of photosystem I to light-induced damage while photosystem II was more stable compared with the wild type demonstrating that PTOX plays both, a pro-oxidant and an anti-oxidant role in vivo. Our results shed new light on the function of PTOX in the protection of photosystem I and II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Messant
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Umama Hani
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Thanh-Lan Lai
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Adjélé Wilson
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Ginga Shimakawa
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
- Department of Bioscience, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei-Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1330, Japan
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang M, Tabeta H, Ohtaka K, Kuwahara A, Nishihama R, Ishikawa T, Toyooka K, Sato M, Wakazaki M, Akashi H, Tsugawa H, Shoji T, Okazaki Y, Yoshida K, Sato R, Ferjani A, Kohchi T, Hirai MY. The phosphorylated pathway of serine biosynthesis affects sperm, embryo, and sporophyte development, and metabolism in Marchantia polymorpha. Commun Biol 2024; 7:102. [PMID: 38267515 PMCID: PMC10808223 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05746-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Serine metabolism is involved in various biological processes. Here we investigate primary functions of the phosphorylated pathway of serine biosynthesis in a non-vascular plant Marchantia polymorpha by analyzing knockout mutants of MpPGDH encoding 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase in this pathway. Growth phenotypes indicate that serine from the phosphorylated pathway in the dark is crucial for thallus growth. Sperm development requires serine from the phosphorylated pathway, while egg formation does not. Functional MpPGDH in the maternal genome is necessary for embryo and sporophyte development. Under high CO2 where the glycolate pathway of serine biosynthesis is inhibited, suppressed thallus growth of the mutants is not fully recovered by exogenously-supplemented serine, suggesting the importance of serine homeostasis involving the phosphorylated and glycolate pathways. Metabolomic phenotypes indicate that the phosphorylated pathway mainly influences the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, and lipid metabolism. These results indicate the importance of the phosphorylated pathway of serine biosynthesis in the dark, in the development of sperm, embryo, and sporophyte, and metabolism in M. polymorpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Tabeta
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kinuka Ohtaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayuko Kuwahara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Mayuko Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mayumi Wakazaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Tsugawa
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Shoji
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yozo Okazaki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioresource, Mie University, Tsushi, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ali Ferjani
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan.
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kanesaka Y, Inoue K, Tomita Y, Yamaoka S, Araki T. Circadian clock does not play an essential role in daylength measurement for growth-phase transition in Marchantia polymorpha. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1275503. [PMID: 38023914 PMCID: PMC10673691 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1275503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Daylength is perceived as a seasonal cue to induce growth-phase transition at a proper time of a year. The core of the mechanism of daylength measurement in angiosperms lies in the circadian clock-controlled expression of regulators of growth-phase transition. However, the roles of the circadian clock in daylength measurement in basal land plants remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the contribution of circadian clock to daylength measurement in a basal land plant, the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. In M. polymorpha, transition from vegetative to reproductive phase under long-day conditions results in differentiation of sexual branches called gametangiophores which harbor gametangia. First, we showed that a widely used wild-type accession Takaragaike-1 is an obligate long-day plant with a critical daylength of about 10 hours and requires multiple long days. Then, we compared the timing of gametangiophore formation between wild type and circadian clock mutants in long-day and short-day conditions. Mutations in two clock genes, MpTIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 and MpPSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR, had no significant effects on the timing of gametangiophore formation. In addition, when M. polymorpha plants were treated with a chemical which lengthens circadian period, there was no significant effect on the timing of gametangiophore formation, either. We next observed the timing of gametangiophore formation under various non-24-h light/dark cycles to examine the effect of phase alteration in circadian rhythms. The results suggest that daylength measurement in M. polymorpha is based on the relative amount of light and darkness within a cycle rather than the intrinsic rhythms generated by circadian clock. Our findings suggest that M. polymorpha has a daylength measurement system which is different from that of angiosperms centered on the circadian clock function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kanesaka
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Inoue
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Living Systems Information Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Tomita
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamaoka
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Araki
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Meristem dormancy in Marchantia polymorpha is regulated by a liverwort-specific miRNA and a clade III SPL gene. Curr Biol 2023; 33:660-674.e4. [PMID: 36696899 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The shape of modular organisms depends on the branching architecture, which in plants is determined by the fates of generative centers called meristems. The branches of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha are derived from two adjacent meristems that develop at thallus apices. These meristems may be active and develop branches or may be dormant and do not form branches. The relative number and position of active and dormant meristems define the overall shape and form of the thallus. We show that the clade III SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) transcription factor MpSPL1 is required for meristem dormancy. The activity of MpSPL1 is regulated by the liverwort-specific Mpo-MR13 miRNA, which, in turn, is regulated by PIF-mediated signaling. An unrelated PIF-regulated miRNA, MIR156, represses a different SPL gene (belonging to clade IV) that inhibits branching during the shade avoidance response in Arabidopsis thaliana. This suggests that a conserved light signaling mechanism modulates branching architecture in liverworts and angiosperms and therefore is likely operated in the last common ancestor. However, PIF-mediated signaling represses the expression of different miRNA genes with different SPL targets during dichotomous, apical branching in liverworts and during lateral, subapical branching in angiosperms. We speculate that the mechanism that acts downstream of light and regulates meristem dormancy evolved independently in liverworts and angiosperms.
Collapse
|
9
|
Fukushima T, Kodama Y. Selection of a histidine auxotrophic Marchantia polymorpha strain with an auxotrophic selective marker. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2022; 39:345-354. [PMID: 37283617 PMCID: PMC10240916 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.0810a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Marchantia polymorpha has emerged as a model liverwort species, with molecular tools increasingly available. In the present study, we developed an auxotrophic strain of M. polymorpha and an auxotrophic selective marker gene as new experimental tools for this valuable model system. Using CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats)/Cas9-mediated genome editing, we mutated the genomic region for IMIDAZOLEGLYCEROL-PHOSPHATE DEHYDRATASE (IGPD) in M. polymorpha to disrupt the biosynthesis of histidine (igpd). We modified an IGPD gene (IGPDm) with silent mutations, generating a histidine auxotrophic selective marker gene that was not a target of our CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. The M. polymorpha igpd mutant was a histidine auxotrophic strain, growing only on medium containing histidine. The igpd mutant could be complemented by transformation with the IGPDm gene, indicating that this gene could be used as an auxotrophic selective marker. Using the IGPDm marker in the igpd mutant background, we produced transgenic lines without the need for antibiotic selection. The histidine auxotrophic strain igpd and auxotrophic selective marker IGPDm represent new molecular tools for M. polymorpha research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Fukushima
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
- Graduate School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
- Graduate School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ishikawa K, Konno R, Hirano S, Fujii Y, Fujiwara M, Fukao Y, Kodama Y. The endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bending protein RETICULON facilitates chloroplast relocation movement in Marchantia polymorpha. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:205-216. [PMID: 35476214 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells alter the intracellular positions of chloroplasts to ensure efficient photosynthesis, a process controlled by the blue light receptor phototropin. Chloroplasts migrate toward weak light (accumulation response) and move away from excess light (avoidance response). Chloroplasts are encircled by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which forms a complex network throughout the cytoplasm. To ensure rapid chloroplast relocation, the ER must alter its structure in conjunction with chloroplast relocation movement, but little is known about the underlying mechanism. Here, we searched for interactors of phototropin in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and identified a RETICULON (RTN) family protein; RTN proteins play central roles in ER tubule formation and ER network maintenance by stabilizing the curvature of ER membranes in eukaryotic cells. Marchantia polymorpha RTN1 (MpRTN1) is localized to ER tubules and the rims of ER sheets, which is consistent with the localization of RTNs in other plants and heterotrophs. The Mprtn1 mutant showed an increased ER tubule diameter, pointing to a role for MpRTN1 in ER membrane constriction. Furthermore, Mprtn1 showed a delayed chloroplast avoidance response but a normal chloroplast accumulation response. The live cell imaging of ER dynamics revealed that ER restructuring was impaired in Mprtn1 during the chloroplast avoidance response. These results suggest that during the chloroplast avoidance response, MpRTN1 restructures the ER network and facilitates chloroplast movement via an interaction with phototropin. Our findings provide evidence that plant cells respond to fluctuating environmental conditions by controlling the movements of multiple organelles in a synchronized manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Ishikawa
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ryota Konno
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Satoyuki Hirano
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuta Fujii
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujiwara
- Plant Global Education Project, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
- YANMAR HOLDINGS Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fukao
- Plant Global Education Project, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Iwakawa H, Melkonian K, Schlüter T, Jeon HW, Nishihama R, Motose H, Nakagami H. Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Transformation of Marchantia Liverworts. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1718-1727. [PMID: 34383076 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated transient gene expression is a rapid and useful approach for characterizing functions of gene products in planta. However, the practicability of the method in the model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has not yet been thoroughly described. Here we report a simple and robust method for Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation of Marchantia thalli and its applicability. When thalli of M. polymorpha were co-cultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying β-glucuronidase (GUS) genes, GUS staining was observed primarily in assimilatory filaments and rhizoids. GUS activity was detected 2 days after infection and saturated 3 days after infection. We were able to transiently co-express fluorescently tagged proteins with proper localizations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our method can be used as a novel pathosystem to study liverwort-bacteria interactions. We also provide evidence that air chambers support bacterial colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Iwakawa
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne 50829, Germany
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Katharina Melkonian
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Titus Schlüter
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Hyung-Woo Jeon
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Motose
- Division of Bioscience, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, Cologne 50829, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yong L, Tsuboyama S, Kitamura R, Kurokura T, Suzuki T, Kodama Y. Chloroplast relocation movement in the liverwort Apopellia endiviifolia. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:775-787. [PMID: 34102708 PMCID: PMC8597172 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the subcellular localisation of chloroplasts help optimise photosynthetic activity under different environmental conditions. In many plants, this movement is mediated by the blue-light photoreceptor phototropin. A model organism with simple phototropin signalling that allows clear observation of chloroplasts would facilitate the study of chloroplast relocation movement. Here, we examined this process in the simple thalloid liverwort Apopellia endiviifolia. Transverse sections of the thallus tissue showed uniformly developed chloroplasts and no air chambers; these characteristics enable clear observation of chloroplasts and analysis of their movements under a fluorescence stereomicroscope. At 22°C, the chloroplasts moved to the anticlinal walls of cells next to the neighbouring cells in the dark (dark-positioning response), whereas they moved towards weak light (accumulation response) and away from strong light (avoidance response). When the temperature was reduced to 5°C, the chloroplasts moved away from weak light (cold-avoidance response). Hence, both light- and temperature-dependent chloroplast relocation movements occur in A. endiviifolia. Notably, the accumulation, avoidance and cold-avoidance responses were induced under blue-light but not under red-light. These results suggest that phototropin is responsible for chloroplast relocation movement in A. endiviifolia and that the characteristics are similar to those in the model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. RNA sequencing and Southern blot analysis identified a single copy of the PHOTOTROPIN gene in A. endiviifolia, indicating that a simple phototropin signalling pathway functions in A. endiviifolia. We conclude that A. endiviifolia has great potential as a model system for elucidating the mechanisms of chloroplast relocation movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee‐Kien Yong
- Center for Bioscience Research and EducationUtsunomiya UniversityTochigiJapan
- Graduate School of AgricultureUtsunomiya UniversityTochigiJapan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - Shoko Tsuboyama
- Center for Bioscience Research and EducationUtsunomiya UniversityTochigiJapan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
- Present address:
Department of Applied Biological ScienceTokyo University of ScienceChibaJapan
| | - Rika Kitamura
- Center for Bioscience Research and EducationUtsunomiya UniversityTochigiJapan
| | - Takeshi Kurokura
- Center for Bioscience Research and EducationUtsunomiya UniversityTochigiJapan
- Graduate School of AgricultureUtsunomiya UniversityTochigiJapan
- Faculty of AgricultureUtsunomiya UniversityTochigiJapan
| | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Center for Bioscience Research and EducationUtsunomiya UniversityTochigiJapan
- Graduate School of AgricultureUtsunomiya UniversityTochigiJapan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and EducationUtsunomiya UniversityTochigiJapan
- Graduate School of AgricultureUtsunomiya UniversityTochigiJapan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pan J, Wen H, Chen G, Lin WH, Du H, Chen Y, Zhang L, Lian H, Wang G, Cai R, Pan J. A Positive Feedback Loop Mediated by CsERF31 Initiates Female Cucumber Flower Development: ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR31 mediates a positive feedback loop that initiates female cucumber flower development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:kiab141. [PMID: 33744968 PMCID: PMC8195516 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sex determination is a crucially important developmental event that is pervasive throughout nature and enhances the adaptation of species. Among plants, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) can generate both unisexual and bisexual flowers, and the sex type is mainly controlled by several 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) synthases. However, the regulatory mechanism of these synthases remains elusive. Here, we used gene expression analysis, protein-DNA interaction assays and transgenic plants to study the function of a gynoecium-specific gene, ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR31 (CsERF31), in female flower differentiation. We found that in a predetermined female flower, ethylene signalling activates CsERF31 by CsEIN3, and then CsERF31 stimulates CsACS2, which triggers a positive feedback loop to ensure female rather than bisexual flower development. A similar interplay is functionally conserved in melon (Cucumis melo L.). Knockdown of CsERF31 by RNAi causes defective bisexual flowers to replace female flowers. Ectopic expression of CsERF31 suppresses stamen development and promotes pistil development in male flowers, demonstrating that CsERF31 functions as a sex switch. Taken together, our data confirm that CsERF31 represents the molecular link between female-male determination and female-bisexual determination, and provide mechanistic insight into how ethylene promotes female flowers, rather than bisexual flowers, in cucumber sex determination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifan Wen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanqun Chen
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Hui Lin
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, The Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Du
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leyu Zhang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongli Lian
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Run Cai
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junsong Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang Y, Zhou L, Tang K, Xu M, Miao Z. Matching is the Key Factor to Improve the Production of Patchoulol in the Plant Chassis of Marchantia paleacea. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:33028-33038. [PMID: 33403264 PMCID: PMC7774073 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The valuable terpenoids, such as artemisinin acid, have achieved bioproduction in the chassis of microbes recently. In this study, Marchantia paleacea L, a promising plant synthetic biology chassis, was used to explore the possibility of patchoulol production by constructing a synthetic biology pathway composed of FPS and PTS. The experiment results show that the maximum yields based on the cytoplasm and plastid pathway were 621.56 and 1006.45 μg/g, respectively. However, there is no statistically significant difference in the yield of patchoulol between transformant plants with different subcellular compartment-targeting pathways. However, it was found that the highest yield of patchoulol was achieved in transformant plants with similar transcription levels of FPS and PTS. Also, the optimized transcription ratio between PTS and FPS is determined at 1.12 based on statistical analysis and model simulation. Therefore, two kinds of new optimized pathway vectors were constructed. One is based on the fusion protein method, and the other is based on protein expression individually, in which the same promoter and terminator were used to derive the expression of both FPS and PTS. The effect of pathway optimization was tested by transient and stable transformation. The production of patchoulol in transient transformation was the same for the two abovementioned kinds of matching pathway and higher than that for the original pathway. Also, in stable transformation, the yield of patchoulol reached up to 3250.30 μg/g, being three times the maximum content before optimization. It is suggested that M. paleacea is a powerful plant chassis for terpenoid synthetic biology and the matching between enzymes may be the key factor in determining the metabolic flux of the pathway in the study of synthetic biology.
Collapse
|
15
|
Takahashi H, Kodama Y. CRUNC: a cryopreservation method for unencapsulated gemmae of Marchantia polymorpha. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10174. [PMID: 33150079 PMCID: PMC7587056 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic modifications such as mutation and transformation are powerful tools to study the function of genes and proteins in the model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, but maintaining the resulting germplasm requires a practical, reliable method. Cryopreservation methods allow researchers to maintain mutant and transgenic lines of M. polymorpha. To date, two methods have been developed for cryopreservation of M. polymorpha gemmae: in the first method, unencapsulated gemmae are stored in liquid nitrogen at −196 °C, and in the second method, encapsulated gemmae are stored in liquid nitrogen at −196 °C or a deep freezer at −80 °C. In the present study, we developed a simple method named CRUNC (cr yopreservation of un en c apsulated gemmae), which can be used to store unencapsulated, dried gemmae of wild-type and transgenic M. polymorpha lines in liquid nitrogen and in freezers at −80 °C and −20 °C. Using the CRUNC method, we observed a high recovery rate (as high as 100%) and successful long-term (5 months) storage of the gemmae. Therefore, the CRUNC method is practical for maintaining valuable M. polymorpha germplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Takahashi
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cesarino I, Dello Ioio R, Kirschner GK, Ogden MS, Picard KL, Rast-Somssich MI, Somssich M. Plant science's next top models. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:1-23. [PMID: 32271862 PMCID: PMC7304477 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Model organisms are at the core of life science research. Notable examples include the mouse as a model for humans, baker's yeast for eukaryotic unicellular life and simple genetics, or the enterobacteria phage λ in virology. Plant research was an exception to this rule, with researchers relying on a variety of non-model plants until the eventual adoption of Arabidopsis thaliana as primary plant model in the 1980s. This proved to be an unprecedented success, and several secondary plant models have since been established. Currently, we are experiencing another wave of expansion in the set of plant models. SCOPE Since the 2000s, new model plants have been established to study numerous aspects of plant biology, such as the evolution of land plants, grasses, invasive and parasitic plant life, adaptation to environmental challenges, and the development of morphological diversity. Concurrent with the establishment of new plant models, the advent of the 'omics' era in biology has led to a resurgence of the more complex non-model plants. With this review, we introduce some of the new and fascinating plant models, outline why they are interesting subjects to study, the questions they will help to answer, and the molecular tools that have been established and are available to researchers. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying all aspects of plant biology can only be achieved with the adoption of a comprehensive set of models, each of which allows the assessment of at least one aspect of plant life. The model plants described here represent a step forward towards our goal to explore and comprehend the diversity of plant form and function. Still, several questions remain unanswered, but the constant development of novel technologies in molecular biology and bioinformatics is already paving the way for the next generation of plant models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Cesarino
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, Butantã, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raffaele Dello Ioio
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Gwendolyn K Kirschner
- University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Division of Crop Functional Genomics, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael S Ogden
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Kelsey L Picard
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Madlen I Rast-Somssich
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marc Somssich
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fujii Y, Ogasawara Y, Takahashi Y, Sakata M, Noguchi M, Tamura S, Kodama Y. The cold-induced switch in direction of chloroplast relocation occurs independently of changes in endogenous phototropin levels. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233302. [PMID: 32437457 PMCID: PMC7241815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
When exposed to fluctuating light intensity, chloroplasts move towards weak light (accumulation response), and away from strong light (avoidance response). In addition, cold treatment (5°C) induces the avoidance response even under weak-light conditions (cold-avoidance response). These three responses are mediated by the phototropin (phot), which is a blue-light photoreceptor and has also been reported to act as a thermosensory protein that perceives temperature variation. Our previous report indicated that cold-induced changes in phot biochemical activity initiate the cold-avoidance response. In this study, we further explored the induction mechanism of the cold-avoidance response in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and examined the relationship between changes in the amount of phot and the induction of the cold-avoidance response. The switch between the accumulation and avoidance responses occurs at a so-called 'transitional' light intensity. Our physiological experiments revealed that a cold-mediated decrease in the transitional light intensity leads to the induction of the cold-avoidance response. While artificial overexpression of phot decreased the transitional light intensity as much as cold treatment did, the amount of endogenous phot was not increased by cold treatment in wild-type M. polymorpha. Taken together, these findings show that the cold-avoidance response is initiated by a cold-mediated reduction of the transitional light intensity, independent of the amount of endogenous phot. This study provides a clue to understanding the mechanism underlying the switch in direction of chloroplast relocation in response to light and temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Fujii
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Ogasawara
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yamato Takahashi
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Momoko Sakata
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Noguchi
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Saori Tamura
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hamashima N, Xie X, Hikawa M, Suzuki T, Kodama Y. A gain-of-function T-DNA insertion mutant of Marchantia polymorpha hyper-accumulates flavonoid riccionidin A. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2019; 36:201-204. [PMID: 31768123 PMCID: PMC6854341 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.19.0722a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Marchantia polymorpha is a model liverwort for which many molecular biological techniques are now available. We previously developed the S-AgarTrap method for easy genetic transformation of M. polymorpha using spores. In this study, we report production of a T-DNA insertion mutant library (approx. 10,000 lines) for M. polymorpha using the S-AgarTrap method. We further isolate and characterize a gain-of-function mutant that hyper-accumulates the flavonoid riccionidin A. The present study demonstrates that the S-AgarTrap-mediated production of a T-DNA insertion mutant library is a powerful tool for molecular biology in M. polymorpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Hamashima
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Xiaonan Xie
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Mio Hikawa
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sakata M, Kimura S, Fujii Y, Sakai T, Kodama Y. Relationship between relocation of phototropin to the chloroplast periphery and the initiation of chloroplast movement in Marchantia polymorpha. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00160. [PMID: 31468027 PMCID: PMC6710648 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The blue-light photoreceptor kinase phototropin (phot) mediates chloroplast movement in response to light and temperature. Phot predominantly localizes at the plasma membrane, but also resides in the cytosol and the chloroplast periphery. Although the phot localized to the chloroplast periphery is thought to mediate chloroplast movement, the localization mechanism is unknown. In this study, we found that chloroplast movement does not occur in 0-day-old gemma cells of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha but that the movement is induced in 1-day-old gemmaling cells. Along with this physiological change, the subcellular localization of phot also changed: In 0-day-old gemma cells, phot localized at the plasma membrane and the cytosol, but in 1-day-old gemmaling cells, the phot disappeared from the cytosol and appeared at the chloroplast periphery. When the relocalization was tracked using a photoconvertible fluorescent protein, the cytosolic phot relocated to the plasma membrane, and the plasma membrane-resident phot relocated to the chloroplast periphery. The blue-light-dependent activation of phot kinase activity enhanced this relocalization. Mutated phot deficient in blue-light reception or kinase activity had a severely reduced ability to localize at the chloroplast periphery. These findings suggest that photoactivated phot localizes at the chloroplast periphery to initiate chloroplast movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Sakata
- Center for Bioscience Research and EducationUtsunomiya UniversityTochigiJapan
- Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceUtsunomiya UniversityTochigiJapan
| | - Shun Kimura
- Center for Bioscience Research and EducationUtsunomiya UniversityTochigiJapan
- Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceUtsunomiya UniversityTochigiJapan
| | - Yuta Fujii
- Center for Bioscience Research and EducationUtsunomiya UniversityTochigiJapan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - Takamasa Sakai
- Department of Bioengineering, School of EngineeringThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and EducationUtsunomiya UniversityTochigiJapan
- Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceUtsunomiya UniversityTochigiJapan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTokyo University of Agriculture and TechnologyTokyoJapan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tsuboyama S, Kodama Y. Highly efficient G-AgarTrap-mediated transformation of the Marchantia polymorpha model strains Tak-1 and Tak-2. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:399-403. [PMID: 31892829 PMCID: PMC6905214 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0917a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. is an important model species for investigating land plant evolution. Effective genetic transformation techniques are crucial for plant molecular biology and simplified or improved techniques for specific cultivars or strains can accelerate research. Over the past several years, we developed a simple Agrobacterium-mediated transformation technique for M. polymorpha named AgarTrap (Agar-utilized transformation with pouring solutions). AgarTrap is an easy technique that involves pouring the appropriate solutions onto plant materials on a single solid plate of medium. We recently improved AgarTrap using gemmalings (G-AgarTrap) of the M. polymorpha female model strain BC3-38 and achieved a transformation efficiency of nearly 100%. Based on this improved technique, in the current study, we adopted two factors (sealing the Petri dish with Parafilm and dark treatment during co-cultivation) and optimized two factors (Agrobacterium strain and pre-culture period) of the improved G-AgarTrap for other model strains of M. polymorpha, the male strain Takaragaike-1 (Tak-1) and the female strain Takaragaike-2 (Tak-2). After optimization, the transformation efficiency of Tak-1 using G-AgarTrap was as high as 55% compared to approximately 30% using the previous protocol. Furthermore, using Tak-2, we achieved a transformation efficiency of nearly 100%. Our improved G-AgarTrap technique for Tak-1 and Tak-2 represents a promising tool for promoting the study of Marchantia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Tsuboyama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Novel gateway binary vectors for rapid tripartite DNA assembly and promoter analysis with various reporters and tags in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204964. [PMID: 30286137 PMCID: PMC6171868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha is an emerging model species for basal lineage plant research. In this study, two Gateway cloning-compatible binary vector series, R4pMpGWB and R4L1pMpGWB, were generated to facilitate production of transgenic M. polymorpha. The R4pMpGWB series allows tripartite recombination of any promoter and any coding sequence with a specific reporter or tag. Reporters/tags for the R4pMpGWB series are GUS, ELuc(PEST), FLAG, 3×HA, 4×Myc, mRFP1, Citrine, mCitrine, ER-targeted mCitrine and nucleus-targeted mCitrine. The R4L1pMpGWB series is suitable for promoter analysis. R4L1pMpGWB vector structure is the same as that of R4pMpGWB vectors, except that the attR2 site is replaced with attL1, enabling bipartite recombination of any promoter with a reporter or tag. Reporters/tags for the R4L1pMpGWB series are GUS, G3GFP-GUS, LUC, ELuc(PEST), Citrine, mCitrine, ER-targeted mCitrine and mCitrine-NLS. Both vector series were functional in M. polymorpha cells. These vectors will facilitate the design and assembly of plasmid constructs and generation of transgenic M. polymorpha.
Collapse
|
22
|
Tanaka H, Suzuki R, Okabe N, Suzuki T, Kodama Y. Salinity stress-responsive transcription factors in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:281-284. [PMID: 31819734 PMCID: PMC6879361 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0501a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Salinity stress limits plant growth and productivity. To cope with this limitation, the expression patterns of numerous genes are altered in response to salt stress; however, the regulatory mechanisms involved in these changes are unclear. In the present study, we investigated the regulation of the salinity stress response in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. The growth of M. polymorpha gemmalings was severely inhibited by NaCl, and RNA-sequencing and quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed that the expression of several transcription factor gene families was induced by salinity stress. This work provides insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the salinity stress response in M. polymorpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Rin Suzuki
- Yokohama Science Frontier High School, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0046, Japan
| | - Nanako Okabe
- Yokohama Science Frontier High School, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0046, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Suzuki
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Konno R, Tanaka H, Kodama Y. SKLPT imaging: Efficient in vivo pre-evaluation of genome-editing modules using fluorescent protein with peroxisome targeting signal. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:235-241. [PMID: 29885839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have used genome-editing modules such as CRISPR-Cas9 for site-directed mutagenesis; however, evaluation of the efficiency of these modules remains a time-consuming process. Here, we report the development of SKL-mediated Peroxisome Targeting Imaging (SKLPT imaging), an efficient in vivo pre-evaluation method based on the change in subcellular localization of a fluorescent protein. In this method, frameshifts resulting from successful editing cause the fusion of green fluorescent protein to the peroxisome localization signal Serine-Lysine-Leucine (SKL). Using SKLPT imaging, we pre-evaluated three CRISPR-Cas9 modules in vivo at the single-cell level, and then efficiently mutagenized the liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha) genome using a high-efficiency module.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Konno
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tsuboyama S, Nonaka S, Ezura H, Kodama Y. Improved G-AgarTrap: A highly efficient transformation method for intact gemmalings of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10800. [PMID: 30018332 PMCID: PMC6050340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28947-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Liverworts are key species for studies of plant evolution, occupying a basal position among the land plants. Marchantia polymorpha has emerged as a highly studied model liverwort, and many relevant techniques, including genetic transformation, have been established for this species. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is widely used in many plant species because of its low cost. Recently, we developed a simplified Agrobacterium-mediated method for transforming M. polymorpha, known as AgarTrap (agar-utilized transformation with pouring solutions). The AgarTrap procedure, which involves culturing the liverwort tissue in various solutions on a single solid medium, yields up to a hundred independent transformants. AgarTrap is a simple procedure, requiring minimal expertise, cost, and time. Here, we investigated four factors that influence AgarTrap transformation efficiency: (1) humidity, (2) surfactant in the transformation buffer, (3) Agrobacterium strain, and (4) light/dark condition. We adapted the AgarTrap protocol for transforming intact gemmalings, achieving an exceptionally high transformation efficiency of 97%. The improved AgarTrap method will enhance the molecular biological study of M. polymorpha. Furthermore, this method provides new possibilities for improving transformation techniques for a variety of plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Tsuboyama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | - Satoko Nonaka
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tsuboyama S, Kodama Y. AgarTrap Protocols on your Benchtop: Simple Methods for Agrobacterium-mediated Genetic Transformation of the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:93-99. [PMID: 31819711 PMCID: PMC6879393 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0312b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation is a powerful technique in plant biology. We recently developed a simplified Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation method for the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, named AgarTrap (agar-utilized transformation with pouring solutions). AgarTrap is easy to perform; all procedures can be completed within a week using a single plate of solid medium, and basic operations involve simply pouring the appropriate solutions onto the solid medium. Thus far, we have developed three types of AgarTrap methods (S-AgarTrap, G-AgarTrap, and T-AgarTrap) using three different M. polymorpha tissues: sporelings, intact gemmalings, and mature thallus pieces, respectively. Each AgarTrap method can be used to transform tissues at high efficiency, thereby producing sufficient numbers of transformants for study. The ease and efficiency of these AgarTrap methods will likely prompt widespread molecular biological analyses of M. polymorpha. In this review, we describe the basic characteristics of the three AgarTrap methods and present the detailed protocols used in our laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Tsuboyama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan
- E-mail: Tel: +81-28-649-8154 Fax: +81-28-649-8651
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Minamino N, Kanazawa T, Era A, Ebine K, Nakano A, Ueda T. RAB GTPases in the Basal Land Plant Marchantia polymorpha. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:845-856. [PMID: 29444302 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The RAB GTPase is an evolutionarily conserved machinery component of membrane trafficking, which is the fundamental system for cell viability and higher order biological functions. The composition of RAB GTPases in each organism is closely related to the complexity and organization of the membrane trafficking pathway, which has been developed uniquely to realize the organism-specific membrane trafficking system. Comparative genomics has suggested that terrestrialization and/or multicellularization were associated with the expansion of membrane trafficking pathways in green plants, which has yet to be validated in basal land plant lineages. To obtain insight into the diversification of membrane trafficking systems in green plants, we analyzed RAB GTPases encoded in the genome of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha in a comprehensive manner. We isolated all genes for RAB GTPases in Marchantia and analyzed their expression patterns and subcellular localizations in thallus cells. While a majority of MpRAB GTPases exhibited a ubiquitous expression pattern, specific exceptions were also observed; MpRAB2b, which contains a sequence similar to an intraflagellar transport protein at the C-terminal region; and MpRAB23, which has been secondarily lost in angiosperms, were specifically expressed in the male reproductive organ. MpRAB21, which is another RAB GTPase whose homolog is absent in Arabidopsis, exhibited endosomal localization with RAB5 members in Marchantia. These results suggest that Marchantia possesses unique membrane trafficking pathways involving a unique repertoire of RAB GTPases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Minamino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Takehiko Kanazawa
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
- The Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Atsuko Era
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kazuo Ebine
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
- The Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Division of Cellular Dynamics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
- The Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Albert NW, Thrimawithana AH, McGhie TK, Clayton WA, Deroles SC, Schwinn KE, Bowman JL, Jordan BR, Davies KM. Genetic analysis of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha reveals that R2R3MYB activation of flavonoid production in response to abiotic stress is an ancient character in land plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:554-566. [PMID: 29363139 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The flavonoid pathway is hypothesized to have evolved during land colonization by plants c. 450 Myr ago for protection against abiotic stresses. In angiosperms, R2R3MYB transcription factors are key for environmental regulation of flavonoid production. However, angiosperm R2R3MYB gene families are larger than those of basal plants, and it is not known whether the regulatory system is conserved across land plants. We examined whether R2R3MYBs regulate the flavonoid pathway in liverworts, one of the earliest diverging land plant lineages. We characterized MpMyb14 from the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha using genetic mutagenesis, transgenic overexpression, gene promoter analysis, and transcriptomic and chemical analysis. MpMyb14 is phylogenetically basal to characterized angiosperm R2R3MYB flavonoid regulators. Mpmyb14 knockout lines lost all red pigmentation from the flavonoid riccionidin A, whereas overexpression conferred production of large amounts of flavones and riccionidin A, activation of associated biosynthetic genes, and constitutive red pigmentation. MpMyb14 expression and flavonoid pigmentation were induced by light- and nutrient-deprivation stress in M. polymorpha as for anthocyanins in angiosperms. MpMyb14 regulates stress-induced flavonoid production in M. polymorpha, and is essential for red pigmentation. This suggests that R2R3MYB regulated flavonoid production is a conserved character across land plants which arose early during land colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nick W Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Amali H Thrimawithana
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Tony K McGhie
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - William A Clayton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Simon C Deroles
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kathy E Schwinn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Brian R Jordan
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Christchurch, 7647, New Zealand
| | - Kevin M Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Phototropin perceives temperature based on the lifetime of its photoactivated state. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9206-9211. [PMID: 28784810 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704462114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms detect changes in temperature using thermosensory molecules. However, these molecules and/or their mechanisms for sensing temperature differ among organisms. To identify thermosensory molecules in plants, we investigated chloroplast positioning in response to temperature changes and identified a blue-light photoreceptor, phototropin, that is an essential regulator of chloroplast positioning. Based on the biochemical properties of phototropin during the cellular response to light and temperature changes, we found that phototropin perceives temperature based on the temperature-dependent lifetime of the photoactivated chromophore. Our findings indicate that phototropin perceives both blue light and temperature and uses this information to arrange the chloroplasts for optimal photosynthesis. Because the photoactivated chromophore of many photoreceptors has a temperature-dependent lifetime, a similar temperature-sensing mechanism likely exists in other organisms. Thus, photoreceptors may have the potential to function as thermoreceptors.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Plants are attractive platforms for synthetic biology and metabolic engineering. Plants' modular and plastic body plans, capacity for photosynthesis, extensive secondary metabolism, and agronomic systems for large-scale production make them ideal targets for genetic reprogramming. However, efforts in this area have been constrained by slow growth, long life cycles, the requirement for specialized facilities, a paucity of efficient tools for genetic manipulation, and the complexity of multicellularity. There is a need for better experimental and theoretical frameworks to understand the way genetic networks, cellular populations, and tissue-wide physical processes interact at different scales. We highlight new approaches to the DNA-based manipulation of plants and the use of advanced quantitative imaging techniques in simple plant models such as Marchantia polymorpha. These offer the prospects of improved understanding of plant dynamics and new approaches to rational engineering of plant traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Boehm
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Bernardo Pollak
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jim Haseloff
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nagaoka N, Yamashita A, Kurisu R, Watari Y, Ishizuna F, Tsutsumi N, Ishizaki K, Kohchi T, Arimura SI. DRP3 and ELM1 are required for mitochondrial fission in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4600. [PMID: 28676660 PMCID: PMC5496855 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04886-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria increase in number by the fission of existing mitochondria. Mitochondrial fission is needed to provide mitochondria to daughter cells during cell division. In Arabidopsis thaliana, four kinds of genes have been reported to be involved in mitochondrial fission. Two of them, DRP3 (dynamin-related protein3) and FIS1 (FISSION1), are well conserved in eukaryotes. The other two are plant-specific ELM1 (elongated mitochondria1) and PMD (peroxisomal and mitochondrial division). To better understand the commonality and diversity of mitochondrial fission factors in land plants, we examined mitochondrial fission-related genes in a liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha. As a bryophyte, M. polymorpha has features distinct from those of the other land plant lineages. We found that M. polymorpha has single copies of homologues for DRP3, FIS1 and ELM1, but does not appear to have a homologue of PMD. Citrine-fusion proteins with MpDRP3, MpFIS1 and MpELM1 were localized to mitochondria in M. polymorpha. MpDRP3- and MpELM1-defective mutants grew slowly and had networked mitochondria, indicating that mitochondrial fission was blocked in the mutants, as expected. However, knockout of MpFIS1 did not affect growth or mitochondrial morphology. These results suggest that MpDRP3 and MpELM1 but neither MpFIS1 nor PMD are needed for mitochondrial fission in M. polymorpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagisa Nagaoka
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Rina Kurisu
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yuta Watari
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Fumiko Ishizuna
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Nobuhissro Tsutsumi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | | | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Arimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kopischke S, Schüßler E, Althoff F, Zachgo S. TALEN-mediated genome-editing approaches in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha yield high efficiencies for targeted mutagenesis. PLANT METHODS 2017; 13:20. [PMID: 28360929 PMCID: PMC5370431 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The liverwort Marchantia polymorpha occupies a crucial position in land plant evolution and provides the opportunity to investigate adaptations to a terrestrial plant life style. Marchantia reverse genetic analyses have thus far been conducted by employing a homologous recombination approach, which yields an efficiency of around 3%. Availability of the characterized and suitable endogenous MpEF1α promoter prompted us to establish the TALEN gene targeting technique for Marchantia. RESULTS Here, two different TALEN techniques, using custom and self-assembled TALEN constructs, were applied and compared. The MpNOP1 gene was selected as a candidate gene, as the respective knockout mutant has been shown to lack air chamber formation, representing an easily traceable phenotype. We demonstrate that both TALEN approaches are successful in Marchantia yielding high gene targeting efficiencies of over 20%. Investigation of selected G1 up to G4 generations proved the stability of the knockout mutants. In 392 analyzed T1 plants, no additional phenotypes were observed and only one chimeric knockout plant was detected after an extended cultivation period. Interestingly, two out of the 24 sequenced mutants harbored indels causing in-frame mutations and revealed novel Mpnop1-related phenotypes. This demonstrates the potential to detect crucial amino acids and motives of targeted proteins, which is of special interest for essential genes where full knockouts are lethal. The FastTALE™ TALEN assembly kit enables the rapid assembly and ligation of the TALEN arms within half a day. For transformations, custom and assembled constructs were subcloned into Marchantia binary vectors possessing the MpEF1α promoter. CONCLUSION Considering time, costs and practicability, the assembly TALEN approach represents a rapid and highly efficient gene targeting system to generate Marchantia knockout mutants, which can be further adapted for future advanced genome-editing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kopischke
- Botany Department, School of Biology/Chemistry, Osnabrueck University, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Esther Schüßler
- Botany Department, School of Biology/Chemistry, Osnabrueck University, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Felix Althoff
- Botany Department, School of Biology/Chemistry, Osnabrueck University, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Sabine Zachgo
- Botany Department, School of Biology/Chemistry, Osnabrueck University, Osnabrueck, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kimura S, Kodama Y. Actin-dependence of the chloroplast cold positioning response in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2513. [PMID: 27703856 PMCID: PMC5045877 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The subcellular positioning of chloroplasts can be changed by alterations in the environment such as light and temperature. For example, in leaf mesophyll cells, chloroplasts localize along anticlinal cell walls under high-intensity light, and along periclinal cell walls under low-intensity light. These types of positioning responses are involved in photosynthetic optimization. In light-mediated chloroplast positioning responses, chloroplasts move to the appropriate positions in an actin-dependent manner, although some exceptions also depend on microtubule. Even under low-intensity light, at low temperature (e.g., 5°C), chloroplasts localize along anticlinal cell walls; this phenomenon is termed chloroplast cold positioning. In this study, we analyzed whether chloroplast cold positioning is dependent on actin filaments and/or microtubules in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. When liverwort cells were treated with drugs for the de-polymerization of actin filaments, chloroplast cold positioning was completely inhibited. In contrast, chloroplast cold positioning was not affected by treatment with a drug for the de-polymerization of microtubules. These observations indicate the actin-dependence of chloroplast cold positioning in M. polymorpha. Actin filaments during the chloroplast cold positioning response were visualized by using fluorescent probes based on fluorescent proteins in living liverwort cells, and thus, their behavior during the chloroplast cold positioning response was documented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kimura
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University , Utsunomiya , Tochigi , Japan
| | - Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University , Utsunomiya , Tochigi , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kodama Y. Time Gating of Chloroplast Autofluorescence Allows Clearer Fluorescence Imaging In Planta. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152484. [PMID: 27027881 PMCID: PMC4814121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chloroplast, an organelle facilitating photosynthesis, exhibits strong autofluorescence, which is an undesired background signal that restricts imaging experiments with exogenous fluorophore in plants. In this study, the autofluorescence was characterized in planta under confocal laser microscopy, and it was found that the time-gated imaging technique completely eliminates the autofluorescence. As a demonstration of the technique, a clearer signal of fluorescent protein-tagged phototropin, a blue-light photoreceptor localized at the chloroplast periphery, was visualized in planta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kodama
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, 321–8505, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ishizaki K, Nishihama R, Yamato KT, Kohchi T. Molecular Genetic Tools and Techniques for Marchantia polymorpha Research. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:262-70. [PMID: 26116421 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Liverworts occupy a basal position in the evolution of land plants, and are a key group to address a wide variety of questions in plant biology. Marchantia polymorpha is a common, easily cultivated, dioecious liverwort species, and is emerging as an experimental model organism. The haploid gametophytic generation dominates the diploid sporophytic generation in its life cycle. Genetically homogeneous lines in the gametophyte generation can be established easily and propagated through asexual reproduction, which aids genetic and biochemical experiments. Owing to its dioecy, male and female sexual organs are formed in separate individuals, which enables crossing in a fully controlled manner. Reproductive growth can be induced at the desired times under laboratory conditions, which helps genetic analysis. The developmental process from a single-celled spore to a multicellular body can be observed directly in detail. As a model organism, molecular techniques for M. polymorpha are well developed; for example, simple and efficient protocols of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation have been established. Based on them, various strategies for molecular genetics, such as introduction of reporter constructs, overexpression, gene silencing and targeted gene modification, are available. Herein, we describe the technologies and resources for reverse and forward genetics in M. polymorpha, which offer an excellent experimental platform to study the evolution and diversity of regulatory systems in land plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Katsuyuki T Yamato
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Wakayama, 649-6493 Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bowman JL, Araki T, Kohchi T. Marchantia: Past, Present and Future. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:205-9. [PMID: 26889047 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John L Bowman
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Takashi Araki
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kanazawa T, Era A, Minamino N, Shikano Y, Fujimoto M, Uemura T, Nishihama R, Yamato KT, Ishizaki K, Nishiyama T, Kohchi T, Nakano A, Ueda T. SNARE Molecules in Marchantia polymorpha: Unique and Conserved Features of the Membrane Fusion Machinery. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:307-24. [PMID: 26019268 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The membrane trafficking pathway has been diversified in a specific way for each eukaryotic lineage, probably to fulfill specific functions in the organisms. In green plants, comparative genomics has supported the possibility that terrestrialization and/or multicellularization could be associated with the elaboration and diversification of membrane trafficking pathways, which have been accomplished by an expansion of the numbers of genes required for machinery components of membrane trafficking, including soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins. However, information regarding membrane trafficking pathways in basal land plant lineages remains limited. In the present study, we conducted extensive analyses of SNARE molecules, which mediate membrane fusion between target membranes and transport vesicles or donor organelles, in the liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha. The M. polymorpha genome contained at least 34 genes for 36 SNARE proteins, comprising fundamental sets of SNARE proteins that are shared among land plant lineages with low degrees of redundancy. We examined the subcellular distribution of a major portion of these SNARE proteins by expressing Citrine-tagged SNARE proteins in M. polymorpha, and the results showed that some of the SNARE proteins were targeted to different compartments from their orthologous products in Arabidopsis thaliana. For example, MpSYP12B was localized to the surface of the oil body, which is a unique organelle in liverworts. Furthermore, we identified three VAMP72 members with distinctive structural characteristics, whose N-terminal extensions contain consensus sequences for N-myristoylation. These results suggest that M. polymorpha has acquired unique membrane trafficking pathways associated with newly acquired machinery components during evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Kanazawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Atsuko Era
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Department of Cell Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540 Japan
| | - Naoki Minamino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Yu Shikano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Masaru Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Uemura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nishihama
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Katsuyuki T Yamato
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kinki University, Nishimitani, Kinokawa, Wakayama, 649-6493 Japan
| | - Kimitsune Ishizaki
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Tomoaki Nishiyama
- Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-0934 Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Takashi Ueda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ishizaki K, Nishihama R, Ueda M, Inoue K, Ishida S, Nishimura Y, Shikanai T, Kohchi T. Development of Gateway Binary Vector Series with Four Different Selection Markers for the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138876. [PMID: 26406247 PMCID: PMC4583185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methods for the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha using the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene as a marker for selection with hygromycin. In this study, we developed three additional markers for M. polymorpha transformation: the gentamicin 3'-acetyltransferase gene for selection with gentamicin; a mutated acetolactate synthase gene for selection with chlorsulfuron; and the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene for selection with G418. Based on these four marker genes, we have constructed a series of Gateway binary vectors designed for transgenic experiments on M. polymorpha. The 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus and endogenous promoters for constitutive and heat-inducible expression were used to create these vectors. The reporters and tags used were Citrine, 3×Citrine, Citrine-NLS, TagRFP, tdTomato, tdTomato-NLS, GR, SRDX, SRDX-GR, GUS, ELuc(PEST), and 3×FLAG. These vectors, designated as the pMpGWB series, will facilitate molecular genetic analyses of the emerging model plant M. polymorpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimitsune Ishizaki
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Minoru Ueda
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Inoue
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sakiko Ishida
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nishimura
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Shikanai
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tsuboyama-Tanaka S, Kodama Y. AgarTrap-mediated genetic transformation using intact gemmae/gemmalings of the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha L. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2015; 128:337-44. [PMID: 25663453 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-014-0695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The dioecious liverwort, Marchantia polymorpha L., is an emerging model plant. Various molecular biological techniques have been optimized for M. polymorpha for the past several years, and recently we reported a simplified Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method using sporelings (immature thalli from spores) of M. polymorpha. This method, termed AgarTrap (Agar-utilized Transformation with Pouring Solutions), completed by exchanging appropriate solutions on a single Petri dish to produce a sufficient number of independent transgenic sporelings. However, because spores are produced by crosses between males and females, the genetic backgrounds of resulting transgenic sporelings are not uniform. To easily produce transgenic liverworts with a uniform genetic background using AgarTrap, we developed an AgarTrap-mediated transformation method using intact gemmae/gemmalings produced by asexual reproduction. Using AgarTrap with male and female gemmae/gemmalings produced a sufficient number of independent transgenic gemmalings with uniform genetic backgrounds. The optimized transformation efficiencies were approximately 30 and 50 % in males and females, respectively. As with AgarTrap using sporelings, AgarTrap using intact gemmae/gemmalings will be useful in promoting studies of the molecular biology of M. polymorpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Tsuboyama-Tanaka
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 321-8505, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Co-option of a photoperiodic growth-phase transition system during land plant evolution. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3668. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|